第一篇：高線中英文摘要范文

摘要

介紹了我國(guó)高線生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展、技術(shù)進(jìn)步，全面分析了我國(guó)高線軋機(jī)所采用的先進(jìn)技術(shù)，綜述了我國(guó)高線軋機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)及特點(diǎn)。

關(guān)鍵詞：高線軋機(jī)；高速線材；技術(shù)進(jìn)步；發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 1.我國(guó)熱連軋帶鋼生產(chǎn)的回顧

線材是熱軋材中斷面尺寸最小的一種，由于軋鋼廠需將線材在熱狀態(tài)下圈成盤卷并一次交貨，故又稱之為盤條。

自20世紀(jì)60年代中期高速線材軋機(jī)及軋后控冷技術(shù)問世以來，隨著線材生產(chǎn)技術(shù)本身的日臻完善和相關(guān)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，高速線材軋機(jī)的產(chǎn)品在品種規(guī)格范圍、盤重、尺寸精度、表面質(zhì)量及內(nèi)在質(zhì)量上比以往的線材軋機(jī)產(chǎn)品均有長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步，能更好的滿足經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)發(fā)展的需要。

線材不僅用途很廣而且用量也很大，它在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門中占有重要的地位。據(jù)有關(guān)資料統(tǒng)計(jì)，各國(guó)線材產(chǎn)量占全部熱軋材總量的5.3%～15.3%。美國(guó)約占5%，日本約占8%，英國(guó)約占9%，法國(guó)約占14%，我國(guó)約占20%左右。線材的用途概括起來可分兩大類：一類是線材產(chǎn)品直接被使用，主要應(yīng)用在鋼筋混凝土的配筋和焊接結(jié)構(gòu)件方面。另一類是將線材作為原料，經(jīng)過再加工后使用，主要是通過拉拔成各種鋼絲，在經(jīng)過捻制成為鋼絲繩，或在經(jīng)過編制成鋼絲網(wǎng)；經(jīng)過熱鍛或冷鍛成鉚釘；經(jīng)過冷鍛及滾壓成螺栓，以及經(jīng)過各種切削加工及熱處理制成機(jī)器零件或工具；經(jīng)過纏繞成型及熱處理制成彈簧等。

近年來由于我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，使用線材為原料的小型工廠日益增加，社會(huì)對(duì)高質(zhì)量的線材產(chǎn)品的需求越來越大。目前，由于資金以及冶煉技術(shù)的落后，我國(guó)僅有為數(shù)不多的幾家線材廠能生產(chǎn)出高檔次的線材產(chǎn)品，因此我國(guó)還不時(shí)需要從國(guó)外進(jìn)口少部分的胎圈鋼絲、鋼絞線、鍍鋅鋼絲等硬線產(chǎn)品。

我國(guó)的高速線材生產(chǎn)雖然取得了較好的成績(jī)，但仍然存在著一些問題，主要表現(xiàn)為；

1.鋼線材品種中Q215和Q235比重仍然較大，優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼線材中合金鋼線材的比例仍然偏低。

2.產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量仍有較大問題，如鋼的純凈度不高，線材通條性能不夠穩(wěn)定，含碳量的偏差較大。

3.我國(guó)已有多條世界一流的生產(chǎn)線，但產(chǎn)品的品種質(zhì)量還達(dá)不到世界一流水平。

4.高質(zhì)量的合金鋼線材，純凈鋼線材、易切鋼線材如合金彈簧鋼、不銹鋼等還存在著品種和質(zhì)量方面的諸多問題，每年仍需進(jìn)口。

5.高線的日歷作業(yè)率和機(jī)時(shí)產(chǎn)量與先進(jìn)國(guó)家的生產(chǎn)線相比，普遍有較大的差距，造成日歷作業(yè)率和機(jī)時(shí)產(chǎn)量低的原因除坯料供應(yīng)不足外，主要是生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備和更換尺寸所用的工時(shí)較長(zhǎng)，設(shè)備備件壽命低且儲(chǔ)備不足，設(shè)備維護(hù)檢測(cè)手段不夠完善，從而造成故障停機(jī)和檢修工時(shí)長(zhǎng)。

6.中熱裝率、燃耗、電耗等方面與先進(jìn)國(guó)家的生產(chǎn)線相比也同樣存在著一定的差距。

7.表面質(zhì)量方面的主要問題；

1)由于自動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)裝置的失準(zhǔn)以及軋件溫度不均，調(diào)整不及時(shí)或方法不當(dāng)?shù)仍蛟斐僧a(chǎn)品尺寸超差。

2）由于輥環(huán)破缺，軋槽磨損或是坯料表面缺陷等原因造成產(chǎn)品表面產(chǎn)生折疊。

3）由于連鑄坯皮下氣泡嚴(yán)重或是軋槽嚴(yán)重磨損致使軋件凸起部分被疊軋?jiān)斐僧a(chǎn)品表面結(jié)疤。

4）由于軋輥質(zhì)量差，表面硬度不一或吐絲溫度過高，冷卻速度過慢，盤條表面受到嚴(yán)重氧化或鋼坯加熱不當(dāng)，局部或全部嚴(yán)重脫碳等原因造成產(chǎn)品表面麻面。

2.我國(guó)高線生產(chǎn)所采用的先進(jìn)技術(shù)及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

2.1采用連鑄坯熱送熱裝工藝

為進(jìn)一步節(jié)能，有的高線廠又采用了連鑄坯熱送熱裝工藝，進(jìn)一步降低了燃料消耗，提高加熱質(zhì)量，減少金屬損耗。熱裝溫度一般在 600℃左右，德國(guó) BSW 廠達(dá)到 650℃～920℃。熱裝要求無缺陷連鑄坯，連鑄坯缺陷較多的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，就不宜使用熱裝。2.2加熱爐

加熱爐是保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、產(chǎn)量和降低能耗的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備。因此，加熱爐爐型選擇和裝備水平，應(yīng)與車間規(guī)模和軋線工藝設(shè)備裝備水平相匹配。對(duì)于高速線材軋機(jī)，軋制速度較高，除進(jìn)行控制冷卻外，還需降低開軋溫度。因此，加熱溫度的確定，應(yīng)與軋機(jī)、軋制速度和控軋控冷要求相結(jié)合。2.3無頭軋制

無頭軋制是應(yīng)用在小型棒線材軋制領(lǐng)域的一項(xiàng)最新技術(shù)。其要點(diǎn)是將剛出加熱爐的鋼坯的頭部與前一根鋼坯的尾部焊接起來進(jìn)行無頭軋制，從而消除頭尾的無張力段，尤其減少中間切頭和咬入事故，提高了成材率和金屬收得率，提升軋機(jī)生產(chǎn)效率。線材的分卷在集卷筒內(nèi)進(jìn)行，可根據(jù)用戶需求選定線材的分卷盤重。日本NKK公司東京制鐵高松工廠的棒線材軋機(jī)上已采用了無頭軋制這項(xiàng)技術(shù)。國(guó)內(nèi)也有廠家試驗(yàn)焊接無頭軋制，但焊接質(zhì)量不理想，造成損失更大。2.4粗、中軋機(jī)組的平/立布置

粗軋軋件短，全連軋時(shí)速度慢。有些現(xiàn)場(chǎng)采用三輥軋機(jī)軋制，也能與后續(xù)連軋匹配。但剛度差，不利于生產(chǎn)高精度線材。也有現(xiàn)場(chǎng)采用全水平粗軋，中間軋件扭轉(zhuǎn)。采用單線布置，軋機(jī)就容易平/立交替安裝，使軋件無扭行進(jìn)，減少了因軋件扭轉(zhuǎn)造成的表面和內(nèi)部缺陷及廢品，而且可以選用高剛度軋機(jī)，適合高檔次產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)。

2.5預(yù)精軋機(jī)的“微型無扭軋機(jī)”

以往預(yù)精軋機(jī)組為平/立交替布置的單獨(dú)傳動(dòng)的懸臂機(jī)架或無牌坊軋機(jī)。懸臂軋機(jī)體積小、專門安裝硬質(zhì)輥環(huán)，但軋機(jī)剛度很差。無牌坊軋機(jī)是短應(yīng)力線高剛度軋機(jī)，但軋輥只能使用硬質(zhì)鋼輥，耐磨性不足。為此新建高線將精軋機(jī)組的成組傳動(dòng)概念擴(kuò)展到預(yù)精軋機(jī)組。這是高速線材軋機(jī)的最新進(jìn)展之一。它是將預(yù)精軋的后四架改為大號(hào)懸臂軋機(jī)，頂交90°布置，油膜軸承[13]。軋機(jī)兩架一組集體傳動(dòng)，故叫“微型無扭軋機(jī)”。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是安裝碳化鎢輥環(huán)，延長(zhǎng)孔型壽命，主電機(jī)和傳動(dòng)裝置由4套減為2 套，比常規(guī)獨(dú)立預(yù)精軋機(jī)可減少 22%成本，而軋件斷面小，軋制力小，懸臂軋機(jī)剛度不足的缺點(diǎn)不用考慮。我國(guó)鞍鋼線材廠在預(yù)精軋區(qū)每線采用了兩臺(tái)Φ230mm “微型無扭軋機(jī)”，杭鋼、包鋼、銀水新建的高速線材廠預(yù)精軋機(jī)都采用了“微型無扭軋機(jī)”方式，取得良好效果。

2.6重型和超重型 V型結(jié)構(gòu)

因?yàn)檐堉扑俣鹊奶岣吆鸵?guī)格范圍增大，高速無扭軋機(jī)組的最后一架的成品尺寸有時(shí)很大，其上限已加大到Φ26mm，這時(shí)進(jìn)線尺寸相應(yīng)加大，再加上采用低溫軋制和又要適用于軋制合金鋼產(chǎn)品等因素，都使軋制負(fù)荷急劇增加。為此，通過對(duì)油膜軸承的改進(jìn)，相繼研制開發(fā)了重負(fù)荷及超重負(fù)荷V型結(jié)構(gòu)的無扭精軋機(jī)組，V型是指軋輥箱嵌入V型底座，安裝更簡(jiǎn)捷，穩(wěn)定性更好。其中Φ230mm重負(fù)荷機(jī)架設(shè)計(jì)軋制力達(dá)到 295KN。我國(guó)近些年引進(jìn)的美國(guó)摩根制造的幾套 100m/s 級(jí)的精軋機(jī)均為重負(fù)荷型。2.7采用低溫軋制技術(shù)

粗中軋采用高剛度軋機(jī)，預(yù)精軋和精軋采用重型及超重型無扭軋機(jī)，為高線生產(chǎn)采用低溫軋制創(chuàng)造了條件。低溫軋制可降低燃料消耗，減少脫碳、燒損，改善軋件表面質(zhì)量。這時(shí)需要電機(jī)功率也相應(yīng)提高。目前最新的軋件開軋溫度可低至850℃，進(jìn)無扭精軋機(jī)溫度也可低至 850℃。2.8減定徑機(jī)與精密軋制

1.減定徑機(jī)組

減定徑機(jī)組是近年來在高速線材軋機(jī)上采用的一項(xiàng)最新技術(shù)。主要是用來提高線材的軋制精度，以滿足用戶對(duì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量包括尺寸精度、表面質(zhì)量和機(jī)械性能等進(jìn)一步提高的要求。在這種客觀需要下，美國(guó)摩根公司和意大利達(dá)涅利公司相繼開發(fā)出了線材定徑機(jī)組。摩根公司的定徑機(jī)組（RSM）由 4 架組成。前兩架為減徑機(jī)組，后兩架為定徑機(jī)組。由一臺(tái)3200KW左右的調(diào)速電機(jī)經(jīng)兩級(jí)減速箱驅(qū)動(dòng)。機(jī)架型式均與無扭精軋機(jī)架相同，為懸臂式結(jié)構(gòu)，碳化鎢輥環(huán)。前兩架輥徑 Φ230mm，后兩架為 Φ150mm。前兩架不設(shè)軸向調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)，后兩架有軸向調(diào)整及預(yù)加載機(jī)構(gòu)，以保證精確對(duì)中。

2.減徑機(jī)組

為減少投資，摩根公司還推出了只有兩機(jī)架的減徑機(jī)組方案，有的資料把它稱為雙機(jī)架泰克森（Tekisun）高精度軋機(jī)，安裝在無扭精軋機(jī)和夾送輥之間，與現(xiàn)有無扭精軋機(jī)配合使用。成品精度可以達(dá)到±0.1mm。在這種情況下，粗、中、預(yù)精機(jī)、精軋就需要2 套孔型系統(tǒng)。2.9吐絲機(jī)頭部定位

目前，常用的吐絲機(jī)頭部定位法有兩種：精軋前飛剪延時(shí)剪切；改變吐絲機(jī)運(yùn)行速度。我們采用改變吐絲機(jī)運(yùn)行速度實(shí)現(xiàn)吐絲機(jī)頭部定位控制。

改變吐絲機(jī)運(yùn)行速度的原理：系統(tǒng)根據(jù)吐絲機(jī)位置偏差值（吐絲機(jī)的實(shí)際角度與設(shè)定角度之間的偏差）來調(diào)整吐絲機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速，在吐絲的時(shí)候使線材轉(zhuǎn)到預(yù)定位置。這要求吐絲機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速調(diào)節(jié)和恢復(fù)工藝轉(zhuǎn)速必須在線材頭部進(jìn)入吐絲管之前完成。

3.結(jié)語(yǔ)

高速線材生產(chǎn)發(fā)展到今天，其技術(shù)已經(jīng)相當(dāng)成熟，國(guó)內(nèi)線材的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)已代表了世界先進(jìn)水平。但各個(gè)企業(yè)還要根據(jù)市場(chǎng)需求和本企業(yè)能力確定自己的發(fā)展方向；追求高附加值產(chǎn)品要量力而行，根據(jù)本企業(yè)技術(shù)水平、資金能力、市場(chǎng)需求、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中所處地位選擇項(xiàng)目和確定產(chǎn)品，發(fā)揮本企業(yè)的用戶群優(yōu)勢(shì)、地域優(yōu)勢(shì)、技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)等。有力地推動(dòng)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展。

ABSTRACT The development of China's high-wire production, technological progress, a comprehensive analysis of the advanced technology used in high speed wire rod mill in China, reviewed the trends and characteristics of China's high-speed wire rod mill.Keyword: high-speed wire rod mill;high-speed wire;technological progress;development trends 1.Review of the Hot Strip Mill production The wire is the minimum section size of a hot-rolled material, wire rod rolling mill need to wire in the hot state circle, coil and the first delivery, it is also known.Since the 1960s, the mid-speed wire rod mill and rolling and controlled cooling technology came with the wire production technology itself is getting more sophisticated and technological advances, high-speed wire rod mill product varieties and specifications range, plate weight, dimensional accuracy, surface quality and internal quality wire rod mill products than in the past have made great progress, and to better meet the needs of economic and technological development.The wire is not only very versatile but also a great amount of, it occupies an important position in the various departments of the national economy.According to statistics, the national wire production accounts for 5.3% to 15.3% of all hot-rolled material of the total.About 5 percent in the United States, Japan, about 8 percent, about 9 percent in the United Kingdom, France accounted for about 14%, China accounted for about 20%.To sum up the use of wire can be divided into two categories: one is the wire directly, the main applications of reinforcement in reinforced concrete and welding pieces of aspects.The other is the wire as raw material, after reprocessing, mainly by drawing into a variety of wire, after twisting into rope, or in the preparation of the steel wire mesh;after hot forging or cold forging into the rivet;after cold forging and rolling into the bolt, and made through a variety of machining and heat treatment of machine parts or tools;after winding and heat treatment made the spring.Small factories in recent years due to China's rapid economic development, the use of wire rod as raw material is increasing, growing social demand for high-quality wire products.Present, due to the backwardness of the funds as well as smelting technology, only a few number of wire rod plant capable of producing high-grade wire products, China is not imported from abroad, a small part of the bead wire, steel wire strand, plated zinc wire and other hard-line products.China's high-speed wire rod production achieved good results, but there are still some problems, mainly as;(1)steel wire varieties Q215 and Q235 is still larger proportion is still low, the proportion of high quality steel wire, alloy steel wire.(2)the quality of the product there is still a large problem, such as the purity of steel wire through the performance is not stable enough, the deviation of the carbon content.China has a number of world-class production line, but the variety and quality of the product has not yet reached world class level.4 high-quality alloy steel wire, pure steel wire, free cutting steel wire rod imports also there are many problems of the variety and quality, such as spring steel alloy, stainless steel a year still.Compared to the operating rate of high-line calendar and production of advanced countries in the machine production line, generally the larger the gap, resulting in low yield in the calendar of the operating rate and the machine because In addition to the lack of billet supply, mainly for production preparation and replacement size used for longer working hours, low life expectancy of equipment, spare parts and lack of reserves, equipment maintenance, testing means are inadequate, resulting in downtime and maintenance and long working hours.Production line in hot charging rate, fuel consumption, electricity consumption in advanced countries than there are also a gap.Surface quality of the main issues;

1)automatic monitoring device inaccurate, and the rolling temperature is uneven, adjustments are not timely or improper causes the product size is ultra-poor.2)due to the roller ring breaking, rolling groove wear or blank surface defects and other reasons caused by the product surface folding.3)Due to the the the billet subcutaneous bubbles serious or rolling groove is badly worn resulting in rolling convex part of the Roll caused by the product surface scarring.4)Due to the quality of the roll surface hardness different or the spinning temperature is too high, the cooling rate is too slow, wire rod surface by severe oxidation or billet is heated properly, part or all of the serious decarburization causes the hemp side of the surface of the product.2.high line used for the production of advanced technology and development trends 2.1 billet hot delivery and hot charging process In order to further energy conservation, some high-wire factory uses a billet hot charging process, further reducing fuel consumption and improve the heating quality, reduce metal loss.Hot charging temperature is generally at about 600 ℃, Germany BSW plant reached 650 ℃ ~ 920 ℃.Defect-free billet hot charging requirements, more billet defect site, it would be inappropriate to use the hot charging.2.2 furnace The furnace is to ensure product quality, yield, and reduce the energy consumption of key equipment.Therefore, the furnace furnace selection and level of equipment, should match the scale and rolling line of the workshop process equipment and equipment level.For high-speed wire rod mill, the rolling speed is high and needs to reduce its open rolling temperature controlled cooling.Therefore, the heating temperature, combining with the rolling mill, rolling speed and controlled rolling and cooling requirements.2.3 no head rolling Without a head rolling is one of the latest technology applications in the field of small bar and wire rod rolling.The point is that just left the furnace and billet head welded to the rear of the former a billet without a head rolling, thereby eliminating the tension-free section of the head and tail, in particular, to reduce the intermediate cutting head and bite into the accident, and improve the finished product rate and the metal yield, enhance the production efficiency of the mill.Wire the sub-volumes in the set rolls, wire sub reel weight can be selected according to user needs.Takamatsu factory in Japan's NKK Corporation Tokyo Steel wire rod and bar mill has endless rolling this technology.There are also a factory test welding without a head rolling, welding quality is not satisfactory, resulting in a greater loss of.2.4 coarse, medium rolling mill group of flat / vertical layout Crude Rolling short, the whole rolling slow.Some site using a three-roll mill rolling, and subsequent rolling match.But the stiffness is not conducive to the production of high precision wire.Live a full level of rough rolling, intermediate rolling to reverse.The single-line layout, mill on the flat / vertical alternate installation, the rolling, twisting road, reducing rolling to reverse the result of surface and internal defects and waste, and can choose to use the high stiffness mill, suitable for the production of high-grade products.2.5 pre-finishing mill “micro-twist mill” Pre-finishing mill in the past as a separate drive / vertical alternating arrangement cantilever rack with or without arch mill.The cantilever mill small size, specifically to install the hard roll rings, but the poor mill stiffness.St.Paul mill is the high rigidity of the Short Stress mill roll can only use the hard steel roller, wear resistance.To this end the new High Line will be the finishing mill group drive to extend the concept pre-finishing mill.This is one of the latest progress of the high-speed wire rod mill.It is pre-finishing four to large cantilever rolling mill, the top cross the 90 ° arrangement, the oil film bearings [13].The mill two groups of collective drive, so called “mini-no twist mill.The advantage is tungsten carbide roll rings installed to extend the pass life, the main motor and gear reduction from four sets of two sets, 22% less cost than conventional independent pre-finishing mill, and rolling section, rolling force, cantilever shortcoming mill stiffness without considering.China's Anshan Iron and Steel wire rod plant in each line of the pre-finishing area using two Φ230mm micro no twist mill Hangzhou Iron and Steel, Baotou Steel, silver water new high-speed wire rod factory pre-finishing mill uses a micro no twist mill ”approach, achieved good results.2.6 of the heavy and super heavy-duty V-shaped structure The rolling speed increases and the size range increases, high-speed twisting mill group last one finished size is sometimes great, its upper limit has been increased to Φ26mm, when the size of the line corresponding increase, coupled with low temperature rolling and also applies to the rolled alloy steel products and other factors, a sharp increase in the rolling load.To this end, the improvement of the oil film bearing, have developed a V-shaped structure of the heavy-duty and heavy load no-twist finishing mill, V-is the roll box embedded in a V-shaped base, the more simple to install, better stability.Rolling force of the Φ230mm heavy duty rack designed to achieve 295KN.Morgan manufactured in China in recent years the introduction of several sets of 100m / s-class finishing mill are heavy duty.2.7 The low temperature rolling technology Crude and rolled high stiffness mill, pre-finishing and finishing with the heavy and super heavy-duty twist mill, using low temperature rolling to create the conditions for the production of high-speed wire.Low temperature rolling can reduce fuel consumption, reduce decarburization, burning to improve the rolling surface quality.Then need to motor power has correspondingly increased.The latest rolling on rolling temperature can be as low as 850 ° C into the twist finishing mill temperature as low as 850 ℃.2.8 minus sizing and precision rolling 1 Less sizing unit Reducing and sizing unit is a latest technology in recent years, high-speed wire rod mill.Is mainly used to improve the rolling precision, in order to meet the requirements of the user to further improve the quality of products, including dimensional accuracy, surface quality and mechanical properties of the wire.This objective needs, Morgan, and Danieli, Italy have developed a wire sizing unit.Sizing unit(RSM), the Morgan 4.Before the two reducing units, two sizing units.Gear box driven by two speed motor by a 3200KW about.Rack-type finishing stands with no twist, the cantilever structure, the tungsten carbide roll ring.Former two roller diameter Φ230mm, after two Φ150mm.The former two no axial adjustment of the body, after the two axial adjustment and pre-loading mechanism to ensure that accurate right.2 reducing unit In order to reduce investment, Morgan has also launched only two rack reducing unit program, some information it called dual rack the Taike Sen(Tekisun)high-precision rolling mill, installed in the non-twist finishing mill and the pinch roller used in conjunction with the existing no-twist finishing mill.The finished accuracy of ± 0.1mm.In this case, crude, pre-finishing machines, finishing on two sets of pass system.2.9 silking machine head positioning At present, the spinning machine head positioning method, there are two: finishing before flying shear delay shear;change the speed of the spinning machine.We change the speed of the spinning machine spinning machine head positioning control.Change the speed of the spinning machine principle: The system according to the deviation between the actual angle and setting angle of deviation of the location of the spinning machine(spinning machine)to adjust the speed of the spinning machine, spinning when the wire to the predetermined position.This requires that the speed of the spinning machine adjustment and recovery speed of the process must be completed before the wire head into the spinning tube.3.Concluding remarks

Development of high-speed wire rod production to today's technology is quite mature, domestic wire rod production technology on behalf of the world advanced level.Various enterprises but also according to market demand and the ability of enterprises to determine their own direction of development;the pursuit of high value-added products to do what, according to the technical level of the enterprise, financial capacity, market demand, their status in the competition to select an item and determine the product play the advantage of the user base, geographical advantages, technical advantages.A strong impetus to the rapid economic development.

第二篇：中英文摘要

榆林學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

俄國(guó)文學(xué)中“小人物”悲劇命運(yùn)成因探析

肖世濤

（榆林學(xué)院中文系陜西榆林719000）

摘要：

19世紀(jì)俄國(guó)“自然派”作家正式提出了寫“小人物”的口號(hào)。他們?cè)谧髌分忻枋鲂∪宋锏谋瘧K命運(yùn)和內(nèi)心痛苦，從而使文藝成為“社會(huì)的一面忠實(shí)的鏡子”?！靶∪宋铩痹谏鐣?huì)中官階、地位極其低下，生活困苦，但又逆來順受、安分守己、性格懦弱、膽小怕事，因此成為“大人物”統(tǒng)治下被侮辱的犧牲者。但通過對(duì)作家普希金、果戈理、契訶夫、陀斯托耶夫斯基等關(guān)于小人物的作品及其主人公的分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)“小人物”的悲劇命運(yùn)并非僅限于官僚統(tǒng)治欺凌等外在的社會(huì)原因，同時(shí)還有“小人物”自身固有的內(nèi)在原因，其中，因循守舊不思轉(zhuǎn)變觀念的思維模式是釀成“小人物”悲劇命運(yùn)的思想原因，軟弱怯懦、不思反抗的逃避行為是釀成“小人物”悲劇命運(yùn)的性格原因。作者再現(xiàn)“小人物”保守思想和懦弱性格的目的，在于通過對(duì)“小人物”靈魂的拷問，完成人格形態(tài)的批判，把他們從沉睡中喚醒。對(duì)“小人物”寄寓有限的同情，但更多地傾注了對(duì)其劣根性哀其不幸，怒其不爭(zhēng)的抨擊。揭示現(xiàn)實(shí)中小人物存在的具體現(xiàn)象，生活在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的人們，應(yīng)該靜下心來反思一下，是不是自己身上也能找到小人物的影子，指出文章對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的警示意義。

關(guān)鍵詞:俄國(guó)文學(xué)小人物悲劇命運(yùn)外在原因內(nèi)在原因

I

俄國(guó)文學(xué)中“小人物”悲劇命運(yùn)成因探析

An analyze on the cause of tragic destiny of ＂no man＂

in Russian literature

XiaoShitao

(Chinese Department，Yulin College，Yulin，Shaanxi719000)

Abstract：In 19th century the writer of ＂the natural faction＂in Russia proposed a slogan to write the life of ＂the no man＂．They described the tragic destiny and inner world pain of ＂the no man＂，and it made the literary arts to become ＂a faithful mirror of the society＂．These ＂no man＂had a low position in the society and lead a miserable life，but at the same time，they all content with things as they are and had cowardly charcuter，therefore，they became the prey who were insulted under the domination of＂the great man＂．However，according to the author＇s analyze on the work which were wrote by Pushkin，Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol，Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky，we can easily find the reason of tragic destiny of the＂no man＂is not only some external causes but also some internal causes．Among all this reasons，the thought pattern of stick to old ways is their tragic destiny＇s thought reason．The author reproduce their conservative thinking and cowardly character in order to crieicize the personality from of the＂no man＂and awake them from deep sleep．In this thesis，the author gives the no man limited sympathy，but pay more attention to attack their sadness and not the behaviors of struggle for their angry．According to reveal the phenomanon of existence of＂no man＂in real life，the author hopes the people live in real life can introspect thenselves and shows the significance to the reality．

Key words：Russian literature；No man； Tragic destiny； External causes；Internal

causes

II

第三篇：中英文摘要

中英文摘要

作者姓名：段小潔

論文題目：?jiǎn)伪谔技{米管的AFM操縱、形變及相關(guān)拉曼光譜研究

作者簡(jiǎn)介：段小潔，女，1980年2月出生，2002年9月師從于北京大學(xué)劉忠范教授，于2007年7月獲博士學(xué)位。

中文摘要

對(duì)形變碳納米管（CNTs）的研究，包括研究其在應(yīng)力存在下的結(jié)構(gòu)演化、應(yīng)力對(duì)其各種光電性質(zhì)及電子能帶結(jié)構(gòu)的影響等，不僅對(duì)CNTs在復(fù)合材料、納電子和納機(jī)電器件、以及應(yīng)力傳感器等中的應(yīng)用具有重要意義，還對(duì)相關(guān)理論的發(fā)展有巨大推動(dòng)作用。本論文發(fā)展了對(duì)表面上單壁碳納米管（SWNTs）的原子力顯微術(shù)（AFM）可控操縱方法，基于此AFM可控操縱，研究了CNTs在彎曲形變下的屈曲行為，以及SWNTs在扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸兩種形變下的共振Raman光譜特征。主要成果包括：

1.發(fā)展了對(duì)表面上SWNT的AFM可控操縱方法；

通過對(duì)操縱過程中針尖運(yùn)動(dòng)路徑的合理設(shè)置、SWNT上操縱位置和針尖下壓距離的選擇，可以向SWNT中引入各種類型的應(yīng)力。SWNT中產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力由其和基底間的相互作用力保持。發(fā)展了基于Si的AFM氧化的SWNT納米焊接術(shù)，以增加AFM操縱的可控性。當(dāng)對(duì)表面有SWNT的基底Si進(jìn)行AFM氧化時(shí)，新生成的SiOx會(huì)對(duì)SWNT進(jìn)行包覆，從而可以將SWNT在氧化點(diǎn)有

效的固定到基底表面。而且SWNT的存在會(huì)對(duì)Si基底的AFM氧化有明顯的增強(qiáng)作用，相同條件下，表面有SWNT的Si氧化后產(chǎn)生的SiOx，比沒有SWNT時(shí)更多，這種增強(qiáng)作用有利于對(duì)

SWNT的焊接固定。焊接的強(qiáng)度可以通過改變氧化偏壓、針尖運(yùn)動(dòng)速率（氧化時(shí)間）等進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)，提高氧化偏壓、降低針尖移動(dòng)速率有利于增強(qiáng)納米焊接的強(qiáng)度。空氣中熱氧化實(shí)驗(yàn)和拉曼光譜的表征均證明，此焊接過程對(duì)SWNT的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)無明顯影響。在某些點(diǎn)對(duì)SWNT進(jìn)行焊接固定后，AFM操縱引入的形變的大小和分布可以被有效地控制，從而大大增加AFM操縱的可控性。

采用更強(qiáng)的AFM氧化條件，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)SWNT和Si的同時(shí)氧化，從而可以在任意位點(diǎn)對(duì)SWNT進(jìn)行切割。結(jié)合AFM納米切割、焊接和操縱等操作，可以構(gòu)筑各種復(fù)雜形狀的SWNTs，體現(xiàn)

了AFM作為納米工具箱的作用。

2.研究了CNTs在彎曲形變下的屈曲行為；

通過選擇合適的操縱位點(diǎn)、被操縱的CNT片段長(zhǎng)度、操縱路徑并優(yōu)化針尖下壓距離，可以嚴(yán)格控制彎曲CNT的角度，這樣通過AFM操縱對(duì)同一CNT的可控彎曲，獲得了一系列彎曲角度逐漸增大的CNT。CNT被操縱以后，與基底相互作用力會(huì)有明顯減小，這使得CNT的有效彎曲區(qū)域，位于與基底只有vdW相互作用的被操縱部分，在AFM表征下表現(xiàn)為固定部分和被操縱部分的交點(diǎn)。有效彎曲部分與基底間僅有vdW相互作用，其長(zhǎng)度在整個(gè)彎曲過程中幾乎保持不變。

通過記錄彎曲“點(diǎn)”在彎曲角度逐漸增大過程中的高度變化，研究了CNTs在彎曲形變下的結(jié)構(gòu)演化和屈曲行為。發(fā)現(xiàn)不同CNTs在彎曲過程中，表現(xiàn)出“突變”和“漸變”兩種屈曲模式，分別對(duì)應(yīng)于彎曲“點(diǎn)”高度的突躍、均勻彎曲向屈曲結(jié)構(gòu)的直接轉(zhuǎn)化，和彎曲“點(diǎn)”高度的逐漸增大、均勻彎曲向屈曲結(jié)構(gòu)的逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化。“漸變”屈曲導(dǎo)致一系列屈曲過渡態(tài)的出現(xiàn)。“突變”多發(fā)生于小直徑管，而“漸變”更常見于大直徑管。通過對(duì)CNTs的層數(shù)和厚度等的估算，發(fā)現(xiàn)一般情況下，“漸變”屈曲模式的CNTs比“突變”模式的CNTs具有更大的厚度直徑比。對(duì)“突變”屈曲模式的CNTs，臨界屈曲角度隨CNTs直徑的增大而減小。

分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬發(fā)現(xiàn)，（1）所研究的CNTs中，SWNTs均為“突變”屈曲模式，而雙壁和三壁管均采取“漸變”屈曲模式；（2）“漸變”屈曲過程對(duì)應(yīng)彎曲角度逐漸增大時(shí)，多壁管從最外層到最內(nèi)層的逐漸屈曲，和各管層屈曲程度的逐漸增加，這是由其多層結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致的各層壁屈曲行為的不同步，和管壁間vdW相互作用對(duì)屈曲的阻礙造成的，這說明MWNTs的多層結(jié)構(gòu)是導(dǎo)致其“漸變”屈曲的主要原因；（3）基底的vdW相互作用對(duì)CNTs的屈曲行為沒有明顯影響。從導(dǎo)致兩種屈曲模式的機(jī)理考慮，除直徑外，CNTs的層數(shù)對(duì)其屈曲行為也有重要影響，這預(yù)示了在CNTs的力學(xué)性質(zhì)中，存在不同于傳統(tǒng)尺寸效應(yīng)的雙尺寸效應(yīng)，即直徑和層數(shù)共同決定CNTs力學(xué)行為。

本工作利用AFM可控操縱，在實(shí)驗(yàn)上幾乎全程觀察了CNTs在彎曲過程中的結(jié)構(gòu)演化和屈曲形成過程，其所揭示的兩種屈曲模式的形成規(guī)律，不僅對(duì)大量存在的CNTs形變的理論工作提供了支持和參考，一定程度上填補(bǔ)了實(shí)驗(yàn)上的空白，還對(duì)CNTs在復(fù)合材料、納電子和納機(jī)電器件、以及應(yīng)力傳感器等中的應(yīng)用具有重要意義，3.研究了扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸形變下單根SWNTs的共振Raman光譜行為；

AFM操縱可以向超長(zhǎng)SWNT中同時(shí)引入扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸應(yīng)力，由于拉伸形變比扭轉(zhuǎn)形變的傳輸距離更遠(yuǎn)，在操縱點(diǎn)附近扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸兩種形變同時(shí)存在，距離操縱點(diǎn)較遠(yuǎn)的區(qū)域，只有純拉

伸形變存在。扭轉(zhuǎn)形變的產(chǎn)生證明了SWNT在AFM操縱下滾動(dòng)的發(fā)生。

扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸形變都會(huì)導(dǎo)致SWNTs拉曼模振動(dòng)頻率的變化。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：（1）扭轉(zhuǎn)形變下，?RBM變大，位于～1600 cm-1的G+(E2(g))模振動(dòng)頻率發(fā)生較大的紅移，而其他在1590 cm-1～1560

cm-1范圍內(nèi)的大部分G模會(huì)發(fā)生輕微的藍(lán)移，振動(dòng)頻率發(fā)生紅移的G模的位移量，一般遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于發(fā)生藍(lán)移的G模的位移量；（2）拉伸形變下，RBM和G+(E2(g))模振動(dòng)頻率不變，而在1590 cm-1～

1560 cm-1范圍內(nèi)的大部分G模會(huì)發(fā)生明顯的紅移。（3）不同Raman活性模對(duì)形變的敏感度不同，扭轉(zhuǎn)形變下，RBM、位于～1600 cm-1的G+(E2(g))模比其他G模更敏感，而在拉伸形變下，其他G模卻具有更高的敏感度。這與形變導(dǎo)致的發(fā)生變化的C-C鍵是否與各模的原子位移模式相關(guān)聯(lián)有關(guān)；（4）通過對(duì)SWNTs中形變量大小和Raman頻率對(duì)形變變化率d?/d?地計(jì)算，發(fā)現(xiàn)RBM振動(dòng)頻率對(duì)扭轉(zhuǎn)形變的變化率d?(RBM)/d?t，隨SWNTs手性角的增大幾乎線性增大。

某些SWNTs中，扭轉(zhuǎn)形變導(dǎo)致的對(duì)稱性破缺還會(huì)導(dǎo)致Raman模的分裂或新模的出現(xiàn)。按照預(yù)測(cè)，這種分裂或新模的出現(xiàn)最可能發(fā)生在鋸齒形和椅形SWNTs中。扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸形變都會(huì)導(dǎo)致SWNTs共振拉曼振動(dòng)模強(qiáng)度的變化，這體現(xiàn)了形變對(duì)SWNTs電子躍遷能Eii的影響。根據(jù)

共振拉曼理論和RBM峰的IAS/IS，可以計(jì)算扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸形變對(duì)Eii影響的方向和大小。

應(yīng)力對(duì)SWNTs共振Raman光譜的影響一直是人們關(guān)注的重要問題，本工作首次在實(shí)驗(yàn)上研究了扭轉(zhuǎn)形變下SWNTs共振Raman振動(dòng)頻率和強(qiáng)度的變化。利用AFM操縱在單根SWNTs水平上的研究，可以排除不同直徑和手性帶來的平均效應(yīng)，從而有利于揭示SWNTs的本征性質(zhì)。對(duì)拉伸和扭轉(zhuǎn)形變?cè)谕鵖WNT中的比較，也為理解不同應(yīng)力對(duì)SWNTs拉曼影響的不同提供了有利條件。

4.AFM操縱引入的應(yīng)力沿SWNT管軸分布的分析和調(diào)控，及SWNTs相關(guān)力學(xué)性質(zhì)的比較；分析了超長(zhǎng)SWNT中，AFM操縱引入的應(yīng)力的傳輸和分布，由于SWNT與基底間摩擦力的存在和AFM操縱后應(yīng)力的部分馳豫，扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸應(yīng)力沿SWNT管軸都呈“?”形分布，應(yīng)力分布的各特征量，如應(yīng)力的最遠(yuǎn)傳輸距離、最大應(yīng)力點(diǎn)的位置和最大應(yīng)力值、應(yīng)力線性分布的斜率等，決定于AFM針尖施加到SWNT的力的大小、SWNT的剪切模量或彈性模量、以及SWNT與基底間摩擦力的大?。煌ㄟ^控制AFM操縱和采用圖案化基底，對(duì)SWNT中應(yīng)力的大小及分布進(jìn)行了調(diào)控；通過比較不同SWNTs的應(yīng)力分布特征量，在單根SWNT水平上，研究比較了它們的各力學(xué)參量，如剪切模量、楊氏模量，以及與基底間摩擦力的相對(duì)大小。各力學(xué)參量對(duì)SWNTs的直徑無單調(diào)關(guān)系，說明了SWNTs手性對(duì)力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響。

關(guān)鍵詞：?jiǎn)伪谔技{米管，AFM操縱與加工，形變，屈曲，共振拉曼光譜

AFM Manipulation, Deformation and Related Raman Spectroscopy of

Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Duan Xiaojie

ABSTRACT

The study on deformed carbon nanotubes(CNTs), including the study of their structure evolution and properties change under strain, is important not only for the application of CNTs in composite materials, strain sensors, nanoelectronic and nanoelectromechanical devices, but also for the development of related theory.In this thesis, we have developed controlled atomic force microscopy(AFM)manipulation techniques for single-wall carbon nanotubes(SWNTs)on surfaces.Using this controlled AFM manipulation, the buckling behavior of CNTs under bending, and resonance Raman spectroscopy of SWNTs under torsional and uniaxial strains, have been studied.The main results are listed as followings:

1.Controlled AFM manipulation techniques for SWNTs on surfaces have been developed By defining proper tip path, manipulation position on SWNT, and choosing optimal tip pressing distance, different kinds of deformation can be induced into SWNT.The deformation is stabilized by the interaction between SWNTs and substrate.To get controlled AFM manipulation, a new kind of nanofabrication---nano-welding has been invented based on the AFM oxidation of Si substrate.When the Si substrate with SWNT on top of it is oxidized by the AFM tip, the newly formed SiOx will grow around the tube, effectively fixing that site of SWNT onto the Si substrate.The existence of SWNT can enhance the oxidation of Si.With same oxidation condition, more SiOx can be produced with the presence of SWNT than the case where there is no SWNT.This is helpful for the fixing.The intensity of the welding can be modulated by changing the oxidation voltage and the tip moving speed.With higher voltage and slower tip moving, stronger welding can be obtained.From the thermal oxidation of SWNTs in air and the Raman characterization, it was found that this nano-welding has no obvious influence on the chemical structure of SWNTs.Together with this nano-welding, the magnitude and distribution of strain induced into SWNT by AFM manipulation can be well controlled.Both SWNT and Si can be oxidized when using stronger oxidation condition(much higher voltage and lower tip moving speed), thus the SWNT can be cut at well defined position.Combining this AFM cutting, nano-welding and manipulation, complex SWNT-based structures can be constructed, proved the function of AFM as a nano-toolbox.2.The buckling behavior of CNTs under bending has been studied

By choosing proper manipulation site on SWNT, the length of the fragment which is being manipulated, manipulation path, and optimal tip pressing distance, the angle can be well controlled when SWNT is bent by AFM manipulation.Based on this controlled bent of CNT by AFM manipulation, A CNT with a series of different bending angles has been obtained.The interaction between manipulated SWNT fragment and substrate is largely decreased after the manipulation.And the effective bending region is located at the fragment where Only vdW interaction exists between it and the substrate.It appears as the cross point between the fixed SWNT part and

manipulated SWNT part in the AFM image.Only vdW force exists between the effective bending region and substrate, and its length keeps constant when changing the bending angle.Through recording the height change at the effective bending region when changing the bending angle gradually, The structural evolution and buckling behavior has been investigated under the bending.Two distinct ?abrupt? and ?gradual? buckling modes have been revealed in different CNTs.For the ?abrupt? buckling mode, the height of the bending ?point? has a sudden increase, and an abrupt transition from the uniform bending to buckling happens.While the ?gradual? mode corresponds to a gradual increase of the height at the bending ?point?, with a gradual transition from uniform bending to buckling.The ?gradual? buckling results in a series of buckling intermediate formation.?Abrupt? buckling mode is mostly found for small diameter CNTs, while for large diameter CNTs, the ?gradual? mode is more common.Through the estimation of the wall numbers and thickness of CNTs, it was found that the CNTs with ?abrupt? buckling mode has smaller thickness diameter ratio than the CNTs with ?gradual? buckling mode.The critical buckling angle decreases with the increase of CNT diameter for the ?abrupt? buckling mode.The buckling behavior has also been investigated by molecular dynamics(MD)simulations.It was found:(1)for all the CNTs studied, the SWNTs have “abrupt” buckling mode, and double and three walled CNTs take “gradual” buckling modes;(2)the “gradual” buckling corresponded to the process that different tube walls of MWNTs buckled at different bending stages, and the buckling degree of individual tube walls gradually increased along with the bending strain increase.This is caused by the unsynchronization of the buckling for different walls caused by the multi-shell character, and the retarding of buckling by the inter-wall vdW force.The study on the formation of the two buckling modes found that the multi-shell structure of MWNTs accounts for the “gradual” buckling modes;(3)The MD studies also proved that the vdW interaction with substrate has no remarkable effect on CNTs buckling behavior.The study on the buckling mechanism suggests that except for the diameter, the wall number also determines the buckling behavior.This means for the mechanical properties of CNTs, a special “dual-size” effect may exists, that is, both the size and the thickness determine the CNTs mechanical behavior.By using controlled AFM manipulation, the work here observed the structural evolution and buckling formation almost in the whole bending process.The founding about the two buckling modes, not only provides support and reference for the relevant theoretical study, fills the gap between theory and experiment, but also is important for the application of CNTs in composite materials, nanoelectronics and NEMs, and strain sensors.3.The resonance Raman spectroscopy of individual SWNTs under torsional and uniaxial

strain has been investigated

The AFM manipulation can induce both torsional and uniaxial strains into the ultra-long straight SWNTs.Because the longer propagation distance of uniaxial strain than the torsional strain, only pure uniaxial strain exists at region far from the manipulation point.While at region close to the manipulation sites, both the two strains happen.The formation of torsional strain suggested the rolling of SWNT under the present AFM manipulation.Both uniaxial and torsional strain can change the Raman vibrational frequency.It was found that:

(1)the RBM and G-band spectra responded differently to the two types of strains.Under torsional strain, RBM frequency ?RBM was found to upshift and one of the modes assigned to E2 symmetry in the G+ band, which occurs at ~1600 cm-1(G+(E2(g))), downshifted significantly, whereas the rest G

modes located in the range of 1590 cm-1～1560 cm-1 are slightly upshifted.The redshift of the(G+(E2(g)), ismuch larger that the buleshift of other G modes;(2)Under uniaxial strain, ?RBM and ?G+(E2(g))do not have noticeable response and the rest of the G modes in the range of 1590 cm-1～1560 cm-1 are downshifted.(3)Different Raman modes have different sensitivity to both strains.RBM and G+(E2(g))is more sensitive to torsion than other G modes.Whereas under uniaxial strain, other G modes have larger sensitivity than RBM and G+(E2(g)).This is related to the correlation between the C-C bond change and the atom vibrational displacement of different modes;(4)The

calculation on the strain magnitude and frequency shift of Raman modes per strains d?/d? found that, under torsional strain, d?(RBM)/d?t nearly linearly increased along with the increase of the tube chirality angle.G-band was found to split into multiple sub-bands in some cases, presumably due to broken symmetry induced by torsion.This splitting is most likely found in zig-zag and armchair SWNTs.Both the uniaxial and torsional strains can change the intensity of resonant Raman peaks.This is originated from the influence of strains on electronic tranision energy Eii.From this change, the

modulation direction and magnitude of strains on the electronic transition energy of SWNTs can be calculated.The influence of strain on the resonant Raman spectra of SWNTs has drawn much attention recently.The work here firstly experimentally studied the torsional strain effect on resonant Raman spectra of SWNTs.And the study in the single SWNT scale by AFM manipulation can exclude the average effect originated from different diameter and chiraligy.This helps to reveal the intrinsic property of SWNts.The comparison of uniaxial and torsional strain for same SWNT, also benefit the understanding of the influence of different strains on SWNTs.4.The analysis and modulation of strain distribution along SWNTs axis, and the comparison

of related mechanical parameters of different SWNTs

It was found that after AFM manipulation, both the torsional and uniaxial strain would have a “?” shaped distribution along the SWNT axis, due to the friction between SWNTs and the substrate, and the partial relaxation of strain.The characteristics of the distribution, including the propagation distance of strain, the maximum strain and its position, and the slope of the strain distribution, are determined by the force exerted on SWNT by AFM tip, the elasticity modulus E and the shear modulus G, and the friction between SWNT and surface.By controlling the AFM manipulation and using patterned substrate with different components, the magnitude and distribution of strain in SWNT has been modulated.With the comparison of strain distribution in different SWNTs, their mechanical properties, such as E and G, and the friction with the substrate have been compared, on the single SWNTs scale.It was found that there is no monomial relationship between these parameters and the SWNTs diameter, this suggests that the chirality of SWNTs also has important effect on SWNTs mechanical properties.Key words:Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes(SWNTs), AFM manipulation and fabrication, deformation(strain), buckling, resonance Raman spectroscopy

第四篇：摘要(中英文)

摘要

本次的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)以工程實(shí)例為研究對(duì)象，設(shè)計(jì)過程包括結(jié)構(gòu)部分，概預(yù)算部分以及施工組織部分。本工程名稱為中學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)樓，建設(shè)地點(diǎn)為農(nóng)八師132團(tuán)。地基承載力特征值為fak =400Kpa。采用磚混結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)期50年，安全等級(jí)為

二級(jí)，抗震設(shè)防烈度為7.5度。本工程占地面積約512.08平方米，建筑面積2601.9平方米。本建筑五層，總高度17.1米，室內(nèi)外高差為1.5 米，女兒墻高

1.5米和0.9米。

本計(jì)算書包括的內(nèi)容：

結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)部分：一.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書；二.工程概況及結(jié)構(gòu)布置說明；三.結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算部分：1.荷載清理（包括屋面和樓面荷載以及墻體）；2.現(xiàn)澆構(gòu)件計(jì)算（包括梁，板，）；3.基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)（包括砌體部分條基設(shè)計(jì)以及獨(dú)立柱基的設(shè)計(jì)）；4.砌體部分（墻體高厚比，墻體承載力驗(yàn)算及局部承壓計(jì)算；5.抗震驗(yàn)算；6.樓梯計(jì)算（斜板的計(jì)算，平臺(tái)梁的計(jì)算，平臺(tái)板的計(jì)算）；7.過梁的選擇。

概預(yù)算設(shè)計(jì)是在結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)上，先計(jì)算并統(tǒng)計(jì)出分項(xiàng)工程的工程量，再運(yùn)用廣聯(lián)達(dá)造價(jià)軟件進(jìn)行人，材料，機(jī)械三方面經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)算以達(dá)到對(duì)本工程的工程造價(jià)控制。

施工組織設(shè)計(jì)是針對(duì)已經(jīng)形成的建筑施工圖，結(jié)構(gòu)施工圖，結(jié)合相應(yīng)的定額規(guī)范，進(jìn)行各分部分項(xiàng)工程的工程量計(jì)算，做出工程量計(jì)算表，根據(jù)表格內(nèi)各部分內(nèi)容，結(jié)合時(shí)間定額和產(chǎn)量定額，進(jìn)行勞動(dòng)量的計(jì)算，在固定工期內(nèi)合理的組織施工，繪制橫道圖，雙代號(hào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖，時(shí)標(biāo)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖和施工平面布置圖，以及人工，材料，機(jī)械需要量計(jì)劃。

在設(shè)計(jì)過程中，通過查閱大量有關(guān)資料，與同學(xué)交流經(jīng)驗(yàn)和自學(xué)，并向老師請(qǐng)教等方式，使自己學(xué)到了不少知識(shí)，也經(jīng)歷了不少艱辛，但收獲同樣巨大。此次設(shè)計(jì)成果有：①結(jié)構(gòu)施工圖10張，包括手繪5張，機(jī)繪5張；②結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算書一本；③雙代號(hào)、時(shí)標(biāo)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖一張。而且大大提高了動(dòng)手的能力，充分體會(huì)到了在創(chuàng)造過程中探索的艱難和成功時(shí)的喜悅。雖然這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)做的也不太好，但是在設(shè)計(jì)過程中所學(xué)到的東西是這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的最大收獲和財(cái)富，使我終身受益。最后感謝指導(dǎo)老師悉心的指導(dǎo)和幫助。

關(guān)鍵詞：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)；磚混結(jié)構(gòu)；結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)；工程量計(jì)算；施工組織設(shè)計(jì)。

Abstract

The project is a complex building named Experiments in middle school building in farming 8 division 132 groups.The build adopt reinforced concrete brick structure，the design base year is 50 years , the safe grade is 2 , and the earthquake intensity sale is 7.5.The total building area is more than 2601.9square meters.The main body is five frame

constructions.Total height is 17.1 meters.The indoors and outside height is 1.5 meters.Parapets are 1.5 meters.This thesis includes content:

Structure design:Graduate design task;Shows the engineering survey and layout of the structure;Calculation of structure: 1 Load cleaning;calculation of;2 Cast member;3 Basic design;4 Ratio of height to thickness;5 Seismic checking calculation;6 Stairs;7 Beam selection.Over budget in the structural design of the design on the basis of the cost of the use of success software in order to control of the project cost.Construction organization design used the architectural working drawings,structural drawings and combined with the corresponding norms, calculationed the engineering of the each.According to the sub-pat of the engineering project, combined with time, production scale, quantity of labor, work in a reasonable period of reasonable construction

organizationgs, drawn-on-arrow network diagram, net work time scale layout plant and construction plants.The design results are as follows: the construction of Figure 10, including hand 5, machine drawing 5;the structure calculation book;③, AOA time-scaled network diagram a.But also greatly improve the ability to operate, fully realized in the creative process of exploration,hardships and the joy of success.Although the design do not too good, but what is learned in the design process that is the biggest harvest and the wealth of the graduation design, benefit from my life.Finally, thanks to my teacher's guidance and help.Keywords: graduation design;masonry structure;structural design;engineering calculation;construction organization design.

第五篇：如何寫中英文摘要

敬請(qǐng)重視和寫好論文的中英文摘要

1.寫好中英文摘要的重要性

（1）中文文摘是溝通國(guó)內(nèi)讀者和作者之間的橋梁。在知識(shí)爆炸的今天，讀者不可能通過直接瀏覽刊物的方式去獲取全面的信息，只能通過專業(yè)的二次文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，檢索相應(yīng)文章的文摘，再提取原文。

（2）英文文摘是作者和國(guó)際同行進(jìn)行交流的必經(jīng)之路。在當(dāng)今的科技領(lǐng)域,英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)成為事實(shí)上的國(guó)際交流語(yǔ)言。世界各國(guó)學(xué)者想追蹤了解某一學(xué)科的發(fā)展情況，都會(huì)用英文工具書和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行檢索。

2.如何寫好中英文摘要

（1）摘要應(yīng)概括正文的要點(diǎn)。一般來說，應(yīng)包括研究對(duì)象(目的)、研究方法(所用的設(shè)備，材料)、結(jié)果和結(jié)論。寫英文摘要時(shí)，不能因?yàn)槟承﹥?nèi)容不好翻譯就棄掉要點(diǎn)。

（2）摘要要盡量簡(jiǎn)短，盡可能刪掉課題研究的背景信息。

（3）摘要中出現(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)該是最重要和最關(guān)鍵的數(shù)據(jù)。

（4）不需要目己標(biāo)榜自己的研究結(jié)果。

（5）二次文獻(xiàn)信息將脫離原文而獨(dú)立存在，因此摘要中不能出現(xiàn)圖表參數(shù)據(jù)。

（6）摘要中的內(nèi)容應(yīng)在正文中出現(xiàn)，不能對(duì)原文進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充和修改。

（7）摘要中的縮寫名稱在第一次出現(xiàn)時(shí)要有全稱(眾所周知的縮寫詞除外)。

（8）摘要的句子應(yīng)盡量簡(jiǎn)短，主謂語(yǔ)要搭配。