第一篇：2012年醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語詞匯大綱10000詞完整版14

2012年醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語詞匯大綱10000詞完整版14 patrol n．巡邏；巡邏隊(duì)v．巡邏 pattern n．模式；式樣；圖案；花樣 v．仿制；模仿 pave v.鋪砌；鋪路 pavement n.人行道 pavilion n.亭子

pearl n．珍珠v．呈珍珠狀;用珍珠裝飾 peck v．／n．啄

peculiar a．特殊的；獨(dú)特的；古怪的

peculiarity n．獨(dú)特性，特色；特殊的東西；怪癖pedagogy n．教育學(xué)；教學(xué)法

pedal a．足的；腳踏的n.腳踏v.騎自行車 pedestrian n．行人a．步行的 pediatrics n．兒科學(xué) peel v．削皮，剝皮n．果皮 peep v．／n．偷看；窺看

peer v．盯，窺，凝視n．同事;前輩 peg n．木(或金屬)釘；衣夾v.釘木釘 pelvis n．骨盆 penalty n．罰；懲罰 pendulum n．?dāng)[；鐘擺

penetrate v．穿透；滲入；看穿 penetration n．穿透；穿人；滲透 peninsula n．半島

peninsular a．半島的；半島狀的 penny n．便士；一分

pension n．撫恤金；養(yǎng)老金；年金v．給予…養(yǎng)老金(撫恤金等)

pepper n．胡椒粉；胡椒；辛辣(或富于刺激性)的事物v．撒胡椒粉于

pepsin n．胃蛋白酶

peptic a．消化性的；助消化的；消化液的 perceive v．察覺，發(fā)覺；理解；領(lǐng)悟

perceptible a．感覺得到的；看得出的；可理解的perception n．感覺；概念；理解力

perceptive a．知覺的；感覺靈敏的;有察覺力的；有理解力的 percuss v．叩診；震動(dòng)；敲打 percutaneous a．經(jīng)皮的 perforate v．穿孔；貫穿

perform v．做，施行；完成；表演；演出 performance n.表演；演出；執(zhí)行；完成 performer n.表演者；執(zhí)行者 perfume n.香水；香料v．撒香水 perfuse v.灑；灌注；使充滿

peril n．嚴(yán)重危險(xiǎn)v．置…于危險(xiǎn)中

periodic n．期間；周期；時(shí)期；時(shí)代；句號(hào)(pl．)月經(jīng)期 periodic a．周期的；定期的；間歇的；循環(huán)的 periodical a.定期的；周期的；期刊的 n.期刊，雜志

peripheral a.末梢的；周圍的 permanence n.永久(性)；持久(性)permanent a.永久的；持久的 permeable a.可滲透的；具滲透性的 permeate v.滲入；透過；彌漫；充滿 pernicious a．有害的，有毒的；惡性的;致命的 perpetual a．永久的；永恒的 perplex v．困惑；難??；使復(fù)雜化 persecute v.迫害 persecution n.迫害

persevere v.堅(jiān)持；不屈不撓

personify v．?dāng)M(某物)為人;使人格化；表現(xiàn)；體現(xiàn) personnel n．全體人員；全體職員；人事部門 perspective n．前景；前途；觀點(diǎn)；看法a.透視的 perspire v.排汗

pertain v．(to)附屬，從屬；關(guān)于；有關(guān)；適合，相稱 pertinent a．恰當(dāng)?shù)模毁N切的；中肯的；有關(guān)的；相干的

perturb v.使不安;煩擾;擾亂;使紊亂 perturbation n.不安,煩擾;擾亂;紊亂 pertussis n.百日咳

pervade v.彌漫,滲透;充滿,遍及 pessimism n.悲觀；悲觀主義；厭世 pessimist n.悲觀者；悲觀主義者；厭世 pessimistic a.悲觀的;悲觀主義的 pesticide n.殺蟲劑；農(nóng)藥 petition n.／v．請(qǐng)?jiān)?，申?qǐng)，祈求 petrol n．汽油 petroleum n．石油

petty a．細(xì)小的,次要的;渺小的

pharmaceutical a．藥學(xué)的;藥物的；藥用的;藥劑師的 pharmacology n．藥理學(xué)；藥物學(xué) pharmacy n．藥學(xué)；制藥；藥店,藥房 pharyngitis n.咽炎 pharyngoscope n．咽鏡 pharynx n.咽

philosopher n.哲學(xué)家;哲人

philosophical a.哲學(xué)家的;哲學(xué)上的;達(dá)觀的 philosophy n.哲學(xué),哲學(xué)體系 phonetic a.語音(學(xué))的

phosphate n.磷酸鹽 phosphorus n.磷 photography n.攝影術(shù)

physiological a．生理學(xué)的；生理的 physiology n．生理學(xué)

pick v．挖；拾，采,摘;挑選n.鎬

picket n．樁，尖樁v．派去放哨;用柵子圍上 pickle n．腌制品；泡菜

pictorial a．繪畫的；圖片的n．畫報(bào) picturesque a．景色似畫的；別致的 pierce v．穿透 pigeon n．鴿子 pigsty n．豬圈

pillar n．柱，支柱；柱形物

pilot n．駕駛員，飛行員；領(lǐng)港員；引水員v．領(lǐng)港；駕駛pin n．大頭針;別針;徽章;銷,栓v．釘住,別住 pinch v．／n．?dāng)Q，捏,夾(痛);擠壓 pine n．松樹v．憔悴;消瘦;渴望 pink n．桃紅色;粉紅色a.粉紅色的 pinkeye n．火眼 pistol n．手槍 piston n．活塞

(飛機(jī)等)

pit n．坑；窖；小凹陷 pitch n．瀝青

pitiable a．引人憐憫的；可憐的 pitiful a．令人憐憫的；可憐的

pituitary a．垂體的；粘液的n.垂體,垂體前后葉制劑 pity n．憐憫；惋惜；可惜的事,憾事 placebo n．安慰劑；寬慰話 placenta n.胎盤

plague n.瘟疫;鼠疫;災(zāi)禍;天災(zāi) v.染瘟疫

planetary a.行星的,有軌道的 plantation n.種植園;栽植 plaque n.班,血小板;噬菌區(qū) plasma n.血漿

plaster n.灰泥;膏藥v.涂灰泥;敷貼膏藥;減輕 plateau n.高原;平穩(wěn)時(shí)期;停滯時(shí)期 platelet n．血小板

plea n．抗辯；訴訟；托詞；請(qǐng)?jiān)?；?qǐng)求 plead v．懇求；為…辯護(hù)，辯解 pledge n．誓約；保證v．發(fā)誓；保證 plenary a．完全的；絕對(duì)的；全體出席的 pleura n．胸膜

plexus n．(血管，淋巴管，神經(jīng)等的)叢 plight n.境況；困境，苦境v．保證 plot n.一塊地；計(jì)劃，陰謀,情節(jié) v.策劃

plumber n．管子工；鉛管工 plump a．豐滿的；飽滿的 plunder v．／n．掠奪；搶劫 plunge v.跳入;(使)投入;(使)入;猛沖 plural n./a.復(fù)數(shù)(的)plus prep.加n.加號(hào);正號(hào)a.正的 pneumonia n．肺炎

poke v.戳，刺，捅，插；觸碰；伸(頭)polar a．地極的；南極的；北極的

polarization n．(電)極化；極化強(qiáng)度；偏振；兩極分化 polarize v．極化；偏振；使兩極分化 pole n．柱，桿；地極；磁極v．用桿撐 policy n.政策,方針 polish v.擦亮,拋光n.擦亮劑

poll n.投票;投票數(shù);民意測(cè)驗(yàn)v.投票;對(duì)…進(jìn)行民意測(cè)驗(yàn) polymer n.聚合物；聚合體 polyp n．息肉

polytechnic a．多種工藝的；多種科技的

pond n．池塘 ponder v．考慮；沉思 porcelain n．瓷；瓷器 porch n．門廊

pore n．毛孔；氣孔；細(xì)孔v.凝視 pork n．豬肉 porridge n．粥 port n．港口

portable a．輕便的；手提(式)的 portal a．肝門的；門靜脈的； porter n．搬運(yùn)工人；守門人 portion n．部分；一份 portrait n．肖像，畫像

positive a．確定的，肯定的；積極的；正面的；陽(yáng)性的在；正面

possess v．擁有，占有

possession n．所有物；擁有，占有

possessive a．占有的；所有的n．(the-)所有格 postage n．郵費(fèi)；郵資

postal a．郵政的，郵局的n.明信片 postdoctoral a．博士后的 poster n．招貼；標(biāo)語；廣告(畫)

n．明確；實(shí)

posterior a．后面的

postmortem a.死后的;驗(yàn)尸的n．尸體解剖；驗(yàn)尸 postscript n．又及；附言；再者 potassium n．鉀

potent a．有力的；有效力的；有勢(shì)力的；烈性的 potential a．潛在的；可能的n．潛力 potentiality n．潛在性；可能性；(pl．)潛力 potentiate v．加強(qiáng)；使更有效力(尤指藥物)pottery n.陶器類；陶器制造(術(shù))poultry n.家禽 powder n．粉末，藥粉 pox n．痘，疹；膿皰 practitioner n.開業(yè)者；實(shí)踐者 131 precaution n.預(yù)防,謹(jǐn)慎;警惕v.預(yù)先,警告 precautious a.有防備的；戒備的；警惕的 precede v.在先，在前；優(yōu)于

precedence n.領(lǐng)先；在前；優(yōu)先；上座 precedent n.先例，前例a．在前的，優(yōu)先的 precious a.珍貴的，貴重的

precipitation n.沉淀；加速；促進(jìn)；降雨量 precise a.精確的，準(zhǔn)確的

precision n.精確(性);精密a.精確的，精密的precursor n.先驅(qū)者；前輩；前任；預(yù)兆；先兆 predecessor n.前輩；前任者

predispose v.使易感染；預(yù)先安排

predisposition n.傾向；素質(zhì)；易罹病的素質(zhì)

第二篇：考博英語詞匯

考博英語詞匯（1）

第一部分 詞匯記憶策略 1．全腦活化

人類左右腦分析比較：

左腦：意識(shí)、低速、一般閱讀、知識(shí)、知覺、知性、邏輯

右腦：無意識(shí)、超高速、速讀、創(chuàng)造力、視覺、聽覺、觸覺、嗅覺、味覺、圖像、色彩、直覺

右腦具備左腦沒有的特殊機(jī)能： 1． 超高速大量記憶機(jī)制 2． 圖像化機(jī)能 3． 超高速演算機(jī)能 4． 共振共鳴機(jī)能 2．舉例說明：

***0***2131425 3．詞匯記憶策略：聯(lián)想法、串聯(lián)法、構(gòu)詞法、近義詞、近形詞、易混淆詞、加減詞、固定搭配

? euthanasia, chrysanthemum ? flower----rose, lily, tulip, peony, carnation, camellia, azalea, narcissus, chrysanthemum, forget-me-not, poinsettia, …

? receive---deceive---conceive(-ceive= take;con-= 共同)? tumble---stumble（tumble…into/through 跌倒；stumble…over / on 腳下拌到東西而跌倒）

? stationary---stationery（文具，如筆pen,鉛筆pencil中含有“e”, 故見到“e”就想起是文具。）

? genius---genuine(含有us的是天才，因?yàn)槲覀兪翘觳虐?！另一個(gè)就是“真正的”), ? form---deform確（形狀；變形）? attach to

第二部分 實(shí)例練習(xí)1．聯(lián)想法

carnation, narcissus, coroner, chandelier, hippocampus, assassinate, antarctic, armour，abalone, flounder, cult, beau 2．串聯(lián)法 network: Internet---cyberspace---email---e-commerce---website---on-line---homepage---browse---retrieve---log on… 3．構(gòu)詞法

-age（狀態(tài)、特性、行為）

page/rage, advantage/disadvantage, message/massage, courage/encourage, voltage/mileage, village/cottage, luggage/carriage, garage coverage, cabbage, shortage, leakage, breakage, passage, postage, bondage（bond 結(jié)束、約束、債券；bondage就含有“束縛、奴役”的意思）, damage, garbage（garb 衣服）, manage ,spillage, usage, storage, savage, sausage(sauce), dosage language, image, heritage, engage-ward inward, outward, forward, backward, toward, upward, downward, seaward, skyward,---coward, reward, award，a-(構(gòu)成作表語用的形容詞；構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞。。)apart, aloud, around, away, afar, aboard, across alike, acute, alive, asleep, aware amaze, amend, amuse, arise, ascribe, avail, await, awake, award, abound, abridge, amount affirm, acclaim, accompany, account, arrange, array, arrest, arrow 4．近義詞

Merchants 煤商

Dealers 買進(jìn)賣出商人 Businessmen（廣義）商人 Tradesmen（英）店主

Scene 特別的景象，如泰山的日出

Scenery一國(guó)一地的自然風(fēng)光

Views特別的景象

Nature 強(qiáng)調(diào)大自然的感召力，不著重具體的自然景象

Urgent 緊急

Hasty 草率

Instant 立刻

Prompt 快速；及時(shí)

Contend 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；斗爭(zhēng) Compete比賽；競(jìng)爭(zhēng) Struggle斗爭(zhēng)

Conflict 斗爭(zhēng)

Hinder Preclude Detain Retard Hamper Protract Postpone Cancel Delay Adjourn

Blame for Condemn for Accuse of Criticize for Announce Publish Advertise Inform

Substitute Selection Preference Alternative

Fraud Deceive Cheat Dupe

Decline Deny Reject Refuse

Reliable Confident Faithful Dependent

Income Wages Salary Pay Buyers Shoppers Customers Clients Particular Peculiar Special Unusual

Preliminary Primary Elementary Fundamental

Perplex Puzzle Confuse

Fatigued Tired Exhausted Bored

Thieves Burglars Robbers Bandits

Synthetic False Imitation Counterfeit Artificial

Mortal Fatal Deadly

Imaginative Imaginable Imagined Imaginary

Reproach Scold Compliment Reprimand

Empty Blank Vacant Bare ．近形詞 fiction fraction friction function

tumble stumble scramble humble tremble resume consume assume presume

resumption consumption assumption presumption bore core pore sore

simplify modify verify rectify

justify testify rectify verify

transcription subscription prescription description

attribute contribute distribute tribute

attitude altitude aptitude

descriptive prescriptive

interference interruption intervention interaction

transaction transmission transformation transition

contact intact

possibility validity reliability security

conceivable perceivable arise rise raise arouse

respectful respectable respected respective

detain attain retain certain contain

room doom boom loom

intense intentional intensive intending intended

assure ensure insure reassure

sometimes some time sometime some times

hatch catch patch match bare rare care dare fare hare

banish vanish diminish admonish

durability flexibility versatility 5 hostility fold include

gold cooperate hold form coordinate mold deform correlate sold inform correspond told transform

conform observe migrant

reserve immigrant contempt conserve immigrate attempt preserve immigration prompt deserve emigrant

emigrate except prior emigration accept superior concept inferior edge percept senior hedge

junior wedge receive

pledge deceive sparrow

conceive swallow deduce perceive hollow reduce

sorrow produce achieve narrow induce believe pillow seduce grieve

relieve bold preclude

cold exclude 自測(cè)題：

1.不看講義，試一試你的記憶力。利用聯(lián)想法，你能記住多少剛才所學(xué)的詞：1．____________________ 2.__________________ 3._________________ 4._____________________ 5.__________________ 6._________________ 7._____________________ 8.__________________ 9._________________ 10.____________________ 11._________________ 12.________________ 2.列出以下單詞的近義詞： 1.income 2.mortal 3.urgent 4.synthetic 5.deceive 6.retard 7.empty 8.confuse

9.buyer 10.contend

3.列出以下單詞的近形詞：

1.tumble 2.description 3.justify 4.attain 5.attribute 6.prior

漢英對(duì)照近義詞

Merchants

煤商 Dealers

買進(jìn)賣出商人 Businessmen（廣義）商人 Tradesmen

（英）店主

Scene

特別的景象，如泰山的日出 Scenery 一國(guó)一地的自然風(fēng)光 Views 特別的景象 Nature 強(qiáng)調(diào)大自然的感召力，不著重具體的自然景象

Urgent 緊急 Hasty

草率 Instant 立刻 Prompt 快速；及時(shí)

Contend 搏斗；爭(zhēng)奪(compete against sb.in order to gain sth.)

Compete 比賽；競(jìng)爭(zhēng)(try to be more successful than another person or organization in business)compete with sb.for sth./ compete for office（爭(zhēng)奪公職）/ against Struggle 斗爭(zhēng)(try hard to achieve sth.)struggle against difficulties/ struggle for freedom Conflict

斗爭(zhēng)（兩種觀點(diǎn)、信仰不能同時(shí)存在，不能都正確。）a conflict of opinion（分歧）;The two accounts of what had happened conflicted with each other.（關(guān)于發(fā)生的事情，兩個(gè)報(bào)道截然不同。）

Hinder: make it difficult for sb.to do sth.Or for sth.to develop High invest rates will hinder economic growth.Preclude:(formal)prevent sth.or make sth.impossible Age alone will not preclude him from standing as a candidate.Detain:(officially)prevent sb.from leaving some place（拘留；扣押）

Delay sb.who wants to leave, by talking to them, asking them to do sth.（耽擱；留?。〩e was detained by a flat tire on his way home.The police detained the man to make further inquiries.Retard:(formal)to delay the development of sth.or to make sth.happen more slowly than expected.（妨礙；推遲）

Cold weather retards the growth of many plants.Bad roads retard the car（失修的公路阻滯了車速。）

Hamper: restrict sb.movement, activities, achievements by causing difficulties for them.Women's progress in the workplace is still hampered by male's attitudes.Hamper sb.from getting elected.Protract: last a long time, esp.longer than usual Protracted negotiations 曠日持久的談判

Protract one's stay for some weeks 多呆了幾個(gè)星期 Postpone: change an event, action to a later time or date Gail and Lisa have decided to postpone having a family for a while.The match had to be postponed.Cancel: arrange that a planned activity or event will not now happen.The football game had been cancelled due to rain.Delay: wait until a later time to do sth.Don't delay claiming or you may lose benefit.Adjourn: finish or stop for a short time The chairman has the power to adjourn the meeting at any time.Blame for

把……歸于 Condemn for 譴責(zé) Accuse sb.of sth.指責(zé) Criticize for

批判

Announce

宣布；通知 Publish

發(fā)表；出版 Advertise

為……做廣告 Inform

告知(inform sb.of sth.)

Substitute: sth.new or different that you use instead of sth.else that you used previously.替代品；替補(bǔ)

Substitute teacher 代課教師

Selection: the careful choice of a particular person or thing from among a group of similar people or things.Preference: if you like a preference for sth.you like it more than another thing.Alternative: sth.that you can choose to do or use instead of sth.else

Fraud: a method of illegally getting money from sb., often by using clever and complicated methods.Deceive: make sb.believe sth.that is not true in order to get what you want.Cheat: behave in a dishonest way in order to win or to get an advantage, esp.in competitive, game, exams.Dupe: trick or deceive sb.哄騙；詐騙

Consumers are being duped into buying faulty electronic goods.Decline: refuse to do sth.（比較婉轉(zhuǎn)，禮貌拒絕邀請(qǐng)）

Deny: She denied working for the enemy = She said she was not working for the enemy(NOT: She refused to work for the enemy.)Reject:拒絕申請(qǐng)，觀點(diǎn)，計(jì)劃 Refuse: 拒絕邀請(qǐng)

Turn down 拒絕（口語）

Reliable 可靠的；可信賴的（側(cè)重于始終如一。）Confident 有信心的 Faithful 忠實(shí)的；可靠的（側(cè)重于“忠于……”a reliable person, a faithful fighter

Dependent 從屬的；依靠的Income 總收入 Wages 按周或日付酬 Salary 月薪；年薪 Pay 工資

Buyers 買主

Shoppers 家庭中外出購(gòu)物的人 Customers 顧客 Clients 委托人

Particular: special enough to mention separately Peculiar: strange, unfamiliar, and a little surprising, esp.in a way that is unpleasant or worrying.Taste peculiar Special: not ordinary but different in some way and often better or more important.a special diet unusual: different from what is usual special---specially or especially specially: used when you do sth.that is different from what you usually do for a particular purpose(with a passive form of a verb: a specially made)especially: to emphasize sth.is more worth mentioning or more important than the other things,(…, especially when…)Preliminary 初步的；開始的（強(qiáng)調(diào)開始之前有準(zhǔn)備工作）Primary 最初的；→主要的；基本的；→沒有預(yù)備 Elementary 初步的；簡(jiǎn)單的 Fundamental 基礎(chǔ)的

Perplex（常用被動(dòng)）困惑；茫然；費(fèi)解

Make you feel worried and confused because it is difficult to understand.e.g.I was somewhat perplexed by his response.Puzzle: confuse sb.or make them feel slightly anxious because they do not understand sth.e.g.What puzzles me is how the burglar got into the house without setting off the alarm.Confuse（常用被動(dòng)）

Make sb.feel that they cannot think clearly or do not understand.e.g.Don't give me so much information.---you are confusing me.I was confused.Fatigued: very tired.e.g.fatigued after her long journey, Bill fell into a deep sleep.Tired: feeling that you want tosleep or rest.Exhausted: extremely tired and having no energy.Bored: tired and impatient because you do not think sth.is interesting, or because you have nothing to do.e.g.Children easily get bored.Thieves 小偷；竊賊 Burglars 潛入室內(nèi)的盜賊 Robbers 強(qiáng)盜；賊

Bandits 土匪；強(qiáng)盜（常出沒在山區(qū)、森林）

Synthetic 合成的 False 假的；人造的（強(qiáng)調(diào)替代品，與原物不一樣，如假牙，人造瓚石）Imitation 仿造的(Beware of imitation 謹(jǐn)防假冒)Counterfeit 比Imitation 更貶義

Artificial 人造的（強(qiáng)調(diào)生產(chǎn)方式，如：人工降雨）

Mortal : causing death or likely to cause death e.g.mortal injures / blow / combat Fatal: resulting in sb's death e.g.fatal accident / illness / injures Deadly : like dead in appearance e.g.His face has a deadly paleness

likely to cause death e.g.deadly person lethal: causing death, or having the power to cause death e.g.a lethal dose of a drug

Imaginative: new and interesting idea used in a clever way;good at thingking of new, interesting ideas and at forming pictures in one's mind

e.g.imaginative writer;imaginative child Imaginable: emphasize that sth.is the best, worst example of sth.that it is possible to imagine All, every, only Imagined: forming a picture or idea in your mind about what sth.could be like.Imaginary: not really, but produced from pictures or ideas in your mind.e.g.all the characters in this book are imaginary.Reproach: ~sb.for /with sth.~ for doing sth.blame or criticize someone in a way that shows you are disappointed, but not angry e.g.Jake reproached her bitterly for abandoning him.Scold: angrily criticize someone, esp.a child, about sth.that have done.Compliment: ~ sb.on sth.Say sth.nice to sb.in order to praise him Reprimand: ~ sb.for sth.tell sb.officially that sth.they have done is very wrong.Rebuke: speak to sb.severely, about sth.they have done wrong.[ ~ sb.for V-ing] Chide:(literary)to speak angrily to sb.because you do not approve of sth.they have done.Compliment Complement : show up the good qualities in sb.or sth.or make them seem more attractive.Empty: having nothing inside;not having people inside;not being used e.g.an empty table in the corner [ empty nest: the situation that parents are in when all their children have left home] Blank: without any writing, print, or recorded sound;showing no understanding;e.g.go blank: suddenly unable to remember sth.for TV;stop showing any images Vacant: vacant seat, room → empty and available for sb.to use Vacant job, position → empty and available for sb.to start with Bare: empty, not covered by anything or not having any decoration;not covered by clothes, by trees or grass Deceived 欺騙 Deserted 遺棄 Desperated 絕望 Disappointed 失望

近形詞

fiction 小說 fraction 一部分 friction 摩擦

function 功能；職責(zé)

tumble 跌倒 stumble 拌倒

scramble 攀登；爭(zhēng)奪 humble 謙虛；羞辱 tremble 顫抖；擔(dān)心

resume 中斷后重新開始 consume 消耗

assume 假定；假設(shè)；采用(think that sth.is true although you have no proof of it.E.g.~ responsibilities / power: start to do a job esp.an important one)

presume 推測(cè)；冒昧(think you can be sure of sth.because it is likely, although there is no proof.E.g.~ sb./ sth.to be sth./ be ~ed to do sth./ ~ to do sth.resumption 恢復(fù) consumption 消費(fèi) assumption 假定；臆斷；傲慢(the assumption of responsibilities: the act of starting to have control or power)(His air of assumption made him disliked.)presumption 傲慢；推測(cè)；假定(disrespectful or impolite behavior that shows you are too confident)

bore

V.鉆孔

n.孔 core

v.使厭煩 n.令人討厭的事 pore

v.注視 n.毛孔

a.多孔的 sore

a.疼痛的n.痛處；潰瘍

simplify 簡(jiǎn)化 modify 更改

對(duì)某物作稍微修改使其完善 verify 證實(shí)

rectify 糾正；把不滿意的狀況變成合乎人們所期待的狀況

justify 證明……是有道理的 testify 證明

rectify 糾正；把不滿意的狀況變成合乎人們所期待的狀況 verify 證實(shí) transcription: 抄寫；翻譯；副本 subscription：

捐贈(zèng)；訂閱；認(rèn)購(gòu)； prescription 藥方；指令 description： 描述；描繪

attribute

把……歸因于（to）contribute 捐贈(zèng)；投稿

contribute… to 有助于 distribute 分發(fā)；分配 tribute

貢品；勒索的錢財(cái)；頌詞

attitude 態(tài)度 altitude 高度 aptitude 天資；傾向 latitude 緯度 multitude 人群（a multitude of …許多）

descriptive 說明的 prescriptive 規(guī)范的；約定俗成的

interference 干預(yù)（強(qiáng)調(diào)妨礙）interruption 打斷 intervention 介于；在中間起作用 interaction 相互作用

transaction 辦理；交易；學(xué)報(bào)；相反作用 transmission 傳送；傳播；發(fā)送 transformation 轉(zhuǎn)換；改革 transition 變遷；過渡時(shí)期

contact 接觸；交往；有影響的熟人（tact 圓滑，乖巧，外交手腕）intact

完整無缺的

possibility 可能性 validity 有效性；正確性 reliability 可靠性 security 保障；安全感

conceivable 可想象的；可相信的 able to be belileved or imagined.E.g.every conceivable means perceivable 可感知的；可認(rèn)識(shí)的

arise: begin to happen(problem, difficulty)e.g.arise from= caused by rise: increase, go upwards, rise, become successful raise: e.g.raise a question;waise your voice arouse: make you become interesting, expect sth.;make sb.angry, afraid;wake sb.When things and prices move upwards on their own, they rise.People or government raise / increase the price.E.g.The government is raising the tax.Respectful 尊重別人的；有禮貌的 Respectable 值得人們尊重的；正派的 Respected 受到人們尊重的 Respective 各自的；各個(gè)的

detain:(officially)prevent sb.from leaving some place（拘留；扣押）

Delay sb.who wants to leave, by talking to them, asking them to do sth.（耽擱；留?。?/p>

Attain: succeed in reaching a particular level or in getting sth.after trying for a long time.Retain: keep sb.or continue to have sth.e.g.retain a sense of dignity Certain: 一定 Contain: 容納

Room

房間 Doom 厄運(yùn)；毀滅；定罪 Boom 高潮，迅速發(fā)展 Loom 織布機(jī)

Intense 強(qiáng)烈的

Intentional 有意的；故意的 Intensive 精細(xì)的；強(qiáng)化的 Intending 打算；意欲 intended

assure : tell sb.that sth.with definitely happen.e.g.~sb.that …

be ~ed of: feel certain that sth.will happen ensure: make sure that it does happen(AmE.Insure)e.g.Please ensure that the lights are switched off before leaving the building.Assure can be used in this meaning, but it mainly used in : success, safety.E.g.The band's latest release has assured their success in the rock world.insure: against sth.bad happening to it by paying money to an insurance company.reassure: tell sb.that there is nothing to worry about.e.g.The doctor reassured me that there would be no pain.sometimes 有時(shí) some time 一些時(shí)間 sometime 曾經(jīng)；有朝一日 some times 幾次

hatch 孵化 catch 捉 patch 縫補(bǔ) match 匹配

bare 赤裸裸的；沒有陳設(shè)的（揭露）rare 稀薄的；稀少的；煎的 care 小心；關(guān)心 dare 敢于 fare 車船費(fèi)；乘客；伙食 hare 野兔

banish 禁止出入；驅(qū)逐出境；清除；消除（疾?。﹙anish 突然不見； 逐漸消失 diminish 減少；貶低

admonish 警告；告誡；忠告

durability 耐用性 flexibility 變通性；靈活性 versatility 多才多藝；多功能 hostility 敵意；敵視

co-col-com-con-cor-with(共同)cooperate 合作 coordinate 協(xié)調(diào) correlate 相關(guān) correspond 相符合

collaborate 協(xié)作（與cooperate 同，但多用于科學(xué)和藝術(shù)）

observe 觀察

reserve 保留座位 conserve 保護(hù)；節(jié)省 preserve 保留 deserve 值得

prior 首先的 superior 優(yōu)先的

inferior 次要的 senior 高級(jí)的 junior 初級(jí)的 exterior 外部的 interior 內(nèi)部的

sparrow 麻雀 swallow 燕子 hollow 空的 sorrow 悲傷 narrow 窄的 pillow 枕頭 arrow 箭

bold 勇敢的 cold 冷的 fold 折疊；褶 gold 金 hold 握 mold 模式 sold 賣出 told 告訴

migrant

移居者 immigrant 入境移民 immigrate 作為移民定居 immigration 移居；（總稱）外來移民emigrant

出境移民 emigrate

移居外國(guó) emigration 遷移出境；（總稱）移民edge 邊沿

hedge 矮樹籬笆；障礙物

wedge

鍥子；鍥形物；事情的起因 pledge 誓言；典押；保人

deduce 推斷；演繹 reduce 減少 produce 生產(chǎn)

induce 引誘；引起；導(dǎo)致；歸納 seduce 唆使；引入歧途

preclude 排除；杜絕；阻止 exclude 除外

include 包括

form 形式 deform 變形 inform 通知 transform 轉(zhuǎn)變 conform 一致

contempt 輕視 attempt 企圖 prompt 促使；推動(dòng)；激起

敏捷的

except 除…… accept 接受 concept 概念 percept 感知；認(rèn)知

receive 收到 deceive 欺騙 conceive 含有 perceive 知覺；意識(shí)到；把……看作……

(perceive … as … / take … as … / regard … as … / see … as …)achieve 獲得 believe 相信

grieve 悲痛 relieve 放松

lilac n.淺紫色

antique violet n.古紫色 pansy n.紫羅蘭色 white n.白色

off-white n.灰白色 ivory n.象牙色

snowy white n.雪白色 oyster white n.乳白色 gray n.灰色

charcoal gray n.炭灰色 smoky gray n.煙灰色 misty gray n.霧灰色

第三篇：考博英語詞匯題

詞匯題匯總（練習(xí)）A scientific law is liable at any time to need modifying.This happens when fact is discovered which seems to_____ what the law would lead one to expect.A.prove B.support C.contradict D.discourage 2 The scientific and medical prizes have proved to be the least______, while those for literature and peace by their very nature have been the most exposed to critical differences.A.radical B.prominent C.confidential D.controversial 3 After several nuclear disasters, a ______ has raged over the safety of nuclear energy.A.quarrel B.suspicion C.verdict D.controversy 4 Our interests seem to ______ at this point.A.constrain B.condense C.conduct D.converge 5 Rescue teams from all over the world ______ on the earthquake-stricken area after the news s-pread that the quake, which measured 7.9 on the Richter scale, had claimed a toll of 15000 lives.A.diversified B.disseminated C.converged D.accelerated 6 The ______ of electrical energy into thermal energy is a process that is easily carried out at 100% efficiency.A.conversion B.convention C.conversation D.version 7 Without Bob’s testimony, evidence of bribery is lacking and ______ in the case will be impossible.A.verdict B.sentence C.conviction D.acquittal 8 The two countries have developed a ______ relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade.A.managerial B.lethal C.metric D.cordial 9 Chemistry is closely______ with other studies: physics, biology and so on.A.corresponded B.concerned C.correlated D.cooperated 10 It is not enough to observe behaviors and _____ them with physiological events that occur at the same time.A.correlate B.comply C.correspond D.pertain 11 Being the manager of a large corporation, he has a great deal of ______ to deal with every day.A.correspondents B.correspondence C.incidence D.dependence 12 Since its inception, Pakistan has strived desperately to ______India, cultivating ties with any state willing to help it.A.counteract B.counterfeited C.counterchange D.counterbalance 13 A briefcase full of counterfeit money was found on the counter.A.forged B.currency C.substituted D.cash 14 He displayed a complete lack of courtesy and tact in dealing with his employer.A.tenacity B.curiosity C.civility D.hostility 15 What is missing from TV news_______ would fill a book.A.coverage B.dissemination C.declaration D.consultation 16 The none of students in the class likes the mistress, who is used to being_____ of everything they do.A.emotional B.optimistic C.interested D.critical 17 The ______ question in this case is whether the accused had a motive for this crime or not.A.crucial B.forcible C.supreme D.valuable 18 In a divorce, the mother usually is granted______ of her children.A.support B.retention C.perseverance D.custody 19 Any person who is in ______ while awaiting trial is considered innocent until he has been declared guilty.A.jeopardy B.custody C.suspicion D.probation 20 The jurors came to a deadlock in the defendant’s trial for murder.A.a decision of guilty B.a decision to punish by electrocution C.an impasse D.an unusual verdict 21 The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, ______ to discuss the implication of that conclusion.A.receded B.implied C.complied D.declined 22 Because of a recent obstacle in production, sales have dropped and accordingly profits have______.A.declined B.increased C.broken D.maintained 23 If somebody is _____, he is given a medal or other honor as an official reward for what he has done.A.confirmed B.decorated C.appreciated D.nominated 24 He won by______ because his opponent refused to play.A.defect B.default C.deficit D.refusal 25 The ____now seems to stand as the primary to a new era of strong economic growth.A.defect B.descent C.deficit D.defeat 26 It was their______ decision to leave their country, and as a result, they lost their citizenship.A.compulsory B.deliberate C.carefree D.modest 27 A ______ plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities.A.deliberate B.disincentive C.functional D.fantastic 28 The supply of apples exceeds the _____ this year.A.request B.claim C.requirement D.demand 29 “Do you like your boss?” “No, he is too_______.”

A.in demand B.demande C.on demand D.demanding 30 I can’t understand how he can feel that his colleagues are always ready to denounce him.A.compliment B.criticize C.flatter D.challenge 31 Because of the bombing that killed six people, Washington has been urging the spokesman to______ terrorism more severely.A.charge B.censor C.blame D.denounce 32 The degree of downward slope of a beach depends o its composition of deposits as well as on the action of waves across its surface.A.sentiment B.sediment C.semester D.segment 33 Nobody at work is very happy, because last week’s sales figures were pretty _____.A.destroying B.depressing C.deceasing D.declining 34 I want to talk about all these points in_____ order of importance.A.declining

B.descending

C.plunging

D.falling

Sometimes a dictionary designates a noun as attributive, which means that it can be used to describe another noun or name its attributes.A.conveys

B.defines

C.indicates

D.explains

If you call the 911 emergency number, they will______ firemen, policemen, and paramedics immediately.A.assign

B.detach

C.attach

D.dispatch 37 The bus moved slowly in the thick fog.We arrived at our______ almost two hours later.A.designation

B.destiny

C.destination

D.dignity

He was ______ to take over the duties and responsibilities of his father from an early age.A.deduced

B.damped

C.diminished

D.destined

My grandmother has been ill for two months, so her health has______.A.deteriorated

B.diminished

C.dwindled

D.lessened

Smuggling is a ______ activity which might bring destruction to our economy;therefore, it must be banned.A.pertinent

B.fruitful

C.detrimental

D.casual

The Coriolis force causes all moving projectiles on Earth to be _____ from a straight line.A.distracted

B.deviated

C.intrigued

D.permeated 42 In ancient Egyptian paintings, royal figures were differentiated by making them several times larger than others.A.distinguished

B.estranged

C.deferred

D.enlarged

The ______ of the occasion was spoiled when she fell down the steps.A.privacy

B.dignity

C.morality

D.secrecy 44 Even if I won a million-dollar lottery, I would continue to live_____.A.subtly B.frugally C.explicitly D.cautiously 45 His wife says that he was more frugal in his youth than later years.A.listless B.robust C.thrifty D.gullible 46 To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must______ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.A.improve B.enhance C.guarantee D.gear 47 Desperation, hunger, thirst, and resentment all make it more likely that people will______ a more powerful figure who promised them help and/or salvation.A.be prone to B.give in to C.live up to D.put an end to 48 She ______ at the thought of being parted from her family for so long.A.suffered B.grieved C.discriminate D.scared 49 It______ me to see him in such a bad health.He was such an energetic and strong young man only several months ago.A.depressed B.upset C.harmed D.grieved 50 I’m surprised they are no longer on speaking terms.It’s not like either of them to bear a _______.A.grudge B.hatred C.disgust D.curse 51 Participants in the Shanghai Cooperation Forum______ regional teamwork to promote investment and economic development.A.cursed B.echoed C.bounced D.hailed 52 The snow_____ my plan to visit my aunt in the countryside.A.confused B.bewildered C.conversed D.hampered 53 The trucks _____ heavy goods from factories to the ports.A.pull B.haul C.drag D.push 54 Cigarette smoking is a great health _____ and may lead to fatal diseases.A.opposition B.protagonist C.fault D.hazard 55 The manager stubbornly_____ the section director from reducing his staff despite the failing business of the company.A.hindered B.adapted C.imposed D.permitted 56 It must guarantee freedom of expression, to the end that all _____ to the flow of ideas shall be removed.A.prophecies B.transactions C.argument D.hindrances 57 Some birds______ when they look for animals to kill on the ground.A.hosed B.rolled C.hovered D.revolved 58 The full _____ of changes in computer technology will be felt within the next few years.A.affect B.impact C.action D.importance 59 The degree of economic growth is an ______ of the level of living.A.index B.advantage C.access D.aspect 60 The policeman tried to ______ the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly.A.induce B.abduct C.indulge D.lure 61 Since the package was______, the damage was paid for.A.ensured B.insured C.assured D.promised 62 The point at ______ at the meeting is whether they are to import the assembly line.A.argument B.controversy C.issue D.conflict 63 Lawyer have a terrible habit of using Latin and industry ______ to mystify people and themselves more valuable.A.inflections B.dialects C.accent D.jargon 64 As the cat lay asleep, dreaming her whiskers______.A.twitched B.twisted C.jerked D.jogged 65 The manager______ facts and figures to make it seem that the company was prosperous.A.beguiled B.besmirched C.juxtaposed D.juggled 66 The attack of the World Trade Center will leave a_______ impression on those who have witnessed the explosion.A.long B.forever C.lasting D.lively 67 His talent for music remained latent until his wife bought him a guitar.A.hidden B.sophisticated C.delicate D.profound 68 When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his _____ can be distributed.A.paradoxes B.legacies C.platitudes D.analogies 69 Now the public has an unprecedented chance to peer over the shoulders of archaeologists and historians and get a firsthand look at the_____ of the Mongols and their Asian predecessors.A.legacy B.bequest C.converse D.miracle 70 The farmer put up iron fences around the flower______ garden neighbor’s sheep should break in.A.on condition that B.now that C.lest D.but 71 _____ any one should think it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true.A.In order that B.Lest C.If D.Providing 72 After the concert, the clean-up crew found the ground______ with papers, bottles and cans.A.scrubbed B.used C.littered D.dispersed 73 I don’t understand why people_____ such a beautiful garden with cans and bottles.A.located B.provided C.protected D.littered 74 Please put your empty cigarette packets and paper bags in the______ bins provided.A.junk B.litter C.scrap D.deposit 75 Laura, who comes from a wealthy family, spends most of her time enjoying herself, but takes _____ pains with her lessons.A.little B.few C.a little D.a few 76 What he told me was a _____ of downright lies.A.load B.mob C.pack D.flock 77 A _____ refers to an animal that is born from its mother’s body, not from an egg, and drinks its mother’s milk as a baby.A.mammoth B.penguin C.mosquito D.mammal 78 He expected the House to pass the bill by a comfortable______.A.maple B.marble C.marsh D.margin 79 The tiger continued to ______ us by walking round and round our tent.A.trap B.transplant C.menace D.provoke 80 A______ of this approach is that the variables are visually presented in a style that can be understood by generalists and specialists alike.A.value B.merit C.factor D.worth 81 Americans are highly_____, and therefore may find it difficult to become deeply involved with others.A.moving B.mobile C.movable D.motional 82 The two psychologists had to modify the American Sign Language somewhat in order to accommodate the chimpanzees’ spontaneous gestures.A.change B.abort C.shorten D.enhance 83 The whole program is well designed, but some details need further _____by some experts.A.proofing B.modifying C.demonstrating D.polishing 84 A scientific law is liable at anytime to need_____, that is an eternal truth.A.modifying B.changing C.revising D.adjusting 85 The integration of staff for training has led to a good exchange of ideas, greater enthusiasm, and higher staff_____.A.moral B.mortal C.morale D.mores 86 Another popular misconception is the _____ that great talent is usually highly specifiC.A.notion B.dilemma C.domain D.analogy 87 On behalf of my company, I am______ to you and your colleagues for your generous help.A.subjected B.inclined C.available D.obliged 88 They were tired, but not any less enthusiastic_____ that account.A.on B.by C.for D.with 89 The Barbie doll comes with a whole range of_______ that you can dress her in.A.outlooks B.outlines C.outskirts D.outfits 90 Such an _____act of hostility can only lead to war.A.overt B.episodic C.ample D.ultimate 91 Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would______, for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A.prevail B.preside C.perish D.persecute 92 There’s one girl at my school who everybody______ because she doesn’t wear what everybody else wears;they are horrible to her.A.picks out B.picks over C.picks on D.picks off 93 Players will be_____ against four others worldwide in a timed competition to answer trivia questions from the 1950s to present day.A.trifled B.wreathed C.instigated D.pitted 94 The criminal’s _____ for leniency was ignored by the jurors.A.protest B.demand C.plea D.defence 95 When the rent was due, the poor man______ for more time.A.pleaded B.squashed C.exerted D.cursed 96 The couple had been trying to satisfy all the needs of their only youngster, who had been ____ for more pocket money all the time.A.supposing B.pleading C.trailing D.devising 97 He told a story about his sister who was in a sad______ when she was ill and had no money.A.plight B.polarization C.plague D.pigment 98 In 1914, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Eastern Europe______ Europe into a great war.A.pitched B.imposed C.inserted D.plunged 99 In 1816, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Northern Europe______ Europe into a bloody war.A.imposed B.plunged C.pitched D.inserted 100 It is not too late, but_____ action is needed.A.right B.urgent C.hurry D.prompt

答案（未必正確，請(qǐng)按自己查找對(duì)的理解）: 1-5CADAC.6-10CBDCA.11-15CAAAA.16-20ABCCC.21-25BAAAD.26-30CADCD.31-35AABBD.36-40CBBCD.41-45BCABC.46-50DBBDA.51-55DDBDA.56-60DCBAA.61-65BCDCD.66-70CABAC.71-75BCDBA.76-80ADDCB.81-85BABAC.86-90ADADA.91-95CCDCA.96-100BADBD

第四篇：醫(yī)學(xué)考博推薦信

本人曾于該生攻讀碩士研究生時(shí)，擔(dān)任其****科臨床授課教師，在與該生的課內(nèi)、課外互動(dòng)中，對(duì)其印象極為深刻。

該生***立場(chǎng)堅(jiān)定，擁護(hù)中國(guó)***的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)馬列主義，毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論，積極實(shí)踐“三個(gè)代表”重要思想，注重提高***理論素質(zhì)和水平。思想品德良好，具有較高的道德修養(yǎng)境界。

該生的個(gè)性內(nèi)斂，做事沉穩(wěn)；該生能針對(duì)事物重點(diǎn)，作深入的剖析。經(jīng)過與他的一番交談之后，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，他在對(duì)事情的看法上，有較強(qiáng)獨(dú)立思考能力。另外，該生具備一定的臨床和科研工作能力，能夠針對(duì)現(xiàn)象分析事物的內(nèi)在本質(zhì)，有嚴(yán)密的邏輯推理能力，工作出色，組織能力強(qiáng)，能夠解決科研工作中一般的常見問題。

經(jīng)過碩士階段的訓(xùn)練，該生已經(jīng)具備扎實(shí)的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)，業(yè)務(wù)熟練。英語基礎(chǔ)較好，可以閱讀和撰寫專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)。目前已經(jīng)出色的完成了碩士課題任務(wù)，已經(jīng)比較熟練的掌握了××學(xué)方面的研究方法。并對(duì)××××等方面有較深入的思考。

該生對(duì)新事物具有很強(qiáng)的敏感性，具有良好的探索精神。作風(fēng)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、踏實(shí)，反應(yīng)快，個(gè)性堅(jiān)韌。熱愛*****科專業(yè)，對(duì)科研工作有濃厚的興趣。之二：與上一封稍有差別：

本人曾于該生攻讀碩士研究生時(shí)，擔(dān)任其××科臨床授課教師，在與該生的課內(nèi)、課外互動(dòng)中，對(duì)其印象極為深刻。

該生***立場(chǎng)堅(jiān)定，擁護(hù)中國(guó)***的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)馬列主義，毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論，積極實(shí)踐“三個(gè)代表”重要思想，注重提高***理論素質(zhì)和水平。思想品德良好，具有較高的道德修養(yǎng)境界。

該生的個(gè)性內(nèi)斂，做事沉穩(wěn)；該生能針對(duì)事物重點(diǎn)，作深入的剖析。經(jīng)過與他的一番交談之后，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，他在對(duì)事情的看法上，具備較強(qiáng)獨(dú)立思考能力。另外，該生具有較強(qiáng)的分析與解決問題的能力。

經(jīng)過碩士階段的訓(xùn)練，該生已經(jīng)具備扎實(shí)的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)，業(yè)務(wù)熟練。目前已經(jīng)出色的完成了碩士課題任務(wù)。具備一定的臨床和科研工作能力，能夠針對(duì)現(xiàn)象分析事物的內(nèi)在本質(zhì)，有嚴(yán)密的邏輯推理能力，工作出色，組織能力強(qiáng)，能夠解決科研工作中一般的常見問題。該生對(duì)新事物具有很強(qiáng)的敏感性，具有良好的探索精神。反應(yīng)快，個(gè)性堅(jiān)韌，作風(fēng)樸實(shí)。熱愛××科專業(yè)，對(duì)科研工作有濃厚的興趣。

該同學(xué)有較強(qiáng)的進(jìn)取心，有強(qiáng)烈的進(jìn)一步深造和提高的要求。本人認(rèn)為該生具有繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)的前途，建議貴單位給予考核和選擇培養(yǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)。

一

該生在碩士期間學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)優(yōu)秀，進(jìn)一步深化了專業(yè)方面的理論學(xué)習(xí)，具備了較為完善的知識(shí)

結(jié)構(gòu)和理論水平。在學(xué)期間該生參加了部分科研項(xiàng)目的工作，能夠?qū)に嚪椒ê图夹g(shù)關(guān)鍵提出有效的解決措施，對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象和相關(guān)結(jié)果能夠靈活運(yùn)用有關(guān)理論，進(jìn)行深入分析，并能對(duì)所做工作進(jìn)行階段總結(jié)和撰寫有一定學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值的學(xué)術(shù)論文，反映出該生具有較高的業(yè)務(wù)水平和科研能力。

推薦人姓名：

2015年2月16日

對(duì)考生思想品德、道德修養(yǎng)方面的介紹：

該生政治立場(chǎng)堅(jiān)定，堅(jiān)決擁護(hù)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，積極學(xué)習(xí)馬列主義，毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論和三個(gè)代表的思想，注重提高政治理論素質(zhì)和水平；該生為人誠(chéng)懇，尊敬師長(zhǎng)，團(tuán)結(jié)同學(xué)，積極進(jìn)取，責(zé)任感強(qiáng)，具有良好的思想道德素質(zhì)。

對(duì)考生業(yè)務(wù)水平，外國(guó)語水平，科研能力的介紹： 該生學(xué)習(xí)刻苦，成績(jī)優(yōu)秀，具有扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)理論知識(shí)和廣泛的專業(yè)知識(shí)；英語水平達(dá)到國(guó)家六級(jí)，具有較強(qiáng)的聽、說、讀、寫、譯能力；該生參加了部分科研項(xiàng)目的工作，具有獨(dú)立分析問題和解決問題的能力，表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的科研技能，并發(fā)表了幾篇學(xué)術(shù)論文。二

該同學(xué)在碩士生階段學(xué)習(xí)刻苦認(rèn)真，掌握了材料科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的基本理論、基本技能和專業(yè)知識(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)優(yōu)秀。在科學(xué)研究工作中，該同學(xué)表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的科學(xué)精神，有較突出的學(xué)術(shù)能力和學(xué)術(shù)素質(zhì)。在科學(xué)實(shí)踐中，培養(yǎng)和提高了從事科學(xué)研究的能力和水平。參加了多項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究課題，較好地完成了研究任務(wù)，取得了一些有學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值的研究成果。

該同學(xué)有較強(qiáng)的進(jìn)取心，有強(qiáng)烈的進(jìn)一步深造和提高的要求。該同學(xué)對(duì)貴單位的研究方向有濃厚的興趣，衷心希望能夠在貴單位得到更大的發(fā)展。鑒于該生的綜合素質(zhì)和能力，本人特向貴單位推薦該同學(xué)，希望該同學(xué)能有機(jī)會(huì)到貴單位得到進(jìn)一步地培養(yǎng)和提高，成為國(guó)家的有用人才。

推薦人姓名：

本人曾于該生攻讀碩士研究生時(shí)，擔(dān)任其××××科臨床授課教師，在與該生的課內(nèi)、課外互動(dòng)中，對(duì)其印象極為深刻。

該同志擁護(hù)中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，思想上積極上進(jìn)，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)馬列主義，毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論，“三個(gè)代表”重要思想、科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)會(huì)黨的十八大精神。品行端正，尊敬師長(zhǎng)、團(tuán)結(jié)同志，為人誠(chéng)懇，具備良好的醫(yī)德醫(yī)風(fēng)，積極參加各項(xiàng)公益活動(dòng)，有較強(qiáng)的社會(huì)責(zé)任感和正義感，在各項(xiàng)公益活動(dòng)中表現(xiàn)較強(qiáng)的奉獻(xiàn)精神和自我犧牲精神。該同志心理成熟、健康，有較強(qiáng)的自我心理調(diào)節(jié)能力。

對(duì)考生業(yè)務(wù)水平，外國(guó)語水平，科研能力的介紹

在我院工作與外出進(jìn)修期間，表現(xiàn)出良好的業(yè)務(wù)能力、專業(yè)水平及良好的醫(yī)德醫(yī)風(fēng)，受到我院與兄弟單位的一致好評(píng)。該同志具有較好的英語實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力，通過大學(xué)生英語六級(jí)考試，能夠自如地閱讀相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的英文文獻(xiàn)，能夠用英語撰寫本領(lǐng)域的學(xué)術(shù)論文?？蒲蟹矫?，該同志協(xié)助完成多項(xiàng)科研項(xiàng)目，并主持青年基金項(xiàng)目一項(xiàng)，表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的科研素養(yǎng)和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)認(rèn)真的科研作風(fēng)。進(jìn)修期間，撰寫多篇學(xué)術(shù)論文，具有良好的思辨能力、邏輯思維能力和較強(qiáng)的文字功底。

該同志碩士期間學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)優(yōu)秀，勤于思索，追求上進(jìn)，進(jìn)一步深化了專業(yè)方面的理論學(xué)習(xí)，具備了較為完善的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)和理論水平。在學(xué)期間參加了部分科研項(xiàng)目的工作，能夠?qū)?shí)驗(yàn)方法和關(guān)鍵技術(shù)提出有效的解決措施，對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象和相關(guān)結(jié)果能夠靈活運(yùn)用有關(guān)理論，進(jìn)行深入分析，并能對(duì)所做工作進(jìn)行階段總結(jié)和撰寫有一定學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值的學(xué)術(shù)論文，具有較高的業(yè)務(wù)水平和科研能力。

在工作中，該同志思想積極，成績(jī)優(yōu)異，有進(jìn)一步深造和提高的要求。該同志對(duì)貴校中藥學(xué)專業(yè)的研究方向有濃厚的興趣，衷心希望能夠在貴校得到更大的發(fā)展。鑒于該同志的綜合素質(zhì)和能力，特向貴校推薦該同志，希望得到貴校得到進(jìn)一步地培養(yǎng)和提高。

該生立場(chǎng)堅(jiān)定，堅(jiān)決擁護(hù)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，積極學(xué)習(xí)馬列主義，毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論、“三個(gè)代表”重要思想、科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，注重提高理論素質(zhì)和水平，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)會(huì)黨的十八大精神；為人誠(chéng)懇，尊敬師長(zhǎng)，團(tuán)結(jié)同志，積極進(jìn)取，責(zé)任感強(qiáng)，具有良好的醫(yī)德醫(yī)風(fēng)和思想道德素質(zhì)。對(duì)考生業(yè)務(wù)水平，外國(guó)語水平，科研能力的介紹： 該同志學(xué)習(xí)刻苦，成績(jī)優(yōu)秀，具有扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)理論知識(shí)和廣泛的專業(yè)知識(shí)。在我院工作期間，表現(xiàn)出良好的業(yè)務(wù)能力、專業(yè)水平及良好的醫(yī)德醫(yī)風(fēng)。英語水平達(dá)到國(guó)家六級(jí)，具有較好的英語實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力，擅長(zhǎng)口語表達(dá)，能夠自如地閱讀相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的英文文獻(xiàn)。作為負(fù)責(zé)人，該同志主持我院青年基金項(xiàng)目一項(xiàng)，表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的科研技能，對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象和相關(guān)結(jié)果能夠運(yùn)用有關(guān)理論，進(jìn)行分析，并能對(duì)所做工作進(jìn)行階段總結(jié)和撰寫有一定學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值的學(xué)術(shù)論文，反映較高的科研能力。

專家推薦書

（第一份）

被推薦考生姓名

報(bào)考專業(yè) 司晉源 耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)

王振霖

主任醫(yī)師 推薦人姓名 推薦人技術(shù)職稱

推薦人工作單位 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院

首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)研究生招生辦公室印制

專家推薦書

（第二份）

被推薦考生姓名

報(bào)考專業(yè) 司晉源 耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)

司勇鋒

主任醫(yī)師

廣西壯族自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院 推薦人姓名 推薦人技術(shù)職稱 推薦人工作單位 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)研究生招生辦公室印制 篇五：醫(yī)學(xué)生用的專家推薦信

范文一：

本人曾于該生攻讀本科/碩士研究生時(shí)，擔(dān)任其××××科臨床授課教師，在與該生的課內(nèi)、課外互動(dòng)中，對(duì)其印象極為深刻。

該生立場(chǎng)堅(jiān)定，擁護(hù)中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)馬列主義，毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論，積極實(shí)踐“三個(gè)代表”重要思想和貫徹科學(xué)發(fā)展觀理論，注重提高×××理論素質(zhì)和水平。思想品德良好，具有較高的道德修養(yǎng)境界。

該生的個(gè)性內(nèi)斂，做事沉穩(wěn);該生能針對(duì)事物重點(diǎn)，作深入的剖析。經(jīng)過與他的一番交談之后，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，他在對(duì)事情的看法上，有較強(qiáng)獨(dú)立思考能力。另外，該生具備一定的臨床和科研工作能力，能夠針對(duì)現(xiàn)象分析事物的內(nèi)在本質(zhì)，有嚴(yán)密的邏輯推理能力，工作出色，組織能力強(qiáng)，能夠解決科研工作中一般的常見問題。

推薦人：×××

時(shí)間：×××

范文二：

尊敬的醫(yī)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)：

您好!感謝您在百忙之中閱讀我校xx同學(xué)的推薦信!該生就讀于我?！痢翆I(yè)，在今年6月底正式畢業(yè)。xx年7月至xx年4月在xx醫(yī)院實(shí)習(xí)，在為期8個(gè)月的實(shí)習(xí)過程中基本掌握了臨床操作技能，熟悉醫(yī)院的工作流程。

從該生踏進(jìn)本校開始，她就特別好學(xué)上進(jìn)，注重提高自己的專業(yè)素養(yǎng)，在此之余還充分利用課余時(shí)間，拓寬知識(shí)視野，完善知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)。在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益激烈的今

天，她堅(jiān)信只有多層次，全方位發(fā)展，并掌握專業(yè)知識(shí)的人才，才符合社會(huì)發(fā)展的需要和用人單位的需求。她在學(xué)習(xí)的同時(shí)，積極參加學(xué)校組織的各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，在校2年的學(xué)習(xí)中，她名列前茅，多次獲得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。

在實(shí)習(xí)期間，認(rèn)真努力，愛崗敬業(yè)，悉心照顧每一位病患，得到病人以及醫(yī)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一致好評(píng)?？吹剿冻鲂量嗯c汗水換來了別人的肯定，我為有這樣一位學(xué)生感到自豪和驕傲。

盡管現(xiàn)在有很多更加優(yōu)秀的應(yīng)聘者，但是我相信xx同學(xué)深厚的專業(yè)知識(shí)，完整的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)，豐富的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)，樂觀豁達(dá)的性格，超強(qiáng)的團(tuán)隊(duì)合作精神和親和力，定會(huì)在曲折中順利完成各項(xiàng)工作任務(wù)。

在此本人愿意推薦xx同學(xué)到貴醫(yī)院工作，希望貴醫(yī)院將她納入重點(diǎn)考慮的對(duì)象，我相信她一定能勝任以后工作崗位，讓貴醫(yī)院滿意，讓貴領(lǐng)導(dǎo)滿意。

推薦人：

xx年xx月xx日 范文三：

尊敬的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)：

您好，我是xx大學(xué)藥學(xué)院的副教授，現(xiàn)我院xx級(jí)制藥工程專業(yè)學(xué)生xxx，誠(chéng)愿參加貴單位的校園招聘，特向您予以推薦。

該生在我院工作與外出進(jìn)修期間，表現(xiàn)出良好的業(yè)務(wù)能力、專業(yè)水平及良好的醫(yī)德醫(yī)風(fēng)，受到我院的一致好評(píng)。該同學(xué)具有較好的英語實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力，通過大學(xué)生英語六級(jí)考試，能夠自如地閱讀相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的英文文獻(xiàn)，能夠用英語撰寫本領(lǐng)域的學(xué)術(shù)論文。xxx同學(xué)擁護(hù)中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，思想上積極上進(jìn)，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)馬列主義，毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論，“三個(gè)代表”重要思想、科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)會(huì)黨的十八大精神。品行端正，尊敬師長(zhǎng)、團(tuán)結(jié)同學(xué)，為人誠(chéng)懇，積極參加各項(xiàng)公益活動(dòng)，有較強(qiáng)的社會(huì)責(zé)任感和正義感，在各項(xiàng)公益活動(dòng)中表現(xiàn)較強(qiáng)的奉獻(xiàn)精神和自我犧牲精神。

學(xué)習(xí)之余，她也積極參加了各種活動(dòng)，不斷提高自己的綜合素質(zhì)，例如各種體育比賽及社會(huì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。作為一名入黨積極分子，她不僅嚴(yán)格要求自己，起到很好的模范帶頭作用，而且在學(xué)習(xí)上她認(rèn)真刻苦，得到了師生的一致好評(píng)?？梢钥闯?，xxx同學(xué)綜合表現(xiàn)突出具備貴單位選拔的基本素質(zhì)，并且對(duì)科研有濃厚的興趣，有相當(dāng)好的科研潛質(zhì)，故推薦至貴單位，望審核通過!推薦人： xx年xx月xx日

范文四：

本人曾于該生攻讀碩士研究生時(shí)，擔(dān)任其××科臨床授課教師，在與該生的課內(nèi)、課外互動(dòng)中，對(duì)其印象極為深刻。

該生***立場(chǎng)堅(jiān)定，擁護(hù)中國(guó)***的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)馬列主義，毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論，積極實(shí)踐“三個(gè)代表”重要思想，注重提高***理論素質(zhì)和水平。思想品德良好，具有較高的道德修養(yǎng)境界。

該生的個(gè)性內(nèi)斂，做事沉穩(wěn)；該生能針對(duì)事物重點(diǎn)，作深入的剖析。經(jīng)過與他的一番交談之后，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，他在對(duì)事情的看法上，具備較強(qiáng)獨(dú)立思考能力。另外，該生具有較強(qiáng)的分析與解決問題的能力。

經(jīng)過碩士階段的訓(xùn)練，該生已經(jīng)具備扎實(shí)的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)，業(yè)務(wù)熟練。目前已經(jīng)出色的完成了碩士課題任務(wù)。具備一定的臨床和科研工作能力，能夠針對(duì)現(xiàn)象分析事物的內(nèi)在本質(zhì)，有嚴(yán)密的邏輯推理能力，工作出色，組織能力強(qiáng)，能夠解決科研工作中一般的常見問題。

該生對(duì)新事物具有很強(qiáng)的敏感性，具有良好的探索精神。反應(yīng)快，個(gè)性堅(jiān)韌，作風(fēng)樸實(shí)。熱愛××科專業(yè)，對(duì)科研工作有濃厚的興趣。該同學(xué)有較強(qiáng)的進(jìn)取心，有強(qiáng)烈的進(jìn)一步深造和提高的要求。本人認(rèn)為該生具有繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)的前途，建議貴單位給予考核和選擇培養(yǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)。

第五篇：考博英語詞匯解答技巧

考博英語詞匯解答技巧

一、動(dòng) 詞

動(dòng)詞及短語動(dòng)詞是博士生入學(xué)英語考試詞匯部分的一個(gè)重要測(cè)試項(xiàng)目。該項(xiàng)目對(duì)考生的測(cè)試點(diǎn)包括：1)動(dòng)詞的認(rèn)知能力和辨別能力；2)動(dòng)詞用法的掌握程度；3)動(dòng)詞搭配關(guān)系的熟練程度。據(jù)初步統(tǒng)計(jì)在碩士研究生入學(xué)考試5500個(gè)詞匯中，大約有五分之一是動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞詞組。因此，掌握好這批詞匯直接關(guān)系到能否通過博士生入學(xué)英語詞匯部分的考試。

在動(dòng)詞部分中，考生首先應(yīng)該具備較好的認(rèn)知能力，即遇見一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后，能夠較快地確定它的前兩個(gè)或前三個(gè)詞義。如：evolve v.，第一個(gè)詞義是“使發(fā)展”，第二個(gè)詞義是“使進(jìn)化”，第三個(gè)詞義是“推論”。在考試中，檢查考生這一能力的題是比較多的；考生應(yīng)該能夠根據(jù)上下文確定動(dòng)詞的有關(guān)詞義。在具備認(rèn)知能力的基礎(chǔ)上，考生還需掌握這些詞匯的基本用法。如：forbid v.后面不能用to smoke，只能用動(dòng)詞+ing的形式，即smoking；Occur v.(發(fā)生)，只能用于主動(dòng)語態(tài)，不能以被動(dòng)的形式出現(xiàn)。最后，還要熟悉動(dòng)詞的基本搭配關(guān)系。如：concentrate和associate兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，其后面的介詞一般只能是on和with。以下是按照上面三種情況出現(xiàn)的詞匯題：

1.The diplomatic relations between the two countries have ____.A.ticked away B.gone out C.broken off D.rung up 2.The Constitution also provides that the organ of state must practice democratic centralism.A.supplies B.specifies C.presents D.withhold 3.As a result, they had to ___ answering their letter by three days.A.decide B.refrain C.surpass D.delay 第一句表示“外交關(guān)系終止”需用動(dòng)詞詞組“break off“。

第二句中的 ”provide"，第一個(gè)詞義是“提供”或“供應(yīng)”，第二個(gè)詞義是“規(guī)定”。四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中，“specify” 含有“規(guī)定”的意思，因此B是正確答案。第三句中只有“delay”一詞的后面可以采用動(dòng)名詞，所以應(yīng)該選擇D。

考生在平時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)，可以有意識(shí)地按照以上三點(diǎn)記憶動(dòng)詞和短語動(dòng)詞。在準(zhǔn)備動(dòng)詞詞匯部分時(shí)，考生還需注意以下幾點(diǎn)。

1.不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的詞形變化: 有一定數(shù)量的動(dòng)詞，其過去式和過去分詞與原形不同。這部分詞匯在測(cè)試中起到較強(qiáng)的干擾作用。在5500詞匯中類似動(dòng)詞較多，以下僅舉部分例子：

動(dòng)詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 bear忍受 bore borne，born bend彎曲 bent bent bid 表示 bade, bid bidden bid breed 繁殖 bred bred abide 遵守abode，abided abode，abided arise 升起 arose arisen awake喚醒 awoke woke, awaken fling 扔，拋 flung flung forbid禁止 forbade, forbad forbidden freeze 結(jié)冰 froze frozen shred 撕碎shredded, shred shredded，shred cast 投，擲 cast cast creep 爬 crept crept dwell 留居dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled 2.動(dòng)詞詞形相近，詞義不同: 有些動(dòng)詞在詞形上相似，但其詞義是不同的。考生在平時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)，需注意對(duì)它們的辨別。例： compliment vt.贊美

He is complimented for his fine work.complement vt.補(bǔ)充

They need to complement the factory with more workers.adapt vt.使適應(yīng) We have to adapt our thinking to the new circumstances.adopt vt.采用

They have adopted close planting.類似的動(dòng)詞還有：

inquire vt.打聽，詢問 require vt.要求，命令 compel vt.強(qiáng)迫，迫使屈從 impel vt.促成，推動(dòng) compress vt.擠壓 comprise vt.包括 confirm v.證實(shí) conform v.符合 affect vt.影響 effect vt.產(chǎn)生，引起 award vt.授予！給予 reward vt.獎(jiǎng)賞，報(bào)答 ensure vt.保證，擔(dān)保 insure vt.給??保險(xiǎn) rescue vt.援救，營(yíng)救 secure vt.保護(hù)，使??安全 extinguish vt.熄滅 distinguish vt.區(qū)別，辨別 wander vt.漫游 wonder vt.驚嘆

contract vt.締結(jié)，訂約 contact vt.使接觸 respect vt.尊重 suspect vt.猜想 類似的形近義不同的動(dòng)詞還有一些，注意了它們之間的詞義差別，也有利于我們對(duì)這些動(dòng)詞的記憶與辨認(rèn)。

3.動(dòng)詞詞義相近，用法不同 consist vt.一般用于主動(dòng)態(tài)

This class consists of forty students.compose vt.常用于被動(dòng)語

This country is composed of ten nations.insist v.后面需用介詞on。

He insisted on going to the hospital tomorrow.persist v.后面需用介詞in。

He persisted in working on this experiment.arrive vi.后面需采用at, in, on等介詞。He arrived in Bejing yesterday.reach vt.及物動(dòng)詞，直接跟賓語 They reached the village yesterday.4.動(dòng)詞后需用動(dòng)名詞: 有一批動(dòng)詞的后面只能使用動(dòng)名詞。在詞匯考試部分中,有時(shí)要求考生能夠正確判斷動(dòng)詞的這一用法。這類常見動(dòng)詞有：

anticipate avoid delay envy escape miss mind risk band enjoy complete imagine consider deny practice acknowledge appreciate favor facilitate postpone quit resent resume include favor deny 例：He will consider giving us a chance to do the experiment.resume permit 5.動(dòng)詞后需用不定式: 英語動(dòng)詞中，還有一些動(dòng)詞的后面只能使用不定式。這類常見動(dòng)詞有： claim arrange demand determine expect intend pretend promise afford refuse decide seek agree care learn manage presume desire consent prepare resolve undertake consented decided 例：She refused to offer her help.agreed intended 6.動(dòng)詞后可用動(dòng)名詞或不定式: 還有一些動(dòng)詞的后面即可以使用動(dòng)名詞，也可以使用不定式。常見這類動(dòng)詞有: continue dislike prefer begin like propose remember deserve regret intend neglect attempt forget 7.動(dòng)詞固定搭配: 動(dòng)詞的固定搭配是英語測(cè)試中的一個(gè)很重要的項(xiàng)目。動(dòng)詞的搭配關(guān)系主要反映在動(dòng)詞與介詞、動(dòng)詞與名詞的關(guān)系上。下面分組做一簡(jiǎn)單的介紹： 1)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配: call for 要求,需要 call off取消，放棄 carry off 奪取,奪去 come by得到，獲得 come up to達(dá)到,符合cut down削減,降低 break down損害,分解 break off終止,中斷 break out逃出,爆發(fā) break through突破，突圍 bring about 產(chǎn)生,引起 bring forward 提出，提議 drop off 減弱, 減少 drop out退出, 離隊(duì)

get over克服 give away泄漏 get across使人了解 get at夠得著 2)動(dòng)詞與名詞的搭配

arrive at a conclusion 得出結(jié)論 take in to consideration考慮到 commit a crime 犯罪 make a decision 決定

reach an agreement達(dá)成協(xié)議 break one's promise 違約 take action 采取行動(dòng) keep balance 保持平衡

catch one's breath 喘氣 accept a challenge 應(yīng)戰(zhàn) take a risk 承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) keep sb.company 陪伴某人 keep one's head 保持鎮(zhèn)定 lose heart 失去勇氣 take shape 成型，形成 resist temptation 抵制誘惑 3)動(dòng)詞與名詞和介詞的搭配 have control over 對(duì)??控制 attach importance to 重視

hold an inquiry into sth.某事進(jìn)行調(diào)查 gain an advantage over 勝過，優(yōu)于 make the acquaintance of sb.結(jié)識(shí)某人 make an apology to sb.向某人道歉 make comments on sth.評(píng)論某事 lose contact with 與??失去聯(lián)系 express sympathy for 對(duì)某人表示慰問

二.名詞(一)名詞的特點(diǎn)

英語和其他語種一樣，其名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞以及連詞都有各自不同的特點(diǎn)。在學(xué)習(xí)名詞時(shí)，應(yīng)注意名詞的一些特點(diǎn)。奉節(jié)著重談一下名詞的構(gòu)成和名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。1.名詞的構(gòu)成

(1)除了英語本族語及少量外來語等拼寫簡(jiǎn)單的名詞外，名詞多數(shù)是由希臘及拉丁詞根加上前綴、后綴構(gòu)成。大量的名詞后綴是表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和行為的。如：-ance importance(重要性)-ence independence(獨(dú)立)-ion selection(選擇)-ition addition(增加)-sion conclusion(結(jié)論)-ation hydration(水化)-ity productivity(生產(chǎn)力)-ment movement(運(yùn)動(dòng))-ship hardship(艱難)-ness weariness(厭倦)-y difficulty(困難)表示“??人”、“??者”的后綴，除了-er、-or、-ar、-ee、-eer、-ese、-ess等大家熟悉的以外，還有：-ian musician(音樂家)-ain captain(船長(zhǎng))-ant occupant(居住者)-ent dependent(依賴他人者)-ary secretary(書記，秘書)-yer lawyer(律師)sawyer(鋸木工)-ate candidate(候選人)-al rival(對(duì)手)-ist socialist(社會(huì)主義者)-icist physicist(物理學(xué)家)表示地點(diǎn)、處所的有：-age orphanage(孤兒院)-ium auditorium(禮堂)-ary granary(谷倉(cāng))-ery surgery(手術(shù)室)-ory laboratory(實(shí)驗(yàn)室)表示科技學(xué)科名稱及觀測(cè)試驗(yàn)方法或技術(shù)的有：-graphy seismography(地震測(cè)量法)-ic logic(邏輯學(xué))-ics electronics(電子學(xué))-logy zoology(動(dòng)物學(xué))在認(rèn)知名詞時(shí)，也切忌望文生義。如下列單詞，似乎不是名詞，但它們確實(shí)是名詞。請(qǐng)寫出它們的詞義：

1.wireless___ 2.captive___ 2.coefficient ___ 4.graduate ___ 5.alternative____ 6.exclusive____ 7.combustible____ 8.functionary ____(2)有些名詞是由其他詞類轉(zhuǎn)換而來。如由形容詞轉(zhuǎn)來的the old(老年人)，the wounded(受傷者，傷員)，the sick(病人)；由短語動(dòng)詞come out轉(zhuǎn)來的outcome(結(jié)果)，cry out轉(zhuǎn)來的outcry(強(qiáng)烈反對(duì))，還有well－being(福利)，等等。2.詞的復(fù)數(shù)

改-y為-i+-es，在-o后加-es或-s，改-f為-v+-es，大家都已熟知。研究生英語 大綱及有關(guān)詞匯表所列名詞中有一些大家不太熟悉的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。現(xiàn)介紹如下：(1)以-f結(jié)尾的名詞，構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加-s，如：

cliffs(懸崖)griefs(憂愁)gulfs(海灣)proofs(證據(jù))有些以-f結(jié)尾的名詞可有兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： dwarf-dwarfs／dwarves(侏儒)hoof-hoofs／hooves(蹄)handkerchief--handkerchiefs／handkerchieves(手帕)(2)源自拉丁語、希臘語及法語的一部分外來詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍然保留不變。1)來自拉丁語的： stratum／strata(地層)larva／larvae(昆蟲的幼蟲)stimulus／stimuli(刺激)bacterium／bacteria(細(xì)菌)2)來自希臘語的：

analysis／analyses(分析)hypothesis／hypotheses(假設(shè))synopsis／synopses(概要, 大意)thesis／theses(論文，論題)criterion／criteria(標(biāo)準(zhǔn))phenomenon／phenomena(現(xiàn)象)(3)一些外來詞兼有原有復(fù)數(shù)形式和英語規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式。外來詞 原有復(fù)數(shù) 英語規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)

nucleus(拉)nuclei nucleuses(原子核)syllabus(拉)syllabi syllabuses(大綱, 課程表)medium(拉)media mediums(媒體)symposium(拉)symposia symposiums(座談會(huì))appendix(拉)appendices appendixes(附錄，盲腸)plateau(法)plateaux plateaus(高地)(4)復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。

1).daughter-in-law----daughters-in-law)2).looker-on--lookers-on(旁觀者)3).man-servant--menservants(男仆)4).air-raid--air-raids(空襲)stand-by-stand-bys(可依靠的人或物)(5)一些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)意義不同。kindness(善意)---kindnesses(善行)anxiety(焦慮)----anxieties(令人憂慮之事)security(安全)----securities(證券，債券)(6)有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式兼有單數(shù)形式的意義和新的意義。colour顏色 colours顏色／軍旗 letter字母;信

letters字母;信／文學(xué),學(xué)問 manner方式，方法 manners方式，方法／禮貌 pain痛 pains痛／努力 scale鱗；尺度 scales鱗；尺度／磅秤(二)同義詞學(xué)習(xí)

我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)名詞時(shí)碰到的問題主要是認(rèn)知方面的。準(zhǔn)確地掌握名詞所表示的概念的外延和內(nèi)涵是學(xué)會(huì)正確使用名詞的基礎(chǔ)。學(xué)習(xí)同義詞是幫助我們更好地認(rèn)知、理解、掌握名詞的方法之一。學(xué)習(xí)同義詞時(shí)要注意不能從中文釋義出發(fā)，而應(yīng)仔細(xì)研究英文原文定義及注釋，搞清名詞所表示的概念的內(nèi)涵和外延。例如：

The reproductive potentialities of aphides are unmatched in the insect world.A.1atent capacity B.power C.strength D.mentality potentialities，latent capacity，power，strength和mentality這些詞都有“力”這個(gè) 概念的內(nèi)涵，相當(dāng)于邏輯上講的“各個(gè)種概念都具有屬概念的內(nèi)涵”。但這些詞又有各自特有的內(nèi)涵，這些內(nèi)涵又屬于“力”的不同外延。potentiality：power or quality which is potential，and needs development，指潛能，潛力；與latent capacity“隱藏的能力”一致。power：1)ability to do or act指行動(dòng)的能力;2)faculty of the body or mind指精力，體力，智力；3)strength or force指力，力氣；4)energy or force that can be used to work指動(dòng)力，機(jī)力；5)right，control，authority指權(quán)，權(quán)力，勢(shì)力。Strength: 1)quality of being strong指力量、強(qiáng)度；2)power measured by numbers of persons present or persons who can be used指實(shí)力，兵力或人數(shù)。mentality：general intellectual character；degree of intellectual power指精神力，智力。

在于解了上述各詞的共同點(diǎn)(即“屬概念”的內(nèi)涵)，又明白了它們各自的特有屬性(即“種概念”的內(nèi)涵)后，區(qū)別它們也就不難了：potentiality和latent capacity的內(nèi)涵一樣，是同義詞；power是最基本的“行動(dòng)能力”，又具有“力”的不同外延如精力、體力、智力、動(dòng)力、機(jī)力、權(quán)力、勢(shì)力；strength除了具有“力”的不同外延如實(shí)力、兵力外，則強(qiáng)調(diào)力量的“quality'’；mentality則主要指智力及其 “degree”。

此外，表示“環(huán)境”的名詞也有好幾個(gè)。settings具體指舞臺(tái)背景，故事發(fā)生地點(diǎn)，背景音樂等。它和environment在此時(shí)是一個(gè)意思，即外部環(huán)境。circumstance的單、復(fù)數(shù)都是指外部的環(huán)境，相關(guān)的人或事，有影響力的人或事。condition的復(fù)數(shù)表示環(huán)境、情形等外部狀況，和circumstances同義。surrounding的單、復(fù)數(shù)也是指周圍事物，即“環(huán)境”。但要表示舞臺(tái)背景，故事背景，背景音樂等意思，還是得用“setting(s)”?？傊瑢W(xué)習(xí)同義詞時(shí)要多研讀英文釋義，認(rèn)真體會(huì)，才能獲得真經(jīng)。

三、形容詞

形容詞是博士入學(xué)英浯考試詞匯部分的一個(gè)重要測(cè)試項(xiàng)目。因?yàn)樾稳菰~是英語三大實(shí)詞之一，是英語語言文字中意義較豐富、用法較積極的一部分。該項(xiàng)目的測(cè)試點(diǎn)包括：1)形容詞的認(rèn)知能力和辨別能力；2)詞形及詞義相近的形容詞的區(qū)分；3)形容詞和介詞的搭配。在國(guó)家頒布的碩士生和博士生英語教學(xué)大綱附錄的詞匯表中有相當(dāng)比例的形容詞及與其緊密相關(guān)的副詞，在各種研究生入學(xué)考試和模擬考試中也涉及為數(shù)不少的形容詞。掌握好形容詞有助于考生考試時(shí)答題順利，也為全面掌握英語這門語言打下基礎(chǔ)?？忌綍r(shí)學(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)注意積累大量詞匯，每學(xué)一個(gè)單詞要知道它的詞性、主要詞義及其與介詞的搭配。認(rèn)知能力和辨別能力是基礎(chǔ)、就是說，見到一組形容詞首先要清楚它們的基本含義和用法；其次是辨別這組形容詞詞義和用法的不同；再次是把這些詞義和用法與句子具體的語境結(jié)合起來，最后就可確定題目的正確答案。此類題目出現(xiàn)頻率較高。例如：

1.TV sets are rapidly becoming accessible to the people in the remote areas.A.doubtful B.obtainable C.imaginary D.negligible 2.All the off-shore explorers were in good mood when they read ____ letters from their family.A.affectionate B.intimate C.passionate D.considerate 3.All the girls seem to be ____ of her beauty and intelligence.A.envious B.indifferent C.distinct D.enthusiastic 例句1題干中 “accessible”詞義為“可以接近的，可以弄到的”，選項(xiàng)中doubtful為“持懷疑態(tài)度的”；obtainable“可以獲得的”；imaginary“想象中的”。答案顯然是B。例句2中的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的拼寫有些類似。根據(jù)語境和閱讀，我們可以確定句子需要一個(gè)含有“充滿感情的”含義的詞，affectionate便是答案了。例句3中只有envious(嫉妒的，羨幕的)和介詞of搭配。

考生在考前復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)要注意下面幾個(gè)方面的問題，它們極易成為出題的重點(diǎn)：

1.注意詞形相近的形容詞。如：conspicuous，miraculous，meticulous，incredulous，2.注意積累大量的同義詞和反義詞。如wonderful的同義詞有：marvelous, excellent，extraordinary，remarkable，miraculous，prodigious等。如generous的反義詞有：miserly，mean，stingy，selfish等。

3.注意把形容詞的學(xué)習(xí)和動(dòng)詞的學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)合起來。如：indicate-indicative；receive--receptive；inquire-inquisitive等。

4.注意把形容詞的學(xué)習(xí)和名詞結(jié)合起。如：defect-defective，intention-intentional等。

5.注意以-1y結(jié)尾的單詞的詞性。名詞加-1y多構(gòu)成形容詞。如：heavenly，womanly，worldly等。

6.注意有的單詞在拼寫不變的情況下既是名詞，又是形容詞。如：choice goods上等品；quality apple優(yōu)等蘋果；minute particles微小的顆粒。7.注意有些不規(guī)則形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化形式。如：

原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí) good better best bad worse worst little less(1esser)least far farther(further)farthest(furthest)考生在復(fù)習(xí)當(dāng)中要注意學(xué)會(huì)用歸納法和聯(lián)想法記憶單詞。下面舉幾個(gè)形容詞和介詞搭配的例子。

1.與介詞搭配的形容詞：

guilty, jealous, envious, ignorant, hopeful, aware, conscious, considerate, thoughtful, desirous, short, irrespective, exclusive, independent, tolerant, worthy, capable, sure, certain, confident, critical, characteristic, suspicious, dubious, wary 等等 2.與介詞 to 搭配的形容詞: accessible, available, accustomed, adjacent, advantageous, beneficial, alert, alien, agreeable, comparative, attentive, awake, pertinent, relevant, subject, susceptible, contrary 等等 3.與介詞 with 搭配的形容詞: consistent, compatible, identical, popular, satisfied等等

扼要介紹以上內(nèi)容，希望起到拋磚引玉的作用。英語考試大綱中沒有明確規(guī)定哪些詞匯和短語需要熟練掌握，哪些只需要認(rèn)識(shí)。因此，考生要盡可能多地熟練掌握考試大綱所涉及的詞匯和詞組。

四、副 詞

副詞也是博士生入學(xué)英語考試中的一個(gè)重要項(xiàng)目。在這部分詞類中，要求考生能夠正確地識(shí)別副詞的形式以及詞義。在這一章中，我們將介紹副詞的分類、用法、構(gòu)成及特點(diǎn)，幫助考生熟悉考試的形式。(一)副詞的分類

副詞按其詞義和作用可分為下列幾類：

1.時(shí)間副詞，如：yesterday，tomorrow，today，last，ago，recently，immediately，nowadays，still，just等。

2.頻率副詞，如：never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom，always, frequently等。

3.地點(diǎn)、方向副詞，如：here，there，outside，west，left，straight，over，on, in, out，off, somewhere，anywhere，up，down，over，away等。

4.方式副詞，如：awkwardly，largely，neatly，quickly，well，together，slowly，fast等。

5.強(qiáng)調(diào)副詞，如：very，quite，too，more，extremely，so，pretty，terribly，wholly，almost，entirely，even，only等。

6.疑問、連接副詞，如：when，where，why，how，whenever，however，wherever等。(二)副詞的用法

1.修飾動(dòng)詞: The girl threw the ball quickly.2.修飾形容詞: The job is too hard to him.3.修飾其他副詞: He drives rather fast.4.修飾小品詞: They let her well behind.5.修飾不定代詞和數(shù)詞：

Nearly everybody came to out party.7.修飾名詞：Life here is full of Joy.9.修飾全句：

Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven.(三)副詞的構(gòu)成

1.大多數(shù)副詞是由形容詞加后綴-ly 構(gòu)成的。如：politely，sadly；當(dāng)形容詞以-y結(jié)尾時(shí)。在加-1y之前，先變-y為-i：heavily，busily；以-1e結(jié)尾時(shí)去-e加-y即可： simply，ably；以-ll結(jié)尾時(shí)，只需加-y: dully，shrilly；以-ic結(jié)尾時(shí)，則在-ic之后加-ally: economically，basically等。

2.由名詞加-ly構(gòu)成的副詞，如：weekly，monthly，yearly。3.由數(shù)詞加-1y構(gòu)成的副詞，如：firstly。4.由不定代詞加-1y構(gòu)成的副詞，如：mostly。5.由介詞加-ly構(gòu)成的副詞，如：overly。

6.由短語加-1y構(gòu)成的副詞, 如: matter-of-factly。7.由各種詞類加前綴-a或后綴-fashion，-ways，-style構(gòu)成的副詞，如：alike，round，aloud，sideways，cowboy-style等。

8.有些副詞由介詞或地點(diǎn)名詞加后綴-ward(s)構(gòu)成，意義是“向?”。如: backward(s)，downward(s)，forward(s)，northward(s)，onward(s)，upward(s)等。

9.另外，有些副詞是由名詞加后綴-wise構(gòu)成，表示方向、位置、狀態(tài)、樣子等，如：clockwise，crabwise，lengthwise等。

四、與形容詞同形的副詞

有些形容詞與副詞同形，但有著不同的句法功能。如： We had an early breakfast.We had breakfast early.early在第一句中是形容詞，做定語；在第二句中是副詞，做狀語。有些表示時(shí)間的如：daily，weekly，quarterly，monthly，yearly也能做如此用法。(五)兼有兩種形式的副詞

有些副詞有兩種形式：一是與形容詞同形，二是由該形容詞加-1y構(gòu)成。這兩種不同的形式，有些含義相同，有些略有不同，有些完全不同。如： 1.close做“近”解：

He lives close to the school.He was following close behind.做其他解釋時(shí)用closely： Watch what I do closely.The prisons were closely guarded..2.dead做“突然地, 完全地”解： She stopped dead.在非正式用語中作“完全地”“直接地”解： He was dead tired.The wind was dead against us.deadly做“死一般地”或“非?！苯猓纾篸eadly pale，deadly serious，deadly dull等。3.direct做“直線地”“不繞圈子地”解： The train goes there direct.The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome;it goes by way of Paris.做“直接地”(即“間接地”的反義詞)解時(shí)用directly： He was looking directly at us.She answered me very directly and openly.directly也可以做“立即”或“馬上”解： Answer me directly.Let's meet directly after lunch.有些詞，如：above，in, on，around，away，off等，在與動(dòng)詞搭配時(shí)，其后面沒有賓語，這些詞是做副詞。請(qǐng)看以下例句： They looked around.Let’s go on with the work.上面兩句中的around和on都是副詞。(六)副詞的詞序

1.副詞修飾形容詞、副詞時(shí)，通常放在被修飾詞的前面。The building is very high.He came long before the appointed time.2.副詞修飾動(dòng)詞。

不及物動(dòng)詞+副詞：She speaks well.及物動(dòng)詞+受詞+副詞：She speaks English well.3.地點(diǎn)副詞和時(shí)間副詞可置于句首或句末，放在句首時(shí)語氣較強(qiáng)。I was born in Zhejiang in 1963.4.頻度副詞的位置。

在一般動(dòng)詞前：They always say so.有be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，在be動(dòng)詞后： I am always busy.有助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，在助動(dòng)詞和本動(dòng)詞之間：This job will never be finished.5.兩個(gè)以上的副詞詞序。單位較小者+單位較大者：

The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China.6.兩個(gè)以上不種類的副詞詞序。地點(diǎn)+狀態(tài)+次數(shù)+時(shí)間：

She arrived there safely the other day.程度十狀態(tài)+地點(diǎn)十時(shí)間：

They played fairly well there yesterday.五、介 詞

介詞是英語中最活躍的詞類之一。一些常用介詞的搭配能力非常強(qiáng)，可用來表示各種不同的意思，大部分的習(xí)慣用語都是由介詞和其他詞構(gòu)成的，所以介詞出現(xiàn)在英語測(cè)試的各個(gè)項(xiàng)目中。對(duì)介詞的測(cè)試點(diǎn)主要包括：1)一些主要介詞的基本意思的掌握程度；2)介詞與其他詞特別是動(dòng)詞、形容詞和名詞的搭配的掌握程度。所以在準(zhǔn)備介詞詞匯時(shí)，考生應(yīng)該注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1.介詞在句子中不能獨(dú)立充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，而是需要和一個(gè)名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)一起構(gòu)成介詞短語，從而在句子中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。能和介詞一起構(gòu)成介詞短語的有： 1)名詞。如：

The car crashed into the train, and two men in it were killed on the spot.2)代詞。如：

“What does your car look like?” “That is similar in shape with yours.” 3)動(dòng)名詞(短語)。如：

The prosecutor accused the man of smuggling.4)由連接代(副)詞引起的從句或不定式短語。如： I am preparing for what to say in the interview.2.關(guān)于介詞和動(dòng)詞的搭配，考生應(yīng)該注意：

1)在什么動(dòng)詞后需要跟什么介詞，如：rely on依靠，指望；consult with和?商議；remark on就??發(fā)表看法，評(píng)論。2)同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞在什么情況下跟不同的介詞，如：match to使和??相等／match up調(diào)諧，相配；使互相吻合／match up to跟上??的水平(形勢(shì)等)；gear to使合適／gear up促進(jìn)，增加。

3.不同的形容詞后有時(shí)需跟特定的介詞，如：be strict with 對(duì)?嚴(yán)格； be sick for 思念；be loyal to忠于。

4.不同的名詞后也常常需跟不同的介詞。如：confidence in對(duì)?的信心；satisfaction with對(duì)??滿意；loyalty to對(duì)??的忠誠(chéng)。

5.介詞還可以和名詞構(gòu)成成語。如：for instance例如；in proportion成比例，按正確比例，按本來大小(看事物)，客觀地；in general通常，大體上，一般而言。

六.連 詞

連詞是一種虛詞，不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分，只起連接詞與詞、短語與短語以及句子與句子的作用。連詞一般分為并列連詞(連接平行的詞、詞組或分句)和從屬連詞(用來引起分句)。除了連詞外，許多連接代詞、連接副詞、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞都可以用來引起一個(gè)從句。還有一些副詞，如anyway，therefore，also，still等也有類似的作用。另外，有些詞組，如: on the other hand，for that reason等也可以幫助前后文更加連貫?？忌跍?zhǔn)備連詞時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)問題。

1.連接兩個(gè)分句，一個(gè)連詞就夠了。容易出錯(cuò)的典型例子是： Although he was tired, but he went to work.Because she liked him, so she went out with him.在上面所提到的兩個(gè)例子中，我們可以選用although或but，because或so，不能 同時(shí)使用兩個(gè)連詞。但是連接三個(gè)分句時(shí)，可以用兩個(gè)連詞。如：

Although he was tired, he went to work, but he didn't stay there long.類似的錯(cuò)誤還有把that和where，how或whether連在一起用。如： I asked him that how he was working.l wondered that where he lived.2.關(guān)系代詞who，whom和which的一個(gè)特殊用法是可以連接分句。所以它們既是代詞，又是連詞。容易出錯(cuò)的典型例子是： He never listens to the advice which I give it to her.在該句中it是多余的，which連接兩個(gè)分句，同時(shí)又代替it而成為第二個(gè)分句的賓語。3.That經(jīng)常用來代替which和who，但是不常用that來代替where和when。容易 出錯(cuò)的典型例子是: The house that she lives is very small.正確的句子應(yīng)該是：

The house where she lives is very small.The house that she lives in is very small.4.連詞不能單獨(dú)和一個(gè)分句連用。連接詞要連接兩個(gè)分句，而這兩個(gè)分句一般要 寫成一句話，即不能寫成中間用句號(hào)隔開的兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。容易出錯(cuò)的典型例子是： When I came back home.It was late.正確的句子應(yīng)該是：

When I came back home it was late.