第一篇：美國聯(lián)邦民事訴訟規(guī)則(內(nèi)含中文目錄)

《美國聯(lián)邦地區(qū)法院民事訴訟規(guī)則》簡稱《美國聯(lián)邦民事訴訟規(guī)則》

目錄 美國聯(lián)邦民事訴訟規(guī)則

導論 美國聯(lián)邦民事訴訟規(guī)則

第1章本規(guī)則的適用范圍和一種訴訟形式

第1條本規(guī)則的適用范圍和目的第2條一種訴訟形式

第2章訴訟開始；傳喚令狀、訴答文書、申請書及 命令的送達

第3條訴訟開始

第4條傳喚狀

第4條之1其他令狀的送達

第5條訴答文書和其他文件的送達與提交

第6條期間

第3章訴答文書和申請書

第7條允許提出的訴答文書；申請書的格式

第8條訴答文書的一般規(guī)則

第9條訴答文書的特別事項

第10條訴答文書的格式

第11條訴答文書、申請書及其他文件的簽名； 向法院的陳述；制裁

第12條抗辯和異議——提出的期間和方式—— 通過訴答文書或申請書——基于訴答文 書請求判決的申請

第13條反請求和交叉請求

第14條第三當事人訴訟程序

第15條修改和補充訴答文書

第16條審理前會議；日程；管理 第4章當事人

第17條原告和被告；當事人能力

第18條請求和救濟方法的合并

第19條為公正審判而必要合并的人

第20條當事人的許可合并

第21條當事人的合并錯誤及不合并

第22條互爭權利訴訟

第23條集團訴訟 第23條之1股東的派生訴訟

第23條之2關于非法人團體的訴訟

第24條訴訟參加

第25條替代當事人

第5章庭外證言與發(fā)現(xiàn)程序

第26條規(guī)范發(fā)現(xiàn)程序的一般規(guī)定；出示義務

第27條訴訟之前和上訴系屬期間的庭外證言

第28條參與作成庭外證言的人員

第29條關于發(fā)現(xiàn)程序的約定

第30條口頭詢問的庭外證言

第31條書面質問的庭外證言

第32條在法院的訴訟程序中庭外證言的使用

第33條對當事人的質問書

第34條提供文件和物件以及為調查或其他目 的而進入房地產(chǎn)

第35條身體和精神狀態(tài)的檢查

第36條要求自認

第37條不出示或不協(xié)助發(fā)現(xiàn)：制裁

第6章開庭審理

第38條要求陪審團審判的權利

第39條陪審團審判或法院審判

第40條為開庭審理而分配案件

第41條撤銷訴訟

第42條合并；分開審理

第43條證言的取得

第44條官方記錄證明

第44條之1外國法的確定

第45條傳票

第46條不需要提出異議

第47條選定陪審團成員

第48條陪審團成員人數(shù)——參與裁決

第49條特別裁決和質問書

第50條在陪審團審判的案件中作為法律問題 作出的判決；選擇重新審理的申請；有條件的裁定

第51條對陪審團的指示：異議

第52條法院認定事實；部分認定事實的判決

第53條主事官 第7章判決

第54條判決；費用

第55條缺席

第56條簡易判決

第57條宣告判決

第58條登記判決

第59條重新審理；判決的修改

第60條對判決或命令的救濟

第61條無害的錯誤

第62條執(zhí)行判決程序的中止

第63條法官不能繼續(xù)執(zhí)行職務

第8章臨時性和終局性財產(chǎn)救濟方法

第64條對人或財產(chǎn)的扣押

第65條禁止令

第65條之1擔保：對保證人的訴訟程序

第66條被聯(lián)邦法院任命的財產(chǎn)管理人

第67條向法院提存

第68條判決方案要約

第69條執(zhí)行

第70條特定行為的判決；賦予權限

第71條有利于或不利于非當事人的第三人的 令狀

第9章特別程序

第71條之1不動產(chǎn)征收

第72條補助法官；審理前命令

第73條補助法官；同意審判及上訴的選擇權

第74條根據(jù)《美國法典》

第28編第636條 第3款（4）項和本規(guī)則

第73條第4 款的規(guī)定，對補助法官作出的決定向 地區(qū)法院法官提起上訴的方式

第75條根據(jù)本規(guī)則第73條第4款的規(guī)定，對補助法官作出的決定向地區(qū)法院 法官提起上訴的程序 第76條根據(jù)本規(guī)則第73條第4款的規(guī)定向 地區(qū)法院法官提起上訴案件的判決 和訴訟費用

第10章地區(qū)法院及其書記官

第77條地區(qū)法院及其書記官

第78條申請期日

第79條書記官保管的登記簿和記錄以及登記

第80條速記員；用作證據(jù)的速記員報告及速 記譯回文字

第11章一般條款

第81條一般適用性

第82條管轄區(qū)域及審判地不受影響

第83條地區(qū)法院的規(guī)則；法官的指令

第84條訴訟文書格式

第85條本規(guī)則的稱謂

第86條生效日期

附件一：訴訟文書格式

附件二：《美國聯(lián)邦民事訴訟規(guī)則》 中的詞匯英中文語義對照表

美國聯(lián)邦證據(jù)規(guī)則

導言 《美國聯(lián)邦證據(jù)規(guī)則》介紹

第1章一般規(guī)定

第101條適用范圍

第102條目的和結構

第103條關于證據(jù)的裁定（a）錯誤裁定的后果（1）異議（2）提供證明（b）關于提供證據(jù)和裁定的記錄（c）陪審團審理（d）顯見錯誤

第104條初步詢問（a）關于可采性的一般詢問（b）以事實為條件的相關性（c）陪審團審理（d）被告人作證（e）重要性和可信性

第105條有限的可采性

第106條書面或錄音證詞的剩余部分或相關 部分

第2章司法認知

第201條關于裁判事實的司法認知（a）適用范圍（b）事實種類（c）任意采用（d）強制采用（e）被聽證的機會（f）采用司法認知的時間（g）指示陪審團

第3章民事訴訟中的推定

第301條民事訴訟中推定的一般規(guī)定

第302條民事訴訟中州法的適用性 第4章相關性及其限制 第401條“相關證據(jù)”的定義

第402條相關證據(jù)一般可以采納；無相關性的 證據(jù)不能采納

第403條因偏見、混淆或浪費時間而排除相關 證據(jù)

第404條品格證據(jù)不能采納來證明行為；例外； 其他犯罪（a）品格證據(jù)的一般規(guī)定（1）被告人的品格（2）被害人的品格（3）證人的品格（b）其他犯罪、錯誤或行為

第405條證明品格的方法（a）名聲或評價（b）特定行為實例

第406條習慣；日常工作

第407條隨后的補救措施

第408條和解和要求和解

第409條支付醫(yī)療或類似費用

第410條答辯、答辯討論和有關陳述不可采納

第411條責任保險

第412條性犯罪案件；與被害人過去行為相關

第5章特權

第501條一般規(guī)則

第6章證人

第601條關于證人能力的一般規(guī)則

第602條缺乏親身體驗

第603條宣誓或鄭重聲明

第604條譯員

第605條法官作為證人的能力

第606條陪審員作為證人的能力（a）參加審理（b）對陪審團裁決或起訴書合法性的調查

第607條誰可以提出質疑

第608條關于證人品格和行為的證據(jù)（a）關于品格的評價證據(jù)和名聲證據(jù)（b）行為的具體實例

第609條以曾被定罪的證據(jù)提出質疑（a）一般規(guī)則（b）時間限制（c）赦免、撤銷或證明恢復名譽的效果（d）未成年人的裁判（e）上訴未決

第610條宗教信仰或主張

第611條詢問和舉證的方式和次序（a）法庭控制（b）交叉詢問的范圍（c）誘導性問題

第612條使用書面材料來喚醒記憶

第613條證人先前的陳述（a）就證人先前的陳述進行詢問（b）有關證人先前陳述不一致的外部證據(jù)

第614條法庭傳喚和詢問證人（a）法庭傳喚證人（b）法庭詢問（c）異議

第615條排除證人 第7章意見證據(jù)和專家證詞

第701條一般證人的意見證詞

第702條專家證詞

第703條專家意見證詞的基礎

第704條關于最終爭議的意見

第705條公開專家意見所依據(jù)的事實和數(shù)據(jù)

第706條法庭指定專家（a）指定（b）補償（c）將指定公開（d）當事人自己選擇專家

第8章傳聞證據(jù)

第801條定義（a）陳述（b）陳述者（c）傳聞（d）不是傳聞的陳述（1）證人的先前陳述（2）為對立當事人承認

第802條傳聞證據(jù)規(guī)則

第803條傳聞證據(jù)的例外；陳述者可否作證無關 緊要（1）表達感覺印象（2）刺激的發(fā)泄（3）當時存在的精神、感情或身體狀態(tài)（4）出于醫(yī)療診斷或治療目的的陳述（5）被記錄的回憶（6）關于日常行為、活動的記錄（7）在第（6）項規(guī)定的記錄中缺乏記載（8）公共記錄或報告（9）重要統(tǒng)計資料（10）缺乏公共記錄或沒有記載（11）宗教組織的記錄（12）婚姻、洗禮或類似證明（13）家庭記錄（14）反映財產(chǎn)利益的文件記錄（15）文件中反映財產(chǎn)利益的陳述（16）在陳年文件中的陳述（17）市場報告商業(yè)出版物（18）學術論文（19）關于個人或家庭歷史的名聲（20）關于邊界和一般歷史的名聲（21）性格方面的名聲（22）先前定罪的判決（23）關于個人、家庭、或一般歷史、或邊界的 判決（24）其他例外

第804條傳聞證據(jù)的例外；陳述者不能到庭作證（a）不能出庭的定義（b）傳聞證據(jù)的例外（1）先前證詞（2）臨終陳述（3）對己不利的陳述（4）關于個人或家史的陳述（5）其他例外

第805條傳聞中的傳聞…

第806條攻擊和支持陳述者的可信性

第9章鑒定和辨認

第901條要求鑒定或辨認（a）一般規(guī)定（b）說明（1）具有知識的人的證明（2）對筆跡的非專家意見（3）由審判者或專家證人進行比較（4）與眾不同的特征或類似品質（5）聲音辨認（6）聲音通話（7）公共記錄或報告（8）陳年文件或數(shù)據(jù)匯編（9）過程或系統(tǒng)（10）法律或規(guī)則規(guī)定的方法

第902條自我鑒定（1）國內(nèi)蓋有印章的公文（2）國內(nèi)未蓋印章的公文（3）外國公文（4）經(jīng)證實的公共記錄的副本（5）官方出版物（6）報紙和期刊（7）商品注冊或類似標記（8）被承認的文件（9）商業(yè)票據(jù)和相關文件（10）根據(jù)國會立法推定

第903條不必要有補強證人證詞

第10章文字、錄音和照相的內(nèi)容

第1001條定義（1）文字和錄音（2）照相（3）原件（4）復制品

第1002條要求原件

第1003條復制品的可采性 第1004條其他關于內(nèi)容的證據(jù)的可采性（1）原件遺失或毀壞（2）原件無法獲得（3）原件在對方掌握中（4）附屬事項

第1005條公共記錄

第1006條摘要

第1007條當事人的證詞或書面承認

第1008條法庭和陪審團的職能

第11章綜合規(guī)則

第1101條規(guī)則的適用性（a）法院和治安法院（b）訴訟范圍（c）關于特權的規(guī)則（d）不適用規(guī)則的情況（e）部分適用的規(guī)則第1102條修改

第1103條標題

FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE I.SCOPE OF RULES ONE FORM OF ACTION Rule1 Scope and Purpose of Rules These rules govern the procedure in the United States district courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in Rule 81.They shall be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.Rule 2 One Form of Action

There shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.II.COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION;SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERS Rule 3 Commencement of Action A civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.Rule 4 Summons(a)Form.The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's attorney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff.It shall also state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the complaint.The court may allow a summons to be amended.(b)Issuance.Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal.If the summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it to the plaintiff for service on the defendant.A summons, or a copy of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be issued for each defendant to be served.(c)Service with Complaint;by Whom Made.(1)A summons shall be served together with a copy of the complaint.The plaintiff is responsible for service of a summons and complaint within the time allowed under subdivision(m)and shall furnish the person effecting service with the necessary copies of the summons and complaint.(2)Service may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age.At the request of the plaintiff, however, the court may direct that service be effected by a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or other person or officer specially appointed by the court for the purpose.Such an appointment must be made when the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to28 U.S.C.§1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman under 28 U.S.C.§1916(d)Waiver of Service;Duty to Save Costs of Service;Request to Waive.(1)A defendant who waives service of a summons does not thereby waive any objection to the venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant.(2)An individual, corporation, or association that is subject to service under subdivision(e),(f), or(h)and that receives notice of an action in the manner provided in this paragraph has a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of serving the summons.To avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of the commencement of the action and request that the defendant waive service of a summons.The notice and request.(A)shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to the defendant, if an individual, or else to an officer or managing or general agent(or other agent authorized by appointment or law to receive service of process)of a defendant subject to service under subdivision(h);(B)shall be dispatched through first-class mail or other reliable means;(C)shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shall identify the court in which it has been filed;(D)shall inform the defendant, by means of a text prescribed in an official form promulgated pursuant to Rule 84, of the consequences of compliance and of a failure to comply with the request;(E)shall set forth the date on which request is sent;(F)shall allow the defendant a reasonable time to return the waiver, which shall be at least 30 days from the date on which the request is sent, or 60 days from that date if the defendant is addressed outside any judicial district of the United States;and(G)shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the notice and request, as well as a prepaid means of compliance in writing.If a defendant located within the United States fails to comply with a request for waiver made by a plaintiff located within the United States, the court shall impose the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service on the defendant unless good cause for the failure be shown.(3)A defendant that, before being served with process, timely returns a waiver so requested is not required to serve an answer to the complaint until 60 days after the date on which the request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 days after that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district of the United States.(4)When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the action shall proceed, except as provided in paragraph(3), as if a summons and complaint had been served at the time of filing the waiver, and no proofs of service shall be required.(5)The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph(2)for failure to comply with a request to waive service of a summons shall include the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service under subdivision(e),(f), or(h), together with the costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, of any motion required to collect the costs of service.(e)Service Upon Individuals Within a Judicial District of the United States.Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:(1)pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located, or in which service is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of the State;or(2)by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personally or by leaving copies thereof at the individual's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to an agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process.(f)Service Upon Individuals in a Foreign Country.Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not within any judicial district of the United States:(1)by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice, such as those means authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents;or(2)if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicable international agreement allows other means of service, provided that service is reasonably calculated to give notice:(A)in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign country for service in that country in an action in any of its courts of general jurisdiction;or(B)as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letter rogatory or letter of request;or(C)unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country, by(i)delivery to the individual personally of a copy of the summons and the complaint;or(ii)any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to be addressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the party to be served;or(3)by other means not prohibited by international agreement as may be directed by the court.(g)Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Person.Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by the law of the state in which the service is made for the service of summons or like process upon any such defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state.Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by paragraph(2)(A)or(2)(B)of subdivision(f)or by such means as the court may direct.(h)Service Upon Corporations and Associations.Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, and from which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be effected:(1)in a judicial district of the United States in the manner prescribed for individuals by subdivision(e)(1), or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to an officer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process and, if the agent is one authorized by statute to receive service and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant, or(2)in a place not within any judicial district of the United States in any manner prescribed for individuals by subdivision(f)except personal delivery as provided in paragraph(2)(C)(i)thereof.(i)Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.(1)Service upon the United States shall be effected(A)by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the United States attorney for the district in which the action is brought or to an assistant United States attorney or clerical employee designated by the United States attorney in a writing filed with the clerk of the court or by sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certified mail addressed to the civil process clerk at the office of the United States attorney and(B)by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington, District of Columbia, and(C)in any action attacking the validity of an order of an officer or agency of the United States not made a party, by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer or agency.(2)(A)Service on an agency or corporation of the United States, or an officer or employee of the United States sued only in an official capacity, is effected by serving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4(i)(1)and by also sending a copy of the summons and complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer, employee, agency, or corporation.(B)Service on an officer or employee of the United States sued in an individual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connection with the performance of duties on behalf of the United States whether or not the officer or employee is sued also in an official capacity is effected by serving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4(i)(1)and by serving the officer or employee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4(e),(f), or(g).(3)The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process under Rule 4(i)for the purpose of curing the failure to serve:(A)all persons required to be served in an action governed by Rule 4(i)(2)(A), if the plaintiff has served either the United States attorney or the Attorney General of the United States, or(B)the United States in an action governed by Rule 4(i)(2)(B), if the plaintiff has served an officer or employee of the United States sued in an individual capacity.(j)Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments.(1)Service upon a foreign state or a political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof shall be effected pursuant to 28 U.S.C.§1608(2)Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other governmental organization subject to suit, shall be effected by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to its chief executive officer or by serving the summons and complaint in the manner prescribed by the law of that state for the service of summons or other like process upon any such defendant.(k)Territorial Limits of Effective Service.(1)Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is effective to establish jurisdiction over the person of a defendant(A)who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court of general jurisdiction in the state in which the district court is located, or(B)who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is served at a place within a judicial district of the United States and not more than 100 miles from the place from which the summons issues, or(C)who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.§ 1335, or(D)when authorized by a statute of the United States.(2)If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is also effective, with respect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personal jurisdiction over the person of any defendant who is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of general jurisdiction of any state.(l)Proof of Service.If service is not waived, the person effecting service shall make proof thereof to the court.If service is made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy United States marshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof.Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall, if effected under paragraph(1)of subdivision(f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and shall, if effected under paragraph(2)or(3)thereof, include a receipt signed by the addressee or other evidence of delivery to the addressee satisfactory to the court.Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service.The court may allow proof of service to be amended.(m)Time Limit for Service.If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time;provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period.This subdivision does not apply to service in a foreign country pursuant to subdivision(f)or(j)(1).(n)Seizure of Property;Service of Summons Not Feasible.(1)If a statute of the United States so provides, the court may assert jurisdiction over property.Notice to claimants of the property shall than be sent in the manner provided by the statute or by service of a summons under this rule.(2)Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defendant cannot, in the district where the action is brought, be obtained with reasonable efforts by service of summons in any manner authorized by this rule, the court may assert jurisdiction over any of the defendant's assets found within the district by seizing the assets under the circumstances and in the manner provided by the law of the state in which the district court is located.Rule 4.1.Service of Other Process(a)Generally.Process other than a summons as provided in Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a person specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of service as provided in Rule 4(1).The process may be served anywhere within the territorial limits of the state in which the district court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.(b)Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt.An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United States may be served and enforced in any district.Other orders in civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the state in which the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place at which the order to be enforced was issued.Rule 5 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers

(a)Service: When Required.Except as otherwise provided in these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every pleading subsequent to the original complaint unless the court otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper relating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal, and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties.No service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear except that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided for service of summons in Rule 4.In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be made upon the person having custody or possession of the property at the time of its seizure.(b)Same: How Made.Whenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court.Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attorney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court.Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party;or leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof;or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein;or, if the office is closed or the person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein.Service by mail is complete upon mailing.(c)Same: Numerous Defendants.In any action in which there are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon motion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the pleadings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as between the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other parties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties.A copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such manner and form as the court directs.(d)Filing;Certificate of Service.All papers after the complaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certificate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26(a)(1)or(2)and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing:(i)depositions,(ii)interrogatories,(iii)requests for documents or to permit entry upon land, and(iv)requests for admission.(e)Filing With the Court Defined.The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit them to the office of the clerk.A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes.A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules.The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.Prospective amendment:

Amendment of Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001.By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS § 2072

Rule 5.Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(b)Making Service.(1)Service under Rules 5(a)and 77(d)on a party represented by an attorney is made on the attorney unless the court orders service on the party.(2)Service under Rule 5(a)is made by:(A)Delivering a copy to the person served by:(i)handing it to the person;(ii)leaving it at the person's office with a clerk or other person in charge, or if no one is in charge leaving it in a conspicuous place in the office;or(iii)if the person has no office or the office is closed, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with someone of suitable age and discretion residing there.(B)Mailing a copy to the last known address of the person served.Service by mail is complete on mailing.(C)If the person served has no known address, leaving a copy with the clerk of the court.(D)Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronic means, consented to in writing by the person served.Service by electronic means is complete on transmission;service by other consented means is complete when the person making service delivers the copy to the agency designated to make delivery.If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under this subparagraph(D)through the court's transmission facilities.(3)Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D)is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.Rule 6 Time(a)Computation.In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included.The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not one of the aforementioned days.When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation.As used in this rule and in Rule 77(c), legal holiday includes New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President of the Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the district court is held.(b)Enlargement.When by these rules or by a notice given thereunder or by order of court an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a specified time, the court for cause shown may at any time in its discretion(1)with or without motion or notice order the period enlarged if request therefor is made before the expiration of the period originally prescribed or as extended by a previous order, or(2)upon motion made after the expiration of the specified period permit the act to be done where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect;but it may not extend the time for taking any action under Rules 50(b)and(c)(2), 52(b), 59(b),(d), and(e), and 60(b), except to the extent and under the conditions stated in them.(c)Unaffected by Expiration of Term.[Rescinded Feb.28, 1966, eff.July 1, 1966.](d)For Motions Affidavits.A written motion, other than one which may be heard ex parte, and notice of the hearing thereof shall be served not later than 5 days before the time specified for the hearing, unless a different period is fixed by these rules or by order of the court.Such an order may for cause shown be made on ex parte application.When a motion is supported by affidavit, the affidavit shall be served with the motion;and, except as otherwise provided in Rule 59(c), opposing affidavits may be served not later than 1 day before the hearing, unless the court permits them to be served at some other time.(e)Additional Time After Service by Mail.Whenever a party has the right or is required to do some act or take some proceedings within a prescribed period after the service of a notice or other paper upon the party and the notice or paper is served upon the party by mail, 3 days shall be added to the prescribed period.Prospective amendment:

Amendment of Rule 6, effective December 1, 2001.By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 6, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS§ 2072

Rule 6.Time

(e)Additional Time After Service under Rule 5(B)(2)(B),(C), or(D).Whenever a party has the right or is required to do some act or take some proceedings within a prescribed period after the service of a notice or other paper upon the party and the notice or paper is served upon the party under Rule 5(b)(2)(B),(C), or(D), 3 days shall be added to the prescribed period.III.PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS Rule 7 Pleadings Allowed : Form of Motions(a)Pleadings.There shall be a complaint and an answer;a reply to a counterclaim denominated as such;an answer to a cross-claim, if the answer contains a cross-claim;a third-party complaint, if a person who was not an original party is summoned under the provisions of Rule 14;and a third-party answer, if a third-party complaint is served.No other pleading shall be allowed, except that the court may order a reply to an answer or a third-party answer.(b)Motions and Other Papers(1)An application to the court for an order shall be by motion which, unless made during a hearing or trial, shall be made in writing, shall state with particularity the grounds therefor, and shall set forth the relief or order sought.The requirement of writing is fulfilled if the motion is stated in a written notice of the hearing of the motion.(2)The rules applicable to captions and other matters of form of pleadings apply to all motions and other papers provided for by these rules.(3)All motions shall be signed in accordance with Rule 11.(c)Demurrers, Pleas, etc., Abolished.Demurrers, pleas, and exceptions for insufficiency of a pleading shall not be used.Rule 8 General Rules of Pleading

(a)Claims for Relief.A pleading which sets forth a claim for relief, whether an original claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, shall contain(1)a short and plain statement of the grounds upon which the court's jurisdiction depends, unless the court already has jurisdiction and the claim needs no new grounds of jurisdiction to support it,(2)a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, and(3)a demand for judgment for the relief the pleader seeks.Relief in the alternative or of several different types may be demanded.(b)Defenses;Form of Denials.A party shall state in short and plain terms the party's defenses to each claim asserted and shall admit or deny the averments upon which the adverse party relies.If a party is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief as to the truth of an averment, the party shall so state and this has the effect of a denial.Denials shall fairly meet the substance of the averments denied.When a pleader intends in good faith to deny only a part or a qualification of an averment, the pleader shall specify so much of it as is true and material and shall deny only the remainder.Unless the pleader intends in good faith to controvert all the averments of the preceding pleading, the pleader may make denials as specific denials of designated averments or paragraphs or may generally deny all the averments except such designated averments or paragraphs as the pleader expressly admits;but, when the pleader does so intend to controvert all its averments, including averments of the grounds upon which the court's jurisdiction depends, the pleader may do so by general denial subject to the obligations set forth in Rule 11.(c)Affirmative Defenses.In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively accord and satisfaction, arbitration and award, assumption of risk, contributory negligence, discharge in bankruptcy, duress, estoppel, failure of consideration, fraud, illegality, injury by fellow servant, laches, license, payment, release, res judicata, statute of frauds, statute of limitations, waiver, and any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.When a party has mistakenly designated a defense as a counterclaim or a counterclaim as a defense, the court on terms, if justice so requires, shall treat the pleading as if there had been a proper designation.(d)Effect of Failure To Deny.Averments in a pleading to which a responsive pleading is required, other than those as to the amount of damage, are admitted when not denied in the responsive pleading.Averments in a pleading to which no responsive pleading is required or permitted shall be taken as denied or avoided.(e)Pleading to be Concise and Direct;Consistency.(1)Each averment of a pleading shall be simple, concise, and direct.No technical forms of pleading or motions are required.(2)A party may set forth two or more statements of a claim or defense alternately or hypothetically, either in one count or defense or in separate counts or defenses.When two or more statements are made in the alternative and one of them if made independently would be sufficient, the pleading is not made insufficient by the insufficiency of one or more of the alternative statements.A party may also state as many separate claims or defenses as the party has regardless of consistency and whether based on legal, equitable, or maritime grounds.All statements shall be made subject to the obligations set forth in Rule 11.(f)Construction of Pleadings.All pleadings shall be so construed as to do substantial justice.Rule 9 Pleading Special Matters(a)Capacity.It is not necessary to aver the capacity of a party to sue or be sued or the authority of a party to sue or be sued in a representative capacity or the legal existence of an organized association of persons that is made a party, except to the extent required to show the jurisdiction of the court.When a party desires to raise an issue as to the legal existence of any party or the capacity of any party to sue or be sued or the authority of a party to sue or be sued in a representative capacity, the party desiring to raise the issue shall do so by specific negative averment, which shall include such supporting particulars as are peculiarly within the pleader s knowledge.(b)Fraud, Mistake, Condition of the Mind.In all averments of fraud or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with particularity.Malice, intent, knowledge, and other condition of mind of a person may be averred generally.(c)Conditions Precedent.In pleading the performance or occurrence of conditions precedent, it is sufficient to aver generally that all conditions precedent have been performed or have occurred.A denial of performance or occurrence shall be made specifically and with particularity.(d)Official Document or Act.In pleading an official document or official act it is sufficient to aver that the document was issued or the act done in compliance with law.(e)Judgment.In pleading a judgment or decision of a domestic or foreign court, judicial or quasi-judicial tribunal, or of a board or officer, it is sufficient to aver the judgment or decision without setting forth matter showing jurisdiction to render it.(f)Time and Place.For the purpose of testing the sufficiency of a pleading, averments of time and place are material and shall be considered like all other averments of material matter.(g)Special Damage.When items of special damage are claimed, they shall be specifically stated.(h)Admiralty and Maritime Claims.A pleading or count setting forth a claim for relief within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction that is also within the jurisdiction of the district court on some other ground may contain a statement identifying the claim as an admiralty or maritime claim for the purposes of Rule 14(c),38(e), 82, and the Supplemental Rules for Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims.If the claim is cognizable only in admiralty, it is an admiralty or maritime claim for those purposes whether so identified or not.The amendment of a pleading to add or withdraw an identifying statement is governed by the principles of Rule 15.A case that includes an admiralty or maritime claim within this subdivision is an admiralty case within 28 U.S.C.§1292(a)(3).Rule 10 Form of Pleadings(a)Caption;Names of Parties.Every pleading shall contain a caption setting forth the name of the court, the title of the action, the file number, and a designation as in Rule 7(a).In the complaint the title of the action shall include the names of all the parties, but in other pleadings it is sufficient to state the name of the first party on each side with an appropriate indication of other parties.(b)Paragraphs;Separate Statements.All averments of claim or defense shall be made in numbered paragraphs, the contents of each of which shall be limited as far as practicable to a statement of a single set of circumstances;and a paragraph may be referred to by number in all succeeding pleadings.Each claim founded upon a separate transaction or occurrence and each defense other than denials shall be stated in a separate count or defense whenever a separation facilitates the clear presentation of the matters set forth.(c)Adoption by Reference;Exhibits.Statements in a pleading may be adopted by reference in a different part of the same pleading or in another pleading or in any motion.A copy of any written instrument which is an exhibit to a pleading is a part thereof for all purposes.Rule 11 Signing of Pleadings, Motions, and Other Papers;Representations to Court;Sanctions(a)Signature.Every pleading, written motion, and other paper shall be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney's individual name, or, if the party is not represented by an attorney, shall be signed by the party.Each paper shall state the signer's address and telephone number, if any.Except when otherwise specifically provided by rule or statute, pleadings need not be verified or accompanied by affidavit.An unsigned paper shall be stricken unless omission of the signature is corrected promptly after being called to the attention of attorney or party.(b)Representations to Court.By presenting to the court(whether by signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating)a pleading, written motion, or other paper, an attorney or unrepresented party is certifying that to the best of the person's knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances,(1)it is not being presented for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation;(2)the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law;(3)the allegations and other factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, are likely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery;and(4)the denials of factual contentions are warranted on the evidence or, if specifically so identified, are reasonably based on a lack of information or belief.(c)Sanctions.If, after notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond, the court determines that subdivision(b)has been violated, the court may, subject to the conditions stated below, impose an appropriate sanction upon the attorneys, law firms, or parties that have violated subdivision(b)or are responsible for the violation.(1)How Initiated.(A)By Motion.A motion for sanctions under this rule shall be made separately from other motions or requests and shall describe the specific conduct alleged to violate subdivision(b).It shall be served as provided in Rule 5, but shall not be filed with or presented to the court unless, within 21 days after service of the motion(or such other period as the court may prescribe), the challenged paper, claim, defense, contention, allegation, or denial is not withdrawn or appropriately corrected.If warranted, the court may award to the party prevailing on the motion the reasonable expenses and attorney's fees incurred in presenting or opposing the motion.Absent exceptional circumstances, a law firm shall be held jointly responsible for violations committed by its partners, associates, and employees.(B)On Court's Initiative.On its own initiative, the court may enter an order describing the specific conduct that appears to violate subdivision(b)and directing an attorney, law firm, or party to show cause why it has not violated subdivision(b)with respect thereto.(2)Nature of Sanction;Limitations.A sanction imposed for violation of this rule shall be limited to what is sufficient to deter repetition of such conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated.Subject to the limitations in subparagraphs(A)and(B), the sanction may consist of, or include, directives of a nonmonetary nature, an order to pay a penalty into court, or, if imposed on motion and warranted for effective deterrence, an order directing payment to the movant of some or all of the reasonable attorneys' fees and other expenses incurred as a direct result of the violation.(A)Monetary sanctions may not be awarded against a represented party for a violation of subdivision(b)(2).(B)Monetary sanctions may not be awarded on the court's initiative unless the court issues its order to show cause before a voluntary dismissal or settlement of the claims made by or against the party which is, or whose attorneys are, to be sanctioned.(3)Order.When imposing sanctions, the court shall describe the conduct determined to constitute a violation of this rule and explain the basis for the sanction imposed.(d)Inapplicability to Discovery.Subdivisions(a)through(c)of this rule do not apply to disclosures and discovery requests, responses, objections, and motions that are subject to the provisions of Rules 26 through 37.Rule 12 Defenses and Objections –When and How Presented – By Pleading or Motion-Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings(a)When Presented.(1)Unless a different time is prescribed in a statute of the United States, a defendant shall serve an answer(A)within 20 days after being served with the summons and complaint, or(B)if service of the summons has been timely waived on request under Rule 4(d), within 60 days after the date when the request for waiver was sent, or within 90 days after that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district of the United States.(2)A party served with a pleading stating a cross-claim against that party shall serve an answer thereto within 20 days after being served.The plaintiff shall serve a reply to a counterclaim in the answer within 20 days after service of the answer, or, if a reply is ordered by the court, within 20 days after service of the order, unless the order otherwise directs.(3)(A)The United States, an agency of the United States, or an officer or employee of the United States sued in an official capacity, shall serve an answer to the complaint or cross-claim or a reply to a counterclaim within 60 days after the United States attorney is served with the pleading asserting the claim.(B)An officer or employee of the United States sued in an individual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connection with the performance of duties on behalf of the United States shall serve an answer to the complaint or cross-claim or a reply to a counterclaim within 60 days after service on the officer or employee, or service on the United States attorney, whichever is later.(4)Unless a different time is fixed by court order, the service of a motion permitted under this rule alters the periods of time as follows:(A)if the court denies the motion or postpones its disposition until the trial on the merits, the responsive pleading shall be served within 10 days after notice of the court's action;or(B)if the court grants a motion for a more definite statement, the responsive pleading shall be served within 10 days after the service of the more definite statement.(b)How Presented.Every defense, in law or fact, to a claim for relief in any pleading, whether a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, shall be asserted in the responsive pleading thereto if one is required, except that the following defenses may at the option of the pleader be made by motion:(1)lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter,(2)lack of jurisdiction over the person,(3)improper venue,(4)insufficiency of process,(5)insufficiency of service of process,(6)failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,(7)failure to join a party under Rule 19.A motion making any of these defenses shall be made before pleading if a further pleading is permitted.No defense or objection is waived by being joined with one or more other defenses or objections in a responsive pleading or motion.If a pleading sets forth a claim for relief to which the adverse party is not required to serve a responsive pleading, the adverse party may assert at the trial any defense in law or fact to that claim for relief.If, on a motion asserting the defense numbered(6)to dismiss for failure of the pleading to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, matters outside the pleading are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion shall be treated as one for summary judgment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56, and all parties shall be given reasonable opportunity to present all material made pertinent to such a motion by Rule 56.(c)Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings.After the pleadings are closed but within such time as not to delay the trial, any party may move for judgment on the pleadings.If, on a motion for judgment on the pleadings, matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion shall be treated as one for summary judgment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56, and all parties shall be given reasonable opportunity to present all material made pertinent to such a motion by Rule 56.(d)Preliminary Hearings.The defenses specifically enumerated(1)(2)hereof cannot be made a party, the court shall determine whether in equity and good conscience the action should proceed among the parties before it, or should be dismissed, the absent person being thus regarded as indispensable.The factors to be considered by the court include: first, to what extent a judgment rendered in the person's absence might be prejudicial to the person or those already parties;second, the extent to which, by protective provisions in the judgment, by the shaping of relief, or other measures, the prejudice can be lessened or avoided;third, whether a judgment rendered in the person's absence will be adequate;fourth, whether the plaintiff will have an adequate remedy if the action is dismissed for nonjoinder.(c)Pleading Reasons for Nonjoinder.A pleading asserting a claim for relief shall state the names, if known to the pleader, of any persons as described in subdivision(a)(1)-(2)hereof who are not joined, and the reasons why they are not joined.(d)Exception of Class Actions.This rule is subject to the provisions of Rule 23.Rule 20.Permissive Joinder of Parties(a)Permissive Joinder.All persons may join in one action as plaintiffs if they assert any right to relief jointly, severally, or in the alternative in respect of or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences and if any question of law or fact common to all these persons will arise in the action.All persons(and any vessel, cargo or other property subject to admiralty process in rem)may be joined in one action as defendants if there is asserted against them jointly, severally, or in the alternative, any right to relief in respect of or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences and if any question of law or fact common to all defendants will arise in the action.A plaintiff or defendant need not be interested in obtaining or defending against all the relief demanded.Judgment may be given for one or more of the plaintiffs according to their respective rights to relief, and against one or more defendants according to their respective liabilities.(b)Separate Trials.The court may make such orders as will prevent a party from being embarrassed, delayed, or put to expense by the inclusion of a party against whom the party asserts no claim and who asserts no claim against the party, and may order separate trials or make other orders to prevent delay or prejudice.Rule 21.Misjoinder and Non-Joinder of Parties Misjoinder of parties is not ground for dismissal of an action.Parties may be dropped or added by order of the court on motion of any party or of its own initiative at any stage of the action and on such terms as are just.Any claim against a party may be severed and proceeded with separately.Rule 22.Interpleader(1)Persons having claims against the plaintiff may be joined as defendants and required to interplead when their claims are such that the plaintiff is or may be exposed to double or multiple liability.It is not ground for objection to the joinder that the claims of the several claimants or the titles on which their claims depend do not have a common origin or are not identical but are adverse to and independent of one another, or that the plaintiff avers that the plaintiff is not liable in whole or in part to any or all of the claimants.A defendant exposed to similar liability may obtain such interpleader by way of cross-claim or counterclaim.The provisions of this rule supplement and do not in any way limit the joinder of parties permitted in Rule 20.(2)The remedy herein provided is in addition to and in no way supersedes or limits the remedy provided by Title 28, USC §§ 1335, 1397, and 2361.Actions under those provisions shall be conducted in accordance with these rules.Rule 23.Class Actions(a)Prerequisites to a Class Action.One or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all only if(1)the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable,(2)there are questions of law or fact common to the class,(3)the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class, and(4)the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.(b)Class Actions Maintainable.An action may be maintained as a class action if the prerequisites of subdivision(a)are satisfied, and in addition:(1)the prosecution of separate actions by or against individual members of the class would create a risk of(A)inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to individual members of the class which would establish incompatible standards of conduct for the party opposing the class, or(B)adjudications with respect to individual members of the class which would as a practical matter be dispositive of the interests of the other members not parties to the adjudications or substantially impair or impede their ability to protect their interests;or(2)the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the class, thereby making appropriate final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief with respect to the class as a whole;or(3)the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to the members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy.The matters pertinent to the findings include:(A)the interest of members of the class in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions;(B)the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already commenced by or against members of the class;(C)the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum;(D)the difficulties likely to be encountered in the management of a class action.(c)Determination by Order Whether Class Action to be Maintained;Notice;Judgment;Actions Conducted Partially as Class Actions.(1)As soon as practicable after the commencement of an action brought as a class action, the court shall determine by order whether it is to be so maintained.An order under this subdivision may be conditional, and may be altered or amended before the decision on the merits.(2)In any class action maintained under subdivision(b)(3), the court shall direct to the members of the class the best notice practicable under the circumstances, including individual notice to all members who can be identified through reasonable effort.The notice shall advise each member that(A)the court will exclude the member from the class if the member so requests by a specified date;(B)the judgment, whether favorable or not, will include all members who do not request exclusion;and(C)any member who does not request exclusion may, if the member desires, enter an appearance through counsel.(3)The judgment in an action maintained as a class action under subdivision(b)(1)or(b)(2), whether or not favorable to the class, shall include and describe those whom the court finds to be members of the class.The judgment in an action maintained as a class action under subdivision(b)(3), whether or not favorable to the class, shall include and specify or describe those to whom the notice provided in subdivision(c)(2)was directed, and who have not requested exclusion, and whom the court finds to be members of the class.(4)When appropriate(A)an action may be brought or maintained as a class action with respect to particular issues, or(B)a class may be divided into subclasses and each subclass treated as a class, and the provisions of this rule shall then be construed and applied accordingly.(d)Orders in Conduct of Actions.In the conduct of actions to which this rule applies, the court may make appropriate orders:(1)determining the course of proceedings or prescribing measures to prevent undue repetition or complication in the presentation of evidence or argument;(2)requiring, for the protection of the members of the class or otherwise for the fair conduct of the action, that notice be given in such manner as the court may direct to some or all of the members of any step in the action or of the proposed extent of the judgment, or of the opportunity of members to signify whether they consider the representation fair and adequate, to intervene and present claims or defenses, or otherwise to come into the action;(3)imposing conditions on the representative parties or on intervenors;(4)requiring that the pleadings be amended to eliminate therefrom allegations as to representation of absent persons, and that the action proceed accordingly;(5)dealing with similar procedural matters.The orders may

be combined with an order under Rule 16, and may be altered or amended as may be desirable from time to time.(e)Dismissal or Compromise.A class action shall not be dismissed or compromised without the approval of the court, and notice of the proposed dismissal or compromise shall be given to all members of the class in such manner as the court directs.(f)Appeals.A court of appeals may in its discretion permit an appeal from an order of a district court granting or denying class action certification under this rule if application is made to it within ten days after entry of the order.An appeal does not stay proceedings in the district court unless the district judge or the court of appeals so orders.Rule 23.1.Derivative Actions by Shareholders

In a derivative action brought by one or more shareholders or members to enforce a right of a corporation or of an unincorporated association, the corporation or association having failed to enforce a right which may properly be asserted by it, the complaint shall be verified and shall allege(1)that the plaintiff was a shareholder or member at the time of the transaction of which the plaintiff complains or that the plaintiff's share or membership thereafter devolved on the plaintiff by operation of law, and(2)that the action is not a collusive one to confer jurisdiction on a court of the United States which it would not otherwise have.The complaint shall also allege with particularity the efforts, if any, made by the plaintiff to obtain the action the plaintiff desires from the directors or comparable authority and, if necessary, from the shareholders or members, and the reasons for the plaintiff's failure to obtain the action or for not making the effort.The derivative action may not be maintained if it appears that the plaintiff does not fairly and adequately represent the interests of the shareholders or members similarly situated in enforcing the right of the corporation or association.The action shall not be dismissed or compromised without the approval of the court, and notice of the proposed dismissal or compromise shall be given to shareholders or members in such manner as the court directs.Rule 23.2.Actions Relating to Unincorporated Associations An action brought by or against the members of an unincorporated association as a class by naming certain members as representative parties may be maintained only if it appears that the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the association and its members.In the conduct of the action the court may make appropriate orders corresponding with those described in Rule 23(d), and the procedure for dismissal or compromise of the action shall correspond with that provided in Rule 23(e).Rule 24.Intervention

(a)Intervention of Right.Upon timely application anyone shall be permitted to intervene in an action:(1)when a statute of the United States confers an unconditional right to intervene;or(2)when the applicant claims an interest relating to the property or transaction which is the subject of the action and the applicant is so situated that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the applicant's ability to protect that interest, unless the applicant's interest is adequately represented by existing parties.(b)Permissive Intervention.Upon timely application anyone may be permitted to intervene in an action:(1)when a statute of the United States confers a conditional right to intervene;or(2)when an applicant's claim or defense and the main action have a question of law or fact in common.When a party to an action relies for ground of claim or defense upon any statute or executive order administered by a federal or state governmental officer or agency or upon any regulation, order, requirement, or agreement issued or made pursuant to the statute or executive order, the officer or agency upon timely application may be permitted to intervene in the action.In exercising its discretion the court shall consider whether the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the rights of the original parties.(c)Procedure.A person desiring to intervene shall serve a motion to intervene upon the parties as provided in Rule 5.The motion shall state the grounds therefor and shall be accompanied by a pleading setting forth the claim or defense for which intervention is sought.The same procedure shall be followed when a statute of the United States gives a right to intervene.When the constitutionality of an act of Congress affecting the public interest is drawn in question in any action in which the United States or an officer, agency, or employee thereof is not a party, the court shall notify the Attorney General of the United States as provided in Title 28, U.S.C.§ 2403.When the constitutionality of any statute of a State affecting the public interest is drawn in question in any action in which that State or any agency, officer, or employee thereof is not a party, the court shall notify the attorney general of the State as provided in Title 28, U.S.C.§ 2403.A party challenging the constitutionality of legislation should call the attention of the court to its consequential duty, but failure to do so is not a waiver of any constitutional right otherwise timely asserted.Rule 25.Substitution of Parties(a)Death.(1)If a party dies and the claim is not thereby extinguished, the court may order substitution of the proper parties.The motion for substitution may be made by any party or by the successors or representatives of the deceased party and, together with the notice of hearing, shall be served on the parties as provided in Rule 5 and upon persons not parties in the manner provided in Rule 4 for the service of a summons, and may be served in any judicial district.Unless the motion for substitution is made not later than 90 days after the death is suggested upon the record by service of a statement of the fact of the death as provided herein for the service of the motion, the action shall be dismissed as to the deceased party.(2)In the event of the death of one or more of the plaintiffs or of one or more of the defendants in an action in which the right sought to be enforced survives only to the surviving plaintiffs or only against the surviving defendants, the action does not abate.The death shall be suggested upon the record and the action shall proceed in favor of or against the surviving parties.(b)Incompetency.If a party becomes incompetent, the court upon motion served as provided in subdivision(a)of this rule may allow the action to be continued by or against the party's representative.(c)Transfer of Interest.In case of any transfer of interest, the action may be continued by or against the original party, unless the court upon motion directs the person to whom the interest is transferred to be substituted in the action or joined with the original party.Service of the motion shall be made as provided in subdivision(a)of this rule.(d)Public Officers;Death or Separation From Office.(1)When a public officer is a party to an action in an official capacity and during its pendency dies, resigns, or otherwise ceases to hold office, the action does not abate and the officer's successor is automatically substituted as a party.Proceedings following the substitution shall be in the name of the substituted party, but any misnomer not affecting the substantial rights of the parties shall be disregarded.An order of substitution may be entered at any time, but the omission to enter such an order shall not affect the substitution.(2)A public officer who sues or is sued in an official capacity may be described as a party by the officer's official title rather than by name;but the court may require the officer's name to be added.V.DEPOSITIONS AND DISCOVERY

Rule 26.General Provisions Governing Discovery;Duty of Disclosure(a)Required Disclosures;Methods to Discover Additional Matter.(1)Initial Disclosures.Except in categories of proceedings specified in Rule 26(a)(1)(E), or to the extent otherwise stipulated or directed by order, a party must, without awaiting a discovery request, provide to other parties:(A)the name and, if known, the address and telephone number of each individual likely to have discoverable information that the disclosing party may use to support its claims or defenses, unless solely for impeachment, identifying the subjects of the information;(B)a copy of, or a description by category and location of, all documents, data compilations, and tangible things that are in the possession, custody, or control of the party and that the disclosing party may use to support its claims or defenses, unless solely for impeachment;(C)a computation of any category of damages claimed by the disclosing party, making available for inspection and copying as under Rule 34 the documents or other evidentiary material, not privileged or protected from disclosure, on which such computation is based, including materials bearing on the nature and extent of injuries suffered;and(D)for inspection and copying as under Rule 34 any insurance agreement under which any person carrying on an insurance business may be liable to satisfy part or all of a judgment which may be entered in the action or to indemnify or reimburse for payments made to satisfy the judgment.(E)The following categories of proceedings are exempt from initial disclosure under Rule 26(a)(1):(i)an action for review on an administrative record;(ii)a petition for habeas corpus or other proceeding to challenge a criminal conviction or sentence;(iii)an action brought without counsel by a person in custody of the United States, a state, or a state subdivision;(iv)an action to enforce or quash an administrative summons or subpoena;(v)an action by the United States to recover benefit payments;(vi)an action by the United States to collect on a student loan guaranteed by the United States;(vii)a proceeding ancillary to proceedings in other courts;and(viii)an action to enforce an arbitration award.These disclosures must be made at or within 14 days after the Rule 26(f)conference unless a different time is set by stipulation or court order, or unless a party objects during the conference that initial disclosures are not appropriate in the circumstances of the action and states the objection in the Rule 26(f)discovery plan.In ruling on the objection, the court must determine what disclosures if any are to be made, and set the time for disclosure.Any party first served or otherwise joined after the Rule 26(f)conference must make these disclosures within 30 days after being served or joined unless a different time is set by stipulation or court order.A party must make its initial disclosures based on the information then reasonably available to it and is not excused from making its disclosures because it has not fully completed its investigation of the case or because it challenges the sufficiency of another party's disclosures or because another party has not made its disclosures.(2)Disclosure of Expert Testimony.(A)In addition to the disclosures required by paragraph(1), a party shall disclose to other parties the identity of any person who may be used at trial to present evidence under Rules 702, 703, or 705 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.(B)Except as otherwise stipulated or directed by the court, this disclosure shall, with respect to a witness who is retained or specially employed to provide expert testimony in the case or whose duties as an employee of the party regularly involve giving expert testimony, be accompanied by a written report prepared and signed by the witness.The report shall contain a complete statement of all opinions to be expressed and the basis and reasons therefor;the data or other information considered by the witness in forming the opinions;any exhibits to be used as a summary of or support for the opinions;the qualifications of the witness, including a list of all publications authored by the witness within the preceding ten years;the compensation to be paid for the study and testimony;and a listing of any other cases in which the witness has testified as an expert at trial or by deposition within the preceding four years.(C)These disclosures shall be made at the times and in the sequence directed by the court.In the absence of other directions from the court or stipulation by the parties, the disclosures shall be made at least 90 days before the trial date or the date the case is to be ready for trial or, if the evidence is intended solely to contradict or rebut evidence on the same subject matter identified by another party under paragraph(2)(B), within 30 days after the disclosure made by the other party.The parties shall supplement these disclosures when required under subdivision(e)(1).(3)Pretrial Disclosures.In addition to the disclosures required by Rule 26(a)(1)and(2), a party must provide to other parties and promptly file with the court the following information regarding the evidence that it may present at trial other than solely for impeachment:(A)the name and, if not previously provided, the address and telephone number of each witness, separately identifying those whom the party expects to present and those whom the party may call if the need arises;(B)the designation of those witnesses whose testimony is expected to be presented by means of a deposition and, if not taken stenographically, a transcript of the pertinent portions of the deposition testimony;and(C)an appropriate identification of each document or other exhibit, including summaries of other evidence, separately identifying those which the party expects to offer and those which the party may offer if the need arises.Unless otherwise directed by the court, these disclosures must be made at least 30 days before trial.Within 14 days thereafter, unless a different time is specified by the court, a party may serve and promptly file a list disclosing(i)any objections to the use under Rule 32(a)of a deposition designated by another party under Rule 26(a)(3)(B), and(ii)any objection, together with the grounds therefor, that may be made to the admissibility of materials identified under Rule 26(a)(3)(C).Objections not so disclosed, other than objections under Rules 402 and 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, are waived unless excused by the court for good cause.(4)Form of Disclosures.Unless the court orders otherwise, all disclosures under Rules 26(a)(1)through(3)must be made in writing, signed, and served.(5)Methods to Discover Additional Matter.Parties may obtain discovery by one or more of the following methods: depositions upon oral examination or written questions;written interrogatories;production of documents or things or permission to enter upon land or other property under Rule 34 or 45(a)(1)(C), for inspection and other purposes;physical and mental examinations;and requests for admission.(b)Discovery Scope and Limits.Unless otherwise limited by order of the court in accordance with these rules, the scope of discovery is as follows:(1)In General.Parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, that is relevant to the claim or defense of any party, including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition, and location of any books, documents, or other tangible things and the identity and location of persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter.For good cause, the court may order discovery of any matter relevant to the subject matter involved in the action.Relevant information need not be admissible at the trial if the discovery appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.All discovery is subject to the limitations imposed by Rule 26(b)(2)(i),(ii), and(iii).(2)Limitations.By order, the court may alter the limits in these rules on the number of depositions and interrogatories or the length of depositions under Rule 30.By order or local rule, the court may also limit the number of requests under Rule 36.The frequency or extent of use of the discovery methods otherwise permitted under these rules and by any local rule shall be limited by the court if it determines that:(i)the discovery sought is unreasonably cumulative or duplicative, or is obtainable from some other source that is more convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive;(ii)the party seeking discovery has had ample opportunity by discovery in the action to obtain the information sought;or(iii)the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit, taking into account the needs of the case, the amount in controversy, the parties resources, the importance of the issues at stake in the litigation, and the importance of the proposed discovery in resolving the issues.The court may act upon its own initiative after reasonable notice or pursuant to a motion under Rule 26(c).(3)Trial Preparation: Materials.Subject to the provisions of subdivision(b)(4)of this rule, a party may obtain discovery of documents and tangible things otherwise discoverable under subdivision(b)(1)of this rule and prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or by or for that other party's representative(including the other party's attorney, consultant, surety, indemnitor, insurer, or agent)only upon a showing that the party seeking discovery has substantial need of the materials in the preparation of the party's case and that the party is unable without undue hardship to obtain the substantial equivalent of the materials by other means.In ordering discovery of such materials when the required showing has been made, the court shall protect against disclosure of the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of an attorney or other representative of a party concerning the litigation.A party may obtain without the required showing a statement concerning the action or its subject matter previously made by that party.Upon request, a person not a party may obtain without the required showing a statement concerning the action or its subject matter previously made by that person.If the request is refused, the person may move for a court order.The provisions of Rule 37(a)(4)apply to the award of expenses incurred in relation to the motion.For purposes of this paragraph, a statement previously made is(A)a written statement signed or otherwise adopted or approved by the person making it, or(B)a stenographic, mechanical, electrical, or other recording, or a transcription thereof, which is a substantially verbatim recital of an oral statement by the person making it and contemporaneously recorded.(4)Trial Preparation: Experts.(A)A party may depose any person who has been identified as an expert whose opinions may be presented at trial.If a report from the expert is required under subdivision(a)(2)(B), the deposition shall not be conducted until after the report is provided.(B)A party may, through interrogatories or by deposition, discover facts known or opinions held by an expert who has been retained or specially employed by another party in anticipation of litigation or preparation for trial and who is not expected to be called as a witness at trial, only as provided in Rule 35(b)or upon a showing of exceptional circumstances under which it is impracticable for the party seeking discovery to obtain facts or opinions on the same subject by other means.(C)Unless manifest injustice would result,(i)the court shall require that the party seeking discovery pay the expert a reasonable fee for time spent in responding to discovery under this subdivision;and(ii)with respect to discovery obtained under subdivision(b)(4)(B)of this rule the court shall require the party seeking discovery to pay the other party a fair portion of the fees and expenses reasonably incurred by the latter party in obtaining facts and opinions from the expert.(5)Claims of Privilege or Protection of Trial Preparation Materials.When a party withholds information otherwise discoverable under these rules by claiming that it is privileged or subject to protection as trial preparation material, the party shall make the claim expressly and shall describe the nature of the documents, communications, or things not produced or disclosed in a manner that, without revealing information itself privileged or protected, will enable other parties to assess the applicability of the privilege or protection.(c)Protective Orders.Upon motion by a party or by the person from whom discovery is sought, accompanied by a certification that the movant has in good faith conferred or attempted to confer with other affected parties in an effort to resolve the dispute without court action, and for good cause shown, the court in which the action is pending or alternatively, on matters relating to a deposition, the court in the district where the deposition is to be taken may make any order which justice requires to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense, including one or more of the following:(1)that the disclosure or discovery not be had;(2)that the disclosure or discovery may be had only on specified terms and conditions, including a designation of the time or place;(3)that the discovery may be had only by a method of discovery other than that selected by the party seeking discovery;(4)that certain matters not be inquired into, or that the scope of the disclosure or discovery be limited to certain matters;(5)that discovery be conducted with no one present except persons designated by the court;(6)that a deposition, after being sealed, be opened only by order of the court;(7)that a trade secret or other confidential research, development, or commercial information not be revealed or be revealed only in a designated way;and(8)that the parties simultaneously file specified documents or information enclosed in sealed envelopes to be opened as directed by the court.If the motion for a protective order is denied in whole or in part, the court may, on such terms and conditions as are just, order that any party or other person provide or permit discovery.The provisions of Rule 37(a)(4)apply to the award of expenses incurred in relation to the motion.(d)Timing and Sequence of Discovery.Except in categories of proceedings exempted from initial disclosure under Rule 26(a)(1)(E), or when authorized under these rules or by order or agreement of the parties, a party may not seek discovery from any source before the parties have conferred as required by Rule 26(f).Unless the court upon motion, for the convenience of parties and witnesses and in the interests of justice, orders otherwise, methods of discovery may be used in any sequence, and the fact that a party is conducting discovery, whether by deposition or otherwise, does not operate to delay any other party's discovery.(e)Supplementation of Disclosures and Responses.A party who has made a disclosure under subdivision(a)or responded to a request for discovery with a disclosure or response is under a duty to supplement or correct the disclosure or response to include information thereafter acquired if ordered by the court or in the following circumstances:(1)A party is under a duty to supplement at appropriate intervals its disclosures under subdivision(a)if the party learns that in some material respect the information disclosed is incomplete or incorrect and if the additional or corrective information has not otherwise been made known to the other parties during the discovery process or in writing.With respect to testimony of an expert from whom a report is required under subdivision(a)(2)(B)the duty extends both to information contained in the report and to information provided through a deposition of the expert, and any additions or other changes to this information shall be disclosed by the time the party's disclosures under Rule 26(a)(3)are due.(2)A party is under a duty seasonably to amend a prior response to an interrogatory, request for production, or request for admission if the party learns that the response is in some material respect incomplete or incorrect and if the additional or corrective information has not otherwise been made known to the other parties during the discovery process or in writing.(f)Conference of Parties;Planning for Discovery.Except in categories of proceedings exempted from initial disclosure under Rule 26(a)(1)(E)or when otherwise ordered, the parties must, as soon as practicable and in any event at least 21 days before a scheduling conference is held or a scheduling order is due under Rule 16(b), confer to consider the nature and basis of their claims and defenses and the possibilities for a prompt settlement or resolution of the case, to make or arrange for the disclosures required by Rule 26(a)(1), and to develop a proposed discovery plan that indicates the parties views and proposals concerning:(1)what changes should be made in the timing, form, or requirement for disclosures under Rule 26(a), including a statement as to when disclosures under Rule 26(a)(1)were made or will be made;(2)the subjects on which discovery may be needed, when discovery should be completed, and whether discovery should be conducted in phases or be limited to or focused upon particular issues;(3)what changes should be made in the limitations on discovery imposed under these rules or by local rule, and what other limitations should be imposed;and(4)any other orders that should be entered by the court under Rule 26(c)or under Rule 16(b)and(c).The attorneys of record and all unrepresented parties that have appeared in the case are jointly responsible for arranging the conference, for attempting in good faith to agree on the proposed discovery plan, and for submitting to the court within 14 days after the conference a written report outlining the plan.A court may order that the parties or attorneys attend the conference in person.If necessary to comply with its expedited schedule for Rule 16(b)conferences, a court may by local rule(i)require that the conference between the parties occur fewer than 21 days before the scheduling conference is held or a scheduling order is due under Rule 16(b), and(ii)require that the written report outlining the discovery plan be filed fewer than 14 days after the conference between the parties, or excuse the parties from submitting a written report and permit them to report orally on their discovery plan at the Rule 16(b)conference.(g)Signing of Disclosures, Discovery Requests, Responses, and Objections.(1)Every disclosure made pursuant to subdivision(a)(1)or subdivision(a)(3)shall be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney's individual name, whose address shall be stated.An unrepresented party shall sign the disclosure and state the party's address.The signature of the attorney or party constitutes a certification that to the best of the signer's knowledge, information, and belief, formed after a reasonable inquiry, the disclosure is complete and correct as of the time it is made.(2)Every discovery request, response, or objection made by a party represented by an attorney shall be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney's individual name, whose address shall be stated.An unrepresented party shall sign the request, response, or objection and state the party's address.The signature of the attorney or party constitutes a certification that to the best of the signer s knowledge, information, and belief, formed after a reasonable inquiry, the request, response, or objection is:(A)consistent with these rules and warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law;(B)not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation;and(C)not unreasonable or unduly burdensome or expensive, given the needs of the case, the discovery already had in the case, the amount in controversy, and the importance of the issues at stake in the litigation.If a request, response, or objection is not signed, it shall be stricken unless it is signed promptly after the omission is called to the attention of the party making the request, response, or objection, and a party shall not be obligated to take any action with respect to it until it is signed.(3)If without substantial justification a certification is made in violation of the rule, the court, upon motion or upon its own initiative, shall impose upon the person who made the certification, the party on whose behalf the disclosure, request, response, or objection is made, or both, an appropriate sanction, which may include an order to pay the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the violation, including a reasonable attorney's fee.Rule 27.Depositions Before Action or Pending Appeal(a)Before Action.(1)Petition.A person who desires to perpetuate testimony regarding any matter that may be cognizable in any court of the United States may file a verified petition in the United States district court in the district of the residence of any expected adverse party.The petition shall be entitled in the name of the petitioner and shall show: 1, that the petitioner expects to be a party to an action cognizable in a court of the United States but is presently unable to bring it or cause it to be brought, 2, the subject matter of the expected action and the petitioner s interest therein, 3, the facts which the petitioner desires to establish by the proposed testimony and the reasons for desiring to perpetuate it, 4, the names or a description of the persons the petitioner expects will be adverse parties and their addresses so far as known, and 5, the names and addresses of the persons to be examined and the substance of the testimony which the petitioner expects to elicit from each, and shall ask for an order authorizing the petitioner to take the depositions of the persons to be examined named in the petition, for the purpose of perpetuating their testimony.(2)Notice and Service.The petitioner shall thereafter serve a notice upon each person named in the petition as an expected adverse party, together with a copy of the petition, stating that the petitioner will apply to the court, at a time and place named therein, for the order described in the petition.At least 20 days before the date of hearing the notice shall be served either within or without the district or state in the manner provided in Rule 4(d)for service of summons;but if such service cannot with due diligence be made upon any expected adverse party named in the petition, the court may make such order as is just for service by publication or otherwise, and shall appoint, for persons not served in the manner provided in Rule 4(d), an attorney who shall represent them, and, in case they are not otherwise represented, shall cross-examine the deponent.If any expected adverse party is a minor or incompetent the provisions of Rule 17(c)apply.(3)Order and Examination.If the court is satisfied that the perpetuation of the testimony may prevent a failure or delay of justice, it shall make an order designating or describing the persons whose depositions may be taken and specifying the subject matter of the examination and whether the depositions shall be taken upon oral examination or written interrogatories.The depositions may then be taken in accordance with these rules;and the court may make orders of the character provided for by Rules 34 and 35.For the purpose of applying these rules to depositions for perpetuating testimony, each reference therein to the court in which the action is pending shall be deemed to refer to the court in which the petition for such deposition was filed.(4)Use of Deposition.If a deposition to perpetuate testimony is taken under these rules or if, although not so taken, it would be admissible in evidence in the courts of the state in which it is taken, it may be used in any action involving the same subject matter subsequently brought in a United States district court, in accordance with the provisions of Rule 32(a).(b)Pending Appeal.If an appeal has been taken from a judgment of a district court or before the taking of an appeal if the time therefor has not expired, the district court in which the judgment was rendered may allow the taking of the depositions of witnesses to perpetuate their testimony for use in the event of further proceedings in the district court.In such case the party who desires to perpetuate the testimony may make a motion in the district court for leave to take the depositions, upon the same notice and service thereof as if the action was pending in the district court.The motion shall show(1)the names and addresses of persons to be examined and the substance of the testimony which the party expects to elicit from each;(2)the reasons for perpetuating their testimony.If the court finds that the perpetuation of the testimony is proper to avoid a failure or delay of justice, it may make an order allowing the depositions to be taken and may make orders of the character provided for by Rules 34 and 35, and thereupon the depositions may be taken and used in the same manner and under the same conditions as are prescribed in these rules for depositions taken in actions pending in the district court.(c)Perpetuation by Action.This rule does not limit the power of a court to entertain an action to perpetuate testimony.Rule 28.Persons Before Whom Depositions May be Taken(a)Within the United States.Within the United States or within a territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, depositions shall be taken before an officer authorized to administer oaths by the laws of the United States or of the place where the examination is held, or before a person appointed by the court in which the action is pending.A person so appointed has power to administer oaths and take testimony.The term officer as used in Rules 30, 31 and 32 includes a person appointed by the court or designated by the parties under Rule 29.(b)In Foreign Countries.Depositions may be taken in a foreign country(1)pursuant to any applicable treaty or convention, or(2)pursuant to a letter of request(whether or not captioned a letter rogatory), or(3)on notice before a person authorized to administer oaths in the place where the examination is held, either by the law thereof or by the law of the United States, or(4)before a person commissioned by the court, and a person so commissioned shall have the power by virtue of the commission to administer any necessary oath and take testimony.A commission or a letter of request shall be issued on application and notice and on terms that are just and appropriate.It is not requisite to the issuance of a commission or a letter of request that the taking of the deposition in any other manner is impracticable or inconvenient;and both a commission and a letter of request may be issued in proper cases.A notice or commission may designate the person before whom the deposition is to be taken either by name or descriptive title.A letter of request may be addressed To the Appropriate Authority in [here name the country].When a letter of request or any other device is used pursuant to any applicable treaty or convention, it shall be captioned in the form prescribed by that treaty or convention.Evidence obtained in response to a letter of request need not be excluded merely because it is not a verbatim transcript, because the testimony was not taken under oath, or because of any similar departure from the requirements for depositions taken within the United States under these rules.(c)Disqualification for Interest.No deposition shall be taken before a person who is a relative or employee or attorney or counsel of any of the parties, or is a relative or employee of such attorney or counsel, or is financially interested in the action.Rule 29.Stipulations Regarding Discovery Procedure Unless otherwise directed by the court, the parties may by written stipulation(1)provide that depositions may be taken before any person, at any time or place, upon any notice, and in any manner and when so taken may be used like other depositions, and(2)modify other procedures governing or limitations placed upon discovery, except that stipulations extending the time provided in Rules 33, 34, and 36 for responses to discovery may, if they would interfere with any time set for completion of discovery, for hearing of a motion, or for trial, be made only with the approval of the court.Rule 30.Depositions Upon Oral Examination(a)When Depositions May Be Taken;When Leave Required.(1)A party may take the testimony of any person, including a party, by deposition upon oral examination without leave of court except as provided in paragraph(2).The attendance of witnesses may be compelled by subpoena as provided in Rule 45.(2)A party must obtain leave of court, which shall be granted to the extent consistent with the principles stated in Rule 26(b)(2), if the person to be examined is confined in prison or if, without the written stipulation of the parties,(A)a proposed deposition would result in more than ten depositions being taken under this rule or Rule 31 by the plaintiffs, or by the defendants, or by third-party defendants;(B)the person to be examined already has been deposed in the case;or(C)a party seeks to take a deposition before the time specified in Rule 26(d)unless the notice contains a certification, with supporting facts, that the person to be examined is expected to leave the United States and be unavailable for examination in this country unless deposed before that time.(b)Notice of Examination: General Requirements;Method of Recording;Production of Documents and Things;Deposition of Organization;Deposition by Telephone.(1)A party desiring to take the deposition of any person upon oral examination shall give reasonable notice in writing to every other party to the action.The notice shall state the time and place for taking the deposition and the name and address of each person to be examined, if known, and, if the name is not known, a general description sufficient to identify the person or the particular class or group to which the person belongs.If a subpoena duces tecum is to be served on the person to be examined, the designation of the materials to be produced as set forth in the subpoena shall be attached to, or included in, the notice.(2)The party taking the deposition shall state in the notice the method by which the testimony shall be recorded.Unless the court orders otherwise, it may be recorded by sound, sound-and-visual, or stenographic means, and the party taking the deposition shall bear the cost of the recording.Any party may arrange for a transcription to be made from the recording of a deposition taken by nonstenographic means.(3)With prior notice to the deponent and other parties, any party may designate another method to record the deponent's testimony in addition to the method specified by the person taking the deposition.The additional record or transcript shall be made at that party's expense unless the court otherwise orders.(4)Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, a deposition shall be conducted before an officer appointed or designated under Rule 28 and shall begin with a statement on the record by the officer that includes(A)the officer's name and business address;(B)the date, time and place of the deposition;(C)the name of the deponent;(D)the administration of the oath or affirmation to the deponent;and(E)an identification of all persons present.If the deposition is recorded other than stenographically, the officer shall repeat items(A)through(C)at the beginning of each unit of recorded tape or other recording medium.The appearance or demeanor of deponents or attorneys shall not be distorted through camera or sound-recording techniques.At the end of the deposition, the officer shall state on the record that the deposition is complete and shall set forth any stipulations made by counsel concerning the custody of the transcript or recording and the exhibits, or concerning other pertinent matters.(5)The notice to a party deponent may be accompanied by a request made in compliance with Rule 34 for the production of documents and tangible things at the taking of the deposition.The procedure of Rule 34 shall apply to the request.(6)A party may in the party's notice and in a subpoena name as the deponent a public or private corporation or a partnership or association or governmental agency and describe with reasonable particularity the matters on which examination is requested.In that event, the organization so named shall designate one or more officers, directors, or managing agents, or other persons who consent to testify on its behalf, and may set forth, for each person designated, the matters on which the person will testify.A subpoena shall advise a non-party organization of its duty to make such a designation.The persons so designated shall testify as to matters known or reasonably available to the organization.This sub-division(b)(6)does not preclude taking a deposition by any other procedure authorized in these rules.(7)The parties may stipulate in writing or the court may upon motion order that a deposition be taken by telephone or other remote electronic means.For the purposes of this rule and Rules 28(a), 37(a)(1), and 37(b)(1), a deposition taken by such means is taken in the district and at the place where the deponent is to answer questions.(c)Examination and Cross-Examination;Record of Examination;Oath;Objections.Examination and cross-examination of witnesses may proceed as permitted at the trial under the provisions of the Federal Rules of Evidence except Rules 103 and 615.The officer before whom the deposition is to be taken shall put the witness on oath or affirmation and shall personally, or by someone acting under the officer's direction and in the officer's presence, record the testimony of the witness.The testimony shall be taken stenographically or recorded by any other method authorized by subdivision(b)(2)of this rule.All objections made at the time of the examination to the qualifications of the officer taking the deposition, to the manner of taking it, to the evidence presented, to the conduct of any party, or to any other aspect of the proceedings shall be noted by the officer upon the record of the deposition;but the examination shall proceed, with the testimony being taken subject to the objections.In lieu of participating in the oral examination, parties may serve written questions in a sealed envelope on the party taking the deposition and the party taking the deposition shall transmit them to the officer, who shall propound them to the witness and record the answers verbatim.(d)Schedule and Duration;Motion to Terminate or Limit Examination.(1)Any objection during a deposition must be stated concisely and in a non-argumentative and non-suggestive manner.A person may instruct a deponent not to answer only when necessary to preserve a privilege, to enforce a limitation directed by the court, or to present a motion under Rule 30(d)(4).(2)Unless otherwise authorized by the court or stipulated by the parties, a deposition is limited to one day of seven hours.The court must allow additional time consistent with Rule 26(b)(2)if needed for a fair examination of the deponent or if the deponent or another person, or other circumstance, impedes or delays the examination.(3)If the court finds that any impediment, delay, or other conduct has frustrated the fair examination of the deponent, it may impose upon the persons responsible an appropriate sanction, including the reasonable costs and attorney's fees incurred by any parties as a result thereof.(4)At any time during a deposition, on motion of a party or of the deponent and upon a showing that the examination is being conducted in bad faith or in such manner as unreasonably to annoy, embarrass, or oppress the deponent or party, the court in which the action is pending or the court in the district where the deposition is being taken may order the officer conducting the examination to cease forthwith from taking the deposition, or may limit the scope and manner of the taking of the deposition as provided in Rule 26(c).If the order made terminates the examination, it may be resumed thereafter only upon the order of the court in which the action is pending.Upon demand of the objecting party or deponent, the taking of the deposition must be suspended for the time necessary to make a motion for an order.The provisions of Rule 37(a)(4)apply to the award of expenses incurred in relation to the motion.(e)Review by Witness;Changes;Signing.If requested by the deponent or a party before completion of the deposition, the deponent shall have 30 days after being notified by the officer that the transcript or recording is available in which to review the transcript or recording and, if there are changes in form or substance, to sign a statement reciting such changes and the reasons given by the deponent for making them.The officer shall indicate in the certificate prescribed by subdivision(f)(1)whether any review was requested and, if so, shall append any changes made by the deponent during the period allowed.(f)Certification and Filing by Officer;Exhibits;Copies;Notices of Filing.(1)The officer must certify that the witness was duly sworn by the officer and that the deposition is a true record of the testimony given by the witness.This certificate must be in writing and accompany the record of the deposition.Unless otherwise ordered by the court, the officer must securely seal the deposition in an envelope or package indorsed with the title of the action and marked “Deposition of [here insert name of witness]” and must promptly send it to the attorney who arranged for the transcript or recording, who must store it under conditions that will protect it against loss, destruction, tampering, or deterioration.Documents and things produced for inspection during the examination of the witness must, upon the request of a party, be marked for identification and annexed to the deposition and may be inspected and copied by any party, except that if the person producing the materials desires to retain them the person may(A)offer copies to be marked for identification and annexed to the deposition and to serve thereafter as originals if the person affords to all parties fair opportunity to verify the copies by comparison with the originals, or(B)offer the originals to be marked for identification, after giving to each party an opportunity to inspect and copy them, in which event the materials may then be used in the same manner as if annexed to the deposition.Any party may move for an order that the original be annexed to and returned with the deposition to the court, pending final disposition of the case.(2)Unless otherwise ordered by the court or agreed by the parties, the officer shall retain stenographic notes of any deposition taken stenographically or a copy of the recording of any deposition taken by another method.Upon payment of reasonable charges therefor, the officer shall furnish a copy of the transcript or other recording of the deposition to any party or to the deponent.(3)The party taking the deposition shall give prompt notice of its filing to all other parties.(g)Failure to Attend or to Serve Subpoena;Expenses.(1)If the party giving the notice of the taking of a deposition fails to attend and proceed therewith and another party attends in person or by attorney pursuant to the notice, the court may order the party giving the notice to pay to such other party the reasonable expenses incurred by that party and that party's attorney in attending, including reasonable attorney's fees.(2)If the party giving the notice of the taking of a deposition of a witness fails to serve a subpoena upon the witness and the witness because of such failure does not attend，and if another party attends in person or by attorney because that party expects the deposition of that witness to be taken, the court may order the party giving the notice to pay to such other party the reasonable expenses incurred by that party and that party's attorney in attending, including reasonable attorney's fees.Rule 31.Depositions Upon Written Questions(a)Serving Questions;Notice.(1)A party may take the testimony of any person, including a party, by deposition upon written questions without leave of court except as provided in paragraph(2).The attendance of witnesses may be compelled by the use of subpoena as provided in Rule 45.(2)A party must obtain leave of court, which shall be granted to the extent consistent with the principles stated in Rule 26(b)(2), if the person to be examined is confined in prison or if, without the written stipulation of the parties.(A)a proposed deposition would result in more than ten depositions being taken under this rule or Rule 30 by the plaintiffs, or by the defendants, or by third-party defendants;(B)the person to be examined has already been deposed in the case;or(C)a party seeks to take a deposition before the time specified in Rule 26(d).(3)A party desiring to take a deposition upon written questions shall serve them upon every other party with a notice stating(1)the name and address of the person who is to answer them, if known, and if the name is not known, a general description sufficient to identify the person or the particular class or group to which the person belongs, and(2)the name or descriptive title and address of the officer before whom the deposition is to be taken.A deposition upon written questions may be taken of a public or private corporation or a partnership or association or governmental agency in accordance with the provisions of Rule 30(b)(6).(4)Within 14 days after the notice and written questions are served, a party may serve cross questions upon all other parties.Within 7 days after being served with cross questions, a party may serve redirect questions upon all other parties.Within 7 days after being served with redirect questions, a party may serve recross questions upon all other parties.The court may for cause shown enlarge or shorten the time.(b)Officer to Take Responses and Prepare Record.A copy of the notice and copies of all questions served shall be delivered by the party taking the deposition to the officer designated in the notice, who shall proceed promptly, in the manner provided by Rule 30(c),(e), and(f), to take the testimony of the witness in response to the questions and to prepare, certify, and file or mail the deposition, attaching thereto the copy of the notice and the questions received by the officer.(c)Notice of Filing.When the deposition is filed the party taking it shall promptly give notice thereof to all other parties.Rule 32.Use of Depositions in Court Proceedings(a)Use of Depositions.At the trial or upon the hearing of a motion or an interlocutory proceeding, any part or all of a deposition, so far as admissible under the rules of evidence applied as though the witness were then present and testifying, may be used against any party who was present or represented at the taking of the deposition or who had reasonable notice thereof, in accordance with any of the following provisions:(1)Any deposition may be used by any party for the purpose of contradicting or impeaching the testimony of deponent as a witness, or for any other purpose permitted by the Federal Rules of Evidence.(2)The deposition of a party or of anyone who at the time of taking the deposition was an officer, director, or managing agent, or a person designated under Rule 30(b)(6)or 31(a)to testify on behalf of a public or private corporation, partnership or association or governmental agency which is a party may be used by an adverse party for any purpose.(3)The deposition of a witness, whether or not a party, may be used by any party for any purpose if the court finds:(A)that the witness is dead;or(B)that the witness is at a greater distance than 100 miles from the place of trial or hearing, or is out of the United States, unless it appears that the absence of the witness was procured by the party offering the deposition;or(C)that the witness is unable to attend or testify because of age, illness, infirmity, or imprisonment;or(D)that the party offering the deposition has been unable to procure the attendance of the witness by subpoena;or(E)upon application and notice, that such exceptional circumstances exist as to make it desirable, in the interest of justice and with due regard to the importance of presenting the testimony of witnesses orally in open court, to allow the deposition to be used.A deposition taken without leave of court pursuant to a notice under Rule 30(a)(2)(C)shall not be used against a party who demonstrates that, when served with the notice, it was unable through the exercise of diligence to obtain counsel to represent it at the taking of the deposition;nor shall a deposition be used against a party who, having received less than 11 days notice of a deposition, has promptly upon receiving such notice filed a motion for a protective order under Rule 26(c)(2)requesting that the deposition not be held or be held at a different time or place and such motion is pending at the time the deposition is held.(4)If only part of a deposition is offered in evidence by a party, an adverse party may require the offeror to introduce any other part which ought in fairness to be considered with the part introduced, and any party may introduce any other parts.Substitution of parties pursuant to Rule 25 does not affect the right to use depositions previously taken;and when an action has been brought in any court of the United States or of any State and another action involving the same subject matter is afterward brought between the same parties or their representatives or successors in interest, all depositions lawfully taken and duly filed in the former action may be used in the latter as if originally taken therefor.A deposition previously taken may also be used as permitted by the Federal Rules of Evidence.(b)Objections to Admissibility.Subject to the provisions of Rule 28(b)and subdivision(d)(3)of this rule, objection may be made at the trial or hearing to receiving in evidence any deposition or part thereof for any reason which would require the exclusion of the evidence if the witness were then present and testifying.(c)Form of presentation.Except as otherwise directed by the court, a party offering deposition testimony pursuant to this rule may offer it in stenographic or nonstenographic form, but, if in nonstenographic form, the party shall also provide the court with a transcript of the portions so offered.On request of any party in a case tried before a jury, deposition testimony offered other than for impeachment purposes shall be presented in nonstenographic form, if available, unless the court for good cause orders otherwise.(d)Effect of Errors and Irregularities in Depositions.(1)As to Notice.All errors and irregularities in the notice for taking a deposition are waived unless written objection is promptly served upon the party giving the notice.(2)As to Disqualification of Officer.Objection to taking a deposition because of disqualification of the officer before whom it is to be taken is waived unless made before the taking of the deposition begins or as soon thereafter as the disqualification becomes known or could be discovered with reasonable diligence.(3)As to Taking of Deposition.(A)Objections to the competency of a witness or to the competency, relevancy, or materiality of testimony are not waived by failure to make them before or during the taking of the deposition, unless the ground of the objection is one which might have been obviated or removed if presented at that time.(B)Errors and irregularities occurring at the oral examination in the manner of taking the deposition, in the form of the questions or answers, in the oath or affirmation, or in the conduct of parties, and errors of any kind which might be obviated, removed, or cured if promptly presented, are waived unless seasonable objection thereto is made at the taking of the deposition.(C)Objections to the form of written questions submitted under Rule 31 are waived unless served in writing upon the party propounding them within the time allowed for serving the succeeding cross or other questions and within 5 days after service of the last questions authorized.(4)As to Completion and Return of Deposition.Errors and irregularities in the manner in which the testimony is transcribed or the deposition is prepared, signed, certified, sealed, indorsed, transmitted, filed, or otherwise dealt with by the officer under Rules 30 and 31 are waived unless a motion to suppress the deposition or some part thereof is made with reasonable promptness after such defect is, or with due diligence might have been, ascertained.Rule 33.Interrogatories to Parties(a)Availability.Without leave of court or written stipulation, any party may serve upon any other party written interrogatories, not exceeding 25 in number including all discrete subparts, to be answered by the party served or, if the party served is a public or private corporation or a partnership or association or governmental agency, by any officer or agent, who shall furnish such information as is available to the party.Leave to serve additional interrogatories shall be granted to the extent consistent with the principles of Rule 26(b)(2).Without leave of court or written stipulation, interrogatories may not be served before the time specified in Rule 26(d).(b)Answers and Objections.(1)Each interrogatory shall be answered separately and fully in writing under oath, unless it is objected to, in which event the objecting party shall state the reasons for objection and shall answer to the extent the interrogatory is not objectionable.(2)The answers are to be signed by the person making them, and the objections signed by the attorney making them.(3)The party upon whom the interrogatories have been served shall serve a copy of the answers, and objections if any, within 30 days after the service of the interrogatories.A shorter or longer time may be directed by the court or, in the absence of such an order, agreed to in writing by the parties subject to Rule 29.(4)All grounds for an objection to an interrogatory shall be stated with specificity.Any ground not stated in a timely objection is waived unless the party's failure to object is excused by the court for good cause shown.(5)The party submitting the interrogatories may move for an order under Rule 37(a)with respect to any objection to or other failure to answer an interrogatory.(c)Scope;Use at Trial.Interrogatories may relate to any matters which can be inquired into under Rule 26(b)(1), and the answers may be used to the extent permitted by the rules of evidence.An interrogatory otherwise proper is not necessarily objectionable merely because an answer to the interrogatory involves an opinion or contention that relates to fact or the application of law to fact, but the court may order that such an interrogatory need not be answered until after designated discovery has been completed or until a pre-trial conference or other later time.(d)Option to Produce Business Records.Where the answer to an interrogatory may be derived or ascertained from the business records of the party upon whom the interrogatory has been served or from an examination, audit or inspection of such business records, including a compilation, abstract or summary thereof, and the burden of deriving or ascertaining the answer is substantially the same for the party serving the interrogatory as for the party served, it is a sufficient answer to such interrogatory to specify the records from which the answer may be derived or ascertained and to afford to the party serving the interrogatory reasonable opportunity to examine, audit or inspect such records and to make copies, compilations, abstracts or summaries.A specification shall be in sufficient detail to permit the interrogating party to locate and to identify, as readily as can the party served, the records from which the answer may be ascertained.

第二篇：美國聯(lián)邦地區(qū)法院民事訴訟規(guī)則

《美國聯(lián)邦地區(qū)法院民事訴訟規(guī)則》簡稱《美國聯(lián)邦民事訴訟規(guī)則》

目錄美國聯(lián)邦民事訴訟規(guī)則 導論美國聯(lián)邦民事訴訟規(guī)則

第1章本規(guī)則的適用范圍和一種訴訟形式 第1條本規(guī)則的適用范圍和目的 第2條一種訴訟形式

第2章訴訟開始；傳喚令狀、訴答文書、申請書及命令的送達 第3條訴訟開始 第4條傳喚狀

第4條之1其他令狀的送達

第5條訴答文書和其他文件的送達與提交 第6條期間

第3章訴答文書和申請書

第7條允許提出的訴答文書；申請書的格式 第8條訴答文書的一般規(guī)則 第9條訴答文書的特別事項 第10條訴答文書的格式

第11條訴答文書、申請書及其他文件的簽名；向法院的陳述；制裁

第12條抗辯和異議——提出的期間和方式—— 通過訴答文書或申請書——基于訴答文書請求判決的申請 第13條反請求和交叉請求 第14條第三當事人訴訟程序 第15條修改和補充訴答文書

第16條審理前會議；日程；管理第4章當事人 第17條原告和被告；當事人能力 第18條請求和救濟方法的合并 第19條為公正審判而必要合并的人 第20條當事人的許可合并 第21條當事人的合并錯誤及不合并 第22條互爭權利訴訟 第23條集團訴訟

第23條之1股東的派生訴訟 第23條之2關于非法人團體的訴訟 第24條訴訟參加 第25條替代當事人 第5章庭外證言與發(fā)現(xiàn)程序

第26條規(guī)范發(fā)現(xiàn)程序的一般規(guī)定；出示義務 第27條訴訟之前和上訴系屬期間的庭外證言 第28條參與作成庭外證言的人員 第29條關于發(fā)現(xiàn)程序的約定 第30條口頭詢問的庭外證言 第31條書面質問的庭外證言

第32條在法院的訴訟程序中庭外證言的使用 第33條對當事人的質問書

第34條提供文件和物件以及為調查或其他目的而進入房地產(chǎn) 第35條身體和精神狀態(tài)的檢查 第36條要求自認

第37條不出示或不協(xié)助發(fā)現(xiàn)：制裁 第6章開庭審理

第38條要求陪審團審判的權利 第39條陪審團審判或法院審判 第40條為開庭審理而分配案件 第41條撤銷訴訟 第42條合并；分開審理 第43條證言的取得 第44條官方記錄證明 第44條之1外國法的確定 第45條傳票

第46條不需要提出異議 第47條選定陪審團成員

第48條陪審團成員人數(shù)——參與裁決 第49條特別裁決和質問書

第50條在陪審團審判的案件中作為法律問題作出的判決；選擇重新審理的申請；有條件的裁定

第51條對陪審團的指示：異議

第52條法院認定事實；部分認定事實的判決 第53條主事官第7章判決 第54條判決；費用 第55條缺席 第56條簡易判決 第57條宣告判決 第58條登記判決

第59條重新審理；判決的修改 第60條對判決或命令的救濟 第61條無害的錯誤 第62條執(zhí)行判決程序的中止 第63條法官不能繼續(xù)執(zhí)行職務 第8章臨時性和終局性財產(chǎn)救濟方法 第64條對人或財產(chǎn)的扣押 第65條禁止令

第65條之1擔保：對保證人的訴訟程序 第66條被聯(lián)邦法院任命的財產(chǎn)管理人 第67條向法院提存 第68條判決方案要約 第69條執(zhí)行

第70條特定行為的判決；賦予權限 第71條有利于或不利于非當事人的第三人的令狀 第9章特別程序 第71條之1不動產(chǎn)征收 第72條補助法官；審理前命令

第73條補助法官；同意審判及上訴的選擇權 第74條根據(jù)《美國法典》

第28編第636條第3款（4）項和本規(guī)則

第73條第4 款的規(guī)定，對補助法官作出的決定向地區(qū)法院法官提起上訴的方式 第75條根據(jù)本規(guī)則第73條第4款的規(guī)定，對補助法官作出的決定向地區(qū)法院法官提起上訴的程序

第76條根據(jù)本規(guī)則第73條第4款的規(guī)定向地區(qū)法院法官提起上訴案件的判決和訴訟費用

第10章地區(qū)法院及其書記官 第77條地區(qū)法院及其書記官 第78條申請期日

第79條書記官保管的登記簿和記錄以及登記

第80條速記員；用作證據(jù)的速記員報告及速記譯回文字 第11章一般條款 第81條一般適用性

第82條管轄區(qū)域及審判地不受影響 第83條地區(qū)法院的規(guī)則；法官的指令 第84條訴訟文書格式 第85條本規(guī)則的稱謂 第86條生效日期 附件一：訴訟文書格式

附件二：《美國聯(lián)邦民事訴訟規(guī)則》中的詞匯英中文語義對照表

美國聯(lián)邦證據(jù)規(guī)則

導言《美國聯(lián)邦證據(jù)規(guī)則》介紹 第1章一般規(guī)定 第101條適用范圍 第102條目的和結構

第103條關于證據(jù)的裁定（a）錯誤裁定的后果（1）異議（2）提供證明（b）關于提供證據(jù)和裁定的記錄（c）陪審團審理（d）顯見錯誤

第104條初步詢問（a）關于可采性的一般詢問（b）以事實為條件的相關性（c）陪審團審理（d）被告人作證（e）重要性和可信性 第105條有限的可采性

第106條書面或錄音證詞的剩余部分或相關部分 第2章司法認知

第201條關于裁判事實的司法認知（a）適用范圍（b）事實種類（c）任意采用（d）強制采用（e）被聽證的機會（f）采用司法認知的時間（g）指示陪審團 第3章民事訴訟中的推定

第301條民事訴訟中推定的一般規(guī)定

第302條民事訴訟中州法的適用性第4章相關性及其限制 第401條“相關證據(jù)”的定義

第402條相關證據(jù)一般可以采納；無相關性的證據(jù)不能采納 第403條因偏見、混淆或浪費時間而排除相關證據(jù)

第404條品格證據(jù)不能采納來證明行為；例外；其他犯罪（a）品格證據(jù)的一般規(guī)定（1）被告人的品格（2）被害人的品格（3）證人的品格（b）其他犯罪、錯誤或行為

第405條證明品格的方法（a）名聲或評價（b）特定行為實例 第406條習慣；日常工作 第407條隨后的補救措施 第408條和解和要求和解 第409條支付醫(yī)療或類似費用

第410條答辯、答辯討論和有關陳述不可采納 第411條責任保險

第412條性犯罪案件；與被害人過去行為相關 第5章特權 第501條一般規(guī)則 第6章證人

第601條關于證人能力的一般規(guī)則 第602條缺乏親身體驗 第603條宣誓或鄭重聲明 第604條譯員

第605條法官作為證人的能力

第606條陪審員作為證人的能力（a）參加審理（b）對陪審團裁決或起訴書合法性的調查

第607條誰可以提出質疑

第608條關于證人品格和行為的證據(jù)（a）關于品格的評價證據(jù)和名聲證據(jù)（b）行為的具體實例

第609條以曾被定罪的證據(jù)提出質疑（a）一般規(guī)則（b）時間限制（c）赦免、撤銷或證明恢復名譽的效果（d）未成年人的裁判（e）上訴未決 第610條宗教信仰或主張

第611條詢問和舉證的方式和次序（a）法庭控制（b）交叉詢問的范圍（c）誘導性問題

第612條使用書面材料來喚醒記憶

第613條證人先前的陳述（a）就證人先前的陳述進行詢問（b）有關證人先前陳述不一致的外部證據(jù)

第614條法庭傳喚和詢問證人（a）法庭傳喚證人（b）法庭詢問（c）異議 第615條排除證人 第7章意見證據(jù)和專家證詞 第701條一般證人的意見證詞 第702條專家證詞

第703條專家意見證詞的基礎 第704條關于最終爭議的意見

第705條公開專家意見所依據(jù)的事實和數(shù)據(jù)

第706條法庭指定專家（a）指定（b）補償（c）將指定公開（d）當事人自己選擇專家 第8章傳聞證據(jù) 第801條定義（a）陳述（b）陳述者（c）傳聞（d）不是傳聞的陳述（1）證人的先前陳述（2）為對立當事人承認 第802條傳聞證據(jù)規(guī)則

第803條傳聞證據(jù)的例外；陳述者可否作證無關緊要（1）表達感覺印象（2）刺激的發(fā)泄（3）當時存在的精神、感情或身體狀態(tài)（4）出于醫(yī)療診斷或治療目的的陳述（5）被記錄的回憶（6）關于日常行為、活動的記錄（7）在第（6）項規(guī)定的記錄中缺乏記載（8）公共記錄或報告（9）重要統(tǒng)計資料（10）缺乏公共記錄或沒有記載（11）宗教組織的記錄（12）婚姻、洗禮或類似證明（13）家庭記錄（14）反映財產(chǎn)利益的文件記錄（15）文件中反映財產(chǎn)利益的陳述（16）在陳年文件中的陳述（17）市場報告商業(yè)出版物（18）學術論文（19）關于個人或家庭歷史的名聲（20）關于邊界和一般歷史的名聲（21）性格方面的名聲（22）先前定罪的判決（23）關于個人、家庭、或一般歷史、或邊界的判決（24）其他例外

第804條傳聞證據(jù)的例外；陳述者不能到庭作證（a）不能出庭的定義（b）傳聞證據(jù)的例外（1）先前證詞（2）臨終陳述（3）對己不利的陳述（4）關于個人或家史的陳述（5）其他例外 第805條傳聞中的傳聞…

第806條攻擊和支持陳述者的可信性 第9章鑒定和辨認

第901條要求鑒定或辨認（a）一般規(guī)定（b）說明（1）具有知識的人的證明（2）對筆跡的非專家意見（3）由審判者或專家證人進行比較（4）與眾不同的特征或類似品質（5）聲音辨認（6）聲音通話（7）公共記錄或報告（8）陳年文件或數(shù)據(jù)匯編（9）過程或系統(tǒng)（10）法律或規(guī)則規(guī)定的方法

第902條自我鑒定（1）國內(nèi)蓋有印章的公文（2）國內(nèi)未蓋印章的公文（3）外國公文（4）經(jīng)證實的公共記錄的副本（5）官方出版物（6）報紙和期刊（7）商品注冊或類似標記（8）被承認的文件（9）商業(yè)票據(jù)和相關文件（10）根據(jù)國會立法推定

第903條不必要有補強證人證詞 第10章文字、錄音和照相的內(nèi)容

第1001條定義（1）文字和錄音（2）照相（3）原件（4）復制品 第1002條要求原件 第1003條復制品的可采性

第1004條其他關于內(nèi)容的證據(jù)的可采性（1）原件遺失或毀壞（2）原件無法獲得（3）原件在對方掌握中（4）附屬事項 第1005條公共記錄 第1006條摘要

第1007條當事人的證詞或書面承認 第1008條法庭和陪審團的職能 第11章綜合規(guī)則

第1101條規(guī)則的適用性（a）法院和治安法院（b）訴訟范圍（c）關于特權的規(guī)則（d）不適用規(guī)則的情況（e）部分適用的規(guī)則 第1102條修改 第1103條標題

第三篇：4中文個人陳述(內(nèi)含多篇)

重慶大學是國家教育部直屬的國家“211工程”和“985工程”重點建設大學。人文底蘊好，師資力量雄厚。而我本科階段是在重慶大學就讀，對重慶大學十分熟悉。城環(huán)學院教學設備完備，有豐富的實驗室條件，這對研究生的學習提供了極為優(yōu)越的條件。因此我覺得重慶大學對我來說是好的選擇。

在思想上，本人有較強的愛國主義情操和集體主義精神，作為中共黨員，社會主義信念堅定，有較強的社會責任感。生活態(tài)度積極向上，身心健康。在學習上，通過大學三年的努力學習，我已經(jīng)具有了一定的科學研究、社會實踐能力和創(chuàng)新精神，且學習成績優(yōu)秀。專業(yè)基礎知識扎實，沒有補考科目。多次獲得校綜合獎學金。

在大學學習期間，我十分注重培養(yǎng)自己的綜合素質，生活勤儉，學習認真，工作負責，思想上進。我始終嚴格要求自己，以熱情、勤奮、務實、創(chuàng)新的工作和學習作風受到老師和同學們的充分肯定。我對學術研究有濃厚興趣，經(jīng)常閱讀《暖通空調》雜志，瀏覽相關專業(yè)網(wǎng)站等以增加自己對新鮮科研的了解。我曾經(jīng)參與研究生“關于重慶賓館類公共建筑節(jié)能研究”的課題的研究，提高了自己的創(chuàng)新意識、創(chuàng)新能力和專業(yè)能力。2006年參加全國大學生數(shù)學建模競賽，獲得重慶市二等獎，通過數(shù)學建模的學習，我基本掌握了如何把實際問題抽象成數(shù)學模型。而這種建模的方法對研究生學習尤其重要。本人誠實守信，學風端正，無任何違法違紀受處分記錄。

綜上所述，我達到了推免研究生的資格，自己也對科研有著濃厚的興趣，希望通過研究生階段的學習能夠提高自己的專業(yè)水平和專業(yè)技能，之后才能為國家的節(jié)能事業(yè)作出貢獻。

我叫李英,是建工10006班2號, 中共預備黨員.依據(jù)學校關于保送研究生的有關規(guī)定,經(jīng)自我鑒定,現(xiàn)將申請呈請,請審核.“If we believe,there is nothing we can not achieve;and if we dream,all things are possible.”這是我的信念.2000年9月,我實現(xiàn)了自己的第一個四年計劃,考入了長安大學.從踏進學校的第一天起,我就為自己樹立了下一個目標,那就是攻讀碩士研究生.三年多的大學生活,學校已經(jīng)把我培養(yǎng)成一個真正有思想有知識的有用之才.為了繼續(xù)深造,更好的為祖國建設做出貢獻,在這三年多的大學生活中,我時刻嚴格要求自己,使自己在德智體各方面都取得了很好的成績: 智育方面

在學習方面我一直嚴格要求自己，因為我知道，只有掌握足夠的知識，才能實現(xiàn)自己的理想抱負；只有不斷的學習新知識新技術，才能跟上科技的進步，社會的發(fā)展；只有掌握應用更多的知識，才能更好的為祖國建設作出更大的貢獻。這三年來我一直在努力，并取得了一定的成績：

1.2001-2002學年被授予校級三好學生稱號，并獲得一等獎學金，同時獲得學習優(yōu)秀生稱號；

2.2002年1月順利通過全國大學英語四級考試；

3.2002年4月順利通過全國計算機等級二級考試，成績良好，其中機試優(yōu)秀；

要寫得有真情實感，表明自己對該學科的強烈興趣，總結自己的成績的時候略微夸大。

最好能夠提供比較重要的一些證明，比如你發(fā)表在重要期刊上的論文的名字刊號等。

我叫劉賢響（學號：M41030225），是化學專業(yè)2007 年應屆普通本科畢業(yè)生。通過大學三年的努力學習，我已經(jīng)具有了一定的科學研究、社會實踐能力和創(chuàng)新精神，且學習成績優(yōu)良，英語已達國家六級水平。我愿意留在本校師從尹篤林教授，擬選方向：有機催化，特此提出保研申請。

在大學學習期間，我十分注重培養(yǎng)自己的綜合素質，生活勤儉，學習認真，工作負責，思想上進。我始終嚴格要求自己，以熱情、勤奮、務實、創(chuàng)新的工作和學習作風受到老師和同學們的充分肯定。在工作方面，我鍛煉出了較強的組織管理能力和協(xié)調能力。2003～2006年，我先后擔任了協(xié)會理事、心理委員、團委學術部部長等多種職務。任職期間，我成立了學生科技協(xié)會和信息技術興趣小組，組織主辦了“科協(xié)”知識競賽、第一屆化學全能對抗賽、英語PARTY大賽、“挑戰(zhàn)杯”宣傳、十佳精品學術講座、多媒體課件制作大賽、“科協(xié)”風采展等一系列大型的校院級學術和競賽活動，并在《湖南師大報》、《化學月報》、星網(wǎng)、翔網(wǎng)等校院級報刊、網(wǎng)站上發(fā)表通訊報道10余篇。

在學習方面，我大

一、大二連續(xù)兩年獲得專業(yè)二等獎學金。2003～2006年，我先后獲得?！鞍倜麅?yōu)秀共青團員”、校學術宣傳月“優(yōu)秀組織個人”、院“三好學生”、優(yōu)秀學生干部、活動積極分子，宣傳積極分子等多種榮譽稱號。

在科研方面，我從三年級以來就在科研導師尹篤林教授的指導下開展課外粉煤灰綜合利用的研究。實驗工作在精細催化合成研究所進行。我在尹篤林教授的指導下，通過自己查閱大量文獻，認真學習有關指導書刊，先后完成 “粉煤灰的表面改性及其在橡膠中的應用”、“粉煤灰納米粒子的制備及表征”等多項實驗方案。2006年7月，確定研究課題“粉煤灰制固體酸催化劑裂解廢舊塑料制燃料油”。我利用課外時間暑假認真地做實驗，不斷地探索。在科研導師尹篤林教授的精心指導下以及精細催化合成研究所實驗室各位師兄姐的幫助下，我完成了粉煤灰系列固體酸催化劑的制備，并通過廢聚苯乙烯和聚丙烯的裂解反應對催化劑的性能進行了考察，實驗取得了很大的成功。在實驗結果的基礎上確定了工業(yè)中利用改性粉煤灰催化裂解制燃料油相關的工藝技術方案，在熱電廠廢渣粉煤灰和“白色污染”廢塑料的利用上，有突出的創(chuàng)新性，技術路線先進，有望產(chǎn)生突出的經(jīng)濟效益和深遠的社會效益。目前，該實驗成果已申報參加湖南省第七屆“挑戰(zhàn)杯”大學生課外學術、科技作品競賽。這是我校唯一一份理工科學生參加此項比賽的本科生作品。

另外，我還在精細催化合成研究所伏再輝教授的指導下完成研究性設計（創(chuàng)新）實驗“NaY分子篩固載Mn配合物的制備及催化性能的研究”并完成了實驗論文。

在跟尹篤林教授和伏再輝教授做科研期間，我學到了很多的專業(yè)知識和科學研究方法，尤為重要的是，他們嚴謹務實的治學態(tài)度，崇尚科學，追求真理的科研精神讓我終生受益。

我們化學化工學院是一個科研實力雄厚、發(fā)展比較迅速的學院，這里有許多讓人敬仰的教學、科研名師。三年的求學生涯，我已經(jīng)對它產(chǎn)生了深厚的感情。我的科研導師尹篤林教授不僅是一位好領導、好長輩，更是一位處處為學生著想的嚴師。在科研學習期間，我一直被他忘我的工作精神和嚴謹?shù)目茖W態(tài)度所感染著、影響著。在他的引導下我已經(jīng)提前進入了研究生學習狀態(tài)，科研能力也有了很大的提高。我非常希望能成為尹篤林教授的學生，留在院里繼續(xù)深造。對我來說，這將是一件非常榮幸的事，也是一個有利于我自身發(fā)展的好機會！

如何寫個人陳述

個人陳述是在申請過程中按照學校要求來寫一篇有關申請人過去背景，目前成就和未來目標的文章。一篇成功的個人陳述應不但語言流暢，且文章邏輯嚴謹，層次分明，能充分顯示申請人的才華并抓住審閱人的注意力。幾乎所有學校都要求提交個人陳述。個人陳述也有不同的名稱，如personal statement，statements of purpose，academic statement，study plan，plans for study，academic objectives，educational goals，letter of interests等。個人陳述應當包含以下內(nèi)容：

（一）申請者的學術或專業(yè)興趣及背景；

（二）欲研究的方向；

（三）未來的職業(yè)目標。

如果個人陳述寫作得當，可以很大程度地提高申請者獲得錄取和獎學金的幾率。這對申請者來說是一個絕好的機會?？上У氖呛芏嗌暾堈邔OEFL、GRE可謂嘔心瀝血，而對個人陳述往往一蹴而就，敷衍了事，內(nèi)容貧乏、語法錯誤連篇。而西方的大學并不單是通過傳統(tǒng)的考試來考評其申請者的資格，這并不是說他們的錄取標準不嚴格。外國教授在決定你是否正是他們想要的人時，首先希望聽一聽你對于你自己作何評價。當你通過申請文書來介紹你自己時，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)所面臨的機遇和挑戰(zhàn)同樣之大。

要寫出成功的申請文書僅僅有那些適用于任何類型寫作的基本寫作技巧（清晰、簡潔）是遠遠不夠的。一篇好的申請文書要求申請人能夠用一種與其他申請人完全不同方式，巧妙地展現(xiàn)自己的獨特個性和經(jīng)驗。這是一件要求比較高，通常非常繁累的工作。這不僅僅對中國人如此，以英語為母語的人在此類寫作時也會感到十分的頭疼，但是我們中國人還需克服語言的障礙。然而，你應該認為你不但可以完成這一工作，而且不會比他們差。當你真正開始以后，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)你所有的努力都會有所回報。

“你很特別，我很特別，每一個人都特別，各人以他自己的方式?！边@是我女兒過去在加拿大時唱的一首歌中的一部分。這也是如果申請者在寫申請文書感到一籌莫展時應銘記在心的信念。許多申請人，尤其是年輕人，在寫申請文書時常說他們不知道該寫些什么。他們哀嘆自己二十幾年平淡的人生中沒有做過任何不平凡的事情。如果你這樣想，那只是因為你下的工夫還不夠，還沒有完全地審視你自己。試著這樣來做：

1．分析你的個性和經(jīng)歷。

2．區(qū)分、組織和取舍你的特質、經(jīng)歷、和成就來滿足學校錄取的要求和標準。

3．把所有這些編排好的訊息歸納一個敘述性的結構中。

4．草擬出一篇具有說服力能突出你的特質的短文來。只要足夠深入地探索了你的人生經(jīng)歷和內(nèi)心世界，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)你很特別，非常的特別，以你自己的方式。

寫作一系列申請文書的過程是一個自我審視的過程。成功的申請者注重這樣一種策略，即致力于把自己與那些有著差不多的GPA、TOEFL／GRE成績、成就、獎勵或人生經(jīng)歷的人區(qū)別開來。雖然其他申請者可以清楚有效地寫作，聰明的申請者則通過有目的地使自己與其他人區(qū)分開來從而在競爭中勝出。這正是創(chuàng)造性、目的性和動人的寫作發(fā)揮作用之處。

某校對個人陳述的要求

In view of the relatively poor quality of the study plan we received in the past years, the department decides to offer more concrete guidelines to help applicants writing their study plans.The intention is to tell applicants what the department is looking for in the study plans, and how the applicants can best distinguish themselves during the admission process.Of course these guidelines are only recommendatory.Applicants are welcome to use their imagination whenever/wherever possible.The study plan serves three purposes.First, it shows how well applicants can express their ideas in plain English.This requires well-organized thinking skills as well as clear writing.Second, the study plan is supposed to show how much thought the applicants have given to the particular fields in which they want to study.For example, if an applicant wants to study Neural Networks, exactly how much they know about Neural Network and why do they think they are capable of doing research in this field should be clearly explained in the study plan.The third purpose of a study plan is to provide students with lesser grade an opportunity to present their intellectual accomplishments other than academic records.For research projects that require extensive hands-on capabilities, practical problem-solving skills will play as much important roles as course grades.To help the applicants write down the types of information that will interest the admission committee most, we prepare a list of specific questions that the applicants may consider to answer in their study plans.Again, answering these questions is not mandatory.They are suggested here to reduce the possibility of wasted efforts on the part of applicants.[1] What is the most significant achievement you've ever accomplished so far? This could be a class project, a piece of artifact you built, or a research, and it doesn't have to be related to our program.[2] Is there any specific field you want to work on? Please be as specific as you can.Try to explain how your academic background prepares you to do research in this(these)field(s).[3] If you have any previous research experiences, please explain them in terms of your roles in the projects, your own contributions, and most importantly the process of deriving the solutions/algorithms you developed, if any.[4] In case your course grade is not particularly distinguished, why do you think you still have what it takes to do graduate study in our department?

Last suggestion: the applicants are advised to take writing the study plan as serious as they possibly can.Think of it as doing the homework for getting into graduate schools.The more efforts you spent on it, the better chances you have to be admitted into topnotch graduate programs.寫好個人陳述,充分了解入學部的要求

專家點撥

對留學者來說，除了GPA成績、語言成績外，一篇優(yōu)秀的個人陳述（P ersonal State ment or Essay）往往是向學校表明你是什么樣的人、你的申請為什么值得他們考慮的重要材料。那么，如何寫好個人陳述呢？怎樣才能夠讓大學或者研究生院的入學部認可你的才能，相信你是一個優(yōu)秀的、有職業(yè)發(fā)展前景的年輕人呢？上教國際的孫博士將根據(jù)多年留學咨詢經(jīng)驗，指導你如何寫出一份個性化的個人陳述。

國外的大學和研究生院入學部的工作人員在閱讀留學者的個人陳述時，會找出你準備申請的課程、你的學術水平、職業(yè)取向以及畢業(yè)后的預期。但應該注意的是，對這些工作人員來說，你的個人陳述中那些帶有感情色彩的自傳性描述并不能影響他們的判斷，除非這些描述確實對你所解釋的學習和職業(yè)興趣有關。

盡管大學和研究生院的工作人員只是簡單地瀏覽你的個人陳述，但他們卻可以從你的個人陳述中了解許多信息。因此個人陳述必須能夠清晰、有效地表達你的觀念，證明你的學術和交流能力。如果你的個人陳述中有過多的語法和拼寫錯誤，就可能影響入學部工作人員對你能力和興趣的注意。

一般來說，個人陳述中應該有以下幾個方面的內(nèi)容：

為什么你要申請這個課程項目？

描述影響你申請該項目的一個最重要的情感因素（你的興趣？）。

如果你要寫你自己多年來的學術或工作經(jīng)歷，你最想寫的是什么？

（如果強調工作經(jīng)歷）描述你在職業(yè)方面的能力，特別是在某個群體中的狀況。

（如果強調學習經(jīng)歷）描述你在學術方面的能力，特別是在某個群體中的狀況。

你最令人難忘的工作經(jīng)歷/學術經(jīng)歷。

描述你曾經(jīng)歷過的失敗，你是如何應對它的。

簡單描述你對未來的預期。

當然以上這些方面在你的個人陳述中并不是完全均衡的。比如，打算申請研究性的碩士課程或者博士課程的申請者，就應該突出自己對該研究的興趣，并表明適合做這個研究。而對于申請MBA課程的申請者來說，職業(yè)經(jīng)驗就是衡量能夠進入該課程項目的重要標準，再加上一個適合管理的人格特征。再比如申請藝術類的申請者，則必須在個人陳述中突出自己的創(chuàng)造性和個人創(chuàng)作風格。

摘自 《新聞晚報》 2003-02-18

古語云：“性相近也，習相遠也。”中西方學校在招生時都本著擇優(yōu)錄取的原則，學生也奉努力提高德智體修養(yǎng)為圭臬。但是由于文化思維的差異，中西方學校衡量學生優(yōu)劣的標準和方法不同，學生展示才華實力的機會和技巧也各異。本文擬從分析中西文化思維差異對留學文書寫作內(nèi)容的影響入手，以有助于提高此類文書寫作的技巧。因篇幅有限，本文討論僅限于個人陳述、推薦信和簡歷。中國的學校主要通過考試和官式檔案來錄取學生，注重學生以往學習、研究或工作中取得的成績，卻不大去了解學生個性，思維和潛力的差別；國外的學校主要通過考試和申請材料來錄取學生，認定學生在具備必要的學習、研究或工作資格以后，更注意比較他們在個性、思維和潛力方面的差別。所以中國學生在展示才華實力的時候喜歡泛泛地枚舉他們的成就，中國教師在推薦學生的時候也喜歡概括地談論弟子的優(yōu)秀，措辭多中規(guī)中矩；國外學生在展示才華實力的時候喜歡假借得意之事刻畫自己與眾不同的個性、思維和潛力，國外教授在推薦學生的時候也喜歡簡明形象地述說弟子優(yōu)秀且與眾不同之處，措辭求平穩(wěn)生動。正是由于這種文化思維的不同，中國學生即使在學習、研究或工作能力上與國外學生不相上下、甚至勝出一籌，但是因為不善于運用西方的思維方式在申請材料中展示才華實力，而只能望國外名校興嘆。

簡歷留學簡歷的內(nèi)容要求集中強項、清晰明白，包括個人信息、教育背景、工作背景、榮譽和獎勵、學術活動、發(fā)表著作、課外活動、參加團體、興趣愛好等等要素。由于不了解西方讀者的認知習慣，中國學生在寫作中易陷入兩種思維誤區(qū)：一是過分輕視，了了數(shù)行就完事；二是過分重視，芝麻西瓜一起抓。前者除欠缺要素以外，常見的失誤有：（1）每項的時間不夠明確。一般而言，教育經(jīng)歷和工作經(jīng)歷要有起始與終止時間的年月，榮譽和獎勵及參加團體要有具體的年份等等。（2）工作經(jīng)歷中要概括地敘述主要職責和主要項目。（3）發(fā)表著作要嚴格按照西方的標準來寫。（4）參加團體最好列出在其中擔任的角色等等。后者則包括：（1）重復陳述。例如在教育背景中提及獎學金后，在榮譽和獎勵中重復說明。（2）列舉瑣事。例如把既與申請無益、也不能說明什么的六年前檢查宿舍衛(wèi)生的事情寫進來。（3）沒有重點。例如在工作背景中把一般性職責描述和項目內(nèi)職責描述同等對待等等。

推薦信推薦信的內(nèi)容要求真實可信，簡明形象。我們在國內(nèi)需要推薦信的時候往往找單位的最高領導或學界泰斗，推薦人則泛泛地談論被推薦人的品性業(yè)績。所以推薦信在國內(nèi)作用有限（閱讀者更看重官式文件提供的信息或人際關系），使用也有限（一般只用于求職推薦）。相反，作為用信譽擔保的文件，推薦信在信譽制度比較完善的西方社會里卻發(fā)揮著很重要的作用。它是閱讀者了解被推薦人的重要途徑之一，被廣泛地使用于求學、求職，甚至評選、租房。在國外，推薦人一般是具備必要資格而且最了解被推薦人學習、工作、品性等某個或某幾個方面的人，推薦信的內(nèi)容要求真實、準確、完整，而且與被推薦人要達到的目的有直接或間接的聯(lián)系。鑒于中西文化思維的差異，中國學生在準備留學推薦信的時候要注意下面幾點：（1）推薦人要能夠有較多機會了解被推薦人，而且?guī)讉€推薦人能夠從不同角度展示被推薦人的學習、工作和品性。所以被推薦人不能一味去找對自己了解甚少的院士或外國教授，也不能幾個推薦人說來說去只反映了某個方面卻不能反映其它方面。（2）從一般閱讀者的常識看，推薦信的內(nèi)容是合理的。如果公司的老板知道被推薦人上大學時某門課程的具體分數(shù)，或者大學的普通任課教師知道被推薦人全部課程的平均分數(shù)，一般來說都是不合理的。（3）切忌推薦信的內(nèi)容空洞泛泛。在推薦信中，推薦人籠統(tǒng)地列舉被推薦人學習、工作、品性各個方面的許多優(yōu)點，其實效果反而不如在合理的范圍內(nèi)具體地敘述三、四個優(yōu)點。另外，推薦人與被推薦人之間的關系、接觸時間及推薦人的聯(lián)系方式也都應該寫清楚。

個人陳述個人陳述的內(nèi)容要求翔實獨特、合理清晰。一般來說，我們在國內(nèi)只有做職稱（職位）申請或述職報告時使用類似文本，但是內(nèi)容要求不盡相同。國內(nèi)的“個人陳述”限于描述本人以往學習、研究或工作中取得的成績，即使偶爾涉及具體案例也是為了更突出成績。在某種意義上講，這種文本就是簡歷的擴寫本。國外的個人陳述則是入學申請人推銷自我的最佳機會，不但描述本人以往學習、研究或工作中取得的成績，而且更注重表現(xiàn)自我的與眾不同，特別是假借記憶深刻之事刻畫自己鮮明的個性、思維和潛力。這種思維上的不同深深地影響著中西方個人陳述寫作的角度和方法。例如在描述某項目中自己的作為時，中國學生多側重描述理論扎實或技術精湛，國外學生除概述項目背景及所用理論或實物工具外，更側重說明自己的個性（例如堅忍不拔、團隊精神）、思維（例如勤于思考、另辟蹊徑）和潛力（例如善于學習、活學活用）等等。雖然個性、思維和潛力方面公認的優(yōu)點有限，國外的學生往往能夠借助自己的具體事例和高超的本族語寫作技巧成功地突出自己鮮明的個性。由于不熟悉國外學校招生官員閱讀個人陳述的認知習慣，中國學生容易犯以下常見錯誤：（1）單調乏味的成就敘述。招生官員通過這樣的個人陳述只能了解申請人做過什么，卻不清楚他是個什么樣的人以及怎么思考問題。而且，招生官員每天要閱讀幾十份申請文件，很可能疏忽這樣的個人陳述。（2）適得其反的觀點論證。例如，有的申請人喜歡寫自己經(jīng)常加班加點地學習工作以表現(xiàn)勤奮。雖然這種性格在少數(shù)特殊情況下是一種美德，但是申請人也許會給招生官員留下低效、不善于利用有效資源和“工作狂”癥狀的印象。（3）軟弱無力的缺陷解釋。申請人如果語言成績或專業(yè)成績不夠理想，而在個人陳述中將失敗歸因于工作繁忙、身體欠佳等等，希望能亡羊補牢。但是，招生官員卻會認為你以后在國外遇到類似逆境時不能克服，并且缺乏勇于承擔結果的性格。（4）自我否定的負罪情結。申請人也許驀然發(fā)現(xiàn)原先選擇的專業(yè)根本不適合自己，但沒有必要認為這是一個錯誤。關鍵在于要用你在以往專業(yè)上表現(xiàn)出來的學習能力和研究能力，以及你為轉專業(yè)表現(xiàn)出來的深思熟慮和充分準備來說服招生官員。（5）矯揉造作的個性描述。有的申請人誤解了“個性”的內(nèi)涵，沉迷于用與申請無關的異事，甚至聳人聽聞的事情和不加節(jié)制的激情來吸引閱讀者的注意力。但招生官員卻可能認為這種做法非常愚蠢。切記招生官員想了解的是一個真實的申請人。西方有句諺語：“在羅馬城要象羅馬人一樣做事情?！逼鋵崒懥魧W文書的時候，中國學生就應該在保留自己特色的同時，用西方的思維方式去照顧閱讀者的認知習慣。只有這樣，申請人才能通過這些文件去充分地展示自己的才華潛力，為自己贏得錄取的機率。

第四篇：中文論文資助目錄

河北醫(yī)科大學第二醫(yī)院中文論文資助目錄（試行）

為提升我院科研實力，促進高水平論文的發(fā)表，切實提高我院科技水平，經(jīng)院務會研究決定，發(fā)表在以下雜志中的論文版面費給予資助性實報實銷，其它雜志發(fā)表的論文可通過個人科研經(jīng)費報銷。本規(guī)定自2011年1月1日開始試行。

1、中華醫(yī)學雜志

2、中華全科醫(yī)師雜志

3、中華內(nèi)科雜志

4、中華老年醫(yī)學雜志

5、中華心血管病雜志

6、中華高血壓雜志

7、中華心律失常學雜志

8、中華血液學雜志

9、中華腎臟病雜志

10、中華肝臟病雜志

11、中華消化雜志

12、中華消化內(nèi)鏡雜志

13、中華胰腺病雜志

14、中華結核和呼吸雜志

15、中華內(nèi)分泌代謝雜志

16、中華糖尿病雜志

17、中華風濕病學雜志

18、中華神經(jīng)科雜志

19、中華神經(jīng)醫(yī)學雜志 20、中華精神科雜志

21、中華兒科雜志

22、中華放射腫瘤學雜志

23、中華放射醫(yī)學與防護雜志

24、中華皮膚科雜志

25、中華急診醫(yī)學雜志

26、中華物理醫(yī)學與康復雜志

27、中華外科雜志

28、中華實驗外科雜志

29、中華燒傷雜志 30、中華器官移植雜志

31、中華小兒外科雜志

32、中華肝膽外科雜志：

33、中華普通外科雜志

34、中華胃腸外科雜志

35、中華腫瘤雜志

36、中華骨科雜志

37、中華創(chuàng)傷雜志

38、中華手外科雜志

39、中華胸心血管外科雜志 40、中華泌尿外科雜志

41、中華男科學雜志

42、中華神經(jīng)外科雜志

43、中華麻醉學雜志

44、中華整形外科雜志

45、中華醫(yī)學美學美容雜志

46、中華婦產(chǎn)科雜志

47、中華耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科雜志

48、中華眼科雜志

49、中華眼底病雜志 50、中華放射學雜志

51、中華核醫(yī)學雜志

52、中華檢驗醫(yī)學雜志

53、中華超聲影像學雜志

54、中華病理學雜志

55、中華護理雜志

56、中華口腔醫(yī)學雜志

57、中華口腔正畸學雜志

58、中華流行病學雜志

59、中華預防醫(yī)學雜志 60、中華勞動衛(wèi)生職業(yè)病雜志

61、中華微生物和免疫學雜志 62、中華醫(yī)學遺傳學雜志 63、中華實驗和臨床病毒學雜志 64、中國免疫學雜志 65、中國病理生理雜志

66、中國醫(yī)師進修雜志

67、中國醫(yī)師雜志

68、中國綜合臨床 69、中國介入心臟病學雜志 70、中國實用內(nèi)科雜志 71、中國糖尿病雜志 72、中國行為醫(yī)學科學 73、中國心理衛(wèi)生雜志 74、中國實用兒科雜志 75、中國腫瘤臨床 76、中國皮膚性病學雜志 77、中國麻風皮膚病雜志 78、中國危重病急救醫(yī)學 79、中國急救醫(yī)學 80、中國康復醫(yī)學雜志 81、中國臨床康復 82、中國實用外科雜志 83、中國普通外科雜志 84、中國微創(chuàng)外科雜志

85、中國肺癌雜志 86、中國神經(jīng)精神疾病雜志 87、中國疼痛醫(yī)學雜志 88、中國美容醫(yī)學 89、中國修復重建外科雜志 90、中國實用婦科與產(chǎn)科雜志91、中國耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科 92、中國實用眼科雜志 93、中國腫瘤生物治療雜志 94、中國臨床醫(yī)學影像雜志 95、中國醫(yī)學影像技術 96、中國實用護理雜志 97、中國超聲醫(yī)學雜志 98、中國中西醫(yī)結合雜志 99、中國針灸 100、中國藥學雜志 101、中國醫(yī)院藥學雜志 102、中國藥房 103、中國藥理學通報 104、中國新藥與臨床雜志 105、中國輸血雜志 106、中國病案 107、癌癥

108、白血病.淋巴瘤

109、北京口腔醫(yī)學

110、華西口腔醫(yī)學雜志 111、實用口腔醫(yī)學雜志 112、現(xiàn)代口腔醫(yī)學雜志 113、口腔正畸學 114、口腔頜面修復學雜志115、免疫學雜志 116、中醫(yī)雜志 117、眼科研究 118、腫瘤 119、腫瘤防治研究 120、細胞分子免疫學雜志121、聽力學及言語學雜志122、現(xiàn)代婦產(chǎn)科進展 123、生殖醫(yī)學雜志 124、生殖與避孕 125、實用婦產(chǎn)科雜志 126、循證醫(yī)學 127、腹腔鏡外科雜志 128、頸腰痛雜志 129、世界華人消化雜志 130、實用兒科臨床雜志 131、臨床神經(jīng)病學雜志 132、臨床皮膚科雜志

133、臨床小兒外科雜志 134、臨床泌尿外科雜志 135、臨床麻醉學雜志

136、臨床耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科雜志 137、臨床放射學雜志 138、臨床檢驗雜志 139、臨床輸血與檢驗 140、檢驗醫(yī)學 141、現(xiàn)代檢驗醫(yī)學雜志 142、腫瘤防治研究 143、腫瘤研究與臨床

144、基礎醫(yī)學與臨床 145、腎臟病與透析腎移植雜志 146、中風與神經(jīng)疾病雜志 147、護士進修雜志 148、護理研究雜志 149、現(xiàn)代護理

（改名：中華現(xiàn)代護理雜志）150、護理學雜志 151、針刺研究 152、針灸臨床雜志

行政管理、后勤、基建、信息、工程、經(jīng)濟、法律、倫理類等論文報銷范圍以本階段國家公布的中文核心期刊目錄為準。

2010年7月21日 附注：

1、本目錄系我院資助科研之舉措，與各級晉升目錄無關。

2、論文版面費資助不包括在增刊、特刊和?？习l(fā)表的論文。且第一知識產(chǎn)權單位必須署名“河北醫(yī)科大學第二醫(yī)院”。如作者單位是依托我院的省級科研機構或院校，署名第一知識產(chǎn)權單位亦必須冠以“河北醫(yī)科大學第二醫(yī)院”,其它署名無效，如“河北醫(yī)科大學第二附屬醫(yī)院”，請注意！

第五篇：中文繪本書單目錄

(請復制所需要書的書名,請勿截圖或手寫,可以任意搭配）特價5元一本，滿20本包郵，不滿20本需加運費10元。全新繪本，正品質量保證，兒童圖書專用紙張印刷，無任何異味！

暢銷20本：

1：逃家小兔2：猜猜我有多愛你 3：爺爺一定有辦法4：我爸爸5：我媽媽6：長大以后做什么7：大衛(wèi)不可以8：大衛(wèi)上學去9：大衛(wèi)惹麻煩10：月亮的味道11：母雞蘿絲去散步12：鱷魚怕怕牙醫(yī)怕怕 13：我不跟你走14：別想欺負我15：媽媽發(fā)火了16：蚯蚓日記 17：十二生肖的故事18：不要隨便親我19：不要隨便摸我20：不要隨便跟陌生人走

適合0-2歲寶寶20本: 1：蹦 2：抱抱3：小金魚逃走了 4：一口袋里的吻 5：好餓的小蛇6：我喜歡書 7：第五個 8：月亮生日快樂9：親愛的小魚10：棕色的熊你在看什么 11：好餓的毛毛蟲 12：胡蘿卜種子 13：首先有一個蘋果 14：阿立會穿褲子了15：幸運的鴨子 16 調皮的影子 17：快來找我吧18：小仙女艾麗斯 19 小牙刷刷刷刷 20：小蛇散步

適合3-4歲寶寶20本：

1：你們都是我的最愛 2：晚安月亮 3：小黑魚4：小魔怪要上學 5：不睡覺世界冠軍6：一直愛你永遠愛你 7：跟屁蟲 8：媽媽心媽媽樹 9：愛書的孩子 10：我永遠愛你11：好朋友12：我愛幼兒園13：吃掉黑暗的怪獸14：小熊不刷牙 15：不學寫字有壞處16：沒有耳朵的兔子 17：菲菲生氣了18：媽媽我真的很生氣19：是誰嗯嗯在我頭上20：我不知道我是誰

適合5-6歲寶寶20本: 1：讓路給小鴨子2：云朵面包3：三只小豬真實的故事 4：好臟的哈利 5：一園子青菜成了精 6：青蛙王子歷險記7：奧莉薇8：有個性的羊 9：獨一無二的你 10：勇敢做自己 11：達芬奇想飛 12：小豬鬧鬧 13雪人歷險記 14 100萬只貓 15：老鼠娶新娘 16：勇氣17活了100萬次的貓 18：我的爸爸叫焦尼 19 爺爺我為什么不能做我想做的事 20 我有友情要出租

適合7-8歲寶寶20本：

1：穿靴子的貓 2：我的牙掉了 3：圖書館獅子 4：讓孩子學會說不5：一片葉子落下來 6世界上最溫馨的家 7：老鼠牙醫(yī)-地搜頭 8：一粒種子去旅行 9：團圓10：愛聽故事的大熊 11 世界上最大的房子 12：驢小弟變石頭：13：安的種子 14：天空在腳下 15：你看起來好像很好吃 16：你真好17：遇到你真好18：永遠永遠愛你19：我是霸王龍20：我愛你

國際獲獎20本：

1：愛心樹 2：小種子3：最奇妙的蛋 4 鱷魚愛上長勁鹿 5：牙齒大街的新鮮事 6：肚子里有個火車站 7 ：花婆婆 8：搬過來搬過去 9：小阿力的大學校10：你很快就會長高 11：克里克塔 12：今天運氣怎么這么好13：彩虹色的花14：媽媽買綠豆15：一只小豬和100只狼 16：生氣湯17：和甘伯伯去游河18：犟龜 19：和甘伯伯去兜風 20：好餓的老狼和豬小鎮(zhèn)

我爸爸系列5本: 1我的爸爸獨一無二2和爸爸一起想辦法3和爸爸一起做運動4和爸爸一起動手做5爸爸我們?nèi)ヌ诫U吧

我感覺系列7本（中英對照）:

1我想念你2我會嫉妒3我好生氣4我好害怕 5我會關心別人 6我覺得自己很棒 7我會難過

我會表達系列8本: 1不要發(fā)脾氣好好說 2不要害羞勇敢的說 3不要隨口就答想一下在說 4不要害怕勇敢的問 5不要走神認真的聽 6不要哭清楚的說 7不要隨便說要懂禮貌 8不要慌張得體的說

情商培養(yǎng)系列8本: 1學會溝通與合作 2學會交朋友 3學會和朋友分享4學會保護自己 5學會勇敢地大聲說 6學會講禮貌 7學會傾聽與服從8學會不亂發(fā)脾氣

愛自己系列11本（注音版）: 1不要隨便欺負我 2 不要隨便改變自己3 不要隨便命令我4不要隨便嘲笑我5不要隨便發(fā)脾氣 6不要隨便對待自己7不要隨便順從別人8不要隨便保守秘密 9不要隨便放縱自己10不要隨便否定自己11不要隨便排擠人

海豚系列15本（注音版）

1飛上太空的綿羊2最好吃的蛋糕 3哇 變色了4火車要開了 5怕冷的企鵝 6 樹爺爺 7 我想飛 8 我長大以后 9大樹在唱歌 10 膽小的貓頭鷹 11 森林里來了一只小狗 12小狗與貓咪 13快樂的森林舞會 14好長好長的圍巾 15爸爸我愛你

動物日記10本： 1蒼蠅的日記2蜘蛛的日記3蝸牛的日記4螞蟻的日記 5屎殼郎的日記6蜻蜓的日記7瓢蟲的日記8蟬的日記9蜜蜂的日記10蟋蟀的日記

暖暖心系列11本：

1給爺爺當保姆 2隱形男孩 3木木熊，快來 4最棒的生日禮物 5山米的新發(fā)型 6愛溜冰的凱麗貓 7小熊貝貝 8拉緊我的手 9呆瓜，真棒 10熱心小幫手 11睡覺去小怪物

暖暖心19本：

1:魯魯龍的禮物2:大團團和小圓圓3:你別想讓和馬走開4:一個長上天的大蘋果5:小兔當家6:猜猜誰來了7:大熊有一個小麻煩8:袋鼠寶寶小羊羔9:小貝弟的大夢想10:親愛的小羊11:小老鼠裁縫店12:兩只羊的故事13:亨利爺爺找幸運14:是誰在門外15:還是一團糟16:大棕熊的秘密17:請給青蛙一個吻18:象老爹19:山米的巧克力大禮盒

卡梅拉第一季（注音版）： 我想去看海 2 我想有顆星星 3 我想有個弟弟 4 我去找太陽 5 我愛小黑貓 6 我能打敗怪獸 7 我要找到郎朗 8我不要被吃掉 9 我好喜歡她 10 我要救出貝里奧 11 我不是膽小鬼 12 我愛平底鍋 13 我要喚醒睡美人

卡梅拉第二季（注音版）：

1我的北極大冒險2我要逃出皇家農(nóng)場3我的魔法咒語4我發(fā)現(xiàn)爺爺?shù)拿孛?我的雞舍保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)6我學會騎自行車7我夢游到了仙境8我遇到埃及法老 9我的本命年 10我要找回鑰匙 11我創(chuàng)造了名畫 12我的個人演唱會

卡梅拉第三季：

1我學會了功夫2我坐上小飛毯3我不要撒謊4我的馬拉松戰(zhàn)役5我要練出黃金6我想去放煙花7我的催眠樹8我討厭小紅帽9我不怕打雷10我是羅密歐

卡梅拉第四季：

1我是大明星 2我許下三個愿望 3我給巨人做飯 4 我遇到貓國王子5我的膽子變大了 6我是俠盜羅賓漢 7我救了怪雞費斯坦 8我為爸爸找回信心9我能預言未來10我下了個金蛋

可愛的鼠小弟22本（注音版）：

1《鼠小弟的小背心》2《想吃蘋果的鼠小弟》3《鼠小弟的又一件小背心》4《鼠小弟和鼠小妹》5《鼠小弟，鼠小弟》6《又來了！鼠小弟的小背心》7《鼠小弟的生日》8《打破杯子的鼠小弟》9《鼠小弟和大象哥哥》10《鼠小弟蕩秋千》11《鼠小弟和音樂會》12《換換吧！鼠小弟的小背心》13《鼠小弟和松餅》14《鼠小弟堆雪人》15《又來了！鼠小弟和松餅》16《鼠小弟的圣誕節(jié)》17《鼠小弟的禮物》18《鼠小弟捉迷藏》19《鼠小弟玩蹺蹺板》20《鼠小弟，長大以后做什么？》21《只能是紅的！鼠小弟的小背心》22《鼠小弟去海邊》

聰明豆系列54本

1咕嚕牛 2咕嚕牛小妞妞3 小房子變大房子 4城里最漂亮的巨人 5小海螺和大鯨魚 6女巫掃帚排排坐 7長大做個好爺爺 8忘了說我愛你 9我永遠愛你 10小熊孵蛋 11愿望樹 12小豬變形記 13貓頭鷹喔喔呼 14火龍爸爸戒煙記 15亂七八糟變色龍16狐貍爸爸鴨兒子 17美寶的魔法花園 18小狗阿巴想變羊 19獅子燙頭發(fā) 20你是我最好的朋友 21我們是一家 22小憨抱抱 23小老鼠分果果 24噼里啪啦打屁股 25一只很餓很餓的小豬 26當我們同在一起 27看我 看我 28雪孩子 29小羊睡不著 30如果嗅嗅丟了 31馬醫(yī)生 32凱文不會飛 33超人波波熊 34大個子波波熊 35親親綠毛怪 36晚安 早安睡個好覺 37食蟻獸醫(yī)生的一天 38駝鹿消防員的一天 39火龍谷里的陌生客 40火龍谷里的足球 41女巫科爾娜杜耶 42 女巫科爾娜杜耶歸來 43強強和盜盜 44國王與青蛙 45勇敢的普西 46老奶奶和她的寵物們 47山羊學游泳 48小女巫的信息日 49波波熊上學去 50波波熊長水痘 51今天要上跳水課 52為什么呢 53石頭底下藏著什么 54世界上最惡心的蛋糕

小海綿科學啟蒙系列(48冊)：

1霸王龍也不可怕 2美麗的彩虹 3調皮的影子4你是誰？5誰是小丑魚的朋友？ 6咕嚕嚕，掉到地上 7討厭肉，討厭肉！8菜青蟲找媽媽 9植物王國的結婚儀式10我的朋友很特別 11小牙刷，刷 刷 刷 12尋找鴨媽媽 13重復利用之后再扔吧 14小魚快跑 15一閃一閃亮晶晶 16奇妙的舌頭 17咕咚咕咚，種子喝水18火山為什么會爆發(fā)呢？19五顏六色的葉子20還是肉菜好吃！21汽車是怎么跑起來的 22轟隆隆，轟隆隆 23電是怎么來的？24哇，極地地區(qū)好冷啊！25被夜光眼睛嚇壞的布谷鳥 26恐龍隊長27水蒸汽從哪里來？28寶寶是怎樣出生的 29眼睛怎么能看得見事物 30生物界的食物鏈 31從海水到淡鹽的轉變 32為什么會刮風 33為什么會地震 34月亮是個魔術師 35過山車爽過癮36猴子的屁股為什么是紅的 37月夜為什么會交替 38勇敢的小螞蟻 39多動腦筋我們都是發(fā)明家 40它們在干什么 41為什么會下雨 42太陽是個大火球 43講衛(wèi)生，洗刷刷 44為什么會放屁呢？45奔跑中急停為什么會摔倒46小汽車快快跑。47飛吧，小雞。48恐龍時代的強者們

14只老鼠12本：14只老鼠大搬家 14只老鼠吃早餐 14只老鼠挖山藥

14只老鼠過冬天 14只老鼠去春游 14只老鼠賞月 14只老鼠洗衣服 14只老鼠搗年糕 14只老鼠種南瓜 14只老鼠的搖籃曲 14只老鼠的蜻蜓池塘 14只老鼠的秋天進行曲