第一篇：(自己總結(jié)匯合)江南大學(xué)考博英語歷年考題來源部分匯總及答案
Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
When Kathie Gifford’s face was splashed across the newspapers in 1996 after her lucrative line of Walmart clothing was exposed as the work of underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown, the Department of Labor and the White House teamed up to condemn such practices.With much fanfare, President Clinton’s administration launched the “No Sweat” campaign, which pressured retailers and manufacturers to submit to periodic independent inspection of their workplace conditions.;This campaign urged manufacturers to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct, a promise to selfregulate that has since been adopted by a handful of retailers and many of the nation’s largest manufacturers, including Nike and L.L.Bean.However, the Department of Defense, which has a $ 1 billion garment business that would make it the country’s 14th largest retail apparel outlet, has not signed the Code of Conduct.In addition, it has not agreed to demand that its contractors submit to periodic inspections.;Because the Department of Defense has not agreed to adhere to the code, the job of stopping publicsector sweatshops falls to the Department of Labor.Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayerfinanced contracts.But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers.“I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says.According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years.21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America.B)A serious problem threatening American economy.C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America.D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America.
22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____.A)was one of the underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown B)was one of the wellpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown C)made much money from cheap laborers in New York City’s Chinatown
D)wrote a newspaper article exposing the practice of employing cheap laborers
23.The underlined phrase “to submit to” is closest in meaning to ____.A)to accept unwillingly B)to refuse coldly
C)to welcome warmheartedly D)to blame strongly
24.Which of the following statements about the Department of Defense is true? A)It will become the country’s 14th largest retail apparel manufacturer.B)It hasn’t acted according to the Workplace Code of Conduct.C)It has demanded its contractors to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct.D)It has teamed up with the Department of Labor to launch a campaign.
25.What was the purpose of President Clinton’s administration launching the “No Sweat” campaign?
A)To urge manufacturers to obey the Workplace Code of Conduct.B)To remind the manufacturers of the Workplace Code of Conduct.C)To urge the Department of Labor to take its responsibility.D)To urge the Department of Defense to inspect manufacturers.
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
The term investment portfolio conjures up visions of the truly rich-the Rockefellers, the WalMart Waltons, Bill Gates.But today, everyone-from the Philadelphia firefighter, his parttime receptionist wife and their three children, to the single Los Angeles lawyer starting out on his own-needs a portfolio.;
A portfolio is simply a collection of financial assets.It may include real estate, rare stamps and coins, precious metals and even artworks.But those are for people with expertise.What most of us need to know about are stocks, bonds and cash(including such cash equivalents as moneymarket funds).;
How do you decide what part of your portfolio should go to each of the big three? Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky;bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.;
Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that largecompany stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926.Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.;But shortterm risk is another matter.In 1974, a oneyear $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.;
With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much.The U.S.government stands behind treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil.But the inflation risk remains.Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years.If inflation averages about seven percent over that time, then the $1000 you receive at maturity can only buy $500 worth of today’s goods.;
With cash, the inflation risk is lower, since over a long period you can keep rolling over your CDs every year(or more often).If inflation rises, interest rates rise to compensate.;As a result, the single most imortant rule in building a portfolio is this: If you don’t need the money for a long time, then put it into stocks.If you need it soon, put it into bonds and cash.26.This passage is intended to give advice on ____.A)how to avoid inflation risks B)what kinds of bonds to buy C)how to get rich by investing in stock market D)how to become richer by spreading the risk
27.The author mentions such millionaires as the Rockefellers and Bill Gates to show that ____.A)they are examples for us on our road to wealth B)a portfolio is essential to financial success C)they are really rich people D)they started out on their own
28.Which of the following statements will the author support? A)Everybody can get rich with some financial assets.B)The credit risk for treasury bonds is extremely high.C)It’s no use trying to know the advantages of stocks, bonds and cash.D)Everybody should realize the importance of distribution of their financial assets. 29.The word “returns” in paragraph three can be best replaced by “____.” A)returning journeys B)profits C)savings D)investments
30.The author of the passage points out that ____.A)keeping cash is the only way to avoid risks B)the longer you own a stock, the more you lost C)the high rate of profit and high rate of risk coexist in stocks D)the best way to accumulate wealth is by investing in stocks
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods.Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units(state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status)and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance.The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses—all of which led to modern descriptive statistics.From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.;
Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data.These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level—variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum—or the data many represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type.Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reducing to comprehensibly form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.;
Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind.This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations.For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever.Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficiency to question each child;the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children.Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.31.What is the passage mainly concerned with? A)Development and application of statistics.B)Origin of descriptive statistics.C)Limitations of inferential statistics.D)Importance of statistics.
32.Describing and tabulating are associated with ____.A)inferential statistics B)descriptive statistics
C)theories of probability D)inefficiency of counting
33.Which of the following statements is true about descriptive statistics? A)It combines quantitative variables and qualitative variables.B)It can be used to deal with only quantitative variables.C)It helps to summarize properties of a group of data.D)It helps to make predictions using a sample of observations.
34.The word “unwieldy” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ____.A)difficult to collect
B)difficult to tackle C)incomprehensive
D)uncontrollable
35.A sample of a population is often examined for the following purposes except ____.A)to make a more accurate prediction of trend
B)to improve efficiency and avoid unnecessary work C)to save the trouble of approaching every members D)to predict characteristics of the entire population
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
The Japanese are fascinated by automata and new inventions.Japanese children are used to friendly robots in their comics, in toys, and in TV animated cartoons.When as adults they join the workforce,robots mean that there is no need to import cheap foreign labor, as happens in many other parts of the world.There is no need for humans to put up with dirty, minddeadening mechanical work the robot does it all without complaint, around the clock.Robots don’t go on strike over tea breaks they don’t have tea, or any other kind of breaks:they work, day and night, without having to be paid overtime, without making mistakes.Human tasks are subject to human error: robot error seldom or never occurs except as a result of human error!;In Japan, robots are almost respected for their virtues.When a new robot is introduced to a small suburban factory, a Shinto priest is invited to inaugurate it.He inaugurates the robot with words along the lines of “Welcome to our coworker, we hope you’ll help him settle in.” No one laughs.;
FANUC demonstrates the Japanese tendency to conform particularly strikingly.The founder of FANUC, Dr.Inaba, has created an army that makes no distinction between bluecollar, whitecollar and steelcollar worker: everyone, including the warlord himself, is dressed in yellow clothing issued free by the company.Perh aps to make up for the boring nature of the work, there are a number of other company perks.Company benefits, including pay, are much higher than in similar companies in Japan.Travel to and from work is provided free in the company’s yellow buses.However, workers are expected to put in demanding unpaid “overtime.” There is a clock in the product development laboratory set to run at ten times the normal speed, the remind everyone that the company is on a war footing.;As we watched Dr.Inaba’s yellow helicopter soar away to Narita airport, we couldn’t help thinking that his dream of world domination in robotics and allied applications might be more elegantly achieved if he had also thought to program his robots to whistle while they work.36.According to the author, which of the following is not true to the Japanese? A)Robots mean there is no need to import cheap foreign labor.B)Robots mean that humans needn’t do dirty and noisy work.C)Robots mean there are no strikes nor overtimes.D)Robots mean there is no mistake in any form.
37.What can be inferred form the words “He inaugurates the robot with words along the lines of ‘Welcome to our coworker, we hope you’ll help him settle in.’No one laughs.”? A)The Japanese has no sense of humor while at work.B)The Japanese does not understand the words of the Shinto priest.C)The Japanese shows a true respect for robots.D)The Japanese goes too far in their respect for robots.
38.Which of the following is not true about FANUC? A)Workers receive higher pay for working overtime.B)Workers enjoy free travel to and from work.C)Workers are doing boring, sometimes demanding work.D)Workers are reminded of being on a war footing.
39.What is not implied in the following works “we couldn’t help thinking that his dream of world domination in robotics and allied applications might be more elegantly achieved if he had also thought to program his robots to whistle while they work.”? A)Our technology is not yet up to the needs of Dr.Inaba’s dream.B)Dr.Inaba’s dream of world domination in robotics lacks humanity.C)Dr.Inaba’s dream of allied applications is too practical.D)The author is in favor of Dr.Inaba’s dream.
40.What does “our coworker” refer to in the sentence “Welcome to our coworker, we hope you’ll help him settle in?”
A)Japanese workers who attend the inauguration. B)The introduced robot.C)The people who have invented the robot. D)Japanese workers in general.
Part Ⅴ
Writing(30 minutes)
Directions:For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: How to Cope with Personal Crisis.
You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
How to Deal with Personal Crisis 1.造成個(gè)人危機(jī)的起因。 2.應(yīng)對個(gè)人危機(jī)的方法。
答案與詳解 Part Ⅱ Passage One 內(nèi)容概要:
本文講述了美國“工作場所操作規(guī)范”誕生的背景和實(shí)施情況。1996年，美國一些地方和部門的低收入工人抗議血汗工廠，隨后克林頓政府發(fā)起“無血汗”運(yùn)動，要求零售商和制造商簽署《工作場所操作規(guī)范》?？墒菄啦烤芙^執(zhí)行；美國勞工部作為政府部門，卻稱主要要求制造商們遵守安全和衛(wèi)生規(guī)定。 21.【答案】D。
【譯文】這篇文章主要講述什么？
【試題分析】歸納概括題(Summing up and summarizing)，這種試題要求學(xué)生能把握文章的總體，并真正理解主題和中心大意。 【詳細(xì)解答】文章從開始就講述眾多的低收入工人集體抗議工作條件，導(dǎo)致Kathie Gifford的服裝廠被曝光；于是克林頓政府發(fā)起“無血汗”運(yùn)動，可是國防部拒絕簽署《工作場所操作規(guī)范》，勞工部卻稱該部門主要要求制造商們遵守安全和衛(wèi)生規(guī)定?？梢娒绹块T對于血汗工廠的問題存有分歧，也難以解決。所以文章的中心大意是美國血汗工廠的問題目前最嚴(yán)重的地方是美國政府對此的態(tài)度不夠統(tǒng)一和堅(jiān)決。A）太偏，不是講美國勞工部的職能；B）太泛，沒有指明哪個(gè)問題，也不一定威脅到美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)；C）與文章意思相反，美國規(guī)范血汗工廠的努力并沒有成功。D）最符合文章主題。 22.【答案】C。
【譯文】根據(jù)本文，Kathie Gifford____ ？
【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題(Understanding details)。這類題一般只針對文章中某一個(gè)特定的細(xì)節(jié)，也可以涉及若干個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，或者針對文章的主要事實(shí)而設(shè)問。
【詳細(xì)解答】見文章第一句話“When Kathie Gifford...condemn such practices.”，Kathie Gifford的高利潤的服裝廠曝光了，之后她于1996年在報(bào)紙上被廣泛報(bào)道。所以C）為正確答案。A）和B）與本句意思不符，她不是一名工人；D）說她寫文章報(bào)道此事，也不對。 23.【答案】A。
【譯文】與劃線短語“to submit to” 意思最接近的是下列哪一項(xiàng)？
【試題分析】猜測詞義題(Guessing at word meaning)。即運(yùn)用一些猜測生詞詞義的方法，猜測生詞的含義，以提高閱讀速度和理解能力。
【詳細(xì)解答】可以對上下文已知部分進(jìn)行邏輯的推理。前面講到克林頓發(fā)起的“無血汗”運(yùn)動勒令零售商和制造商對車間環(huán)境進(jìn)行定期檢查，他們肯定是不情愿的，但這是總統(tǒng)的命令，所以他們就“不情愿地接受”。B）“冷冷地拒絕”；C）“熱烈地歡迎”；D）“強(qiáng)烈地譴責(zé)”均與上下文意思不符。 24.【答案】B。
【譯文】下列關(guān)于國防部的陳述哪一項(xiàng)是正確的？
【試題分析】分析判斷題(Making an analysis and a judgment)。即根據(jù)文章中提供的事實(shí)，經(jīng)過分析、思考做出這樣或那樣的判斷選擇。
【詳細(xì)解答】這類題需要事先通讀全文，理解全文主旨，尤其是關(guān)于國防部的內(nèi)容；然后再將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較，用排除法。A）國防部是美國第14大零售服裝制造商，這與文章中retail apparel outlet（零售服裝批發(fā)商店）不符；B）它沒有按照《工作場所操作規(guī)范》行事，這與文章中has not signed the code of conduct正好相符；C）它要求承包商簽署《工作場所操作規(guī)范》，這與文章中it has not agreed to demand that its contractors submit to periodic inspections.相反；D）它要求勞工部發(fā)起一場運(yùn)動，文章中沒有提及。所以，對比分析可得知B為正確答案。 25.【答案】A。
【譯文】克林頓政府發(fā)起“無血汗”運(yùn)動的目的是什么？
【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)理解中的詞義轉(zhuǎn)換題。這種題常常是原文有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換，而不能在原文中直接找到。它要求考生能理解原文中某個(gè)短語或句子的含義，從而找到與答案意思相同的詞語和句子。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章第一段最后一句話“with much fanfare，...，their workplace conditions.”是說，克林頓政府借此小題大做，以勒令制造商們對車間環(huán)境進(jìn)行定期檢查。關(guān)鍵詞有pressure（強(qiáng)制，壓迫，勒令），to submit to（屈服，服從）。第二段第一句話“this campaign urged manufacturers to sign the Conduct.”更加直接說明了這場運(yùn)動的目的，即讓他們簽署并執(zhí)行這一規(guī)范。故A）為正確答案。 Passage Two 內(nèi)容概要:
本文介紹了大眾化投資的三種渠道，并分析了每種渠道的基本特征和適用對象。第一種是股票投資，回報(bào)豐厚，但風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大；第二種是債券投資，回報(bào)稍少，但風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也較小，主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是借債人不還和通貨膨脹；第三種是投資現(xiàn)金，回報(bào)較少，通貨膨脹影響也較小?；驹瓌t是：如果你長期不需要用錢，就投資股票；如果你短期內(nèi)要用錢，就投資債券和現(xiàn)金。 26.【答案】D。
【譯文】文章的目的是給____提供建議？
【試題分析】歸納概括題。需要考生總結(jié)歸納短文(段落)的主題(subject)，中心思想(main idea)，標(biāo)題(title)或作者的寫作目的(purpose)。
【詳細(xì)解答】通讀全文后可知，本文主要介紹了投資的三種渠道，并分析了每種渠道的利弊（即風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度），如何降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來投資致富，即D所指“如何降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來致富”。A）“如何避免通貨膨脹風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”，過于片面；B）“買入哪種債券”，不是文章的主題；C）“如何通過投資股票市場致富”，也過于片面。所以D）為正確答案，可以概括文章中心思想。
27.【答案】D。
【譯文】作者提及洛克菲勒、比爾蓋茨這樣的百萬富翁是想說明____？
【試題分析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章某一部分內(nèi)容推理出作者的言外之意。需要找準(zhǔn)、讀懂這部分內(nèi)容，并分析與文章其它部分之間的聯(lián)系和作用。
【詳細(xì)解答】第一段最后一句話，“But today，...，starting out on his own needs a portfolio.”這是講的今天每個(gè)人都可以根據(jù)自己的需要進(jìn)行證券投資；推到前面一句，那么前面提及的百萬富翁也都是根據(jù)自己的需要開始證券投資而致富的。A）“他們是我們邁向致富之路的榜樣”，不具體，沒有說明如何致富；B）“證券投資對于經(jīng)濟(jì)成功很關(guān)鍵”，這句話本身是正確的，但與第一段表達(dá)的意思不一致；C）“他們確實(shí)很富?！保膊皇堑谝欢嗡胍磉_(dá)的意思。D）“他們是從自己開始做起的”，這正是第一段所要表達(dá)的意思，即這些百萬富翁是從自己做起開始致富的，而現(xiàn)在每個(gè)人都可以這樣做，緊接著引入下面的投資指南。 28.【答案】D。
【譯文】作者贊同下列哪一項(xiàng)陳述？
【試題分析】分析判斷題?？忌M量考慮文中的全部信息或事實(shí)，在通盤理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上去分析每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的正誤。
【詳細(xì)解答】這類題應(yīng)在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，著重比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，采取排除法。A）“只要有一些財(cái)產(chǎn)，每個(gè)人都可以致富”，憑常識判斷這句話本身就不對，更與作者想要介紹投資渠道的必要性和方法相悖；B）“購買國債的信譽(yù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極高”，這句話與“The U.S.government stands behind Treasury bonds，so the credit risk is almost nil.”意思完全相反；C）“了解股票、債券和現(xiàn)金的優(yōu)勢并無用處”，這與作者的觀點(diǎn)相反；D）“每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該意識到金融財(cái)產(chǎn)重新分配的重要性?！边@正是第一段作者所說的“每個(gè)人都可以根據(jù)自己的需要采用不同的投資方式致富”的前提。故選D）。 29.【答案】B。
【譯文】第三段中的“returns”可以由以下哪個(gè)詞替代？ 【試題分析】猜測詞義題。根據(jù)上下文來猜測生詞的含義。
【詳細(xì)解答】該詞本身的意思是“回來，回報(bào)”，再看句子“stocks pay higher returns but are more risky.”是說股票有更高的回報(bào)，但風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大；我們憑常識判斷，股票的回報(bào)就是“賺錢，利潤”。比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，B）profits（利潤）正確。
30.【答案】C。
【譯文】文章的作者指出____
【試題分析】分析判斷題。比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，看哪一個(gè)符合作者的意思。
【詳細(xì)解答】“作者指出”可以是文章中直接提到的，也可以是作者的言外之意，要結(jié)合文章判斷四個(gè)選項(xiàng)本身是否正確。A）“保留現(xiàn)金是避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的唯一方式”，作者鼓勵(lì)合理投資，顯然這不是作者意思；B）“你持有股票越久，你損失越大?！边@句話本身有誤，文章中也沒有提及；C）“高利潤和高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在股票市場中同時(shí)存在”，這正是第三段中“stocks pay higher returns but are more risky.”意思，所以正確；D）“積累財(cái)富最好的方式是投資股票”，作者在文章最后明確指出“如果你長期不需要用錢，就投資股票；如果你短期要用，就投資債券和現(xiàn)金?！彼栽擁?xiàng)也不正確。 Passage Three 內(nèi)容概要:
本文介紹了兩種基本統(tǒng)計(jì)方法的發(fā)展及它們的應(yīng)用。第一種是描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)方法，包括計(jì)算、測量、列表、排序、描述以及調(diào)查，既可統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)量也可統(tǒng)計(jì)質(zhì)量；第二種是推理統(tǒng)計(jì)方法，主要是抽樣分析，然后推而廣之，得出結(jié)論。 31.【答案】A。
【譯文】本文主要講述什么？
【試題分析】典型的歸納概括題，要求考生歸納總結(jié)文章的中心思想。
【詳細(xì)解答】首先細(xì)想一下全文的內(nèi)容概要，再看四個(gè)選項(xiàng)。A）“統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用”，正是文章所講的主要內(nèi)容；B）“描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)”的起源，只說了文章中很小的一個(gè)方面；C）“推理統(tǒng)計(jì)方法的局限性”，文章中沒有提及；D）“統(tǒng)計(jì)的重要性”，不是本文的重點(diǎn)。綜合比較，A）正確。 32.【答案】B。
【譯文】描述和列表與____相關(guān)？
【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。找到文章中相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，理解其含義，然后做答。
【詳細(xì)解答】從文章的第二段可以得知，描述和列表是描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)方法的兩種形式。再看四個(gè)選項(xiàng)。A）“推理性統(tǒng)計(jì)”，沒有任何關(guān)系；B）“描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)”，正好相關(guān)；C）“可能性理論”，從第一段末可知，該理論是用于推理性統(tǒng)計(jì)的；D）“計(jì)算的無效”，與文章內(nèi)容不符。故選B）。 33.【答案】C。
【譯文】關(guān)于描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)下列哪一個(gè)陳述是正確的？ 【試題分析】分析判斷題。對比分析，存真去偽。
【詳細(xì)解答】仔細(xì)比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng)。A）“它將數(shù)量變量和質(zhì)量變量結(jié)合起來了”，這誤解了第二段中第二句話“either...or...”句型，要么是數(shù)量變量，要么是質(zhì)量變量；B）“它只能用來處理數(shù)量變量”，也與上面句型含義相悖；C）“它有助于總結(jié)一組數(shù)據(jù)的特征”，這正是第二段最后一句話“Large masses of data...the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.”的含義；D）“它有助于使用觀察抽樣進(jìn)行預(yù)測”，這是推理性統(tǒng)計(jì)。所以選C）。 34.【答案】B。
【譯文】與第二段中“unwieldy” 單詞意思最接近的是____
【試題分析】猜測詞義題。通過上下文的含義猜測生詞的詞義，將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)分別放到原句子中去比較也不失為一種好辦法。
【詳細(xì)解答】第二段最后一句話“Large masses of data...the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.”的意思是說，大量的數(shù)據(jù)群必須要有一個(gè)總結(jié)或減收的過程，以從可能是亂七八糟的數(shù)據(jù)群中找出其特征，關(guān)鍵詞是otherwise，表示前后有個(gè)對比?？梢姾竺嫣峒暗膗nwieldy mass of data是難以處理的數(shù)據(jù)。再看四個(gè)選項(xiàng)：A）“難以收集”，文章沒有提收集；B）“難以處理”，與上下文正好相符；C）“不可理解的”，前面說將它們整理成容易理解的形式，可見它們還是“可以理解的”；D）“不可控制的”，與句意不符。故選B）。 35.【答案】A。
【譯文】人口抽樣經(jīng)常用于下列目的，哪一項(xiàng)除外？
【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。找到文章中關(guān)于人口抽樣的內(nèi)容，再進(jìn)行比較選擇。但要注意選的是除外的那一項(xiàng)。 【詳細(xì)解答】文章最后一段講到抽樣100個(gè)小孩來進(jìn)行分析預(yù)測。A）“進(jìn)行更加準(zhǔn)確的趨勢預(yù)測”，抽樣本身就不可能是為了更加“準(zhǔn)確”，所以A錯(cuò)，應(yīng)該選A。B）“提高效率，避免不必要工作”，這正是抽樣的作用；C）“省去找每個(gè)成員的麻煩”，這也正是人口抽樣的優(yōu)勢；D）“預(yù)測全體人群的特征”，正是人口抽樣的目的。所以選A）。 Passage Four 內(nèi)容概要:
本文介紹了機(jī)器人在日本的迅速發(fā)展和廣泛應(yīng)用。機(jī)器人在實(shí)際工作崗位上可以替代工人完成大量的工作，并表現(xiàn)出諸多的優(yōu)勢。正因?yàn)闄C(jī)器人的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，日本人通常要舉行隆重的儀式歡迎機(jī)器人投入工廠作業(yè)。日本著名的機(jī)器人專家伊納巴博士發(fā)明了大量機(jī)器人，正夢想著統(tǒng)治全世界的機(jī)器人行業(yè)。 36.【答案】B。
【譯文】根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)，下列哪一項(xiàng)對于日本人來講是不正確的？
【試題分析】分析判斷題。通讀全文，并仔細(xì)比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng)；但要注意選擇不正確的那一項(xiàng)。
【詳細(xì)解答】在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng)。A）是第一段第三句話的原話，所以正確；B）“機(jī)器人意味著人們不必從事骯臟和吵鬧的工作”，與第一段第四句話含義有所區(qū)別，原文是說，有了機(jī)器人人們就沒有必要“忍受（put
up with）骯臟、吵鬧的工作，所以B與原文意思不完全一致；C）和D）也是文章中所提及的。相比較，A）、C）和D）都是文章中的原話，只有B）不符原意。故選B。 37.【答案】C。
【譯文】“他在為機(jī)器人舉行典禮儀式時(shí)，說這樣的話‘歡迎光臨我們的這位同事，我們希望你能幫助他安頓下來。’沒有一個(gè)人笑”，從這句話可以推斷出什么？
【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。理解這句話的含義，然后推理出其中的深層含義，可進(jìn)行比較選擇。
【詳細(xì)解答】這句話是對上帝說的。在場的人都很肅穆，沒有一個(gè)人笑，說明日本人在這種場合表現(xiàn)出虔誠，這是對機(jī)器人的一種尊敬。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，C）最符合原意。日本人不笑并不能說明他們沒有幽默感，也不是沒有聽懂牧師的話，他們的尊敬也沒有過頭，所以A）、B）、D）均不符題意。 38.【答案】A。
【譯文】下列關(guān)于FANUC的陳述哪一個(gè)不正確？ 【試題分析】分析判斷題。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章倒數(shù)第二段中提到FANUC，這是日本一家專門研制機(jī)器人的公司。A）“工人們在加班時(shí)會有更高的回報(bào)”，可是文章中有一句話：“However，workers are expected to put in demanding unpaid overtime.”這種overtime是unpaid（沒有報(bào)酬的），所A不正確。B）、C）、D）選項(xiàng)均為文章中的原話。故選A）。 39.【答案】A。
【譯文】“我們禁不住這樣認(rèn)為，如果他也想到將他的機(jī)器人設(shè)計(jì)為邊工作邊吹口哨，那么他統(tǒng)治全世界機(jī)器人行業(yè)和相關(guān)應(yīng)用的夢想就會更加?jì)寡诺貙?shí)現(xiàn)?！毕铝心木湓挷皇怯蛇@段文字推斷出來的？ 【試題分析】分析判斷題。
【詳細(xì)解答】這段文字中think的賓語從句中使用的是虛擬語氣，表示不可能的假設(shè)，同時(shí)對Inada沒有想到這樣做表示一種遺憾和惋惜。A）是表示我們的技術(shù)還不足以讓Inada實(shí)現(xiàn)夢想，原文中是說他的夢想會更加?jì)寡诺貙?shí)現(xiàn)，意即他的夢想已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)，所以A錯(cuò)；B）和C）均是說他的夢想太現(xiàn)實(shí)，缺乏人性，他設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)器人并沒有邊工作邊吹口哨（這代表一種休閑的工作方式），而作者認(rèn)為這樣，所以B和C均對；D）是說作者贊同Inada博士的夢想，從文字的語氣中可以得知作者是希望他實(shí)現(xiàn)夢想的，而且還提出了更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)夢想的建議，所以D也對。根據(jù)題意的要求，選A。 40.【答案】B。
【譯文】“歡迎光臨我們的這位同事，我們希望你能幫助他安頓下來?！边@句話中的“co-worker”指什么？ 【試題分析】猜測詞義題。根據(jù)上下文猜測文中的指代名詞，這需要分析這個(gè)指代名詞的真正所指。
【詳細(xì)解答】這句話中，這位同事（co-worker）顯然與后半句中的“他”是同指，“他”安頓下來，那么“他”指什么呢？結(jié)合這是機(jī)器人投入使用的典禮儀式，是誰安頓下來呢？顯然就是即將投入使用的機(jī)器人。所以“這位同事”（co-worker）是指即將投入使用的機(jī)器人，即B。
Part Ⅴ 寫作指導(dǎo)：
這是一篇限制性提綱作文。由于已經(jīng)給出了寫作主題和段落模式，所以必須緊扣標(biāo)題，嚴(yán)格遵守提綱，達(dá)到規(guī)定字?jǐn)?shù)。構(gòu)思時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)一定要清晰，建議使用四段式，第一段綜述，第二、三段分述，第四段做總結(jié)，二、三段是重點(diǎn)?？蓪⑻峋V中的兩點(diǎn)作為第二段和第三段的主題句，但不要逐字翻譯，然后再找2～3個(gè)與主題相關(guān)的素材展開說明。另外還需注意：①寫好第一句話。這樣容易給閱卷者留下一個(gè)好印象，最好能用上一個(gè)漂亮的復(fù)合句，里面再用上2～3個(gè)難的單詞或詞組，但不能出錯(cuò)。②在寫作時(shí)盡量多用長句，少用短句，適當(dāng)加入幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜的句子?？啥嘤眠B接性的詞組或單詞，如first，second，moreover，for one thing...for another，on the one hand...on the other hand等等?？梢园阉鼈冎糜诙问谆蛭闹斜容^顯著的位置，這樣會使文章更具條理性。③注意結(jié)尾的時(shí)候要點(diǎn)題，把自己的觀點(diǎn)明確說出來。文章不要寫得太長，這樣容易引起閱卷者的反感，達(dá)到字?jǐn)?shù)就可以了。④如有可能，適當(dāng)加上一兩句名言或是諺語，以顯示你的水平。最后要注意沒有語法錯(cuò)誤，并保持卷面干凈整潔。
本文可以這樣寫：首先第一段介紹在生活和工作節(jié)奏不斷加快的今天，人們會碰到各種各樣的個(gè)人危機(jī)，如：工作事業(yè)上的，婚戀家庭上的，人際關(guān)系上的等等；第二段則按照提綱中的第一點(diǎn)重點(diǎn)分析造成個(gè)人危機(jī)的起因，主要有自身處理事物能力不足，外部環(huán)境較為不利，以及運(yùn)氣不佳等等；第三段則根據(jù)提綱中第二點(diǎn)提出應(yīng)對個(gè)人危機(jī)的方法，要根據(jù)第二段中的起因來提應(yīng)對方法，可以寫需要個(gè)人有堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志毅力和不懈的努力奮斗，積極改善外部環(huán)境，善于抓住機(jī)遇；第四段可以適應(yīng)發(fā)揮，進(jìn)一步闡明自己的觀點(diǎn)，并提出希望。 當(dāng)然，也可以按照提綱就寫兩段，只要說清問題即可。 參考范文：
How to Deal with Personal Crisis Since different person may come across different crisis，it is difficult to answer why personal crisis will happen and what leads to the situation.It depends.But the main origins and causes can be concluded in the following three aspects： lack of strong mind and personal incompetence to overcome difficulty，disadvantageous surroundings，and bad luck.Only when one person does well in all these three aspects，can he or she avoid personal crisis.
But anyway，All is not lost that is in danger.Every cloud has a silver lining.One will surely come out from the crisis if he masters the right methods.At first，he should envisage the crisis with the right eye.And then，he should be strongly-minded and be perseverant all the time.Thirdly，he should try his best to improve relation with his boss，colleagues，partners，friends，and his family members in order to get a better surrounding.At last，he should try to grasp every chance to make progress.In this way，the crisis can be transferred to success.
本套試卷測試語言重點(diǎn) 10個(gè)重點(diǎn)單詞：
simultaneous: 同時(shí)發(fā)生的〒
deteriorate:（使）惡化
migrate:（使）移居，移往
eligible: 符合條件的，合格的 alternate: 交替，輪流，改變
cook: 廚師 self-conscious: 有自知之明的 minimum:最低限度的，最小量 distribute: 分發(fā)，分配，分布
competent: 能夠勝任的，有能力的 4個(gè)重點(diǎn)詞組：
start out: 出發(fā)，動身，起家 settle in: 安頓，遷入
coincide with: 與??一致，與??同時(shí)發(fā)生 on the course of: 在??的過程中
中國名校六級密卷(2)
北京師范大學(xué)外文學(xué)院 范 民
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are four passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Let children learn to judge their own work.A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time.If corrected too much, he will stop talking.He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use.Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like what other people say.In the same way, when children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught—to work, run, climb, whistle, or ride a bicycle.They compare those performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes.But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his own mistakes for himself, let alone correct them.We do it all for him.We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to.soon he becomes dependent on the teacher.Let him do it himself.Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book.Let him correct his own papers.Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find a way to get the right answer.Let’s end this nonsense of grades, exams and marks.Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, that is, how to measure their own understanding and how to know what they know or do not know.Let them get on with this job in the way that seems most sensible to them, with our help as school teachers if they ask for it.The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one’s life is nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours.Anxious parents and teachers say, “But suppose they fail to learn something essential, something they will need to get in the world? Don’t worry!if it is essential, they will go out into the world and learn it.”
21.What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things? A)By making mistakes and having them pointed out by others. B)By having their mistakes corrected.
C)By noticing their problems and making changes. D)By listening to explanations from skilled people.
22.According to the passage, a teacher’s duty is to____. A)providing students with help when necessary
B)finding out students’ mistakes and correcting them
C)teaching students the essential knowledge that they will need in their future life D)telling students the correct answers
23.The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are____. A)not really important skills
B)more important than other skills C)basically the same in that we learn by practising and making changes D)quite different in terms of the way of learning
24.Exams, grades, and marks should be abolished because children’s progress should only be assessed by ____. A)educated persons
B)the children themselves C)teachers D)parents
25.The author fears that if adults always correct mistakes for children, children will grow up to be____.
A)fearful of making mistakes B)too critical of themselves
C)unable to think for themselves
D)unable to use basic skillsPassage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
One of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is, of course, the voice of the advertisers.Its shrilling clamour（喧鬧聲）dominates our lives.It shouts at us from the television screens and the radio loudspeakers;waves to us from every page of the newspaper;plucks at our sleeves on the escalator;signals to us from the road-side billboards all day and flashes messages to us in coloured lights at night.
Advertising has been among England’s biggest growth industries since the war, in terms of the ratio of money earnings to demonstrate achievement.Why all this fantastic expenditure?
Perhaps the answer is that advertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer.At the stage of designing and developing a product, there is quite enough to think about without worrying over whether anybody will want to buy it.The designer is busy enough without adding customer appeal to all his other problems of man-hours and machine tolerances and stress factors.So they just go ahead and make the thing and leave it to the advertiser to find eleven ways of making it appeal to purchasers after they finish it, by pretending that it gives status, or attracts love, or signifies manliness.If the advertising agency can do this authoritatively enough, the manufacturer is in clover(養(yǎng)尊處優(yōu)).
Other manufacturers find advertising saves them from changing their product.And manufacturers hate change.The ideal product is or another, some alteration seems called for how much better to change the image, the packet or the pitch made by the product, rather than go to all the inconvenience of changing the product itself.
26.According to the passage modern advertising becomes one of the most prosperous industries because____.
A)people are more concerned with the image of a product rather than the product itself B)it saves manufacturers from considering how the products can appeal to customers C)there are all kinds of media available
D)there are many excellent advertisers who can make their voices authoritative 27.The forms of advertising mentioned in paragraph 1 would have least impact ____. A)in the rush hours B)during working hours C)before working hours D)after working hours
28．According to the passage, a designer of products is preoccupied with the following problems EXCEPT ____.
A)customer appeal B)man-hour
C)machine tolerance D)stress factors
29.Advertisers are appreciated by manufacturers because they ____. A)advise them on ways of giving a product customer appeal B)accept responsibility for giving a product customer appeal C)advise them on the best time to go ahead with production D)consult them during the design and development stages 30．According to the last paragraph, if changes are called for, some manufactures are more willing to change ____. A)the image of a product B)the function of a product C)the quality of a product
D)the price of a productPassage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Telecommuting—substituting the computer for the trip to the job—has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work.
For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts.For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility.In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality.
But these benefits do not come easily.Making a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images.
Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter.A computer programmer from New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer.A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other two.An accountant stays home to care for her sick child: she hooks up her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to the doctor.
These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality.Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time.Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and family.Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done.Management, too, must separate the myth from reality.Although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting, in most cases it is the employees’ situation, not the availability of technology, that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.
That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.
31．Which of the following is not mentioned as a problem related to office work? A)Wasting time in traffic.
B)The conflict between child-care and work. C)The inflexible schedule.
D)The high expense on office equipment.
32．According to the passage, how does telecommuting benefit management? A)It enables workers to work intensively without being disturbed by colleagues. B)It can reduce the rush-hour congestion. C)It can free workers from office.
D)It can stabilize the staff since they can better take care of the family. 33．What subject does the passage mainly talk about? A)Business management strategies. B)The use of computer.
C)The life style of telecommuters.
D)Extending the workplace by means of computers. 34．According to the passage, the idea of telecommuting is not very realistic because____. A)it’s difficult to take care of small children and concentrate on work at the same time B)computer technology is not advanced enough C)electrical malfunctions can destroy a project
D)the workers do not always have all the needed resources at home
35.Which of the following is an example of telecommuting as described in the passage?
A)A scientist in a laboratory developing plans for a space station.
B)A technical writer sending via computer documents created at home. C)A computer technician repairing an office computer network.
D)A teacher directing computer assisted learning in a private school.Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
The world has spent on preparation for war more than $112 billion a year, roughly $450 per head for every man, woman, and child in the world.Let us consider for a moment what could be done with this sum of money if it were spent on peace and not on war.Some of it, at any rate, in the more prosperous countries, could be spent on the reduction of taxation.The rest should be spent in ways that will, at the same time, be of benefit to mankind and a solution to the economic problem of change from war industry to the expansion of peace industries.As to this expansion, let us begin with the most elementary of all needs, namely, food.Today, the majority of mankind suffers from undernourishment, and in view of the population explosion, this situation is likely to grow worse in the coming decades.A very small part of what is now being spent upon weapons would improve our predicament.Not only could the American surplus of grain, which was for many years uselessly destroyed, be spent in relief of famine, but, by irrigation, large region now desert could be made fertile, and by improvement in transport, distribution from regions of excess to regions of scarcity could be helped.
Housing, even in the richest countries, is often disastrously inadequate.This could be relieved by a tiny fraction of what is being spent on missiles.Education everywhere, but especially in the newly liberated countries of Africa and Asia, demands an expenditure many times as great as that which it receives now.But it is not only greater expenditure that is needed in education.If the terror of war were removed, science could be devoted to improving human welfare, instead of to the invention of increasingly expensive methods of mutual killing, and schools would no longer think it a part of their duty to promote hatred of possible enemies by means of ignorance hardened by lies.
36.According to the passage, the problem of famine can be relieved by the following means EXCEPT ____.
A)increasing taxes in rich countries
B)distributing food from regions of excess to regions of scarcity C)controlling population explosion D)developing irrigating techniques
37．Which of the following is not mentioned as benefits derived from diverting money spent on war to peaceful purposes? A)Taxes could be reduced.
B)Better housing could be provided. C)Famine could be relieved.
D)Population explosion could be controlled.
38．It can be inferred that the author’s attitude is ____. A)ideal B)pessimistic C)pragmatic D)optimistic
39．It can be inferred that schools of today often have to ____. A)teach knowledge of war
B)promote hatred towards possible enemies C)teach students not to tell lies D)close due to inadequate funds
40．The bold word “undernourishment”(Line 9, Para.1)most probably means ____.
A)war disaster B)poverty
C)lack of nutrition D)certain disease
Part Ⅴ Writing(30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Pressure in Modern Life.You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below: 1.現(xiàn)代生活充滿壓力； 2.壓力對人身心的影響； 3.如何緩解壓力。答案與詳解 Part Ⅱ Passage One
內(nèi)容概要:本篇文章談到學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)語言時(shí)，教師總是習(xí)慣于指出并糾正學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤，這種方法是不妥的。語言的學(xué)習(xí)和其他技能的學(xué)習(xí)一樣，學(xué)生可以在實(shí)踐的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，做出相應(yīng)改變。教師的過多干涉只會增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的依賴型，因此不可取。教師的職責(zé)是在學(xué)生需要時(shí)給予幫助，使學(xué)生對自己的能力做出正確評價(jià)。 21.【答案】C。
【試題分析】事實(shí)辨認(rèn)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章指出，孩子們學(xué)習(xí)很多技能和學(xué)習(xí)語言一樣，犯了錯(cuò)誤不需要總是被指出并糾正，他們會自覺地與其他人做比較，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，并且做出改變，故選項(xiàng)C正確。 22.【答案】A。
【試題分析】事實(shí)辨認(rèn)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章有這樣的句子“Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find a way to get the right answer”，因此教師的任務(wù)不是給他們正確答案，也不是糾正他們的錯(cuò)誤，根據(jù)文中“The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one's life nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours.” 的意思，作者認(rèn)為在這個(gè)復(fù)雜多變的社會里，教師的任務(wù)也不應(yīng)僅僅是傳授一些必需的知識，故只有A正確。 23.【答案】C。
【試題分析】事實(shí)辨析題。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章指出，學(xué)習(xí)語言和學(xué)習(xí)其他技能如同騎自行車一樣，需要在使用這種技能的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，并做出相應(yīng)的變化，這樣才能得到提高。故C符合文章的本意。 24.【答案】B。
【試題分析】推理題。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章指出孩子們要學(xué)習(xí)和知道的并不是所謂的正確答案，重要的是要對自己已知和未知的東西有一個(gè)正確的了解，因此只有他們才能對自己的能力做出正確評價(jià)。 25.【答案】C。
【試題分析】事實(shí)辨析題。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章指出，如果教師總是指出并糾正學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤，學(xué)生就會過于依賴教師而不會自己做出判斷，故C正確。 Passage Two
內(nèi)容概要:本文談到廣告在人們的生活中無處不在，無孔不入，廣告業(yè)也成為二戰(zhàn)后英國最興盛的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一，原因在于廣告可使廠家不必再花費(fèi)心思于如何吸引顧客，他們可以把這一切都交給廣告商的包裝和宣傳。 26.【答案】B。
【試題分析】事實(shí)辨析題。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章第三段談及了廣告業(yè)興旺的原因：“Perhaps the answer is that advertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer”，即廠家不必再去考慮如何吸引顧客，而是把它交給廣告。故B正確。 27.【答案】B。
【試題分析】推理題。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章第一段列舉了廣告進(jìn)入人們生活的各種途徑，如電視、收音機(jī)、報(bào)紙、地鐵站等，所有這些都是人們在路途中或休閑時(shí)聽到或看到的，而不是在上班時(shí)間，故B。 28.【答案】A。
【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】根據(jù)文中第三段“The designer is busy enough without adding customer appeal to all his other problems of man-hours and machine tolerances and stress factors”可知答案為A。 29.【答案】B。
【試題分析】推斷題。
【詳細(xì)解答】根據(jù)文章第三段，廠家可以不必去考慮如何吸引顧客，而把這些都交給廣告商。因此應(yīng)選B，即廣告商要承擔(dān)使產(chǎn)品更具吸引力的任務(wù)。 30.【答案】A。
【試題分析】事實(shí)辨析題。
【詳細(xì)解答】最后一段的大意是某些廠家寧愿通過廣告改變產(chǎn)品的形象，而不愿去花費(fèi)心思改變產(chǎn)品本身。故答案為A。 Passage Three
內(nèi)容概要:本文針對使用電腦在家辦公這樣一種新的工作方式發(fā)表評論，指出它雖然有若干好處，但在某些方面并不現(xiàn)實(shí)，因此真正實(shí)行用電腦在家辦公的公司并不多。 31.【答案】D。
【試題分析】事實(shí)辨析題。
【詳細(xì)解答】從第二段可以看出，A,B,C項(xiàng)都是在普通的辦公室工作中存在的，人們希望通過在家辦公來解決的問題，只有D項(xiàng)沒有提到，故選D。 32.【答案】A。
【試題分析】事實(shí)辨析題。
【詳細(xì)解答】從文章第二段“telecommuting...allows periods of solitude for high concentration tasks”可以得知，在家辦公對于管理方的好處在于員工可以更專心地投入那些需要注意力高度集中的工作。故選項(xiàng)A正確。 33.【答案】D。
【試題分析】主旨題。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章主要討論了一種新的工作方式——使用電腦在家辦公，因此D（通過電腦使工作空間擴(kuò)大）是正確選項(xiàng)。 34.【答案】A。
【試題分析】事實(shí)辨析題。
【詳細(xì)解答】從文中第五段句子“Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time”可知選項(xiàng)A正確。 35.【答案】B。
【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】本題問的是哪一項(xiàng)是文章所給的使用計(jì)算機(jī)在家辦公的例子。根據(jù)文章第四段中“A computer programmer...stays in contact with her office via computer”可知，只有B與之相符。 Passage Four
內(nèi)容概要:文章指出全世界每年花費(fèi)巨額的金錢用于為戰(zhàn)爭做準(zhǔn)備，如果將這筆錢用于和平的目的，會解決當(dāng)今世界面臨的許多問題，從而大大改善人們的生活。 36.【答案】A。
【試題分析】事實(shí)辨析題。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章第一段指出，當(dāng)今世界很多地方還沒有解決溫飽問題，而人口的膨脹使這個(gè)問題在下一個(gè)十年會變得更加嚴(yán)重。文章還提出，通過發(fā)展灌溉和交通，這個(gè)問題有望得到緩解。故應(yīng)選A。 37.【答案】D。
【試題分析】事實(shí)辨析題。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章提到將用于軍備的錢用于和平的目的，能夠減少稅收、改善居住條件、解決溫飽問題。只有D未被提到，故應(yīng)選D。 38.【答案】B。
【試題分析】推理題。
【詳細(xì)解答】通觀全文，可以看出作者用大部分篇幅描述當(dāng)今世界面臨的各種問題，其態(tài)度基本上是悲觀的。 39.【答案】B。
【試題分析】推理題。
【詳細(xì)解答】根據(jù)文章最后一句話，在目前情況下，學(xué)校常常不得不教育孩子們，以期在孩子的心目中制造對假想敵人的仇恨，故選B。40.【答案】C。
【試題分析】詞匯題。
【詳細(xì)解答】根據(jù)上下文，此處探討的是有些地區(qū)面臨的溫飽問題，故只有C（缺乏營養(yǎng)）貼近詞意。
Part Ⅴ 寫作指導(dǎo)：
本文第一段適合使用舉例法，說明現(xiàn)代生活中人們要承受哪些壓力。第二段要注意從身心兩方面（physically and psychologically）說明壓力的影響，因?yàn)榈谌我勅绾尉徑鈮毫Γ试诖藨?yīng)側(cè)重負(fù)面影響，而對正面影響可以一帶而過。第三段提出解決方法。注意各段的主題句要清晰、明確。 參考范文：
Pressure in Modern Life
People are faced with more and more pressure in modern life.Adults have to compete with one another for better jobs, higher pays, desirable prizes and opportunities of promotion.Even small children have to compete in order to obtain opportunities to receive better education.Therefore, life in the modern society is quite stressful.Although pressure can motivate people to make greater efforts in their work and study, it does a lot of harm to people’s physical and psychological health.For example, people easily get tired under pressure.And constant pressure contributes to many other negative aspects of mental state, such as irritability, tension, gloominess, restlessness, etc.
It is necessary to relax yourself and get rid of the negative consequences of pressure.For example, when you are having too much pressure, it is advisable to listen to some light music or take part in some sports activities.It is also helpful to talk to a close friend about what is on your mind, or take a trip so that your attention can be diverted from the task for some time.All these activities can help you to reduce pressure and handle tasks more effectively and efficiently.本套試卷測試語言重點(diǎn) 10個(gè)重點(diǎn)單詞：
adjust:調(diào)整，校準(zhǔn)；適應(yīng) mobile: 活動的，流動的 carry: 傳送，輸送 issue:指刊物的一期 deserve: 值得，應(yīng)該享有，名副其實(shí) approach:后面接介詞to，表示方法、步驟 release:發(fā)布（新聞），發(fā)行（電影）；釋放，放開 convey: 表達(dá)，傳達(dá)（思想、感情等） advisable: 明智的，可取的 complicated: 復(fù)雜的 4個(gè)重點(diǎn)詞組：
break off： 突然停止，中斷
take to： 養(yǎng)成某種愛好，變得喜歡（經(jīng)常）做某事 call for： 應(yīng)當(dāng)，需要（采取某行動），要求（有） at random： 隨便地，任意地??
中國名校六級密卷(3)
上海外國語大學(xué)新聞傳播學(xué)院 李美 Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Every profession or trade, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary.Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies.In trades and handicrafts, and other vocations, like farming and fishery, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary, is very old.It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language.Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood, than most other technicalities.The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their older strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary.Yet every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech.And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts.Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn.Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions, and seldom get into general literature or conversation.Yet no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a close guild（行會）.The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, the divine, associated freely with his fellow-creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way.Furthermore, what is called “popular science” makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries.Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy.Thus our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.21.Special words used in technical discussion____. A)never last long
B)should be confined to scientific fields C)may become part of common speech D)are considered artificial language speech 22.It is true that____.
A)everyone is interested in scientific findings
B)the average man often uses in his own vocabulary what was once technical language not meant for him
C)an educated person would be expected to know most technical terms
D)various professions and occupations often interchange their dialects and jargons 23.In recent years,there has been a marked increase in the number of technical terms in the terminology of____.
A)fishery
B)farmingC)government D)sports24.The writer of the article was, undoubtedly ____.
A)a linguist B)an attorneyC)a scientist D)an essayist 25.The author’s main purpose in the passage is to____. A)describe a phenomenon B)propose a solution C)be entertaining D)argue a belief Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil War.Crude oil, or petroleum—a dark, thick ooze（滲出物，分泌物）from the earth—had been known for hundreds of years.But little use had ever been made of it.In the 1850’s Samuel M.Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, began collecting the oil from local seepage and refining it into kerosene.Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw material.
Kerosene was used to light lamps.It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get.Soon there was a large demand for kerosene.People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.
The first oil well was drilled by E.L.Drake,a retired railroad conductor.In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville,Pennsylvania.The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it“Drake’s Folly.”But when he had drilled down about 70 feet(21 meters),Drake struck oil.His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.
News of Drake’s success brought oil prospectors to the scene.By the early 1860’s these wildcatters were drilling for “black gold” all over western Pennsylvania.The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere.And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.Crude oil could be refined into many products.For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one.It was sold in grocery stores and door-to-door.In the 1880’s and 1890’s refiners learned how to make other products such as waxes and lubricating oils.Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heating oil.26.According to the passage, many people initially thought that E.L.Drake had made a mistake by ____. A)moving Pennsylvania B)retiring from his job C)searching for oil
D)going on a whaling expedition
27.According to the passage, what is “black gold”? A)Gold ore.B)Sstolen money. C)Whale oil.D)Crude oil.
28.Why does the author mention the California gold rush? A)To indicate the extent of United States mineral wealth. B)To argue that gold was more valuable than oil.
C)To describe the mood when oil was first discovered. D)To explain the need for an increased supply of gold.
29.The author mentions all of the following as possible products of crude oil EXCEPT____.
A)gasoline B)kerosene
C)wax
D)plastic30.What might be the best title for the passage? A)Oil Refining: A Historical Perspective. B)Kerosene Lamps: A Light in the Tunnel.
C)The California Gold Rush: Get Rich Quickly. D)Private Property: Trespassers Will Be Prosecuted. Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
For about three centuries we have been doing science, trying science out, using science for the construction of what we call modern civilization.Every dispensable item of contemporary technology, from canal locks to dial telephones to penicillin, was pieced together from the analysis of data provided by one or another series of scientific experiments.Three hundred years seems a long time for testing a new approach to human interliving, long enough to settle back for critical appraisal of the scientific method, maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not.There is an argument. Voices have been raised in protest since the beginning, rising in pitch and violence in the nineteenth century during the early stages of the industrial revolution, summoning urgent crowds into the streets any day these days on the issue of nuclear energy.Give it back, say some of the voices, it doesn’t really work, we’ve tried it and it doesn’t work, go back three hundred years and start again on something else less chancy for the race of man. The principle discoveries in this century, taking all in all, are the glimpses of the depth of our ignorance about nature.Things that used to seem clear and rational, matters of absolute certainty-Newtonian mechanics, for example-have slipped through our fingers, and we are left with a new set of gigantic puzzles, cosmic uncertainties, ambiguities;some of the laws of physics are amended every few years, some are canceled outright, some undergo revised versions of legislative intent as if they were acts of Congress.
Just thirty years ago we call it a biological revolution when the fantastic geometry of the DNA molecule was exposed to public view and the linear language of genetics was decoded.For a while, things seemed simple and clear, the cell was a neat little machine, a mechanical device ready for taking to pieces and reassembling, like a tiny watch.But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex, filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond today’s imagining.It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to do.What lies ahead, or what can lie ahead if the efforts in basic research are continued, is much more than the conquest of human disease or the improvement of agricultural technology or the cultivation of nutrients in the sea.As we learn more about fundamental processes of living things in general we will learn more about ourselves.31.What can’ t be inferred from the 1st paragraph?
A)Scientific experiments in the past three hundred years have produced many valuable items.
B)For three hundred years there have been people holding hostile attitude toward science.
C)Modern civilization depends on science so man supports scientific progress unanimously.
D)Three hundred years is not long enough to settle back critical appraisal of scientific method.
32.The principle discovery in this century shows ____.
A)man has overthrown Newton’ s laws of physics B)man has solved a new set of gigantic puzzles C)man has lost many scientific discoveries D)man has given up some of the once accepted theories 33.Now scientists have found in the past few years____. A)the exposure of DNA to the public is unnecessary B)the tiny cell in DNA is a neat little machine C)man knows nothing about DNA D)man has much to learn about DNA 34.The writer’s main purpose in writing the passage is to say that ____. A)science is just at its beginning B)science has greatly improved man’s life C)science has made profound progress D)science has done too little to human beings 35.The writer’s attitude towards science is ____. A)critical B)approving C)neutral D)regretful Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
Efforts to educate people about the risks of substance abuse（毒品濫用）seem to deter some people from using dangerous substances, if such efforts are realistic about what is genuinely dangerous and what is not.Observed declines in the use of such drugs as LSD, PCP, and quaaludes since the early 1970s are probably related to increased awareness of the risks of their use, and some of this awareness was the result of warnings about these drugs in “ underground ”papers read by drug users.Such sources are influential, because they do not give a simple “all drugs are terrible for you” message.Drug users know there are big variations in danger among drugs, and antidrug education that ignores or denies this is likely to be ridiculed.This is illustrated by the popularity among young marijuana users of Reefer Madness, a widely unrealistic propaganda film against marijuana made in the 1930s.This film made the rounds of college campuses in the 1970s and joined rock music videos on cable television’s MTV in the 1980s.Instead of deterring marijuana use, it became a cult（風(fēng)靡一時(shí)的）film among users, many of whom got high to watch it. Although persuasion can work for some people if it is balanced and reasonable, other people seem immune to the most reasoned educational efforts.Millions have started smoking even though the considerable health risks of smoking have been well known and publicized for years.Moreover, the usefulness of education lies in primary prevention: prevention of abuse among those who presently have no problem.Hence, Bomier’s contention that “if the Pepsi generation can be persuaded to drink pop wine, they can be persuaded not to drink it while driving” is probably not correct, since most drunken driving is done by people who already have significant drinking problems, and hence seem not to be dissuaded even by much stronger measures such as loss of a driver’s license.36.According to the passage, up to now, antidrug education____. A)has made all people see the danger of drugs B)has succeeded in dissuading people from using drugs C)has been effective only to a certain degree D)has proved to be a total failure 37.The film “Reefer Madness” mentioned in the passage____. A)effectively deterred marijuana use B)was rejected by young marijuana users C)did not picture the danger of marijuana realistically D)was welcomed by marijuana users because it told them how to get high 38.The message “all drugs are terrible for you” is not influential because____. A)it ignores the fact that drugs vary greatly in danger B)it gives a false account of the risks of drug use C)some drugs are good for health D)it does not appear in underground papers 39.According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true? A)Even balanced and reasonable antidrug persuasion is influential only to some people. B)Most drug users are ignorant of the danger of drugs. C)Punishments such as loss of a driver’s license do not seem to be an effective way to stop drunken driving. D)Primary prevention is a useful principle to be followed in antidrug education. 40.The best title for the passage would be ____. A)Are All Drugs Terrible for You? B)Do People Believe What Underground Papers Say? C)Is There an Increased Awareness of the Risks of Drugs? D)Can Persuasion Reduce Drug Abuse? Part Ⅴ Writing(30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition based on the following news extracted from newspaper, commenting on what had happened and giving your own understanding of it.You should write at least 150 words and give your own writing an appropriate title. “香港著名影、視、歌三棲明星張國榮四月一日從香港某高層樓縱身跳下，自殺身亡??” ——《新民晚報(bào)》 Section B Passage One
William Shakespeare was christened in the market town of Stratford on Avon, Warwickshire, on April 26,1564;traditionally, his actual birthday was three days earlier, on St.George’s day, the same day as his death fifty-two years later.His father, John, was a respected middle-class trader, and his mother, Mary Arden, came from a family of local landowners.It seems probable that young William received a fair education(for his day)at the local Grammar School;at the age of eighteen he married a girl eight years older than himself, Anne Hathaway, who gave him a child the following year and twins in 1585.Little else is known of his early life, and so we cannot tell what made him decide to leave Stratford in 1586 for London, where he stayed until 1611.In London he must soon have attracted attention, because by 1592 he was a popular enough writer and actor to be laughed at by an older dramatist as an uneducated Jack of all trades.He is mentioned as
being among the principal actors of the city as early as 1598, and in 1599 we find that he is a member of the company running the Globe Theater, with one-tenth interest in the profits-showing a business sense rarely seen in his fellow writers.His popularity is indicated by the fact that not only were his own plays published under his name, which was a rare procedure in his day, but also plays by others are to be found attributed to him, as if to indicate that his name alone would promise a good sale.11.When did William Shakespeare die? 12.When did Shakespeare and his wife have their first child? 13.Which one can we infer from the article? 14.Which of the following is true? Passage Two
Centuries ago, during the Middle Ages, most of the land in Europe was owned by many different kings and queens, princes and princesses, and lords and ladies.They did not all get along.They were always fighting.They all wanted to get more land.To protect themselves, they started building huge homes out of stone.They called their homes castles.
A castle was built behind a strong stonewall.The wall was five or six feet thick and ten to twenty feet high.A deep ditch called a moat was dug around the outside of the wall.It was often filled with water, and the only way anyone could enter the castle was to cross a drawbridge.The drawbridge could be raised or lowered over the moat from inside the castle walls.There was also a tunnel that began in the castle and ended at the moat.This was important in case the castle was captured.It allowed the king and queen to escape.They could swim across the moat and hide in the forest.
Living in a castle was not very comfortable.The rooms were cold and damp.Every room could have a fire burning in a great fireplace, but until the twelfth century castles did not have chimneys.The smoke from their fireplaces had to go out through open doors and windows. Meals often had ten or twelve courses.The meat might be wild boar or birds that were boiled or roasted over an open fire.All the food was highly seasoned.People even put pepper in their drinks!
The people sat at a long table and ate with their fingers and a knife, all picking their food from the same big dish.They had no napkins.Therefore, they often wiped their hands on pieces of bread.When their fingers were clean, they threw the bread to their hunting dogs.15.Which of the following statements is NOT true about castles? 16.What can be inferred from the people’s eating habit in a castle? 17.What is the main topic of this passage? Passage Three
Years ago before there were refrigerators, an icehouse was a building used for storing ice.The first icehouses were in the cellars of farmhouses.Pieces of ice, mixed with snow and meadow grass, were piled in winter and kept until the following summer.Soon farmers began to build separate houses for storing ice.These icehouses had double walls with bay stuffed between to keep out any heat.Blocks of ice were put inside the icehouse and packed with straw or sawdust.
Where did the ice for these icehouses come from? Workers took it from a frozen pond or river.They sawed the ice into even blocks.Then they pulled the ice blocks from the water with hooks and carried them to the icehouses on sleds.
Special tools helped the workers cut and handle the ice.Ice axes chopped large holes in the ice.Ice saws cut the ice into even blocks.Choppers loosened these blocks from one another.Ice hooks fastened themselves into the large blocks.Then they could be carried over the frozen surface of the pond or river.Tongs were used to pick up the smaller blocks of ice.
Ships carried ice all over the world.In 1799 the first boatload in the United States was sent from New York City to icehouses in New Orleans, Louisiana.A boatload was sent from Boston, Massachusetts, to the West Indies to help fight yellow fever in 1805.Ice merchants in Boston also shipped tons of ice from ponds and rivers to cities in Europe.18.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a step for farmers to store ice in icehouses? 19.Which of the following statements is NOT true? 20.Which of the following is the correct order in which workers cut and handle ice? 答案與詳解 Part Ⅱ Passage One 內(nèi)容概要:本文討論的重點(diǎn)是各行各業(yè)的專業(yè)詞匯。不同的職業(yè)，其專業(yè)詞匯具有自身的特征。比如商業(yè)、手工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)及漁業(yè)的專業(yè)詞匯中包含大量的古文。然而，隨著大眾科學(xué)的普及，人們對近期的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造變得越來越熟悉，并將某些專有名詞應(yīng)用在了自己的日常交流之中了。21.【答案】C。【譯文】用于技術(shù)交流中的某些專用詞匯也可以用于日常交流之中。【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)辨析題，通過理解原文即可推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】見文章最后一句話，Thus our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.說明人們在日常談話中總會使用一些新的專有詞匯使之成為日常用語。這一思想與答案C一致。22.【答案】B。【譯文】普通人會在自己的日常用語中使用他過去并不使用的專用術(shù)語。【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)辨析題，通過理解原文即可推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】本題與前面的21題有相通之處。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，A（每個(gè)人都對科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)感興趣）是沒有根據(jù)的、太過絕對的斷言；C（受過教育的人都應(yīng)該了解大多數(shù)的專有名詞）顯然也是無根據(jù)的，而“不同的專業(yè)或行業(yè)之間經(jīng)?；Q行話”（選項(xiàng)D）在文中也找不到根據(jù)。只有答案B與文章的最后幾句話相吻合。23.【答案】C。【譯文】近年來，專用術(shù)語的數(shù)量具有明顯增長的是行政管理方面的術(shù)語。【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)辨析題，通過理解原文即可推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】該段文章的段中有一句話：And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts.說明自然科學(xué)、政治學(xué)及機(jī)械學(xué)領(lǐng)域的術(shù)語增加最快，只有答案C符合這種說法。24.【答案】A。【譯文】該文作者肯定是一名語言學(xué)家。【試題分析】綜合分析題，通過理解全文推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】根據(jù)文章所談?wù)摰闹黝}，即不同行業(yè)的專用術(shù)語的問題，顯然作者是一位語言學(xué)家，而不是律師（B）科學(xué)家（C）或評論家（D）。25.【答案】A。【譯文】作者寫作本文的主要目的是描寫一種現(xiàn)象。【試題分析】綜合分析推論題，在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容，作者在文中介紹了各種不同行業(yè)的專用名詞的特點(diǎn)，以及這些術(shù)語的發(fā)展和使用情況，顯然是陳述性質(zhì)的，是向讀者描述某種現(xiàn)象，而不是為了提供解決問題的方案（B），因?yàn)楦緵]有提出任何問題；更不是為了娛樂（C）和爭辯（D）。因此正確答案是A。Passage Two 內(nèi)容概要:本文講述的美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后發(fā)展起來的新興工業(yè)——煉油業(yè)的相關(guān)情況。19世紀(jì)50年代一位名叫Samuel M.Kier的人首次煉出了煤油。它的出現(xiàn)取代了鯨油供人們電燈照明。E.L.Drake是第一個(gè)鉆井成功的人。他的成功為以后大量的勘探者帶來了取之不盡的財(cái)富。26.【答案】C。【譯文】許多人開始時(shí)認(rèn)為E.L.Drake搜尋石油的做法是錯(cuò)誤的。【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)辨析題，通過理解原文即可推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】根據(jù)文章第三段對該事件的描述，得知E.L.Drake這位退休列車長試圖在 Pennsylvania 的Titusville鉆井，但旁觀者認(rèn)為其行為很不現(xiàn)實(shí)甚至很愚蠢，直到他打到70英尺深處打出石油。因此，答案應(yīng)是C。27.【答案】D。【譯文】根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，black gold（黑色黃金）指的是“原油”。【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)辨析題，通過理解原文即可推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】文章第一段第二句話對原油進(jìn)行了明確的介紹：原油也叫石油，是地下的一種黑色滲出物。這里的“黑色滲出物”也就是第3段談到的E.L.Drake試圖開采的東西，即第4段所謂的black gold（黑色黃金）。因此，正確答案是D。28.【答案】C。【譯文】作者提到加州的淘金熱，目的是描述石油被首次發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)帶給人們的激動情緒。【試題分析】綜
合分析推理題，通過理解原文即可推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】文章第4段提到加州淘金熱時(shí)，原文寫道：The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement...意思是說（當(dāng)時(shí)人們投入開采“黑色黃金”的）熱潮可以與1848年的加州淘金熱相媲美。這顯然是為了向讀者描述石油被首次發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)帶給人們的激動情緒，因此選C。29.【答案】D。【譯文】作者在文中提到由原油生產(chǎn)出的產(chǎn)品不包括塑料。【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)辨析題，通過理解原文即可推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】根據(jù)文章第一段就得知煤油（B.kerosene）是原油提煉出來的；再根據(jù)文章最后一段，得知汽油（A.gasoline）和蠟（C.wax）也是由原油生產(chǎn)而來，所以本題的正確答案應(yīng)是D。30.【答案】A。【譯文】可以作為本文題目的是：煉油的歷史變遷。【試題分析】綜合分析歸納推論題，根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容歸納總結(jié)得出答案。【詳細(xì)解答】根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容，本文主要是介紹煉油的歷史，正確答案是A。選項(xiàng)B, C, D的中心詞分別是“煤油燈”、“加州淘金熱”、“私有財(cái)產(chǎn)”，顯然都不妥。Passage Three
內(nèi)容概要:本文討論的是科學(xué)的進(jìn)步與人類的發(fā)展。三百年以來，我們一直在從事各種科學(xué)活動，試圖利用科學(xué)，揭開科學(xué)的神秘面紗，從而構(gòu)建現(xiàn)代文明。但是，科學(xué)發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在還只是個(gè)開端，人類在各項(xiàng)研究方面都需要繼續(xù)探索和努力，只有這樣，人類才能不斷提高對自身的認(rèn)識。31.【答案】C。【譯文】與第一段內(nèi)容相悖的是：現(xiàn)代文明依賴科學(xué)的發(fā)展，因此所有的人都毫無異議地支持科技的進(jìn)步。【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)辨析題，通過理解原文即可推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】文章第一段提到：...maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not.There is an argument.也就是說，對于將科學(xué)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去，人們觀點(diǎn)不一。并且下文就不同的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的闡述，因此答案C是正確的。與之相比較，其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均是錯(cuò)誤的。32.【答案】D。【譯文】本世紀(jì)的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，人類已經(jīng)放棄了某些曾經(jīng)接受的理論。【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)辨析題，通過理解原文即可推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】見文章第3段，尤其是最后幾句話，...some of the laws of physics are amended every few years, some are canceled outright, some undergo revised versions of legislative intent as if they were acts of Congress.得知人類對理論所采取的做法是修正，擯棄，甚至采取立法手段等，因此正確答案是D。33.【答案】D。【譯文】在過去的幾年里，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對DNA尚需進(jìn)行繼續(xù)深入研究。【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)辨析題，通過理解原文即可推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】承接第4段末尾人們對DNA的再認(rèn)識（But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex, filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond today’s imagining.），作者在第5段指出了對DNA研究的態(tài)度：繼續(xù)深入地開展下去。由此確定答案為D。34.【答案】A。【譯文】作者寫作此文的目的是說明科學(xué)才剛剛起步。【試題分析】總結(jié)歸納題，通過理解全文歸納出答案。【詳細(xì)解答】文章的最后一段明確指出，It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to do.從而清楚地將作者的觀點(diǎn)公之于眾，那就是說，科學(xué)剛剛起步，面前的路還很長很長。因此答案應(yīng)是A。雖然科學(xué)取得了很大進(jìn)展（C），大大改善了人們的生活（B），但這都不是本文的寫作目的。35.【答案】B。【譯文】作者對待科學(xué)的態(tài)度是滿意的。【試題分析】綜合歸納題，在理解文章主題思想的基礎(chǔ)上推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】根據(jù)全文的主題，作者對待科學(xué)的態(tài)度不是挑剔（A），中立（C）也不是遺憾（D），而是滿意的積極的態(tài)度，所以應(yīng)選擇答案B。Passage Four
內(nèi)容概要:本文討論的人們對濫用毒品采取的態(tài)度問題。隨著人們對毒品危害性的日益了解，毒品濫用的情況在減少，但“所有毒品都對人有極大危害”的說法顯然不具有太大的影響力，因?yàn)槿藗兌己苊髁硕酒返亩拘允怯泻艽蟛町惖?。反毒品教育只是在一定程度上降低了毒品濫用的情況，但這個(gè)問題任重道遠(yuǎn)。36.【答案】C。【譯文】根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容得知，到目前為止，反毒品教育只是在某種程度上起到了一定的效果。【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)辨析題，通過理解原文即可推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】文章第一段所述，antidrug education既沒有完全失?。ㄟx項(xiàng)D.a total failure），也不是如選項(xiàng)A，B那樣使所有的人都意識到了吸毒的危害，而是Observed declines in the use of such drugs...即在某種程度上了解了其危害，所以只有C是正確的。37.【答案】C。【譯文】文中提到的Reefer Madness這部電影沒有真實(shí)地反映大麻的危害。【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)辨析題，通過理解原文即可推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】見文章第一段最后幾行，了解到...Reefer Madness, a widely unrealistic propaganda film against marijuana made in the 1930s.也就是說，這部電影是一部相當(dāng)不真實(shí)的反大麻宣傳影片，因此正確答案是C。38.【答案】A。【譯文】“所有的毒品對人的危害都極大”這種說法沒有影響力是因?yàn)樗雎粤硕酒吩谖：π苑矫娌町惡艽蟮氖聦?shí)。【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)辨析題，通過理解原文即可推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】見文章第1段中部，Such sources are influential, because they do not give a simple “all drugs are terrible for you” message.Drug users know there are big variations in danger among drugs, and antidrug education that ignores or denies this is likely to be ridiculed.明確得知答案是A。39.【答案】B。【譯文】大
多數(shù)吸毒者對毒品的危害都視而不見，這種說法是錯(cuò)誤的。【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)辨析題，通過理解原文即可推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】見文章第1段中部，Such sources are influential, because they do not give a simple “all drugs are terrible for you” message.Drug users know there are big variations in danger among drugs, and antidrug education that ignores or denies this is likely to be ridiculed.得知吸毒者了解毒品在危害性上差異很大，因此答案是B。40.【答案】D。【譯文】本文的題目是：勿濫用毒品——能勸好嗎？【試題分析】綜合歸納題，在理解全文基礎(chǔ)上推理得知答案。【詳細(xì)解答】根據(jù)文章的主題，作者不是解釋是否所有的毒品都有害（A），也不是吸毒的危害性是否已經(jīng)被人所知（C），更不是地下報(bào)紙的可信度問題（B），正確答案只能是D。
Part Ⅴ寫作指導(dǎo)：張國榮的自殺事件引起了大家的關(guān)注，就這個(gè)話題寫一篇英文作文看上去容易，寫起來不一定很簡單，挖掘出新意來就更難了。一般來講，就事論事的議論文不要面面俱到，應(yīng)該選擇一個(gè)或兩個(gè)重點(diǎn)，從具體的著眼點(diǎn)進(jìn)行議論評說。下面的范文以人生的結(jié)局為話題，展開對“自殺”的論述，應(yīng)該說對考生是不無啟發(fā)的。
參考范文：Is It a Perfect Ending?
Some people hear their inner voice of pursuing perfection, including a perfect ending.Such people become triumphant, but they choose to suicide.Mr.Zhang Guorong is among them.
Ending never stops fascinating human beings.Ending is the most important part of a story, a period of history, a pursuit, and finally a life.Naturally we have certain kind of curiosity toward the end of our life, but death seems to be out of our reach.Suicide then becomes the fastest and the most convenient way to see the ending, especially for a perfectionist.To some degree, suicide is also a change for the better, at the cost of life. However, suicide doesn’t only cause death.It hurts the feelings of other people still alive.In other words, many broken hearts may become the victims of a released heart.In this sense, suicide is an action without responsibility.One may have his right to die, but he doesn’t have rights to hurt those who love him.
Anyway, death is the last and worst solution to any problems, let alone a pursuit for perfection and a temptation to see the ending. 本套試卷測試語言重點(diǎn)10個(gè)重點(diǎn)單詞：exclusively: 排外地，專有地inflict: 使??受（痛苦），給??以（打擊）blur: 把視線、界限等弄得模糊不清belittle: 輕視，使??顯得渺小hold: 使有效/可行/真實(shí)，有道理inundate: 淹沒reasonably: 適度的，尚可以，過得去fraction: 小部分，一點(diǎn)兒assertion: 聲明，斷言patronize: 資助，光顧4個(gè)重點(diǎn)詞組：take after: 長得相似give way to: 讓位于run off: 復(fù)印，印刷，打印feel inclined to do sth.: 想做某事
中國名校六級密卷(4)
武漢大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 游長松
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages it this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Chemistry did not emerge as a science until after the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century and then only rather slowly and laboriously.But chemical knowledge is as old as history, being almost entirely concerned with the practical arts of living.Cooking is essentially a chemical process;so is the melting of metals and the
administration of drugs and potions.This basic chemical knowledge, which was applied in most cases as a rule of thumb, was nevertheless dependent on previous experiment.It also served to stimulate a fundamental curiosity about the processes themselves.New information was always being gained as artisans improved techniques to gain better results.
The development of a scientific approach to chemistry was, however, hampered by several factors.The most serious problem was the vast range of material available and the consequent difficulty of organizing it into some system.In addition, there were social and intellectual difficulties, chemistry is nothing if not practical;those who practice it must use their hands, they must have a certain practical flair.Yet in many ancient civilizations, practical tasks were primarily the province of a slave population.The thinker or philosopher stood apart from this mundane world, where the practical arts appeared to lack any intellectual content or interest.
The final problem for early chemical science was the element of secrecy.Experts in specific trades had developed their own techniques and guarded their knowledge to prevent others from stealing their livelihood.Another factor that contributed to secrecy was the esoteric nature of the knowledge of alchemists, who were trying to transform base metals into gold or were concerned with the hunt for the elixir that would bestow the blessing of eternal life.In one sense, the second of these was the more serious impediment because the records of the chemical processes that early alchemists had discovered were often written down in symbolic language intelligible to very few or in symbols that were purposely obscure.
21.What is the passage mainly about?
A)The scientific revolution in the seventeenth century. B)Reasons that chemistry developed slowly as a science. C)The practical aspects of chemistry.
D)Difficulties of organizing knowledge systematically.
22.According to the passage, how did knowledge about chemical processes increase before the seventeenth century?
A)Philosophers devised theories about chemical properties. B)A special symbolic language was developed.
C)Experience led workers to revise their techniques. D)Experts shared their discoveries with the public.
23.The bold word “hampered” in Line 1 Para 2 is closest in meaning to____. A)recognized B)determined C)solved D)hindered
24.The bold word “it” refers to which of the following? A)Problem.B)Material.C)Difficulty.D)System.
25.Which of the following statements best explains why “the second of these was the more serious impediment”(Underlined)? A)Chemical knowledge was limited to a small number of people. B)The symbolic language used was very imprecise. C)Very few new discoveries were made by alchemists.
D)The records of the chemical processes were not based on experiments.
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil War.Crude oil, or petroleum a dark, thick ooze from the earth had been known for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it.In the 1850’s Samuel M.Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, began collecting the oil from local scapages and refining it into kerosene.Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw material.
Kerosene was used to light lamps.It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get.Soon there was a large demand for kerosene.People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.
The first oil well was drilled by E.L.Drake, are tired railroad conductor.In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania.The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it “Drake’s Folly”.But when he had drilled down about 70 feet(21 meters), Drake struck oil.His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.
News of Drake’s success brought oil prospectors to the scene.By the early 1860’s these wildcatters were drilling for “black gold” all over western Pennsylvania.The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere.And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.
Crude oil could be refined into many products.For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one.It was sold in grocery stores and door-to-door.In the 1880’s and 1890’s refiners learned how to make other petroleum products such as waxes and lubricating oils.Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heatingoil.
26.What is the best title for the passage? A)Oil Refining: A Historical Perspective
B)The California Gold Rush: Get Rich Quickly C)Private Property: Trespassers Will Be Prosecuted D)Kerosene Lamps: A Light in the Tunnel
27.It can be inferred form the passage that kerosene was preferable to whale oil because whale oil was too____.
A)expensive B)thick C)hot D)polluted
28.According to the passage, many people initially thought that E.L.Drake had made a mistake by____. A)going on a whaling expedition B)moving to Pennsylvania C)searching for oil D)retiring from his job
29.Why does the author mention the California gold rush? A)To explain the need for an increased supply of gold B)To indicate the extent of United States mineral wealth C)To describe the mood when oil was first discovered D)To argue that gold was more valuable than oil
30.Which of the following words could best replace the word “one”(Underlined)?
A)Oil.B)Door.C)Store.D)Product.
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
“Welcome to the U.S.A.!Major credit cards are accepted!”By the millions they are coming no longer the tired, the poor, the wretched masses longing for a better living.These are the wealthy.“We don’t have a budget,” says a biologist from Brazil, as she walks with two companions through New York City’s South Street.“ We just use our credit cards.”
The US has long been one of the world’s most popular tourist destinations, but this year has been exceptional.First, there was the World Cup, which drew thousands from every corner of the globe;then came the weakening of the US dollar against major currencies.Now the US, still the world’s superpower, can also claim to be the world’s bargain basement(廉價(jià)商品部).Nobody undersells America these days on just about everything, from consumer electronics to fashion clothes to tennis rackets.Bottom retail prices anywhere from 30 % to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $ 79 billion in 1994.That’s up from $74 billion the year before.
True, not everyone comes just for bargains.There remains an undeniable fascination in the rest of the world with all things American, nourished by Hollywood films and US television series.But shopping the USA is proving irresistible.Every week thousands arrive with empty suitcases ready to be filled;some even rent an additional hotel room to hold their purchases.The buying binge（無節(jié)制）has become as important as watching Old Faithful Fountains erupt in Yellowstone Park or sunbathing on a beach in Florida.
The US has come at last to appreciate what other countries learned long ago: the pouring in of foreign tourists may not always be convenient, but it does put money in the bank.And with a trade deficit at about $130 billion and growing for the past 12 months, the US needs all the deposits it can get.Compared with American tourists abroad, visitors to the US stay longer and spend more money at each stop;an average of 12.2 night and $ 1624 a traveler versus the Americans’ four nights and $298.
31.From what the Brazilian biologist says, we know that tourists like her ____. A)are reluctant to carry cash with them
B)simply don’ t care how much they spend C)are not good at planning their expenditure D)often spend more money than they can afford
32.The reason why 1994 was exceptional is that ____. A)it saw an unusually large number of tourists to the US B)it witnessed a drop in the number of tourists to the US
C)tourism was hardly affected by the weakening of the US dollar that year D)Tourists came to the US for sightseeing rather than for bargains that year
33.By saying “ nobody undersells America”(Underlined), the author means that ____.
A)no other country underestimates the competitiveness of American products B)nobody expects the Americans to cut the prices of their commodities C)nobody restrains the selling of American goods D)no other country sells at a lower price than America
34.Why does the author assert that all things American are fascinating to foreigners?
A)Because they have gained much publicity through the American media B)Because they represent the world’ s latest fashions C)Because they embody the most sophisticated technology D)Because they are available at all tourist destinations
35.From the passage we can conclude that the US has come to realize____. A)the weakening of the US dollar can result in trade deficits B)the lower the retail prices, the greater in profits
C)tourism can make great contributions to its economy D)visitors to the US are wealthier than US tourists abroad
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
The most interesting architectural phenomenon of the 1970’s was the enthusiasm for refurbishing old buildings.Obviously, this was not an entirely new phenomenon.What is new is the wholesale interest in reusing the past, in recycling, in adaptive rehabilitation.A few trial efforts, such as Ghirardelli Square in San Francisco, proved their financial viability in 1960s, but it was in the 1970’s, with strong government support through tax incentives and rapid depreciation.As well as growing interest in ecology issues, that recycling became a major factor on the urban scene. One of the most comprehensive ventures was the restoration and transformation of Boston’s eighteenth century Faneuil Hall and the Quincy Market, designed in 1824.This section had fallen on hard times, but beginning with the construction of a new city hall immediately adjacent, it has returned to life with the intelligent reuse of these fine old buildings under the design leadership of Benjamin Thomson.He has provided a marvelous setting for dining, shopping, professional offices, and simply walking.
Butler Square, in Minneapois, examplifies major changes in its complex of offices, commercial space, and public amenities carved out of a massive pile designed in 1906 as a hardware warehouse.The exciting interior timber structure of the building was highlighted by cutting light courts through the interior and adding large skylights. San Antonio, Texas, offers an object lesson for numerous other cities combating urban decay.Rather than bringing in the bulldozers, San Antonio’s leaders rehabilitated existing structures, while simultaneously cleaning up the San Antonio River, which menders through the business district.
36.What is the main idea of the passage?
A)During the 1970’s, old buildings in many cities were recycled for modern use. B)Recent interest in ecology issues has led to the cleaning up of many rivers. C)The San Antonio example shows that bulldozers are not the way to fight urban decay.
D)Strong government support has made adaptive rehabilitation a reality in Boston.
37.What is the space at Quincy Market now used for? A)Boston’ s new city hall.
B)Sports and recreational facilities.
C)Commercial and industrial warehouses. D)Restaurant, offices, and stores.
38.According to the passage, Benjamin Thompson was the designer for a project in____.A)San Francisco B)BostonC)Minneapolis D)San Antonio
39.When was the Butler Square building originally built? A)In the eighteenth century. B)In the early nineteenth century. C)In the late nineteenth century. D)In the early twentieth century.
40.What is the author’s opinion of the San Antonio project? A)It is clearly the best of the projects discussed.
B)It is a good project that could be copied in other cities.
C)The extensive use of bulldozers made the project unnecessarily costly.
D)The work done on the river was more important than the work done on the buildings.Part Ⅴ Writing(30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on
Studying Abroad.Your composition must be based on the outline given below in Chinese.Your part of writing should be no less than 150 words.Remember to write neatly and you will be rewarded for that.
1.有些人認(rèn)為學(xué)生應(yīng)該呆在自己的國家學(xué)習(xí) 2.有些人認(rèn)為學(xué)生應(yīng)該到美國學(xué)習(xí) 3.我的觀點(diǎn)
答案與詳解 Passage One 內(nèi)容概要:
盡管化學(xué)只是在十七世紀(jì)的科學(xué)革命之后才成為一門學(xué)科出現(xiàn)，但是化學(xué)知識的使用已經(jīng)擁有了非常悠久的歷史。但是，研究化學(xué)的科學(xué)方法的發(fā)展被諸多因素給阻礙了，包括物質(zhì)來源的多樣性和把這些物質(zhì)有系統(tǒng)地組織起來的難度，另外還有社會和智力上的困難。早期化學(xué)科學(xué)的最終問題就是秘密問題。在某一領(lǐng)域內(nèi)，有人為了保守自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益把自己的發(fā)現(xiàn)作為秘密掩藏起來。
21.【答案】B。
【譯文】本篇文章的主要內(nèi)容是什么？
【試題分析】主題歸納型，通過總結(jié)和歸納，進(jìn)而得出文章的主題。
【詳細(xì)解答】選項(xiàng)A的意思是“十七世紀(jì)的科學(xué)革命”，這只是在文章的第一段中提到了這一點(diǎn)，但只是其中一個(gè)非常小的細(xì)節(jié)；選項(xiàng)B的意思是“化學(xué)作為一門學(xué)科發(fā)展緩慢的原因”，在文章的第二段和第三段中作者花了很多的筆墨講述化學(xué)發(fā)展緩慢的原因，故它是本題的正確答案；選項(xiàng)C的意思是“化學(xué)的實(shí)用方面”，這只是文章第二段所提到的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)；選項(xiàng)D的意思是“把化學(xué)知識有系統(tǒng)地組織起來的困難”，這只是所提出的三個(gè)原因中的一個(gè)，不能以偏蓋全。故本題的正確答案是B。
22.【答案】C。
【譯文】根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容，在十七世紀(jì)之前，化學(xué)過程的知識是如何增加的？ 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理型，根據(jù)文章中的相關(guān)信息，并進(jìn)行分析和總結(jié)。
【詳細(xì)解答】選項(xiàng)A的意思是“哲學(xué)家編寫了有關(guān)化學(xué)知識的理論?！?，文章第二段的最后一句話The thinker or philosopher stood apart from this mundane world告訴我們哲學(xué)家遠(yuǎn)離有關(guān)的化學(xué)知識，而不是編寫了理論；選項(xiàng)B的意思是“形成了一套特殊的符號語言”，文章最后一段的最后一句話告訴我們使用符號的原因是為了保守秘密，而不是為了發(fā)展化學(xué)知識；選項(xiàng)C的意思是“經(jīng)驗(yàn)引導(dǎo)著工人們改進(jìn)他們的技術(shù)。”，第一段所講的內(nèi)容正是關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)，而且這也是發(fā)展化學(xué)知識的方法，故是正確答案；選項(xiàng)D的意思是“專家們與公眾分享這些化學(xué)知識”，文章第三段明顯提到為了保守秘密他們這些煉丹術(shù)士采取多種手段保守秘密，所以該選項(xiàng)不正確。23.【答案】D。
【譯文】文中黑體詞hamper在意思上與哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)更接近？
【試題分析】詞義推測型，通過對上下文的理解，推測出生詞的意思。
【詳細(xì)解答】做這類題目時(shí)，首先找到該單詞所在的位置，并把上下文的句子仔細(xì)研讀。它們所提供的線索和提示會告訴我們這個(gè)陌生單詞的意思。在這句話中的hamper的意思是“阻礙，擋住”。而在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有選項(xiàng)D hinder是這個(gè)意思。故本題的正確答案是D。
24.【答案】B。
【譯文】文中黑體詞it指代的是什么？
【試題分析】詞義推測型，通過對上下文的理解，推測出代詞所代指的含義。
【詳細(xì)解答】做這類題目時(shí)，首先找到該代詞所在的位置，并把上下文的句子仔細(xì)研讀。它們所提供的線索和提示會告訴我們這個(gè)陌生單詞的意思。特別是該代詞前面的名詞短語或從句。一般來說，這類題目的答案都能在同一句話的主語或賓語，或者在前一句話的主語和賓語中找到。仔細(xì)閱讀完前面的句子后，我們可以得知這里it指的是material。
25.【答案】A。 【譯文】下面哪個(gè)句子能最好地解釋加下劃線的短語“第二個(gè)是更嚴(yán)重的阻礙的原因”？ 【試題分析】語句理解型，考查學(xué)生對文章中難點(diǎn)句子的理解和解釋。
【詳細(xì)解答】選項(xiàng)A的意思是“化學(xué)知識只是局限在少數(shù)人的手中。”，文章第三段所講的內(nèi)容正是關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)，故選項(xiàng)A是正確答案；選項(xiàng)B的意思是“所使用的符號語言不準(zhǔn)確”，文章第三段中提到了intelligible to very few or in symbols that were purposely obscure告訴我們這些符號并不是不準(zhǔn)確；選項(xiàng)C的意思是“非常少的發(fā)現(xiàn)是由煉丹術(shù)士發(fā)現(xiàn)的”，文章第三段中所提到的信息告訴我們大部分發(fā)現(xiàn)都是由這些術(shù)士發(fā)現(xiàn)的，與文章內(nèi)容不符；選項(xiàng)D的意思是“關(guān)于化學(xué)過程的記錄不是建立在實(shí)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上”，原文中明確提到所有化學(xué)知識的記錄都是建立在實(shí)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上。
Passage Two 內(nèi)容概要:
煉油業(yè)是在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后開始發(fā)展起來的，但是在數(shù)年后人們才開始使用石油以及其產(chǎn)品。接著，作者又講述了石油的發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)過。第一位開采石油的人被人們嘲笑為傻子。后來，人們又把石油精煉成各種各樣的產(chǎn)品，并在人們的生活中起到了非常重要的作用。
26.【答案】A。
【譯文】本篇文章的最佳標(biāo)題是什么？
【試題分析】主旨?xì)w納型，通過詳細(xì)閱讀文章，找出該文章的最佳標(biāo)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】選項(xiàng)A的意思是“煉油業(yè)-歷史的展望”，與全文的內(nèi)容完全一致；選項(xiàng)B的意思是“加利福尼亞的淘金熱-迅速致富”，這只是文章中一個(gè)非常小的細(xì)節(jié)；選項(xiàng)C的意思是“個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)-入侵者將被起訴”，這與本文的內(nèi)容壓根無關(guān)；選項(xiàng)D的意思是“煤油燈-隧道里的亮光”，這只是文章第三段中的一個(gè)小細(xì)節(jié)。故本文的最佳標(biāo)題是選項(xiàng)A。
27.【答案】A。
【譯文】我們可以從文章中得出結(jié)論與煤油相比，鯨油的缺點(diǎn)是什么。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理型，通過對某一段話的理解，并進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章第二段第二句話It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get.告訴我們鯨油很難得到，而且煤油是一個(gè)比較便宜的替代品。故本題的正確答案是A。
28.【答案】C。
【譯文】根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，剛開始很多人認(rèn)為E.L.Drake開始尋找石油是一個(gè)重大的錯(cuò)誤。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理型，通過對某一段話的理解，并進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章第三段話中的The first oil well was drilled by E.L.Drake, a tired railroad conductor.In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania.The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it “Drake’s Folly”.告訴我們E.L.Drake開始尋找石油時(shí)，被人們認(rèn)為是愚蠢的行為。故本題的正確答案是C。
29.【答案】C。
【譯文】作者為什么提到加利福尼亞的淘金熱？
【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理型，通過對某一段話的理解，并進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章第四段中The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere.提到了“淘金熱”。仔細(xì)閱讀前后的句子，我們可以得出結(jié)論：這里是把“淘金熱”和發(fā)現(xiàn)石油的狂熱加以對比。而在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有C在意思和觀點(diǎn)上與原文相一致。故本題的正確答案是C。
30.【答案】D。
【譯文】下面哪個(gè)單詞能夠替換第五段第二行中的代詞one？
【試題分析】詞義推測型，通過對上下文的理解，推測出代詞所代指的含義。
【詳細(xì)解答】做這類題目時(shí)，首先找到該代詞所在的位置，并把上下文的句子仔細(xì)研讀。它們所提供的線索和提示會告訴我們這個(gè)陌生單詞的意思。特別是該代詞前面的名詞短語或從句。一般來說，這類題目的答案都能在同一句話的主語或賓語，或者在前一句話的主語和賓語中找到。仔細(xì)閱讀完前面的句子后，我們可以得知這里one指的是product。故本題的正確答案是D。
Passage Three 內(nèi)容概要:
現(xiàn)在，到美國旅游已經(jīng)成為了世界上其它國家的旅游者的首選。他們到美國來的主要目的是購物，因?yàn)槊绹纳唐穬r(jià)格比世界上其它國家都要低。這使得美國成為世界上的“零售商品部”。由于好萊塢電影的宣傳，使得整個(gè)世界上的人們對美國產(chǎn)品有著非常強(qiáng)烈的狂熱情緒。所以，美國政府必須意識到旅游業(yè)對經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)興的重要性。
31.【答案】B。
【譯文】從巴西生物學(xué)家所說的話，我們得知像她這樣的游客完全不介意他們花多少錢。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理型，通過對某一段話的理解，并進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括。
【詳細(xì)解答】原文第二段提到現(xiàn)在涌入的是富人(These are the wealthy),所以當(dāng)她說“We don’ t have a budget, we just use our credit cards”是指花錢不用做預(yù)算，想買就用信用卡，其暗含的意思就是選項(xiàng)B所表達(dá)的信息。故本題的正確答案是B。32．【答案】A。
【譯文】1994年特別突出的原因是在那一年到美國的游客數(shù)目非常大。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理型，通過對某一段話的理解，并進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括。
【詳細(xì)解答】原文第三段說明美國早已成為旅游勝地，1994年不同于往年，其原因是世界杯吸引了大批游客，美元下跌使在美國購物便宜到了極點(diǎn)，這更吸引了大量的游客。而這一觀點(diǎn)恰好與選項(xiàng)A相一致。這句話中的動詞saw的意思是“目睹了”之意。故本題的正確答案是A。
33.【答案】D。
【譯文】在文章第三段中，作者說了這樣一句話：nobody undersells America，他所暗含的意思是沒有哪個(gè)國家的物價(jià)水平比美國更低。
【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理型，通過對某一段話的理解，并進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括。
【詳細(xì)解答】在文章的第三段中Now the US, still the world’s superpower, can also claim to be the world’s bargain basement的中文意思是：美國現(xiàn)在仍是世界上的超級大國，也可以聲稱是世界上的廉價(jià)商品部。所以，nobody undersells America這句話所暗含的意思是：沒有哪個(gè)國家的物價(jià)水平比美國更低。在后文中，作者又提到了美國的零售底價(jià)比歐洲低30%，比亞洲低70%。這一事實(shí)更證明了這一觀點(diǎn)的正確性。故本題的正確答案是D。
34．【答案】A。
【譯文】作者為什么得出結(jié)論：所有的美國貨對外國人來說都是非常具有吸引力的？ 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理型，通過對某一段話的理解，并進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章的第四段第二句話There remains an undeniable fascination in the rest of the world with all things American, nourished by Hollywood films and US television series.But shopping the USA is proving irresistible.說明媒體使人們對美國貨產(chǎn)生迷戀。在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有選項(xiàng)A與這句話在觀點(diǎn)上是一致的。故本題的正確答案是A。
35.【答案】C。
【譯文】讀完這篇文章，我們可以得出結(jié)論：美國已經(jīng)意識到旅游業(yè)為美國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展做出非常重大的貢獻(xiàn)。
【試題分析】主題歸納型，通過總結(jié)和歸納，進(jìn)而得出文章的主題。
【詳細(xì)解答】通讀完全文后，我們可以得知：大批外國游客涌入美國，并給美國政府帶來了大筆收入。另外，文章第五段強(qiáng)調(diào)美國終于開始重視外國游客大量涌入給美國經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來的巨大貢獻(xiàn)。綜合以上兩點(diǎn)，我們可以得知選項(xiàng)C正是作者的觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論。故本題的正確答案是C。
Passage Four 內(nèi)容概要:
城市里的古老建筑成為了一個(gè)問題，而諸如圣弗郎西斯科的許多美國城市開始重新整修那些舊建筑，并進(jìn)行重新利用。這一舉措起到非常良好的效果，一方面保存下來了歷史遺留的建筑物的風(fēng)格特點(diǎn)；另一方面，也讓它們以新的面貌和形式重新發(fā)揮其最新的作用。接著，作者又列舉了其它幾個(gè)類似的例子。 36.【答案】C。
【譯文】本篇文章的主要內(nèi)容是什么？ 【試題分析】主題歸納型。
【詳細(xì)解答】選項(xiàng)A的意思是“在20世紀(jì)70年代，美國很多城市的古老建筑物被重新利用?！保@只是在文章第一段中提到的一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，并不是真正的主題；選項(xiàng)B的意思是“對生態(tài)問題的興趣使得很多河流開始清理工作”，這只是在文章的最后一段提到的一個(gè)小小的細(xì)節(jié)；選項(xiàng)C的意思是“San Antonio的事例表明推土機(jī)并不是解決城市廢棄建筑的方法”，這正是文章通過一系列事例在文章的最后一段所得出的結(jié)論；選項(xiàng)D的意思是“政府的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)支持使得適應(yīng)性修繕在波士頓成為了現(xiàn)實(shí)”，這只是在文章第一段第四句話中所提到的細(xì)節(jié)。故本題的正確答案是C。
37.【答案】D。
【譯文】Quincy市場現(xiàn)在用來干什么？
【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理型，通過對某一段話的理解，并進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章第二段中He has provided a marvelous setting for dining, shopping, professional offices, and simply walking所暗含的意思與選項(xiàng)D所傳遞的信息是一致的。故本題的正確答案是D。
38.【答案】B。
【譯文】根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，Benjamin Thompson是Boston的一個(gè)工程的設(shè)計(jì)者。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理型，通過對某一段話的理解，并進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章第二段中 “One of the most comprehensive ventures was the restoration and transformation of Boston’s eighteenth century Faneuil Hall and the Quincy Market”和“it has returned to life with the intelligent reuse of these fine old buildings under the design leadership of Benjamin Thomson”告訴我們他所設(shè)計(jì)的工程在Boston。故本題的正確答案是B。
39.【答案】D。
【譯文】Butler廣場最初是在什么時(shí)候建成的？
【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理型，通過對某一段話的理解，并進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章第三段第一句話Butler Square, in Minneapois, examplifies major changes in its complex of offices, commercial space, and public amenities carved out of a massive pile designed in 1906 as a hardware warehouse.告訴我們該建筑物最初是在1906年設(shè)計(jì)的。1906年是在20世紀(jì)初期。故本題的正確答案是D。
40.【答案】B。
【譯文】作者認(rèn)為San Antonio工程如何？
【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理型，通過對某一段話的理解，并進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括。
【詳細(xì)解答】選項(xiàng)A的意思是“它明顯是所討論過的最佳工程”，在文章中并沒有提到這一點(diǎn)；選項(xiàng)B的意思是“它是一個(gè)其它城市可以模仿的典范”，文章最后一段中的San Antonio, Texas, offers an object lesson for numerous other cities combating urban decay.所講述的正是這一點(diǎn)；選項(xiàng)C的意思是“推土機(jī)的大量使用使得這項(xiàng)工程代價(jià)很高”，這與本文的主要內(nèi)容相反；選項(xiàng)D的意思是“在河流上所做的工作要比在建筑物上所做的工作要重要得多。故本題的正確答案是B。
Part Ⅴ 寫作指導(dǎo)：
該題是一篇典型的“三段論”作文。從結(jié)構(gòu)上來說，應(yīng)該這樣行文：在文章的第一段，作者應(yīng)該把重點(diǎn)放在正面的觀點(diǎn)上；而在文章的第二段，就應(yīng)該與第一段構(gòu)成鮮明的對比，把反面的觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)清楚。在文章的第三段，作者再提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。
這篇文章的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該放在第一段或者第二段上。這取決于作者的態(tài)度。如果你認(rèn)為在國內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)比較好，第一段就是本文的重點(diǎn)段落，就應(yīng)該在這一部分多花一些筆墨；如果你認(rèn)為應(yīng)該到美國留學(xué)，第二段就是本文的重心。而在文章結(jié)束的第三段中，作者只需用幾句話表明自己的觀點(diǎn)即可，可以贊成前者，也可以贊成后者，也可以保持中立。在文章的結(jié)尾，用兩句話發(fā)出號召即可。
參考范文：
Studying Abroad
Nowadays students can study either in their home country or in foreign countries, in most cases, the United States.Some prefer to stay in their home country and study.Others think studying in the United States is more beneficial.As a matter of fact, each situation has its own advantages.
When students study in their home country, they have no language barriers.They can read books with their mother tongue very easily.They can also discuss their lessons with the teachers or the fellow students very freely.Since they are accustomed to the way they have been living, they have little difficulties in life.Besides, they have little financial difficulties in the process of their studies because they can easily get financial support from their parents or their relatives.When students attend schools in the United States, they can act as mediators between peoples of different cultures to promote international understanding.They can also tend to be spokespersons for other cultures and people who may be misunderstood by Americans.They can enjoy the contact with new and different cultures to increase the awareness of their own culture.In addition, they can learn advanced knowledge of science and technology, and learn English much more quickly than in their home country.
I think it’ s better to study in the United States because the advantages to studying in the US outweigh those to staying in one’ s home country.本套試卷測試語言重點(diǎn) 10個(gè)重點(diǎn)單詞：
prevail: 遍布，流行 combat: 向??宣戰(zhàn) luxury: 奢侈用品 premise: 前提，條件
contamination: 污染、破壞 allege: 指證，宣稱 counterpart: 相對應(yīng)的人或物 expire:過期
consistent: 一貫的，堅(jiān)持的 influential:有影響力的 4個(gè)重點(diǎn)詞組：
on the right track: 走對路了 rack one’s brain:絞盡腦汁 be oblivious to: 對??不注意 in practice: 在實(shí)踐中
中國名校六級密卷(5)
西安外國語學(xué)院英語系 李振聲 薛彩霞 Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)
Directions:There are 4 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Once upon a time,the United States seemed to have plenty of land to go around.Plenty of rivers to dam and plenty of rural valleys left over.Plenty of space for parks and for cities.Plenty of forests to cut and grasslands to plow.But that was once upon a time.The days of unused land are over.Now the land has been spoken for,fenced off,carved up into cities and farms and industrial parks,put to use.
At the same time, the population keeps growing.People need places to work and place to play.So we need more sites for more industries, more beaches for more sunbathers, and more clean rivers for more fishes.And it isn’t just a matter of population growth.Our modern technology has needs that must be met too: We need more coal for energy, and we need more power plants;cars must have highways and parking lots, and jets must have airports.
Each of these lands uses swallows up precious space.Highways and expressways alone take some 2,000,000 acres each years.And urban sprawl—the spreading out of cities—is expected to gobble up vast areas of land by the year 2000.But there is only so much land to go around.
How do you decide what to do with a piece of land? It depends upon the land, and it depend upon the needs of the people and their values.It is always hard to decide.Take, for example, a forest.A forest can be a timber supply.It can provide a home for wildlife.It is scenery and a recreation area for man.It is soil and watershed protection.
These last two take some explaining.A forest creates its own soil.Leaves and other litter on the forest floor are constantly turned and moved by worms and burrowing animals.Enriched by animal wastes, the litter becomes humus—a rich and spongy mix of organic material.The soil feeds forest plants.The plants in turn protect the soil—roots hold it in place, branches slow rainfall so that it will drop gently to earth.Water slowly trickles through the humus and is purified.Water travels downstream and out to sea.
When a forest is cut down, there is nothing left to create or protect the soil.Heavy rains beat and wash away spongy humus.Little soil is left to absorb water.Then rain waters can rush unchecked to the valley below, flooding low-lying areas.If a forest is to supply timber, watershed protection, recreation, and a home for wildlife, it has to be cut carefully.And it must be replanted.
In short, land is fragile.Without proper care it can be ruined forever.
In the debates about how a particular piece of land is to be used, the priorities often conflict.What should you do, for example, if you find out that under the fertile fields of a farming community there is a thick bed of coal which can be strip-minded? Strip mining rips up topsoil and vegetation.But mining may create jobs, bring money to the town’s businesses.Those who approve of strip mining say that the coal is needed, and they point out that it is quicker and cheaper to get coal from the surface than to go deep into the earth to get it by standard mining techniques.On the other hand, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.As the countryside fills up, people are becoming more aware of the need for open space.Nearly every proposal for a new power plant, highway, or airport draws fierce opposition.Everyone wants the bid, land-eating “uglies” to be in someone else’s backyard.Minneapolis and St.Paul, Minnesota, for example, having been debating about the site of a future airport for years.Yet if a new airport is needed, it will have to go somewhere.
How do we find our way out of the land-use problem? One way might be to reexamine our values, to think in new directions.Does everyone have to have a car-with its need for highways and parking lots? What about developing mass transit systems that use less land? Do suburbs have to sprawl? Can they be designed so they use less space? Do we have to have more energy? If we do, do we really have to strip-mine coal to provide it?
However difficult they may be to arrive at, choices will have to be made if we want to preserve the beauty and usefulness of the land.For there is at least one point on which all of us can agree;the land does have its limits.
21.Once upon a time,the United States seemed to have plenty of land to __go around__, “go around” means____.
A)to visit around B)to see the land C)for sharing with every D)to have the land around
22.Each of these land uses swallows up precious space, “swallows up” means ____.
A)occupies B)gives upC)disappears D)takes completely
23.In this sentence “In short, land is fragile.”(Line.1, Para.7), what does the word “fragile” mean?
A)Very poor.B)Rich.C)Taken.D)Easily destroyed. 24.The Para 5 mainly discusses ____. A)how animal wastes enriched land B)how plant roots protected the land C)how humus becomes useful
D)how a forest creates its own soil and protects the watershed
25.As the countryside fills up, people are becoming more aware of the need for open space, “open space” means ____.
A)public land B)unoccupied landC)unplanted land D)private landPassage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
Most of the larger cities in the world have grown without plans and blueprints.London is such a city.Its streets zigzag, snake, and circle.There is no reason or order to its street-numbering system.Indeed, no one but a veteran taxi driver knows the whole of London.And before he gets his cabbie’s license he must first tour the city for months, street by street, then take a comprehensive examination to prove that he can find his way about.New York and Chicago grew in much the same way.They just in spread out, pushed by the demands for residential, business, or industrial space.Like spilled water, they expanded in all directions.Today in New York, even a native-born Manhattanite despairs of finding his way around Brooklyn.There are a few modern cities, however, that were created out of nothing.They were built strictly by the book according to detailed plans that will also control future growth.Two such American cities are Columbia, Maryland, and Reston, Virginia.But the prime example of a city planned and built from scratch in the twentieth century is Brasilia, the new capital of Brazil.
Brasilia was the brain child of Brazil’s President Juscelino Kubitschek, who held office from 1955 to 1960.Kubitschek, like other Brazilian leaders, was concerned that most of Brazil’s people were crammed into its seacoast cities.Rio de Janeiro, then the nation’s capital and its second largest city, occupies a breathtakingly beautiful site on the Atlantic coast.Sao Paulo, Brazil’s largest city, is very near the coast.Consequently, this meant that riches in timber, minerals, and hydroelectric power sources in the interior of the country were untapped.Recognizing that drastic action was needed to develop the interior, Kubitschek decided to build a brand new capital city in the Brazilian Highlands, 600 miles northwest of Rio de Janeiro.He chose a site that was right in the middle of the wilderness, on land that had never even been plowed.
Ready for business in 1960, Brasilia was an architect’s delight and a planner’s dream.Its public buildings, monuments, and high-rise apartment complexes were magnificently modern.Access roads fed into its streets with no traffic lights.Every feature seemed logical, reasonable, and right.But for more than a decade, Brasilia seemed all wrong to the people brought there to live and to work in government offices.While it was undeniably a beautiful city, it was not yet a community.
For it is people and their history of habitation that turn a city from a collection of streets and buildings into a community.It is people who give a city life and character and personality—and a brand-new, tailor-made Brasilia didn’t have those qualities for a long time.But now, happily, its residents no longer feel they need to rush back to Rio or Sao Paulo at every opportunity.Instead, they visit, picnic, and enjoy one another’s company.Brasilia is beginning to feel like home to them.Other planned cities have faced the same problem of creating a community spirit and identity.Some observers of life in Columbia, Maryland, another planned city, have been concerned with lack of spirit there and have made an interesting comparison between Columbia and Hoboken, New Jersey.Hoboken, an old waterfront town just across the Hudson River from New York City, is an urban planner’s nightmare.It has row upon row of old dingy buildings, and grass and tree are few and far between.Columbia, on the other hand, is an urban planner’s dream.It has charming colonial and modern houses on winding streets.There are lovely lawns and beautiful trees.And there are bicycle paths and hundreds of acres of woods, meadows, and lakes.
Yet something is not quite right.Many Hoboken children are almost fiercely loyal to one another and their community.They may not have lawns and lakes, but they find ways to have fun on the pavements and sidewalks.In Columbia, by contrast, many of the young people seem listless.As one teenager from Detroit put it, “In Detroit it seemed like something was always happening.But here”.And he shrugged his shoulders.
What is it about a treeless,grimy,old city like Hoboken that makes people love it so much?What is it about a beautiful new city like Columbia that makes young people shrug with boredom?These are questions which city planners will have to face up to.For no matter how well it is designed,a city will not ultimately come to life unless it inspires the love and loyalty of the people who live and work in it.
26.In this sentence “ Indeed, no one but a veteran taxi driver knows the whole of London.”(Sent 5, Para.1), what does the word “veteran” mean?
Ａ）Local.Ｂ）Experienced.Ｃ）New.Ｄ）Warm-hearted. 27.What can we inferred from Para.1? A)London’s planning system is sound.
B)New York and Chicago developed with the help of planning. C)It’s difficult to be a cabbie in London.
D)Finding their way around Brooklyn delights travelers. 28.Why did Kubitschek decided to build a new capital city? A)Because he wanted his people to cram into seacoast cities. B)Because the new capital city was more prosperous. C)Because it was a large city with large population.
D)Because he thought it necessary to develop inland cities. 29.Which of the following statements is true? A)Columbia frightens urban planners.
B)Although it’s very beautiful, Columbia makes young people bored. C)Columbia is just in an urban planner’s dream.
D)There are rows of grimy buildings and few grass and trees in Columbia. 30.What is the main idea of this passage?
A)A city must have the spirit to inspire its people, or it will never come to life. B)A city’s planning is very important, a well-planned city attracts more people. C)Although planned cities are nice, people like old cities more because life in old cities is colorful.
D)Modern buildings make people love a city.Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
In Japan’s capital city of Tokyo, earthquake danger limits the height of buildings.The city has spread out far and the traffic has become so heavy that it is very difficult to get from one place to another.The price of land, too, has skyrocketed.All this explains why a group of Japanese land developers came to the conclusion that there was nowhere to go but down.So far they have dug out space underground for fifteen major shopping centers, and the underground construction has only begun.
What are some of the advantages of shopping and eating underground? Clean, filtered air is one of them.The city of Tokyo has one of the most serious smog problems in the world.Another advantage is that you escape the ever-present threat of traffic accidents on the city’s busy streets.Still another is the convenience of getting around: You’re usually right next to, or even in, a subway station.And you can even spend the night underground if you like.The Kyobashi Station, for example, in downtown Tokyo, has a hotel with a bar, restaurant, and barbershop.
All sorts of surprises can be found in the underground world.At the enormous Shinjuku Subway Station you drive down a winding road lined with water fountains to arrive at a scarce item in Tokyo—a parking lot—and you find stores and shops a few steps away.In the second basement of the Toshiba is a “Fisherman’s Wharf” crowded with pleasant little seafood places.A tunnel that connects the Hibiya and Sanshin Buildings has a number of art galleries, as well as medical and dental clinics.In between are little coffee shops where you can relax and get refreshments.
Probably the most versatile of the underground wonders, and certainly the most complicated to build, is the Yaesu Subcenter at the heart of the city, where four subway lines link up.Its shopping promenade, which is the size of three football fields, contains 350 stores.In Yaesu you can eat in a different place every day for three months.You can draw money out of a bank and invest it at a stockbroker’s office.There are tailors, watch repairers, furriers, florists, and book sellers.You can meditate in the Plaza of Water while gazing at eight tanks of rare fish.And you can even get arrested by a police officer from the Yaesu subterranean police station!
Under all the commercial activity is a parking lot for 520 cars.And under that is a control center where TV monitors watch the devices that watch the air-its temperature, moisture, and purity.There is no alarm for earthquakes, which are common in Tokyo, but the experts feel that there would be fewer problems underground than on the surface in case of tremors.Yaesu also has emergency generators for power and a chemical system for fighting fire.
Underground construction can be complex and expensive.At times, the Yaesu crews could work only three hours a day because their activities interfered with the running of the subway.Then there was the problem caused by finding unidentified water and gas pips.Since many of the municipal blueprints of pipe systems were destroyed during World War II, strange pipes kept turning up;and work had to be stopped while they were identified and taken care of by detour or replacement.
There was also some resistance from the people above ground.A good many neighborhood shopkeepers began to picket the project crying, “underground is for moles.” They reasoned that they would lose a lot of their business to the underground competition.The Yaesu people countered by offering them a chance to buy stock in the project.There were a lot of takers, and this had the effect of quieting the complainers.The Yaesu builders wanted to go deeper, but after they had spent 31 million dollars, they ran out of money.Still, there seems to be little doubt that there will be further development down under.In a city like Tokyo, almost the only space left is underground.
31.If you want to have your hair cut, you can go to the____. A)Hibiya and Sanshin Buildings B)Kyobashi Station C)Plaza of Water
D)Second basement of the Toshiba
32.It will take____to eat in a different place every day in Yaesu. A)350 dollars B)520 carsC)three months D)two hours 33.Which of the following statements is NOT true? A)You can buy furs, flowers and books underground. B)The air is purified underground.
C)You can eat fresh seafood underground.
D)The Yaesu crew work day after night to finish the project. 34.Why underground pipes are difficult to be identified?
A)Water and gas pipes are not taken care by construction workers. B)Underground pipe systems were destroyed during World War II. C)Many city planning blueprints can be found nowhere. D)Pipes were buried too deep underground. 35.What can be inferred from the passage that? A)Tokyo is a city rich in land resources.
B)Underground projects will develop further in the future. C)Underground projects are constructed for moles. D)When there is an earthquake, it’s safer to stay on the surface.Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
A few years ago, Ann and Walter Taylor thought it might be time to move out of their New York City apartment to the suburbs.They had one young son and another child on the way.But after months of looking, they became discourage and decided to buy an old townhouse right in the middle of Brooklyn, which is a part of New York City.To their delight, they discovered that they weren’t the only young couple to have made such a decision.In fact, their entire area in Brooklyn had been settled by young families.And as a result, the neighborhood, which had been declining for years, was now being restored.
Brooklyn isn’t the only city in the United States to experience this kind of renewal.So are Philadelphia and St.Louis.And Charleston,South Carolina,has so successfully rebuilt its old central area that it now ranks as one of America’s most charming cities.The restoration of the old port city of Savannah,Georgia,is also living proof that downtown areas do not need to die.But encouraging as these developments may be,they are among the few bright spots in a mass of difficulties that today’s cities face.Indeed,their woes are so many that it is fair to ask whether or not the inner city the core of most urban areas will manage to survive at all.
In the 1940s,urban Americans began a mass move to the suburbs in search of fresh air,elbow room,and privacy.Suburbs began to sprawl out across the countryside.Since most of those making the move were middle-class,they took with them the tax money the cities needed to maintain the neighborhoods in which they had lived.The people left in the cities were often those who were too old or too poor to move.Thus,many cities began to fall into disrepair.Crime began to soar, and public transportation was neglected.(In the past sixty years San Francisco is the only city in the United States to have completed a new mass transit system.)Meanwhile, housing construction costs continued to rise higher and higher.Middle-class housing was allowed to decay, and little new housing was constructed.
Eventually, many downtown areas existed for business only.During the day they would be filled with people working in offices, and at night they would be deserted.Given these circumstances, some business executives began asking, “Why bother with going downtown at all? Why not move the offices to the suburbs so that we can live and work in the same area?” Gradually, some of the larger companies began moving out of the cities, with the result that urban centers declined even further and the suburbs expanded still more.This movement of business to the suburbs is not confined to the United States.Businesses have also been moving to the suburbs in Stockholm, Sweden, in Bonn, Germany, and in Brussels, Belgium, as well.
But it may well be that this movement to the suburbs has reached its peak.Some people may be tired of spending long hours commuting, and they may have begun to miss the advantages of culture and companionship provided by city life.Perhaps the decision made by the Taylors is a sign that people will return to the cities and begin to restore them.It begins to look as if suburban sprawl may not have been the answer to man’s need to create an ideal environment in which to live and work.
36.According to the passage,Ann and Walter Taylor____. A)moved from city apartment to the suburb B)remained in the downtown area C)moved out of New York
D)bought an old townhouse in the suburb
37.It can be inferred from the passage that____. A)downtown areas must die in the future B)suburbs are sure to replace cities
C)the movement to the suburbs begins to decline D)there are just old and poor people left in the cities 38.Business have been moving to suburbs because____. A)people living in the suburbs are rich
B)many people work in cities and live in suburbs C)environment is pleasant in the suburbs
D)American businessmen are fond of moving around 39.Why the cities began to fall into disrepair in the 1940s? A)Because people could not earn enough money at that time. B)Because the municipal planning was not sound. C)Because old and poor people were neglected. D)Because many people moved out of the cities. 40.What is the main idea of the passage? A)American people move a lot in history. B)Downtown areas are too crowded to live.
C)Moving to suburbs is not the answer to an ideal environment. D)Cities are likely to be replaced by the suburbs.
Part Ⅴ Writing(30 minutes)Title: Loyalty to the Employer
Directions:Some people place a high value on loyalty to the employer.To others, it is perfectly acceptable to change jobs every years to build a career.Please indicate which position you agree with and why.Passage Two
The silence of the Reference Library was broken only by an occasional cough and now and then by the scarcely audible sound of pages being turned over.There were about twenty people in the room, most of them with their heads bent over their books.The assistant librarian who was in charge of the room sat at a desk in one corner.She glanced at Philip as he came in, then went on with her work.
Philip has not been to this part of the library before.He walked around the room almost on tiptoe, afraid of disturbing the industrious readers with his heavy shoes.The shelves were filled with thick volumes: dictionaries in many languages, encyclopedias, atlases, biographies and others words of reference.He found nothing that was likely to interest him, until he came to a small shelf out of his reach, so he had to fetch a small ladder in order to get one down.Unfortunately, as he was climbing down the ladder, the book he had chosen slipped from his grasp and fell to the floor with a loud crash.Twenty pairs of eyes looked up at him simultaneously, annoyed by his unaccustomed disturbance.Philip felt himself go red as he picked up his book, which did not seem to have been damaged by its fall.
He had just sat down when he found the young lady assistant standing alongside him.“You must be more careful when you are handling these books.” she said severely.Satisfied that she had done her duty, she turned to go back to her desk.Then a sudden thought struck her.“By the way, how old are you?” she asked Philip.“thirteen.” He told her.“You are not allowed in here if you’re under the age of fourteen, you know,” the assistant said.“Didn’t you see the notice on the door?” Philip shook his head.He expected the assistant to ask him to leave.Instead, in a more kindly tone, she said, “Well, never mind.But make sure that you don’t disturb the other readers again, otherwise I shall have to ask you to leave.”
15.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? 16.What can be found in this part of the library? 17.What can we learn from the passage?
Passage Three
Hidden passengers traveling in ships, trains, or even cars can be a terrible nuisance—especially when they are insects.In this respect, there is a great difference between human beings and insects.The former make every possible effort to avoid discovery, while the latter quickly draw attention to themselves.
We can only sympathize with the unfortunate man who had to stop his car soon after setting out from a country village to drive to London.Hearing a strange noise from the back of the car, he naturally got out to have a look.He examined the wheels carefully but as he found nothing wrong, he continued his way.The noise began almost immediately and now it was louder than ever.Quickly turning his head, the man saw what appeared to be a great black could following the car.When he stopped at a village further on, he was told that a queen bee must be hidden in his car as there were thousands of bees nearby.
On learning this, the man realized that the only way to escape would be to drive away as quickly as possible.After an hour’s hard driving, he arrived in London where he parked his car outside a hotel and went in to have a drink.It was not long before a customer who had seen him arrived and hurried in to inform him that his car was covered with bees.The poor motorist telephoned the police and explained what had happened.The police decided that the best way to deal with the situation would be to call a bee-keeper.In a short time, the bee-keeper arrived.He found the unwelcome passenger hidden near the wheels at the back of the car.Very grateful to the motorist for his unexpected gift, the keeper took the queen and her thousands of followers home in a large box.Equally grateful, the motorist drove away in peace, at last free from the “black cloud” which had hung over his car.
18.What did he hear from the back of the car?
19.Where did he examine carefully but he found nothing wrong, he continued his way?
20.On learning this, the man realized what would be to drive away as quickly as possible?
答案與詳解 Part Ⅱ
Passage One 內(nèi)容概要:
本文討論的是關(guān)于土地的使用問題。作者以美國為例，講述了其過去各類土地資源的豐富及其當(dāng)前的嚴(yán)峻形勢，從而引出了有關(guān)土地使用的討論。到底應(yīng)該如何使用土地？這個(gè)問題很難做出決定。人們會依據(jù)土地本身及他們的需要及價(jià)值觀來定奪。作者還通過詳細(xì)講述森林及土壤保護(hù)的關(guān)系、露天采礦的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)等來引導(dǎo)讀者思考并反省他們的土地應(yīng)用價(jià)值觀。
21．【答案】B。
【譯文】似乎美國曾經(jīng)擁有足以分配的大量土地資源。 【試題分析】詞義辨析題。
【詳細(xì)解答】go around 可表示“走來走去、疾病傳播、結(jié)交相處或足夠分配” ：第一段作者羅列了一些在美國曾經(jīng)非常豐富的土地資源，但這都成為了過去，就是為了表明土地在過去“足夠分配”的含義。
22．【答案】D。
【譯文】這些土地應(yīng)用都在大量地鯨吞著寶貴的空間。 【試題分析】詞義辨析題。
【詳細(xì)解答】swallow up 表示“侵吞、吞掉、耗盡”的意思。因此C）“消失”以及B）“放棄”就可以輕易排除。而在本句當(dāng)中使用swallow up，作者正是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)一種完全的占據(jù)，故D）最合適。
23.【答案】D。
【譯文】總之，土地是很脆弱的。 【試題分析】詞義辨析題。
【詳細(xì)解答】fragile意為“易碎的，虛弱的”，作者在5、6段詳細(xì)的講述了森林與土地的關(guān)系?？梢钥吹?，森林的存在對于土壤及土地來說是非常有好處的，而一旦沒有森林的保護(hù)，土地狀況就變遭，可見其脆弱性。故A）與C）選項(xiàng)談到土地的貧瘠或肥沃是不合適的。B）選項(xiàng)在詞義上則偏差太遠(yuǎn)。
24.【答案】D。
【譯文】文章第五段的要旨是森林如何產(chǎn)生土壤及保護(hù)水域的。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。
【詳細(xì)解答】通過第五段的閱讀，大家不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其主要講述的內(nèi)容是森林中的落葉和一些動物的糞便變?yōu)闋I養(yǎng)豐富的腐殖土，利于樹木生長，而樹木反過來又保護(hù)了土壤，土壤又凈化了雨水。由此可見選項(xiàng)A）B）C）都是不完整的。
25.【答案】B。
【譯文】隨著鄉(xiāng)村也逐漸擁擠起來，人們更加意識到對未被占用的土地的需要。 【試題分析】詞義辨析及推理題。
【詳細(xì)解答】農(nóng)村變的越來越擁擠，當(dāng)然有再多的A）公有土地還是不能解決問題。當(dāng)然D）私人土地更是幫不上任何忙。至于C），土地沒有種植也許有其他住戶或工業(yè)，看來只有B）尚未被占用的土地，才能給我們提供開闊的空間。
Passage Two 內(nèi)容概要:
本文討論的是一個(gè)城市到底如何才能變的有生氣。作者首先通過詳細(xì)的例子講述了城市規(guī)劃的重要性所在。鮮明的對比使我們很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)劃后的城市樓高了、路直了、綠地多了、景色更漂亮了。這樣的城市應(yīng)該是非常吸引居民的。然而事實(shí)并非如此，人們覺得這樣的城市很無聊，沒有生氣。作者以此引出了主題，一個(gè)城市規(guī)劃再好，要是沒有了一種城市精神，就無法激發(fā)居民的忠誠和對城市的愛。
26.【答案】B。
【譯文】只有老練的出租車司機(jī)才熟知倫敦的全情。
【試題分析】詞義辨析題。
【詳細(xì)解答】通過第一段的閱讀，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)倫敦的街道彎彎曲曲、迂回曲折，想要在這樣的城市中找路，到底要什么樣的司機(jī)呢？顯然C）新手 和 D）熱心腸都不能真正幫上忙。那么A）當(dāng)?shù)厝嗽趺礃幽兀看蠹以谧詈笠痪淇梢园l(fā)現(xiàn)，和倫敦一樣沒有規(guī)劃的紐約，“even a native-born...despairs of finding his way...”可見當(dāng)?shù)厝苏衣范际翘貏e困難的。故只有B）選項(xiàng)可選。
27.【答案】C。
【譯文】從第一段中，我們可推斷出在倫敦成為出租車司機(jī)是很困難的。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。
【詳細(xì)解答】倫敦的規(guī)劃體制會是A）項(xiàng)中所闡述的健全的嗎？要是健全的，路就不會是迂回曲折的了。紐約、芝家哥同倫敦一樣，都是沒有規(guī)劃的發(fā)展，而不是B）中闡述的。而了解美國的同學(xué)應(yīng)該知道，布魯克林區(qū)是紐約市的一自治村鎮(zhèn)，這里的規(guī)劃和紐約一樣，不會是D）中所闡述的。而在倫敦，想成為出租車司機(jī)，你需要幾個(gè)月的時(shí)間來熟悉路況，通過全面的考試，可見資格的取得是相當(dāng)困難的。故選C）。
28.【答案】D。
【譯文】Kubitschek總統(tǒng)決定新建一座首都是因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為發(fā)展內(nèi)陸城市是很有必要的。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)考察題。
【詳細(xì)解答】巴西利亞是巴西的新首都，然而為什么要建立這個(gè)新首都呢？仔細(xì)閱讀會發(fā)現(xiàn)Rio de Janeiro（里約熱內(nèi)盧）瀕臨大西洋，大量的巴西人cram into把沿海城市塞得滿滿的，而國家內(nèi)陸城市的各種資源則untapped（沒有被開發(fā)利用)，Kubitschek總統(tǒng)希望通過建立一座新首都，均衡開發(fā)國家的資源，而絕對不是A）項(xiàng)中的那樣，希望人們向沿海城市發(fā)展。而巴西利亞剛建立時(shí)，不是B）或C）項(xiàng)中所講的繁華城市或大城市，只是一大片荒地罷了。
29.【答案】B。
【譯文】盡管哥倫比亞非常漂亮，但是會讓年輕人覺得很無聊。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)考察題。
【詳細(xì)解答】通過文章的閱讀，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)哥倫比亞是一座planned city規(guī)劃過的城市。是使城市規(guī)劃者非常喜悅的，而不是A）中所陳述的。而哥倫比亞已經(jīng)建成，也不是C）中陳述的那樣，存在于規(guī)劃者的夢想。也不會是D）項(xiàng)中所陳述的，一排排的臟房子以及稀少的綠地。而通過最后一段的閱讀“...a beautiful new city like Columbia that makes young people shrug with boredom”,可見應(yīng)選擇B）。
30.【答案】A。
【譯文】文章的主題是，一個(gè)城市必須有某種精神去激勵(lì)她的居民，否則這個(gè)城市將沒有任何生氣。 【試題分析】推理題。
【詳細(xì)解答】作者首先通過詳細(xì)的例子講述了城市規(guī)劃的重要性所在。鮮明的對比使我們很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)劃后的城市樓高了、路直了、綠地多了、景色更漂亮了。這樣的城市應(yīng)該是非常吸引居民的。然而事實(shí)并非如此，人們覺得這樣的城市很無聊，沒有生氣。作者以此引出了主題，一個(gè)城市規(guī)劃再好，要是沒有了一種城市精神，就無法激發(fā)居民的忠誠和對城市的愛。故選A）。
Passage Three 內(nèi)容概要:
本文講述了日本東京由于受地震、交通、城市擁堵、地價(jià)過高等因素的影響，而在地下大建工程的事實(shí)。作者列舉了一些地下工程的好處并列舉了日本的一些大型地下工程。在羅列了種種好處及大型地下工程的規(guī)模后，作者也講述了在施工時(shí)間上，施工過程中及資金等方面面臨的種種困難。但利弊的比較以及結(jié)合東京目前的現(xiàn)實(shí)，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)展地下空間將是一條很有前途的發(fā)展方式。
31.【答案】B。
【譯文】如果想理發(fā)，你可以去Kyobashi地下車站。 【試題分析】詞義辨析題。 【詳細(xì)解答】依據(jù)原文“The Kyobashi Station...has a hotel with a bar, restaurant, and barbershop”（Line7，Para2），“barbershop”的意思就是理發(fā)店。自然應(yīng)該選擇B。
32.【答案】C。
【譯文】在Yaesu，如果每天換不同的地方吃飯，那么要花三個(gè)月的時(shí)間。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)考察題。
【詳細(xì)解答】依據(jù)原文“In Yaesu you can eat in a different place every day for three months”(Sentence 4, Para 4)。故選C。
33.【答案】D。
【譯文】Yaesu的施工人員夜以繼日的工作以完成這個(gè)工程，這個(gè)陳述是不正確的。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。
【詳細(xì)解答】地下的大型購物場所可以大到三個(gè)足球場那么大，要買毛皮衣、鮮花和書自然很容易，吃到海鮮也很容易，故A）C）是正確的。地下建筑有什么好處呢？“Clean, filtered air is one of them”可見地下空氣是凈化過的，故B）也是正確的。只是地下工程很難進(jìn)行，一是由于受地鐵的影響，每天只能進(jìn)行三個(gè)小時(shí)，可見D）的陳述是錯(cuò)誤的。
34.【答案】C。
【譯文】為什么地下管道的位置難以被確定，這是因?yàn)樵S多的城市規(guī)劃藍(lán)圖已經(jīng)找不到了。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。
【詳細(xì)解答】A）項(xiàng)中陳述的建筑工人不注意這些地下管道，和這個(gè)問題沒有任何邏輯關(guān)系。B）項(xiàng)干擾性很強(qiáng)，如果你沒有細(xì)心閱讀，便會錯(cuò)選此項(xiàng)。依據(jù)原文“...many...blueprints...were destroyed...”可見，毀壞的是藍(lán)圖而不是地下管道本身，故B）項(xiàng)應(yīng)排除。應(yīng)選擇C）項(xiàng)，而D）項(xiàng)中，管道埋的很深顯然不是理由。
35.【答案】B。
【譯文】從文章中可以推斷，地下工程在未來將有更進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。
【詳細(xì)解答】A）項(xiàng)最容易被排除，如果東京土地資源豐富的話，那么就不用開發(fā)地下資源了。C）項(xiàng)中闡述的。地下工程是專為鼴鼠建造的，這顯然不合邏輯，原文中出現(xiàn)的“underground is for moles”，只是為了表明一些反對地下工程人士的偏激觀點(diǎn)，不可選。而D）項(xiàng)顯然與原文“experts feel that...fewer problems underground than on the surface in case of tremors”沖突。
Passage Four 內(nèi)容概要:
本文通過介紹在美國歷史上出現(xiàn)的大量人口向郊區(qū)的遷移的事實(shí)，講述了曾經(jīng)由于人們?yōu)樽非笮迈r的空氣、開闊的空間等原因而大量移入郊區(qū)，從而使得城市的建設(shè)一度破落。商業(yè)的進(jìn)一步搬遷使得城市建設(shè)更加落后。但每天在城市與住所之間數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí)的往返，以及人們對城市文化生活的懷念使得人們又重新搬回城市來。以此作者引出文章的主題，單純向郊區(qū)的遷移并不能為我們創(chuàng)建一片理想的工作生活的土地。
36.【答案】B。
【譯文】據(jù)這篇文章，Ann和Walter Taylor繼續(xù)留在了城市繁華地區(qū)。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。
【詳細(xì)解答】兩人原本想從倫敦般到郊區(qū)，但“after months of looking, they became discouraged and decided to buy...in the middle of....a part of New York City”，可見并能如愿，并最終還是留在了城中。故選B。
37.【答案】C。
【譯文】從文章中可以推斷，向郊區(qū)的遷移開始下降。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)考察題。
【詳細(xì)解答】依據(jù)原文“downtown areas do not need to die”(Line5, Para2)可知，A）選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。郊區(qū)肯定會代替城市嗎？顯然不可能，畢竟在城市，“the advantages of culture”是郊區(qū)無可比擬的。故B）選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)。而現(xiàn)在很多人又
開始向城市遷移，不可能只剩下老人和窮人，故D）錯(cuò)。
38.【答案】B。
【譯文】商業(yè)向郊區(qū)遷移是因?yàn)樵S多人在城市工作，郊區(qū)生活。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。
【詳細(xì)解答】大量的人居住在郊區(qū)，使得商業(yè)也向郊區(qū)遷移，這樣人們便不至于“spending long hours commuting” ,這不是由于郊區(qū)人有錢，郊區(qū)環(huán)境好或美國人喜歡搬遷，故排除A）C）D）。
39.【答案】D。
【譯文】在20世紀(jì)40年代，為什么城市變得破損失修呢？是由于太多的人搬出了城市。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)考察題。
【詳細(xì)解答】A）選項(xiàng)中的人們沒有足夠的錢，不符合原文，故排除，B）選項(xiàng)中歸咎于市政規(guī)劃，顯然不符合原文，之所以失修，是因?yàn)?“they took with them the tax money the cities needed to maintain the neighborhoods...”可見太多的納稅人離開了城市，使城市沒有足夠的錢去修護(hù)、建設(shè)，自然選D）了。
40.【答案】C。
【譯文】文章的主題是，向郊區(qū)的遷移并不能解決理想的居住環(huán)境的問題。 【試題分析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。
【詳細(xì)解答】依據(jù)課文內(nèi)容我們得知，在美國歷史上，人們大量移入郊區(qū)，從而使得城市的建設(shè)一度破落。商業(yè)的進(jìn)一步搬遷使得城市建設(shè)更加落后。但每天在城市與住所之間數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí)的往返，以及人們對城市文化生活的懷念使得人們又在重新搬回城市來。以此作者引出文章的主題，單純向郊區(qū)的遷移并不能為我們創(chuàng)建一片理想的工作生活的土地。故選C）。
Part Ⅴ 參考范文：
Loyalty to the employer
Different cultures place varying values on loyalty to the employer.In some countries, most notably in Asia, there is a high degree of loyalty to one company.However, in most European countries and the United States, loyalty to one’s employer is not high valued;instead it is considered more rational and reasonable for an employee to change jobs whenever it is warranted to achieve the optimal overall career.Both of these position have advantages and disadvantages.
In cultures that value loyalty to the employer, a kind of family relationship seems to develop between employer and employee.It is a reciprocal arrangement which the employer is concerned with assisting the employee to develop to his full potential and the employee is concerned about optimizing the welfare of the company.The negative aspect to absolute loyalty to one company is that an employee may stay in one job that he has outgrown and may miss out on opportunities to develop in new directions.From the employer’s point of view, the employee may be burdened with employee whose skills no longer match the needs of the company.
In culture in which it is quite acceptable to change jobs every few years, employees can blind the career they choose for themselves.They can stay with one company as long as it is mutually beneficial to company and employee.As long as good relationship exists and the employee’s career is advancing at an acceptable pace, the employee can remain with a company.But at any time the employee is free to move to another company, perhaps to achieve a higher position, to move into a new area, or to find a work situation that is more suitable to his personality.They disadvantage of this situation is employees tend to move around a lot.
Although both these systems have advantages and disadvantages, it is much better for employees have the opportunity to move from job to job if it is necessary to have a better career.
本套試卷測試語言重點(diǎn) 10個(gè)重點(diǎn)單詞：
baby-sit: 臨時(shí)照看嬰兒 indifference:冷漠 appointment:約會，預(yù)約 infect:感染、傳染
benevolent:仁慈的，寬容的 fragile:易碎的、虛弱的 snatch:突然搶走 release:釋放
discourage:使沮喪，使泄氣 abandon:拋棄 4個(gè)重點(diǎn)詞組：
hold off:拖延 in return:作為?的回報(bào)
stand up for:堅(jiān)持 be particular about:對?挑剔
中國名校六級密卷(6)
上海交通大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 郭鴻杰
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
The media can impact current events.As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that were occurring on campus.Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV.I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media.I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage.This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinction between these realities.
Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day.People gather more and more of their impressions from representations.Television and telephone communications are linking people to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city.Consider the information that television brings into your home every day.Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone.These media extend your consciousness and your contact.for example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “l(fā)ive action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts.This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster.Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy.CNN reported events as they happened.This coverage was distributed worldwide.Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.
In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters.This event was triggered by verdict(裁定)in the Rodney King beating.We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most people, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury（陪審團(tuán)）was able to acquit(宣布??無罪)the policeman involved.Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events.This can have harmful results, as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles.By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading.“can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace.The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools.Because of that , many people turned out to join the peaceful event that saw unfolding on television.The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.21.The best title for this passage is____.
A)The 1992 Los Angeles Riots
B)The Impact of Media on Current Events
C)The 1989 San Francisco Earthquake and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots D)How media Cover Events
22.All the following statements are true EXCEPT that____. A)electronic media can extend one’s contact with the world
B)those living far away from a certain event can also have some perception of realities by watching television
C)all the events occurring on the university campus at Berkeley were given national media coverage
D)video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake gave the viewers the impression of total disaster
23.The term“electronic city”in paragraph 2 refers to____. A)Los Angeles B)San Francisco C)Berkeley D)Earth
24.The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because____.
A)the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King B)people can make their own judgments
C)video coverage from helicopters had made people angry D)video coverage had provided powerful feedback 25.It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A)media coverage of events as they occur can have either good or bad results B)most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with the verdict of the jury
C)the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week
D)Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
The American with Disabilities Act(ADA)was signed into law in 1990.This law extends civil rights protection to persons with disabilities in private sector employment, all public services, and in public accommodations, transportation, and telecommunications.A person with a disability is defined as someone with a mental or physical impairment that substantially limits him or her in a major life activity, such as walking, talking, working, or self-care.A person with a disability may also be someone with a past record of such an impairment, for example, someone who no longer has heart disease but is discriminated against because of that history.
The ADA states that employers with fifteen or more employees may not refuse to hire or promote a person because of a disability if that person is qualified to perform the job.Also, the employer must make reasonable accommodations that will allow a person with a disability to perform essential functions of the job.All new vehicles purchased by public transit authorities must be accessible to people with disabilities.All rail stations must be made accessible, and at least one car per train in existing rail systems must be made accessible.
It is illegal for public accommodations to exclude or refuse persons with disabilities.Public accommodations are business and services such as restaurants, hotels, grocery stores, and parks.All now buildings must be made accessible, and existing facilities must remover barriers if the removal can be accomplished without much difficulty or expense.
The ADA also stipulates that companies offering telephone service to the general public must offer relay services to individuals who use telecommunications devices for the deaf, twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.
26.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A)To describe discrimination against persons with disabilities. B)To explain the provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act. C)To make suggestions for hiring persons with disabilities. D)To discuss telecommunications devices for the deaf.
27.According to the passage, all of the following are affected by the Americans with Disabilities Act EXCEPT ____.
A)someone who has difficulty walking B)a public transit authority
C)an employer with fewer than fifteen employers D)a person with a past record of an impairment
28.The author mentions grocery stores as an example of ____. A)public transit B)barriers
C)private sector employment D)public accommodations
29.The author implies all of the following EXCEPT ____.
A)the ADA requires people with disabilities to pay for special accommodations B)the ADA is designed to protect the civil rights of many people
C)public transportation must accommodate the needs of people with disabilities D)The ADA protects the rights of people with mental impairments 30.It can be inferred from the passage that ____. A)restaurants can refuse service to people with disabilities
B)every car of a train must be accessible to persons with disabilities. C)the ADA is not well-liked by employers
D)large companies may not discriminate against workers with disabilities.Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Studies of children’s acquisition of language suggest that the faculty of language includes an inborn knowledge of the formal principles of language structure, a knowledge that depends on generically determined portions of(usually)that left cerebral(大腦的)hemisphere.Although it is well established that the left hemisphere is specialized for language, one cannot say that language is “l(fā)ocated” in this or that part of the hemisphere.What is known is that language discorders are the results of lesions(損傷)in the left hemisphere.Disorders of language resulting from damage to the brain are called aphasias(失語癥).
The anterior(前面的)portion of the “l(fā)anguage area” is termed Broca’s area.Lesions in this area interfere with the motor(運(yùn)動原)and articulatory aspects of language.Speech is slow,labored,grammatically incorrect,and telegraphic;in extreme cases,it may be impossible to carry out.Writing is likewise severely impaired.Comprehension of the spoken or written word,however,may be unimpaired or nearly so.(It is interesting to note that under emotional stress,a patient with Broca’s aphasia may be temporarily fluent.)Because Broca’s area is close to the motor cortex(腦皮層),if the former is damaged,the latter is often damaged simultaneously.Hence,such patients often suffer form weakness or paralysis of the right side of the body.Similar lesions in the right hemisphere will cause a left-sided weakness of paralysis but will have no effect on language.
Damage to the posterior(后面的)portion of the “l(fā)anguage area, ” especially to Wernick’s area, results in a loss of comprehension of the spoken word and often of the written word.The patient’s native language is now like a foreign language.In addition, the patient’s speech is rapid and well-articulated, but without meaning.Writing is defective, and words that are heard cannot be repeated, although hearing itself is completely normal.Similar lesions in the right hemisphere usually have no effect on language.
Injuries to the “l(fā)anguage area” in children result in severe aphasias, but the development of language mechanism in the right hemisphere can often compensate for them to an extraordinary degree.This potential function of the right hemisphere is probably normally suppressed by the left hemisphere.In adults, aphasias from similar lesions are often permanent.
31.The author is primarily concerned with ____. A)describing the process of language acquisition B)explaining potential treatment of language defects
C)showing the importance of the left hemisphere of the brain to language mechanisms
D)depicting various means of diagnosing language defects
32.Unlike a patient with Wernicke’s aphasia, a patient with Broca’s aphasia can ____.
A)comprehend written but not spoken language B)hear and read with comprehension
C)speak articulately and also comprehend spoken language D)write and speak readily and coherently
33.According to the passage,which of the following statements about the right hemisphere of the brain is accurate?
A)It has the potential to serve as a “l(fā)anguage area”.
B)It controls the ability to comprehend but not the ability to speak a language C)If it is damaged, gross motor control of the right side of the body may be affected.
D)It is the right where Wernick’s area is located.
34.It can be inferred that aphasias in adults often result in permanent damage because ____.
A)much memory is lost
B)adults have more trouble learning a foreign language
C)the right hemisphere is no longer as adaptable as it once was. D)brain cells in adults are especially vulnerable to infection
35.It can be inferred that the author bases his description on ____. A)clinical studies of instances of damage to the brain
B)studies of language development in children without brain damage C)microscopic examination of the brain structure
D)examples of the integration of the left and right hemispheresPassage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
For millions of years before the appearance of the electric light, shift work,allnight cable TV and the Internet, Earth’s creatures evolved on a planet with predictable and reassuring 24-hour rhythms.Our biological clocks are set for this daily cycle.Simply put,our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day.Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives.(Contrary to popular belief,humans don’t need less sleep as they age.)
But on average,Americans sleep only about seven and a half hours per night,a marked drop from the nine hours day averaged in 1910.what’s worse,nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night.For most people, that’s not nearly enough.
Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge.Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders.Some sleeping disorders are generic.But many problems are caused by staying up late and sleeping in, by traveling frequently between time zones or by working nights.Dr.James.F.Jones at National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver says that sleep disorders are often diagnosed at other discomforts.About one third of the patients referred to him with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders.“Before we do anything else, we look at their sleep,” Jones says.
Sleep experts say that most people would benefit from a good look at their sleep patterns, “My motto(座右銘)is ‘sleep defensively’,” says Mary Carskadon of Brown University.She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep, even if it means giving up other things.Sleep routines-like going to bed and getting up at the same time every day-are important.Pre-bedtime activities also make a difference.As with Elsneer, who used to suffer from sleeplessness, a few lifestyle change-avoiding stimulants and late meals, exercising hours before bedtime, relaxing with a hot bath—yield better sleep.
36.What is TRUE of human sleep?
A)Most people need less sleep when grow older.
B)Most people need seven and a half hours of sleep every night.
C)On average, people in the U.S.today sleep less per night than they used to. D)For most people, less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night is enough. 37.For our bodies to function properly, we should____. A)sleep for at least eight hours per night B)believe that we need less sleep as we age C)adjust our activities to the new inventions
D)be able to predict the rhythms of our biological clocks
38.According to the author, many sleeping disorders are caused by ____. A)other diseases
B)pre-bedtime exercises C)improper sleep patterns D)Chronic fatigue syndrome
39.Which of the following measures can help you sleep better? A)Staying up late. B)Taking a hot bath. C)Having late meals.
D)Traveling between time zones.
40.“Sleep defensively” means that ____.
A)people should go to a doctor and have their problems diagnosed B)people should exercise immediately before going to bed every night C)people should sacrifice other things to get enough sleep if necessary. D)People should give up going to bed and going up at the same every day.Part Ⅴ Writing(30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Information in the Modern World.You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:
1.信息在當(dāng)今社會的重要性 2.信息傳播的方式
3.談?wù)勑畔⒃谖磥砩鐣淖饔锚?Information in the Modern World
Section B Passage One
In the past 20 years, scientists have learnt a great deal about sleep and dreams.They have discovered, for example, that sleep and dreams affect the way people feel.A good night sleep, generally, makes a person happier in the morning.Dreams also have a strong effect on the moods of people.However, who appears in a dream is more important than what happens.
Every person has a special dream character.If the special character appears in dreams, people are happier after sleeping.If there are many people in one’s dreams, this has a good effect.A person will wake up happier.
The moods of people affect their performances throughout the day.The level of one’s moods rises and falls during the day.The less sleepy the people are, the better they perform, and usually they are more friendly, more aggressive, and more clear thinking.
Some day scientists hope to manipulate sleep in order to control the way people feel and perform.Passage Two
In a great number of Western, as well as Eastern societies, many adults have been taught not to cry, or have even forgotten how.This is very unfortunate, because, although it may have been necessary at one point to learn to hold back one’s tears, the ability to cry is actually very human.It is a natural thing, and one of the special ways nature has given us to cure ourselves of the hurts we receive in the course of living.
If crying is helpful in the curing of physical ills, we can easily imagine the importance of tears and the ability to cry in the curing of emotion ills, and in helping people who are emotional well-being as well.You may have observed this in your personal life.For example, many times after a good cry, we can think more clearly or feel more lighthearted or sleep more easily, because some kind of load has been lifted from within.Passage Three
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome.I’m sure we have all heard the expression, “Think Green.” Tonight we are going to talk about ways that we can “Act Green” in our everyday life.
The best place to start, of course, is in the home.Every day, people all over the world are hurting the environment without even knowing it.For example, busy families buy paper napkins and plastic food wrap at the supermarket.This helps them save time on housework, but after these things have been used, what happens to them? They go into the garbage heap.In many places, especially in North America, big cities are running out of places to throw their package.What can we do about it?
How can we cut down on garbage? Well, we can start using cloth napkins and cloth towels instead of paper towels.When we go grocery shopping, we can choose products that are not “overpackaged.” For example, last week I bought a package of cookies.The cookies were in a bag.There was a plastic tray inside the bag, and then each cookies was in its own little package on the tray in the bag!That’s overpackaging!We should also take our own bags to the grocery store to carry things in.答案與詳解
Part Ⅱ Passage One
內(nèi)容概要:
本文主要講媒體對時(shí)事的影響。文中列舉了許多事例說明這一點(diǎn)。如電視和電話把人們與地球連到了一起，有位作家把地球村稱之為“電子城”，媒體對事件的報(bào)道會提供強(qiáng)烈的反饋反過來又會影響事件本身等等。
21.【答案】B。 【譯文】本文的最佳題目是媒體對時(shí)事的影響。 【試題分析】本題測試考生的綜合理解能力。
【詳細(xì)解答】從整篇文章看，作者主要講的是媒體對時(shí)事的影響。第1段第1句和第二段的第1句就已點(diǎn)明。因而B）為正確答案。
22.【答案】C
【譯文】下列陳述不正確的是“所有發(fā)生在伯克利大學(xué)的事件在全國性的媒體都上報(bào)道了”。 【試題分析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】第2段，有“這些媒體拓寬了人們的視野和接觸范圍”一句?？梢娺x項(xiàng)A）的意思是對的，也即不是正確選項(xiàng)。第2段最好一句也就是B的意思，因此B也是對的。D的內(nèi)容與文章意思吻合，文中第2段中有這樣一句話：這給觀眾以大災(zāi)難的印象。因而D）也不可能是正確選項(xiàng)。C說的是所有發(fā)生在伯克利大學(xué)的世界全國性的媒體都予以報(bào)道。但文章第1段第3句說，發(fā)生在伯克利加州大學(xué)的某些（不是所有）事件在全國性媒體上報(bào)道了。由此可見C）的說法與原文不符，故為正確選項(xiàng)。
23.【答案】D。
【譯文】電子城指的就是地球。 【試題分析】詞語理解題。
【詳細(xì)解答】本題問的是electronic city，實(shí)際上考的是對global village的理解。由于city一詞，而且是個(gè)選擇中的三個(gè)城市在文章中都被提到。因此該題目有一定的迷惑性。但如果考生知道global village是“地球村”的意思，也知道“電子城”就是指的“地球村”，那么這道題比較容易回答。
24.【答案】A。
【譯文】1992年落杉磯騷亂的原因是陪審團(tuán)宣布?xì)騌odney King的警察無罪。 【試題分析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】第3段第2句說這次騷亂是由于對Rodney被毆打一案所作的裁決引起的。后面還提到大多數(shù)看過Rodney King被毆打錄像的人都無法理解為什么陪審團(tuán)會宣布?xì)驘o辜者的警察無罪。從這兩句話可以得出A是正確選項(xiàng)。
25.【答案】A。
【譯文】媒體事件的報(bào)道既可帶來好影響也可造成惡劣的后果。 【試題分析】推理引申題。
【詳細(xì)解答】文中第3段說，媒體對事件的報(bào)道會提供強(qiáng)烈的反饋，反過來又會影
響事件本身。由此可知，媒體對事件的報(bào)道既可帶來好的影響也可造成惡劣的后果，因此A是正確選項(xiàng)。 Passage Two 內(nèi)容概要:
本文主要講美國為保護(hù)殘疾人而制定的各種法律。在享受醫(yī)療保健、教育和交通旅游權(quán)利等方面從法律上都有明確規(guī)定。
26.【答案】B。
【譯文】本文的主要目的是解釋美國人為保護(hù)殘疾人而制定的殘疾人法。 【試題分析】歸納結(jié)論題。
【詳細(xì)解答】這篇短文的中心內(nèi)容就是討論和解釋美國人是如何從法律上和公共事業(yè)角度進(jìn)行廣泛的努力保護(hù)和幫助殘疾人。選項(xiàng)B正好回答了這個(gè)問題。故B是正確答案。
27.【答案】C
【譯文】雇員少于15人的情況不在美國殘疾人法的范圍之內(nèi)。 【試題分析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】選項(xiàng)C說的是少于15人的情況，而文中第二段第一句說的是雇員多于15人的雇主不得拒絕雇傭能夠勝任工作的殘疾人。因此C是排除于短文內(nèi)容以外的選項(xiàng)。
28.【答案】D。
【譯文】公共設(shè)施包括食品店。 【試題分析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】第4段第2句話給public accommodation下定義是把選項(xiàng)D包括了進(jìn)去，與parks, restaurants and hotels并列。
29.【答案】A。
【譯文】文中沒有提及殘疾人必須對其特殊住所支付費(fèi)用。 【試題分析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】短文中沒有講到或暗示過殘疾人必須對其特殊住所支付費(fèi)用（peoplewith disabilities must pay for specialaccommodations），而B、C、及D項(xiàng)選擇的內(nèi)容在第一和第三段都講到或暗示過。
30.【答案】D。
【譯文】可以推測大公司不可以歧視有殘疾的工人。 【試題分析】推理引申題。
【詳細(xì)解答】關(guān)鍵詞是第二段前兩個(gè)句子：（employers with fifteen or more employees may not refuse to hire or promote a person because of a disability...must take reasonable accommodations...）。A項(xiàng)選擇不符合第4段的意思，B項(xiàng)選擇不符合第3段的意思，而C項(xiàng)選擇在短文中找不到支持信息。 Passage Three 內(nèi)容概要:
本文第1段為主題段，點(diǎn)明了大腦左半球與語言機(jī)制之間的關(guān)系；第2、3段分別描述了大腦左前區(qū)和左后區(qū)損傷對語言機(jī)制的不同影響；最后一段主要是講大腦右半球在大腦左半球受損導(dǎo)致失語癥時(shí)的代償作用。
31.【答案】C。
【譯文】本文主要是為了說明大腦左半球?qū)φZ言機(jī)制的重要性。 【試題分析】歸納結(jié)論題。
【詳細(xì)解答】文章第1段就概括了這篇文章是關(guān)于大腦左半球與語言機(jī)制的關(guān)系，大腦左半球?qū)φZ言機(jī)制起著重要的作用。所以C）是正確答案。
32.【答案】B。
【譯文】勃洛卡區(qū)失語癥病人和韋尼克失語癥病人不同，前者既能聽懂也能讀懂。 【試題分析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】第2段第3、4、5句告訴我們，大腦左前區(qū)損傷對說和寫的能力有嚴(yán)重影響，但一般不會影響聽和讀的理解。因此選項(xiàng)A）和C）有部分差錯(cuò)，選項(xiàng)D）完全不對，而惟有選項(xiàng)B）正確。
33.【答案】A。
【譯文】大腦右半球在在左半球受損傷的情況下具有代償作用。 【試題分析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】依據(jù)是最后一段第1句。既然在大腦左半球受傷而造成嚴(yán)重失語癥的情況下，兒童的大腦右半球通?？尚纬纱鷥敊C(jī)制，就說明大腦右半球具有充當(dāng)“語言區(qū)”的潛力。所以A）是正確答案
34.【答案】C。
【譯文】成年人的失語癥經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致永久的損傷是因?yàn)榇竽X右半球不再具有適應(yīng)性。 【試題分析】推理引申題。
【詳細(xì)解答】從最后一段我們得知，同是“語言區(qū)”（即大腦左半球）損傷導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重失語癥，兒童的失語癥通常可由大腦右半球語言機(jī)制的發(fā)展得到一定彌補(bǔ)，但成人的失語癥則一般是永久的。這種對比說明，成人的大腦右半球已不像兒童（即從前）那樣具有適應(yīng)性。因而答案應(yīng)選C）。
35.【答案】A。
【譯文】作者的描述的依據(jù)是大腦損傷進(jìn)行的臨床觀察和研究。 【試題分析】推理引申題。
【詳細(xì)解答】本文是通過描述大腦不同部位損傷與失語癥之間的關(guān)系來論證主題的，而在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有采用A）的方法（即對腦損傷進(jìn)行臨床觀察和研究）才能發(fā)現(xiàn)這種關(guān)系。Passage Four
內(nèi)容概要:
本文講的是睡眠問題。瓊斯醫(yī)生說，睡眠紊亂經(jīng)常被診斷為其他毛病。睡眠有規(guī)律是很重要的。與睡前的活動也有關(guān)系。晚飯不要吃得太晚，睡前避免過長時(shí)間的運(yùn)動，洗個(gè)熱水澡，都會使人睡得香一點(diǎn)。
36.【答案】C。
【譯文】平均而言，美國人的睡眠時(shí)間比過去少。 【試題分析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】答本題應(yīng)仔細(xì)閱讀頭上兩段。第2段說，美國人現(xiàn)在平均每天只睡7個(gè)半小時(shí)，比1910年平均睡9個(gè)小時(shí)要少得多。而且，有將近三分之一的美國人在工作完后只剩6個(gè)小時(shí)還不到的睡眠時(shí)間。對大多數(shù)人而言，這是不夠的。故只有C是正確選項(xiàng)。
37.【答案】A。
【譯文】為了保證身體正常工作，我們應(yīng)該至少有8個(gè)小時(shí)的睡眠時(shí)間。 【試題分析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】[JP+3]本題測試考生對第1段最后第2句話的理解。該句說，大多數(shù)男人和女人每晚需要8到8個(gè)半小時(shí)的睡眠時(shí)間才能保證他們的正常工作。因此A是正確答案。
38.【答案】C。
【譯文】作者認(rèn)為，睡眠紊亂是由于不合理的睡眠方式引起的。 【試題分析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。 【詳細(xì)解答】第3段第3句說，“許多睡眠問題是由晚睡晚起、經(jīng)常作跨時(shí)區(qū)旅行及上夜班引起的”。在這里只提到了“晚睡晚起”，即C所指的improper sleep patterns，而沒有提到其他疾病、睡前鍛煉和慢性疲勞綜合癥，因此惟有C是正確選項(xiàng)。
39.【答案】B。
【譯文】睡眠之前洗個(gè)熱水澡可以幫助你睡的香一些。 【試題分析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【詳細(xì)解答】本題問的是下面的措施中哪一個(gè)可以幫助你睡得香一些。文章最后一句說，改變一下生活方式可以幫助你睡得香一些，句中列舉的幾項(xiàng)措施包括晚飯不要吃得太晚或洗個(gè)熱水澡等。故B“洗個(gè)熱水澡”是正確選項(xiàng)。
40.【答案】C。
【譯文】為了得到足夠的睡眠，有必要犧牲其他事情。 【試題分析】詞語理解題。
【詳細(xì)解答】本題考對短語“sleep defensively”的意思理解，這要從上下文去理解。下面一句話說，人們須擠出足夠的睡眠時(shí)間，哪怕這意味著放棄其他的事情。這就解釋了該短語的意義。因此選項(xiàng)C“如果必要人們應(yīng)犧牲其他事情來得到足夠的睡眠”是正確答案。
Part Ⅴ 參考范文
Information in the Modern World
Information is of great significance in the modern world.Since the world is developing at an ever-increasing speed, it is important for us to be well-informed.Otherwise, we will fail to keep pace with the fast developing world.Therefore, on the one hand, we need information to communicate with each other, on the other hand, we are in need of it to compete with others and to attain our goals.Success in many fields depends on the acquisition of the latest information, while failure results from the lack of necessary information.
Then how to get well-informed? Today, there are many means of getting and exchanging information which enable us to keep up with what is going on in the world.For example, reading newspapers, listening to the radio and watching TV are common means of getting information.In addition, in the booming age of science and
technology, people can have easy access to the Internet, which proves the most convenient and efficient bridge to the outside world.
As to the role of information in the future, I assume that it will play a more and more crucial role in society.And what is more important is that people can acquire more prompt and extensive information on which their success depends.
本套試卷測試語言重點(diǎn) 10個(gè)重點(diǎn)單詞：
overwhelming:壓倒的、勢不可擋的 anticipate:預(yù)期、預(yù)計(jì) expand:膨脹
crucial:重要的、關(guān)鍵的
detach(from):使分離、使分開、拆卸 preside(over):主持
diminish:貶低、減少、縮小 occurrence:發(fā)生、出現(xiàn)
explicitly:清晰地、顯而易見地 rectify:改正、矯正 4個(gè)重點(diǎn)詞組：
intent on:專心、執(zhí)著
cast light upon:使(某事）更為清楚、闡明 summon up: 鼓起（勇氣） see to:照料、照顧、負(fù)責(zé)
第二篇：浙大2011考博英語部分題目及答案
聽力第一篇
Among my experiences as a college president is the all-too-frequent phone call in the night that begins: “One of your students is in the emergency room with alcohol poisoning.” The whole country got a similar wake-up call in June when it was reported that alcohol abuse on college campuses is on the rise, especially for women, and that college students drink far more than nonstudents.One statistic showed that college students spend more money on alcohol while in college than on books.Alcohol abuse, although tragic, is but one symptom of a larger campus crisis.A generation has come to college quite fragile, not very secure about who it is, fearful of its lack of identity and without confidence in its future.Many students are ashamed of themselves and afraid of relationships.Students use alcohol as an escape.It's used as an excuse for bad behavior: the insanity defense writ large on campus.This diminished sense of self has caused a growth in racism, sexism, attempted suicide, theft, property-damage and cheating on most campuses.This is not the stuff of most presidents' public conversations.Nor can it be explained away as an “underclass” problem;it is found on our most privileged campuses.It is happening because the generation now entering college has experienced few authentic connections with adults in its lifetime.I call this the “Culture of Neglect,” and we — parents, teachers, professors and administrators — are the primary architects.It begins at home, where social and economic factors — such as declining incomes requiring longer work hours — result in less family time.Young people have been allowed to or must take part-time jobs rather than spending time in school, on homework or with their families.More children and youths are being reared in a vacuum, with television as their only supervisor, and there is little expectation that they learn personal responsibility.Immersed in themselves, they are left to their peers.31.The main idea of the first paragraph is that().× 正確答案為C
[A] it is easy to be a college president
[B] a college president has to sit up till midnight
[C] alcohol abuse is quite common on campus
[D] it is harmful for college students to drink alcohol
32.According to the author, college students turn to alcohol as a(n)().× 正確答案為C
[A] inspiration
[B] stimulation
[C] escape
[D] relaxation
33.The word “architects” in Para.2 can be best replaced by().× 正確答案為D
[A] artists
[B] experts
[C] discoverers
[D] designers
34.How do parents react to the “Culture of Neglect”?()× 正確答案為B
[A] Parents have lowered their expectations on children.[B] Parents take little care of the growth of their children.[C] Parents spend too much time watching television.[D] Parents fail to cooperate with teachers and administrators.35.What is the main problem with the children brought up in the “ Culture of Neglect?”()× 正確答案為C
[A] They can't read or write well.[B] They can hardly find a good job.[C] They don't have the sense of responsibility.[D] They are more likely to commit crimes.第二篇
Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried.Too little conflict breeds apathy(冷漠)and stagnation(呆滯).Too much conflict leads to divisiveness(分裂)and hostility.Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way.Recent research by Professor Charles R.Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations.He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives.Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations.Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization.Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture.They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations.Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives.In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms.The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators.In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents.Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.31.In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is________.A)wrong
B)oversimplified
C)misleading
D)unclear 注：文章第一句
32.Professor Charles R.Schwenk's research shows________.A)the advantages and disadvantages of conflict B)the real value of conflict
C)the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflict
D)the complexity of defining the roles of conflict
注：文章第二段
33.We can learn from Schwenk's research that________.A)a person’s view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organization
B)conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizations
C)different people resolve conflicts in different ways
D)it is impossible for people to avoid conflict
注：文章第三段 34.The passage suggests that in forfor425B.C.）被稱為“歷史之父”
所著的《歷史》為西方第一部歷史著作
10． Polynesian：波利尼西亞人 指太平洋島嶼居民
11． the Goths: 哥特族（日耳曼族的一支 在３至５世紀(jì)侵入羅馬帝國）； barbarian: 未開化的人 野蠻人；pillage:（尤指戰(zhàn)爭中的）掠奪
12． Tahiti: 塔希提島
位于南太平洋；rite of passage:通過禮儀（指為人生進(jìn)入一個(gè)新階段 如出生、成年等舉行的儀式）
13.souvenir: 紀(jì)念品；of choice : 特別的；globetrot:周游世界[globe-trotter的逆構(gòu)］
14.parlor: <美>（接待顧客的）店堂
15.underworld: 下流社會 以犯罪活動為生的人們
16.delinquent: 違法者
17.pricking: 刺 戳
18.生活在北極圈內(nèi)及其附近的一些北方部落的人（主要是因紐特人）用針刺破皮膚
再把染成炭黑色的線穿進(jìn)去
Inuit：生活在北極地區(qū)的因紐特人 即愛斯基摩人； soot: 炭黑色
19.pigment: 顏料； rake-like: 齒叉形的20.bone-cutting: 用骨頭削成的；groove: 溝 紋（道）；buttocks：臀部
21.hand-held: 手持的
便攜式的； contraption：裝置
22.dermis: 真皮
23.直到1929年經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)爆發(fā)前 文身一直十分風(fēng)靡
all the rage: <口>風(fēng)靡一時(shí)的事物 時(shí)尚
24.sport: <口> 惹人注目地穿戴
25.omnipresent: 無所不在的 26.fad:（穿著、行為、言談等方面）一時(shí)的風(fēng)尚
第三篇：2015武漢大學(xué)考博英語部分真題答案
感謝”珞珈人（武大考博）197431621”群網(wǎng)友熱心提供題源
一、閱讀理解
Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty.Because justice is regarded as one form.of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime.Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society.To make up for his offence, society must get even.This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him.This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times.It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder.This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel.He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed.The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied.To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt.The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice.The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it.It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him.The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society.Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior.must be found.If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done.Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society.This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime.It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him.If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered.However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society.His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1.The best title for this selection is（B）A.Fitting Punishment to the Crime B.Approaches to Just Punishment C.Improvement in Legal Justice D.Attaining Justice in the Courts
2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the（C）.A.type of crime that was proven B.severity for the punishment C.reason for the sentence D.outcome of the trial
3.The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（D）.A.forced brain surgery B.whipping C.solitary confinement D.the electric chair
4.The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to（D）.A.prove，that equality demands just punishment B.justify the need for punishment as a part of law C.give moral backing to retributive justice D.prove that man has long been interested in justice
”In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized...In a great number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice.Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.“
This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete.There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status.In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children.More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life.It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes.In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going.Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.5.The phrase ”men's sureness of their sex role“ in the first paragraph suggests that they（C）
A.are confident in their ability to charm women.B.take the initiative in courtship.C.have a clear idea of what is considered ”manly“.D.tend to be more immoral than women are.6.The third paragraph（A）
A.generally agrees with the first paragraph B.has no connection with the first paragraph C.repeats the argument of the second paragraph D.contradicts the last paragraph
7.The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（B）A.is based on the study of archaeology B.illustrates how people expect men to behave C.is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joke D.proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer
8.The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author（D）A.approves of B.argues is natural C.completely rejects D.expects to go on changing
Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations.It makes it hard to plan ahead.But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets.Farmers in Europe, the U.S.and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts.Last month U.S.President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S.agricultural support close to crazy European levels.Bush said the step was necessary to ”promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations“.It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries.But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families.Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods.In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods.It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister of Finance.”What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.“
Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete.Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output.This is no pie in the sky speculation.The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe.But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the ”least developed country“ status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products.With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose.And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers.The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing.Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets.Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago.But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles.Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed.Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.By comparison, farmers（C）receive more government subsidies than others.? A.in the developing world B.in Japan C.in Europe D.in America?
10.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a（A）motive behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.? A.partisan B.social C.financial D.cultural?
11.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that（A）? A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?
B.“the least?developed country” status benefits agricultural countries? C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization? D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies
12.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S.is（C）? A.favourable B.ambiguous C.critical D.reserved
Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions.First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition.Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse.Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?
In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.The author objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it（D）.A.emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction B.misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction C.misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction D.substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction
14.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（A）.A.evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism B.comparing various critical approaches to ”a subject C.discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism D.summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism
15.The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as（B）.A.pedantic and contentious B.critical but admiring C.ironic and deprecating D.argumentative but unfocused
16.It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following（C）
A.An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writers B.A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authors C.A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themes
D.An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black history
三、漢譯英
得病以前，我受父母寵愛，在家中橫行霸道。一旦隔離，拘禁在花園山坡上一幢小房子里，我頓感到打入冷宮，十分郁郁不得志 起來。一個(gè)春天的傍晚，園中百花怒放，父母在園中設(shè)宴，一時(shí)賓客云集，笑語四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地掀起窗簾，窺見園中大千世界，一片繁華。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其間，個(gè)個(gè)喜氣洋洋。一瞬間，一陣被人擯棄、為世所遺的悲憤兜上心頭，禁不住痛哭起來。
Before I fell ill, my parents doted on me a lot.I could have my way at home.Once I was isolated and confined in a chamber on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected and became very depressed.One spring evening, my parents held a Banquet in the garden, where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom.In no time, a crowd of their guests collected and laughter was heard all over there.I, without being noticed, lifted the curtain in my small room, only to spy the bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden, and my elder sisters, brothers and my cousins, each full of the joys of spring, were shuttling among the guests.Quickly enough, I was thrown into a fist of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and discarded by the rest and could not help crying my heart out.四、作文
How to Prevent Plagiarism
第四篇：北師大02-08考博Summary真題及部分答案總結(jié)
（2007）
Read the following passage carefully and write a summary of it in English in about 150 words.Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance The word(過于具體)Renaissance means “rebirth.”(與下文重復(fù))A number of people who lived in(過于具體)Italy between 1350 and 1550 believed that they had witnessed(過于具體)a rebirth of antiquity or Greco-Roman civilization, marking a new age.To them, the thousand or so years between the end of the Roman Empire and their own era was a middle period(hence the “Middle Ages”), characterized by darkness because of its lack of classic culture(鋪墊).Historians of the nineteenth century later used similar terminology to describe this period in Italy.(鋪墊)The Swiss historian and art critic Jacob Burckhardt created the modern concept of the Renaissance in his celebrated Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy published in 1860(舉例).He portrayed Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as the birthplace of the modern world(the Italians were “the firstborn among the sons of modern Europe”)(與前文重復(fù))and saw the revival of antiquity, “the perfecting of the individual,” and secularism as its distinguishing features.Burckhardt exaggerated the individuality and secularism of the Renaissance and failed to recognize the depths of its religious sentiment（詳細(xì)陳述或讓步）;nevertheless, he established the framework for all modern interpretations of the Renaissance（與主題不直接相聯(lián)）.Although contemporary scholars do not believe that the Renaissance represents a sudden or dramatic cultural break with the Middle Ages, as Burckhardt argued—there was, after all, much continuity in economic, political, and social life between the two periods（讓步）—the Renaissance can still be viewed as a distinct period of European history that manifested itself first in Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe.Renaissance Italy was largely an urban society.As a result of its commercial preeminence and political evolution, northern Italy by the mid-fourteenth century was mostly a land of independent cities that dominated the country districts around them.These city-states became the centers of Italian political, economic, and social life.Within this new urban society,（鋪墊，或?qū)儆诖我颍゛ secular spirit emerged as increasing wealth created new possibilities for the enjoyment of worldly things.Above all, the Renaissance was an age of recovery from the “calamitous fourteenth century.” Italy and Europe began a slow process of recuperation from the effects of the Black Death, political disorder, and economic recession（詳細(xì)陳述或舉例論證）.This recovery was accompanied by a rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity.Increasingly aware of their own historical past, Italian intellectuals became intensely interested in the Greco-Roman culture of the ancient Mediterranean world.This new revival of classical antiquity(the Middle Ages had in fact preserved much of ancient Latin culture)affected activities as diverse as politics and art and led to new attempts to reconcile the pagan philosophy of the Greco-Roman world with Christian thought, as well as new ways of viewing human beings.（后果延伸）
A revived emphasis on individual ability became characteristic of the Italian Renaissance.As the fifteenth-century Florentine architect Leon Battista Alberti expressed it: “Man can do all things if they will.”（舉例）A high regard for human dignity and worth and a realization of individual potentiality created a new social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person who was capable of achievements in many areas of life.（后果延伸）These general features of the Italian Renaissance were not characteristic of all Italians but were primarily the preserve of the wealthy upper classes, who constituted a small percentage of the total population（詳細(xì)陳述）.The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the product of an elite, rather than a mass, movement.（與上文重復(fù)）Nevertheless, indirectly it did have some impact on ordinary people, especially in the cities, where so many of the intellectual and artistic accomplishments of the period were most visible.（詳細(xì)陳述或?qū)儆诓恢匾揎椪Z
（2006）
（2005）
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 150 words
A tool is an implement or device used directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form.The date of the earliest tools is extremely remote.Tools found in northern Kenya in 1969 have been estimated to be about 2600000 years old, and their state of development suggests that even older tools remain to be discovered.The present array of tools has as common ancestors the sharpened stones that were the keys to early human survival.Rudely fractured stones, first found and later “made” by hunters who needed a general-purpose tool, were a “knife” of sorts that could also be used to hack, to pound, and to grub.In the course of a vast interval of time, a variety of single-purpose tools came into being.With the twin developments of agriculture and animal domestication, roughly 10000 years ago.The many demands of a settled way of life led to a higher degree of tool specialization;the identities of the ax, adz, chisel, and saw were clearly established more than 4000 years ago.The common denominator of these tools is removal of material from a workpiece, usually by some form of cutting.The presence of a cutting edge is therefore characteristic of most tools.And the principal concern of toolmakers has been the pursuit and creation of improved cutting edges.Tool effectiveness was enhanced enormously by hafting---the fitting of a handle to a piece of sharp stone, which endowed the tool with better control, more energy, or both.It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools.Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations, such as chopping, chiseling, sawing, filing, or forging.Complementary tools, often needed as auxiliaries to the shaping tools, include such implements as the hammer for nailing and the vise for holding.A craftsman may also use instruments that facilitate accurate measurements: the rule, divider, square, and others.Power tools---usually hand-held, motor-powered implements such as the electric drill or electric saw---perform many of the old manual operations and as such may be considered hand tools.Machine tools are analogous to hand tools in their function as shaping implements, but they require stationary mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts.During the evolution of tools over more than 2000000 years, using as principal materials, successively, stone, bronze, and iron, humans developed a number of particular tools.Taken together, these specialized tools form an inverted pyramid resting upon the first general-purpose tool.The nearly formless chopper.With the discovery of metals and the support of numerous inventions allowing their exploitation, the first approximations to the modern forms of the basic tools of the craftsman established themselves, with the main thrust of further development directed at improving the cutting edges.The earliest tools were multipurpose;specialized tools were latecomers.A multipurpose tool, although able to do a number of things, does none of them as well as a tool designed or proportioned for one job and one material.（2004）
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.The success of failure of a company abroad depends on how effectively its employees can exercise their skills in a new location.That ability will depend on both their job-related expertise and the individual’s sensitivity and responsiveness to the new cultural environment.One of the most common factors contributing to failure in international business assignments is the erroneous assumption that if a person is successful in the home environment, he or she will be equally successful in applying technical expertise in a different culture.Research has shown that failures in the overseas business setting most frequently result from an inability to understand and adapt to foreign ways of thinking and acting rather than from technical or professional incompetence.At home U.S.businesspeople equip themselves with vast amount of knowledge of their employees, customers, and business partners.Market research provides detailed information on values, attitudes, and buying preferences of U.S, consumers;middle-and upper-level managers are well versed in the intricacies of their organization’s culture;and labor negotiators must be highly sensitive to what motivates those on the other side of the table.Yet when North Americans turn to the international arena, they frequently are willing to deal with customers, employees, and fellow workers with a lack of information that at home would be unimaginable.The literature on international business is filled with examples of business miscues when U.S.corporations attempted to operate in an international context.Some are mildly amusing.Others are downright embarrassing.All of them, to one degree or another, have been costly in terns of money, reputation, or both.For example, when American firms try to market their products in other countries, they often assume that if a marketing strategy or slogan is effective in Cleveland, it will be equally effective in other parts of the world.But problems arise when cultural context changes.Just as inattention to the cultural context can result in some costly blunders in marketing and management, it also can affect seriously the success of international business negotiations.Time, effort, reputation, and even contracts can be lost because of cultural ignorance.The world is changing faster than most of us can calculate, and if American businesspersons are to meet the challenges of an increasingly interdependent world, they will need to develop a better understanding of how cultural variables influence international business enterprises.A healthy dialogue between cultures and members of the international business community will be an important step in achieving that needed understanding.(2003)Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture and industrial development.Its successful modernization can be traced to the continent’s rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labour force, and the interconnectedness of all its parts-both naturally existing and man-made—which facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Europe’s economic modernization began with a marked improvement in agriculture output in the 17th century, particularly in England.The traditional method of cultivation involved periodically allowing land to remain fallow;this gave way to continuous cropping on fields that were fertilized with nature from animals raised as food for rapidly expanding urban markets.Greater wealth was accumulated by landowners at the same time that fewer farmhands were needed to work the land.The accumulated capital and abundant cheap labour created by this revolution in agriculture fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.The revolution vegan in northern England in the 1730s with the development of water-driven machinery to spin and weave wool and cotton.By mid-century James Watt had developed a practical steam engine that emancipated machinery from sites adjacent to waterfalls and rapids.Britain had been practically deforested by this time, and the incessant demand for more fuel to run the engines led to the exploitation of coal as a major industry.Industries were built on the coalfields to minimize the cost of transporting coal over long distances.The increasingly surplus rural population flocked to the new manufacturing areas.Canals and other improvements in the transportation infrastructure were made in these regions, which made them attractive to other industries that were not necessarily dependent on coal and thus prompted development in adjacent regions.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and northeastern France and spread to Germany, the Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and other areas in conjunction with the construction of railways.By the 1870s the governments of the European nations had recognized the vital importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development through subsidies and tariff protection against foreign competition.Large areas, however, remained virtually untouched by modern industrial development, including most of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy, and a broad belt of eastern Europe extending from the Balkans on the south to Finland and northern Scandinavia.During the 20the century Europe has experienced periods of considerable economic growth and prosperity, and industrial development has proliferated much more widely throughout the continent;but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character—which has spawned economic rivalries among states and two devastating world wars-as well as by the exhaustion of many of its resources and by increased economic competition from overseas.Governmental protectionism, which has tended to restrict the potential market for a product to a single country, has deprived many industrial concerns of the efficiencies of large-scale production serving a mass market(such as is found in the United States).In addition, enterprise efficiency has suffered from government support and from a lack of competition within a national market area.Within individual countries there have been growing tensions between regions that have prospered and those that have not.This “core-periphery” problem has been particularly acute in situations where the contrasting regions are inhabited by different ethnic groups.（2002）
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Developments in 19th century Europe are bounded by two great events.The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades.World War I began in 1914.Its inception resulted from many trends in European society, culture, and diplomacy during the late 19th century.In between these boundaries---the one opening a new set of trends, the other bringing long-standing tensions to a head---much of modern Europe was defined.Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided.A number of basic cultural trends, including new literary styles and the spread of science, ran through the entire continent.European states were increasingly locked in diplomatic interaction, culminating in continentwide alliance system after 1871.At the same time, this was the century of growing nationalism, in which individual states jealously protected their identities and indeed established more rigorous border controls than ever before.Finally, the European continent was to an extent divided between two zones of differential development.Changes such as the Industrial Revolution and political liberalization spread first and fastest in western Europe---Britain, France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and, to an extent, Germany and Italy.Eastern and southern Europe, more rural at the outset of the period, changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways.Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasing interconnections, but these developments must be assessed in terms of nation-state divisions and, even more, of larger regional differences.Some trends, including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution, ran through virtually the entire 19th century.Other characteristics, however, had a shorter life span.Some historians prefer to divide 19th century history into relatively small chunks.Thus 1789-1815 is defined by the French Revolution and Napoleon;1815-48 forms a period of reaction and adjustment;1848-71 is dominated by a new round of revolution and the unifications of the German and Italian nations;and 1871-1914, an age of imperialism, is shaped by new kinds of political debate and the pressures that culminated in war.Overriding these important markers, however, a simpler division can also be useful.Between 1789 and 1849 Europe dealt with the forces of political revolution and the first impact of the Industrial Revolution.Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society emerged, including new forms of states and of diplomatic and military alignments.The mid-19th century, in either formulation, looms as a particularly important point of transition within the extended 19th century.(2008)
build up ,and like some magnificent structure without foundation.Answer:（2007）
（2006）
Finland, an enormous land of unspoiled lakes and forests, nourishes Finnic genius of commitmen and coexistence with nature.The basic nucleus of the Finnic population are Finns coming from the Urals in the early century of the Christian age.Being such short history, Finland does not have enormous number of work of art, but it is still possible to meet craftsman in Savonlinna who are working according to the old techniques.Glas, which is a typical Finnish product, seems to sum up the characteristics of the world from which it originates: purity, simplicity, and a sense of nature.The forests and waters inspire contemporary works of art;and the meditative soul of the Finns, who blend in with nature, is nourished by these fresh color.Near Leiksa, an extraordinary sculptor working with wood is one of the example of contemporary artists who is inspired by nature.（2005）
A tool is a device use directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form.The date of the earliest toll is extremely remote.Stones as tool were the keys to early human survival.The twin development of agriculture and animal domestication developed the general-purpose tool into single-purpose tool.Generally speaking, tools are removal of material from workplace.It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools.Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations.Machine tools are complementary to hand tools in their functions, but they require stationary, mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts.The earliest tools were multipurpose;specialized tools were latecomers.（2004）
(2003)Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy.Its successful modernization facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Concerning the time, it first began in the 17th century.The traditional method of cultivation involved allowing land to remain fallow thus fewer farmlands were needed to work the land and the accumulated capital and labor created by this revolution fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and spread to some of the other European countries.Although they had recognized the importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development, there still existed large areas untouched by modern in industrial development.During the 20th century Europe has experienced periods of economic growth and prosperity, but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character.（2002）（2008）
The creation of a scientific method was critical to the development of science.In his book The Great Restoration, Francis Bacon put forth the call for the reconstruction of sciences, arts and all human knowledge on a correct foundation, the basis of which was inductive principles, or proceeding from the particular to the general.Bacon believed in the value of experiments and observations.Besides, he was more concerned with applied sciences than theoretical ones.He deemed that the purpose of science should be bringing discoveries and power to human beings and conquering nature.As he claimed, his new foundation was not for any specific branch of science, but for human utility and power.Of course, this began to be doubted as the major cause of the modern ecological crisis in the twentieth century.
第五篇：考博、專八部分考題翻譯答案-經(jīng)典的小短文
My supervisor is of Asian origin.He is addicted to alcohols and cigarettes, with a sharp / irritable temper.Nevertheless, he highly appreciates the industry and the solid foundational knowledge of Asian students and has a particularly keen insight into what Asian students have on their mind.Hence, of all the students recruited into his laboratory, except for one German, the other five were all from Asia.He even put an eye-catching notice on the door of his lab, which read, “All the research assistants of this laboratory are required to work 7 days a week, from 10:00 a.m.to 12:00 p.m.Nothing but work during the working hours.” This supervisor is reputed on the entire campus for his severity and harshness.During the 3 and a half years that I stayed there, a total of 14 students were recruited into his laboratory and only 5 of them stayed until they graduated with their Ph.D.degrees.In the summer of 1990, ignoring the dissuasions from others, I accepted my supervisor’s sponsorship and embarked on my difficult journey of academic pursuit.我的導(dǎo)師是亞裔人，嗜煙好酒，脾氣暴躁。但他十分欣賞亞裔學(xué)生勤奮與扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識，也特別了解亞裔學(xué)生的心理。因此，在他實(shí)驗(yàn)室所招的學(xué)生中，除有一名來自德國外，其余5位均是亞裔學(xué)生。他干脆在實(shí)驗(yàn)室的門上貼一醒目招牌：“本室助研必須每周工作7天，早10時(shí)至晚12時(shí)，工作時(shí)間必須全力以赴?！边@位導(dǎo)師的嚴(yán)格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位學(xué)生被招進(jìn)他的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，最后博士畢業(yè)的只剩下5人。1990年夏天，我不顧別人勸阻，硬著頭皮接受了導(dǎo)師的資助，從此開始了艱難的求學(xué)旅程。
（原 文）
近讀報(bào)紙，對國內(nèi)名片和請柬的議論頗多，于是想起客居巴黎時(shí)經(jīng)常見到的法國人手中的名片和請柬，隨筆記下來，似乎不無借鑒之處。
在巴黎，名目繁多的酒會、冷餐會是廣交朋友的好機(jī)會。在這種場合陌生人相識，如果是亞洲人，他們往往開口之前先畢恭畢敬地用雙手把自己的名片呈遞給對方，這好像是不可缺少的禮節(jié)。然而，法國人一般卻都不大主動遞送名片，雙方見面寒喧幾句甚至海闊天空地聊一番也就各自走開。只有當(dāng)雙方談話投機(jī)，希望繼續(xù)交往時(shí)，才會主動掏出名片。二話不說先遞名片反倒有些勉強(qiáng)。
法國人的名片講究樸素大方，印制精美，但很少有鑲金邊兒的，閃光多色的或帶香味兒的，名片上的字體纖細(xì)秀麗，本人的名字也不過分突出，整張紙片上空白很大，毫無擁擠不堪的感覺。
（參考譯文）
In reading recent newspapers, I have come to find that people in China have become more and more interested in discussing about name cards and invitation letters.This has triggered my reminiscences of the name cards and invitation letters of the French people that I saw when I was residing in Paris.In writing down those random reminiscences, I believe that they might provide some useful information for us to learn from.In Paris, all the wine parties and buffet receptions held on various occasions provide optimum opportunities to make friends with all varieties of people.When encountering a stranger on such an occasion, an Asian would invariably hand over his name card to the newly-met stranger with full reverence, with both of his hands, even before he starts to converse with the stranger.Such an act seems to have become an indispensable ritual(formality/ etiquette).By contrast, an average Frenchman seldom takes the initiative to(offers to / volunteers to)present his name card.Instead, he would simply walk away after an exchange of routine greetings or even some aimless(random/ casual)chat.Only when both sides become deeply engrossed(engaged / involved)in their conversation and have the intention to make further acquaintance with each other would they offer to give their name cards.It would seem somehow bizarre if a French person offers his name card without saying anything to the stranger in the first place.The French tend to take extraordinary precaution to make their name cards simple yet elegant.Exquisitely designed and printed, their name cards are seldom golden-framed, or colorfully shiny, or tinted with fragrant smells.The letters as appear on their name cards tend to be diminutive but beautiful, not allowing the name of the card-bearer to be overly prominent/salient.The entire card contains much empty space, imparting no sense of over-crowdedness.Section B: Translate the following underlined part of the English text into Chinese
（原 文）
Four months before the election day, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters and reviewed an oversize calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984 presidential campaign.It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o'clock in the morning the rest of the office was practically deserted.Even so, the men kept the door shut and the drapes carefully drawn.The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for a critical meeting.Their aim was to devise a strategy that would guarantee Ronald Reagan's resounding reelection to a second term in the White House.It should have been easy.These were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ones to the Republican party, men who understood presidential politics as well as any in the country.The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation's economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession.Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for a topflight staff, travel, and television commercials.And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills.Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John.F.Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America-a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government.（參考譯文）
在離選舉日還有四個(gè)月的時(shí)間，有五個(gè)人聚集在里根－布什總部的一個(gè)小型會議室里，翻著看一張碩大無比的日歷，日歷上清晰地標(biāo)識出了1984年總統(tǒng)競選剩下的日子。這是六月份的最后一個(gè)星期六的上午10時(shí)，整幢辦公樓的其他部分幾近人去樓空。即便如此，這幾個(gè)人仍將大門緊閉，小心翼翼地拉下窗簾。三個(gè)主要人物及其二個(gè)副手從美國的不同地方匯聚在一起，召開一個(gè)殊為重要的會議。他們的目標(biāo)是構(gòu)思出一種策略，來確保里根能再次當(dāng)選，在第二任期內(nèi)再度入主白宮。
要謀求再次當(dāng)選理應(yīng)輕而易舉。這是一些久經(jīng)沙場的退伍老兵，與里根有著千絲萬縷的漫長聯(lián)系，與共和黨的聯(lián)系甚至更為久遠(yuǎn)。這些人深諳總統(tǒng)政治，一如他們熟知這個(gè)國家中的所有政治事務(wù)那樣。競選的背景十分宜人，可供大做文章的好消息俯拾皆是：美國正置身于太平盛世之中；作為選舉的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素，整個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)在步出蕭條期之后正強(qiáng)勁反彈。此外，競選本身所籌得的款項(xiàng)更是不計(jì)其數(shù)。用于支付一流水平的競爭班子工作人員工資、進(jìn)行巡回造勢、以及制作播放電視廣告的錢款綽綽有余。最為重要的是，他們所推介的總統(tǒng)候選人是羅納爾德· 里根（Ronald Reagan），一位風(fēng)度翩翩，魅力無窮，又極具迷人溝通技巧的執(zhí)政總統(tǒng)。與約翰·F·肯尼迪（John F.Kennedy）以來的任何一位歷屆總統(tǒng)相比，里根更成功地勾勒出了一幅廣闊的關(guān)于美國未來的前景--美國將成了一個(gè)重振軍事雄風(fēng)、民眾富于個(gè)人進(jìn)取心、聯(lián)邦政府更加精簡高效的國家。
高等院校英語專業(yè)八級考試樣題Ⅱ（翻譯部分，原書P.73-74）
Section A: Translate the following underlined part of the Chinese text into English
（原 文）
來美國求學(xué)的中國學(xué)生與其他亞裔學(xué)生一樣，大多非?？炭嗲趭^，周末也往往會抽出一天甚至兩天的時(shí)間去實(shí)驗(yàn)室加班，因而比起美國學(xué)生來，成果出得較多。我的導(dǎo)師是亞裔人，嗜煙好酒，脾氣暴躁。但他十分欣賞亞裔學(xué)生勤奮與扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識，也特別了解亞裔學(xué)生的心理。因此，在他實(shí)驗(yàn)室所招的學(xué)生中，除有一名來自德國外，其余5位均是亞裔學(xué)生。他干脆在實(shí)驗(yàn)室的門上貼一醒目招牌：“本室助研必須每周工作7天，早10時(shí)至晚12時(shí)，工作時(shí)間必須全力以赴?！边@位導(dǎo)師的嚴(yán)格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位學(xué)生被招進(jìn)他的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，最后博士畢業(yè)的只剩下5人。1990年夏天，我不顧別人勸阻，硬著頭皮接受了導(dǎo)師的資助，從此開始了艱難的求學(xué)旅程。
（參考譯文）
Like students from other Asian countries and regions, most Chinese students who come to pursue further education in the United States work on their studies most diligently and assiduously.Even on weekends, they would frequently spend one day, or even two days, to work overtime in their laboratories.Therefore, compared with their American counterparts, they are more academically fruitful.My supervisor(advisor / tutor)is of Asian origin who is addicted to alcohols and cigarettes, with a sharp(an irritable)temper.Nevertheless, he highly appreciates the industry and the solid foundational knowledge of Asian students and has a particularly keen insight into the psychology of Asian students.Hence, of all the students recruited by his laboratory, except for one German, the rest five were all from Asia.He even put a striking notice on the door of his lab, which read, “All the research assistants of this laboratory are required to work 7 days a week, from 10 AM to 12 PM.Nothing but work during the working hours.” This supervisor is reputed on the entire campus for his severity and harshness.In the course of the 3 and half years that I stayed there, a total of 14 students were recruited into his laboratory and only 5 of them stayed on until they graduated with their Ph.D.degrees.In the summer of 1990, ignoring the remonstrations(admonishments / dissuasions)from others, I accepted my supervisor's sponsorship and embarked on the difficult journey of academic pursuit(undertaking further studies in the United States).Section B: Translate the following underlined part of the English text into Chinese
（原 文）
Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable.But expensive things are not inevitably the province of the rich unless we abdicate society's power of choice.We can choose to make opera, and other expensive forms of culture, accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it.The question is: why should we? Nobody denies the imperatives of food, shelter, defense, health and education.But even in a prehistoric cave, mankind stretched out a hand not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw.The impulse towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental.In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre.These masterpieces are the touchstones for all our efforts;they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire;they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another.（參考譯文）
聆聽歌劇，無疑昂貴至極。但是，昂貴的事物并非必定屬于富人的范疇，除非我們放棄社會的選擇權(quán)。我們可以選擇去使歌劇以及其他某些昂貴的文化形式也能為那些不具備個(gè)人支付能力的人所享受。但問題是，我們有必要這么做嗎？沒人會否認(rèn)食物、居所、防護(hù)、健康與教育的不可或缺性。但即便是在史前時(shí)代的洞穴中，人類伸出手來，早就不單純是為了吃、喝或搏殺，而且亦進(jìn)行繪畫創(chuàng)作。人類對于文化的沖動，通過形象思維和再現(xiàn)手段來表現(xiàn)并探索世界的欲望，乃亙古有之。在歐洲，這一欲望在我們的音樂、藝術(shù)、文學(xué)和戲劇杰作中尋找到了其實(shí)現(xiàn)形式。這些杰作構(gòu)成了我們?nèi)颗Φ脑嚱鹗?。作為試金石，它們能衡量出人類的思想和想象力所可能企及的程度。它們攜帶著最寓意深刻的主題，可在人類彼此間相互傳遞。
高等院校英語專業(yè)八級考試樣題Ⅲ（翻譯部分，原書P.105-106）
Section A: Translate the following underlined part of the Chinese text into English
（原 文）
1997年2月24日我們代表團(tuán)下榻日月潭中信大飯店，送走了最后一批客人，已是次日凌晨3點(diǎn)了。我躺在床上久久不能入睡，披衣走到窗前，往外看去，只見四周峰巒疊翠，湖面波光粼粼。望著臺灣這僅有的景色如畫的天然湖泊，我想了許多，許多……
這次到臺灣訪問交流，雖然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，訪了舊友，交了新知，大家走到一起，談?wù)摰囊粋€(gè)重要話題就是中華民族在21世紀(jì)的強(qiáng)盛。雖然祖國大陸、臺灣的青年生活在不同的社會環(huán)境中，有著各自不同的生活經(jīng)歷，但大家的內(nèi)心都深深銘刻著中華文化優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)的印記，都擁有著振興中華民族的共同理想。在世紀(jì)之交的偉大時(shí)代，我們的祖國正在走向繁榮富強(qiáng)，海峽兩岸人民也將加強(qiáng)交流，共同推進(jìn)祖國統(tǒng)一大業(yè)的早日完成。世紀(jì)之交的寶貴機(jī)遇和巨大挑戰(zhàn)將青年推到了歷史前臺?？缡兰o(jì)青年一代應(yīng)該用什么樣的姿態(tài)迎接充滿希望的新世紀(jì)，這是我們必須回答的問題。
日月潭水波不興，仿佛與我一同在思索……
（參考譯文）
On February 2, 1997, our delegation checked into the ZhongXin Hotel by the side of the Riyuetai Lake.It was already 3 o'clock early the next morning by the time I saw off the last group of guests.For a long time, I could not fall asleep, even though I was comfortably lying in the bed.Putting on my clothes again, I got off the bed and walked to the window.Extending my eyes into the distance through the window, I was greeted by the view of the surrounding mountains and hills shrouded in layered greenness and the silvery flickering of waves scuttling across the surface of the Pool.Looking at the sole naturally-formed picturesque lake in Taiwan, I felt an infinite train of thoughts passing through my mind … …
The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it is, has enabled us to see many places, to visit old friends while making new acquaintances.Whenever people gather together, an important topic of discussion has been how the Chinese nation can become prosperous and powerful in the 21st century.Although the young people on the Mainland and in Taiwan live in different social contexts(environments / milieus), with their individually different experiences of life, in the innermost recesses of their hearts are wrought an indelible mark by the fine traditions of the Chinese culture.They all cherish the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation(They share the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation).In this great epoch at the turn of the century, our motherland is developing toward greater prosperity and powerfulness.People across the Taiwan Straits are bound to strengthen their exchanges and will mutually promote the earliest possible achievement of the great cause of reunification of the motherland.The precious opportunities and the tremendous challenges at the turn of the century have pushed the young people to the foreground(forefront)of the historical arena(stage).At this transitional phase between the two millennia, in what way the young generation should embrace the forthcoming new century replete with hopes is a question to which we have to seek an answer.In the Riyuetai Lake, the waves across the lake surface have by now all vanished.Enveloped in utter tranquility, the Lake has joined me in deep thoughts … …
Section B: Translate the following underlined part of the English text into Chinese
（原 文）
I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader.American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness.They do over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures.And Americans do swing from aggressive overphrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference.But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals.Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminentand which is yet a foreign country.There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities;kinship yields to a sudden alienation, as when we hail a person across the street, only to discover from his blank response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend.（參考譯文）
在某種程度上，我贊同我那假想中的英國讀者的觀點(diǎn)。美國文學(xué)史家或許慣于過分狹隘地看待其本國文壇，誤將卓著當(dāng)作獨(dú)特。他們確實(shí)會用過多的筆墨來渲染其本國文學(xué)，至少，對其次要作家他們肯定會這樣做。此外，美國人確實(shí)會走極端，要么咄咄逼人地大肆渲染其文學(xué)，要么進(jìn)行著同樣不幸的亦步亦趨式的頂禮膜拜。但反過來說，英國人自己在其文學(xué)鑒賞中也顯得有些狹隘愚陋。此外，在他們并無上乘表現(xiàn)的領(lǐng)域--例如繪畫與音樂，他們也會走極端，不是吹噓他們本國的作品，就是大肆模仿歐洲大陸的作品。有多少幅英國繪畫試圖看上去仿佛是在巴黎完成的；但我們又有多少次曾在文章中讀到它們真正代表著一種“英國式的傳統(tǒng)”呢？
那么，要談?wù)撁绹膶W(xué)，倒并非意欲斷言，它與歐洲文學(xué)全然大相徑庭。廣而言之，美國與歐洲一直同步發(fā)展，協(xié)調(diào)一致。在任何一個(gè)特定的時(shí)刻，旅行者在兩地均能目睹同一樣式的建筑實(shí)例，相同款式的服飾，書架上相同的書籍。在大西洋兩岸，思想如同人員與貨物往來一樣自由交流，盡管有時(shí)會略顯遲緩。當(dāng)我提及美國式的習(xí)慣、思想等概念時(shí)，我意欲在“美國式的”這一詞匯之前加上某種限定，因?yàn)闅W美（尤其是英美）之間的差異往往只是程度上的差異而已，并且有時(shí)候僅僅只是微乎其微的一點(diǎn)程度差異而已。差異的多寡是件極為微妙的事務(wù)，這極容易使一個(gè)英國人在審視美國時(shí)大惑不解。他所審視的那個(gè)國家，從某些重要的意義上來說，誕生于他自己的國家，并在某些方面仍與他自己的國家相差無幾--然而，它卻實(shí)實(shí)在在是一個(gè)異邦。兩者間存在著某些古怪的交替重迭，以及令人甚感突兀的陌生感；親緣關(guān)系已讓位于一種突如其來的異化與疏遠(yuǎn)，這種情景仿佛就像我們隔著馬路向另一個(gè)人打招呼，結(jié)果卻從這個(gè)人漠無表情的反應(yīng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)，我們原來竟然錯(cuò)將生人當(dāng)成了熟人。
The attributes of a good teacher 好教師應(yīng)具備的優(yōu)點(diǎn)
I find it hard to identify any other profession which can claim to have such a significant impact on our lives.Doctors may heal, engineers may build.But teachers mould lives and the future of our nation.我發(fā)覺要指明哪一類專業(yè)人才對我們的一生能起最大的影響是不容易的。醫(yī)生能治病，工程師能建屋子，然而，教師卻能塑造我們的一生和國家的前途。
What makes a teacher so special? 是什么使教師與眾不同？
Teachers who touch our hearts are invariably those who go the extra mile, who act beyond the mere routine performance of their duties.Teachers whom we remember best and whom we appreciate most are those who show they genuinely have their student's welfare and interests at heart.能夠深深影響我們一生的教師，必然是那些能夠超越自己的職務(wù)范圍，負(fù)起日常工作以外的職責(zé)的教師。令我們最長久懷念，最深切感激的教師，都是那些對學(xué)生的福利與切身利益衷心關(guān)懷的教師。
I know of teachers who could have worked with the brightest students, but who chose to be posted to schools where they could put their effort into helping those who have difficulty coping.我知道有一些教師，他們原可以和那些最聰明的學(xué)生一起學(xué)習(xí)，然而，他們卻選擇被派到別的學(xué)校，以便有機(jī)會盡他們的能力去幫助功課上有困難的學(xué)生。I know of many teachers who take time to listen to their students' personal problems, who visit their students' families at home after school hours to better understand their home environment, and of some who even help needy students pay their way through school.我也知道有許多教師常在百忙之中，撥出時(shí)間，細(xì)心聽取他們的學(xué)生所遭遇的個(gè)人問題；在放學(xué)后，不辭勞苦的到學(xué)生的家中造訪，以便更加了解他們的家庭環(huán)境。更有一些教師甚至資助家境貧寒的學(xué)生完成他們的學(xué)業(yè)。
Every gesture of concern and generosity, however small it may be, makes someone's day, and is rarely forgotten.教師所表現(xiàn)的每一種關(guān)懷之情和慷慨之舉，無論多小，都會使受益者欣喜不已，極少人過后會忘記。
Good teachers know that their job is not just to impart knowledge, they understand that teaching is more than just instructing.Good teachers inspire in their students a love for learning through their enthusiasm and passion for their subject, and through their own efforts to continually develop new skills and embrace new ideas in order to bring a fresh perspective to every lesson.好的教師知道他們的職責(zé)不單是向?qū)W生灌輸知識，他們深切體會到教學(xué)工作不只是授課。好的教師運(yùn)用對所教導(dǎo)的科目的熱忱和愛好，來激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，并不斷構(gòu)想新方法和汲取新觀點(diǎn)，來為每一堂課注入新的生命。
Above all else, good teachers have the ability to make every student feel that he is a winner.They have faith in their students' abilities, and believe that every child has the potential to be anything he wants to be.最重要的是：好的教師能使每一名學(xué)生深信自己事事都能勝任。他們絕對信任學(xué)生的能力，深信每一名孩子都有發(fā)揮潛能成為心目中要成為的人物。Good teachers give their students a sense of self-worth, encourage them to dream, and show them how to pursue those dreams.好的教師使學(xué)生自我肯定本身的能力，鼓勵(lì)他們勇于追求夢想，并從旁引導(dǎo)他們?nèi)绾螌?shí)現(xiàn)這些夢想。
It is clear that high expectations and demands are placed on teachers.Forty years ago, teachers were on a pedestal.In a society where few parents had any education, parents brought their children to school and placed their education in the hands of teachers, trusting them to do for their children what they themselves were unable to do.顯然，人們對教師有很高的期望、很大的要求。40年前，教師被視為知識的權(quán)威。在一個(gè)只有少數(shù)家長有受過良好教育的社會里，家長把兒女送到學(xué)校，把他們托付給教師，完全信任教師能為他們的兒女做他們所不會做的事。Today most parents are well educated.They question and place demands on schools and teachers.Our teachers have to respond by keeping pace with new developments in their profession and constantly upgrading themselves so that they can continue to command the respect of their students, parents and society.今日的家長已多數(shù)受過良好的教育，他們常常對學(xué)校和教師提出諸多的問題和要求。我們的教師應(yīng)該與時(shí)并進(jìn)，熟悉教育事業(yè)的各種新發(fā)展，并不斷提升自己，這樣才能贏得學(xué)生、家長和社會的尊敬。
The results of a teacher's work may not be immediately obvious, but the rewards and sense of satisfaction he or she enjoys from reaching out and touching the lives of others is immeasurable.教師的工作成績也許不能立竿見影，但是他們?yōu)榻逃聵I(yè)獻(xiàn)身，為塑造下一代前途所作的努力，從中所獲得的回報(bào)與滿足感卻是不能限量的。
Over the years, letters of appreciation, words of thanks, and visits from former students provide the encouragement and reassurance that all the effort has been worth it.And ultimately, what means most to any teacher, must be to hear a former student say, “You are the best teacher I had, and the reason I teach today.” 這些年來，許多表揚(yáng)的信件、感激的詞語和已畢業(yè)的學(xué)生回校探訪，對教師們來說都是激勵(lì)的泉源，同時(shí)也一再的證明他們所付出的努力是值得的。而最終，對任何一位教師來說，最有意義的事，莫過于聽到一位以前的學(xué)生說：“您是我一生中最好的老師，也是我決定當(dāng)教師的原因。”
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