第一篇：網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語英文PPT

2015年即將要過去了?；厥滓荒?，都有哪些網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語紅極一時呢？你知道用英文怎么講嘛？跟小編一起看看吧！

1.上交給國家(handover sth to the government)“上交給國家”出自電視劇版《盜墓筆記》，為了能順利過審，主角吳邪一改原著中的盜墓說辭，改成將所有看到的文物“上交國家”，于是片中的所有寶藏，都擺脫不了“上交國家”的命運，由此引發(fā)原著粉和看劇黨的大規(guī)模的吐槽。

這個詞組也是屬于中國特有滴，所以小編認為直譯會比較靠譜，即為handover sth to the government 或者說handover sth to the authority，你覺得呢？ 2.嚇死本寶寶了(scared to death)“嚇死寶寶了”這里的“寶寶”指的是自己，是嚇死我了的意思，自稱本寶寶只是為了賣萌，說自己很可愛！可以譯成im scared to death或者說it scared my pants off!3.明明可以靠臉吃飯(could have earned a living with face)小編認為這句話用英語表達就是：she could have earned a living with face, but instead, she uses her talent.4.世界那么大，我想去看看(the world is big and i want to see it.)5.睡什么睡，起來嗨(wake up and get high with us!)6.重要的事情說三遍(important things cannot be underscored too much.)最早說的應(yīng)該是某房地產(chǎn)網(wǎng)站的電臺廣告語：“走直線，走直線，走直線，重要的事情說三遍?！贝藦V告一經(jīng)推出，迅速火遍各大電臺，重要事情說三遍被各類廣告和跟風(fēng)使用，洗腦作用可見一斑。

7.傻白甜(blonde)傻白甜通常指電視劇或電影中的女主角，蠢萌沒有心機，后用來形容沒有演技的角色。傻白甜有兩個方向，一是指盡管橋段有些老舊，但劇情并不狗血，比較美好溫柔甜美的愛情故事；另外可以用來形容愛情故事里的女主角，個性沒有心機，蠢萌可愛，讓人感覺很溫馨。

在英語中相應(yīng)的表達就是blonde，來形容那些容貌姣好，內(nèi)心單純甚至有點小傻的女人。8.我的內(nèi)心幾乎是崩潰的(i lost my control, in my heart.)某公司ceo在接受媒體采訪中說了一句：“我的內(nèi)心幾乎是崩潰的”，鴨梨山大的表達道出很多人的心聲，在播出之后被不少網(wǎng)友爭相借用，成為2015年的熱詞。9.小鮮肉(he is such a young handsome!)用于形容年輕、帥氣、有肌肉的男生，一般是指年齡在12-25歲之間的性格純良，感情經(jīng)歷單純，沒有太多的情感經(jīng)驗，且長相俊俏的男生。10.城會玩(townies behaviors.)“你們城里人真會玩(we cant understand you townies behaviors.)”的簡稱，指某些人的行為很作。

11.心塞(feel stifled)12.么么噠(love you, my darling)一般用于情侶、閨蜜或關(guān)系較好的人之間，表示親近的意思，可譯為love you, my darling, my dear。

13.你行你上啊(you can you up/if you can do it then you should go up and do it.)14.有錢就是任性(a rich man is capricious.)這句話也在2015年紅遍了大江南北，有人明知自己被騙，但還是給騙子匯去54萬元。警察問他為什么時，他說就想知道騙子還能騙他多少錢！被廣大網(wǎng)友調(diào)侃為：有錢就是這么任性！

任性一詞在兩會上被官方翻譯翻成了capricious，更多人覺得willful比較貼切，所以“有錢任性”可以譯為a rich man is absolutely capricious/willful.或者you rich men can do anything with the money you’ve got.篇二：英語網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語

eps: representative(銷售)代表 expd: experienced 有經(jīng)驗的 req: required 需要 ext.: extension 延伸、擴展 sal: salary 工資 fr.ben: fringe benefits 額外福利 sctry: secretary 秘書 f/t: full time 全日制 sh: shorthand 人手不足 gd: good 好sr: senior 資深 grad: graduate 畢業(yè) stdnt: student 學(xué)生 hosp: hospital 醫(yī)院 stmts: statements 報告 hdqtrs : headquarters 總部 tech: technical 技術(shù)上 hr: hour 小時 tel/ph: telphone 電話 hrly: hourly 每小時 temp: temporarily 臨時性(工作)hs: high school 高中(學(xué)歷)trans: transportation 交通 immed: immediate 立即 trnee: trainee 實習(xí)生 incl: including 包括 typ: typing/typist 打字/打字員 ind: industrial 工業(yè)的 wk: week/work 周/工作 inexp: inexperienced 無經(jīng)驗的 wpm: words per minute 打字/每分鐘 intl: international 國際性的 yr(s): year(s)年1.素質(zhì)教育 ：quality education2.eq：分兩種，一種為教育商數(shù) educational quotient，另一種情感商數(shù) emotional quotient3.保險業(yè)： the insurance industry4.保證重點指出： ensure funding for priority areas5.補發(fā)拖欠的養(yǎng)老金： clear up pension payments in arrears6.不良貸款： non-performing loan7.層層轉(zhuǎn)包和違法分包： mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting8.城鄉(xiāng)信用社： credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas9.城鎮(zhèn)居民最低生活保障： a minimum standard of living for city residents10.城鎮(zhèn)職工醫(yī)療保障制度： the system of medical insurance for urban workers11.出口信貸： export credit12.貸款質(zhì)量： loan quality13.貸款質(zhì)量五級分類辦法： the five-category assets classification for bank loans14.防范和化解金融風(fēng)險： take precautions against and reduce financial risks15.防洪工程： flood-prevention project16.非法外匯交易 ： illegal foreign exchange transaction17.非貿(mào)易收匯： foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels18.非銀行金融機構(gòu)： non-bank financial institutions19.費改稅： transform administrative fees into taxes20.跟蹤審計： foolow-up auditing21.工程監(jiān)理制度： the monitoring system for projects22.國有資產(chǎn)安全： the safety of state-owned assets23.過度開墾 ： excess reclamation24.合同管理制度： the contract system for governing projects25.積極的財政政策 ： pro-active fiscal policy26.基本生活費： basic allowance27.解除勞動關(guān)系： sever labor relation28.金融監(jiān)管責(zé)任制： the responsibility system for financial supervision29.經(jīng)濟安全： economic security30.靠擴大財政赤字搞建設(shè)： to increase the deficit to spend more on development31.擴大國內(nèi)需求 ： the expansion of domestic demand32.拉動經(jīng)濟增長： fuel economic growth33.糧食倉庫： grain depot34.糧食收購企業(yè)： grain collection and storage enterprise35.糧食收購資金實行封閉 2009年中國十大網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語英文版

這是一個充滿無限可能的時代，也是一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)推動的時代。歲末將至，盤點2009年中出現(xiàn)的每一句網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語，無一不與我們的生活息息相關(guān)；細讀每一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語詼諧和無厘頭的背后，無一不是對現(xiàn)實問題的最理性的思考。

值此之際，特別推出2009年度十大網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語的英文版，讓我們一起來對剛剛走遠的集體記憶溫故知新。1.不差錢

money is not a problem.出處：2009年央視春晚，趙本山、小沈陽等演出了小品《不差錢》。幾乎一夜之間，二人轉(zhuǎn)演員小沈陽連同小品中的多句經(jīng)典臺詞，紅遍大江南北。2.哥抽的不是煙，是寂寞！

what brother is smoking is not a cigarette, but loneliness!出處：7月初，在百度貼吧里突然有人發(fā)了一張一名非主流男子吃面的圖片，圖片配文“哥吃的不是面，是寂寞”。之后一發(fā)不可收拾，有網(wǎng)友相繼模仿“哥×的不是×，是寂寞”的句式，“哥上的不是網(wǎng)，是寂寞”、“哥愛的不是你，是寂寞”?? 3.賈君鵬你媽媽喊你回家吃飯！

jia junpeng, your mother wants you to go home to have some food.出處：賈君鵬只是個網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬人物，但是在2009年7月16日百度貼吧里的魔獸世界吧里，一個只有標題《賈君鵬，你媽媽喊你回家吃飯！》的空帖，短短幾個小時就被390617名網(wǎng)友瀏覽，引來超過1.7萬條回復(fù)，并在接下來的一天時間內(nèi)吸引了710萬點擊和30萬的回復(fù)。入選理由：相當長一段時間內(nèi)，“×××，你媽媽喊你回家吃飯！”這種兼具家庭式溫馨的調(diào)侃語錄成了最流行的網(wǎng)絡(luò)問候語，并影響了社會各界和媒體們對此語錄的深度分析。4.人生就像茶幾，上面擺滿了杯具。

life is like a tea table, with bitter cups placed all over it.出處：首先是易中天因為在一期《百家講壇》中瞪大眼睛感嘆了一句“悲劇啊”，結(jié)果就被網(wǎng)友截了圖并上傳到了網(wǎng)上，隨即成為無數(shù)網(wǎng)友爭相引用的簽名檔。其實，這句流行語的句式模板來自張愛玲筆下的———“人生是一襲華美的袍，上面爬滿了虱子?！?/p>

“杯具”一詞誕生后，網(wǎng)上出現(xiàn)了“杯具黨”，網(wǎng)友們又創(chuàng)造了“餐具（慘?。?、“洗具（喜?。焙汀安杈撸ú罹啵?。

入選理由：在網(wǎng)友看來，“杯具”這個詞比“悲劇”能表現(xiàn)內(nèi)心的無奈，同時又多了一分自嘲的樂觀態(tài)度，比之前單純的悲觀也多了一分希望。5.不要迷戀哥，哥只是個傳說。

dont be obsessed with brother.he is only a legend.出處：這句話的起源是貓撲大雜燴，由網(wǎng)友“不要迷戀哥”的一個帖子引起的惡搞。

入選理由：原本是很自戀的一句話，卻給無聊的生活添加了一瓶調(diào)味劑，它火到什么程度呢？連國際知名大導(dǎo)演張藝謀的新任“謀男郎”小沈陽都在唱“不要瘋狂地迷戀我，我只是個傳說??”

6.人情債，我肉償了！

my debts of gratitude have been repaid with my body!出處：《蝸居》用犀利的筆觸講述了現(xiàn)代都市白領(lǐng)階層對房子的渴望以及房奴生活的酸甜苦辣。雖然仍然以上海為故事背景，但劇中人物每日掙扎與奮斗，付出巨大的大城市生活成本，卻是很多都市白領(lǐng)的生活寫照，編劇六六的犀利臺詞也成為很多人新的msn簽名。

入選理由：除了關(guān)注熱門的社會話題外，劇中的臺詞也很潮，不僅幽默風(fēng)趣充滿智慧，還貼近老百姓的生活。隨著《蝸居》的熱播，劇中犀利有深度的臺詞也隨之走紅，成為觀眾們討論的熱點。

7.你有什么不開心的？說出來讓大家開心一下。

what makes you unhappy? tell us to make us happy.出處：生活很苦，開心很難。所以要看開一點，你有什么不開心的，說出來讓大家開心一下。

入選理由：你失業(yè)了，那還有失戀的呢；你做生意失敗了，那還有自殺未遂的呢；天不遂人愿的事多了去了，要是都如意了，還要上帝干什么——帝哥說了，你們都爽了，我還保佑誰去？！

耍貧嘴才是生活的真諦，你噼里啪啦一頓胡侃，不光自己忘了苦惱，也把別人忽悠的忘乎所以——還一本正經(jīng)的拉住你的手，放在她手心，一把鼻涕一把淚的說：麥兜，我終于找到生活的真諦了~ 8.你out了！

you are left behind the times.入選理由：據(jù)了解，現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)無論是電視媒體還是平面媒體都在統(tǒng)計2009年度的流行語，對于out這個詞兒，有相當一部分人在肯定它流行的同時，也表現(xiàn)出了“深惡痛絕”的態(tài)度。這個詞兒乍一聽沒什么殺傷力，可真要攤到自己身上，還真是挺不舒服的。9.雷鋒做好事不留名，但把每一件事情都記到日記里。

lei feng does good without seeking recognition, but he records everything in his diary.出處：為什么雷鋒做好事不留名，但把每一件事情都記到日記里？這成為今年各大論壇的熱貼。人們的回答花樣百出，令人捧腹。

入選理由：接過雷鋒的槍，雷鋒是我們的好榜樣；接過雷鋒的槍，千萬個雷鋒在成長??兒時的歌又在耳邊響起。也有網(wǎng)友回帖道：雷鋒做了好事不留名，但是每一件事情都記到日記里面，而我從來不寫日記。10.這事兒不能說太細。

it cannot be explained in detail.入選理由：在天涯、貓撲等論壇，一些帖子下面，常常跟有“這事樓主說得太細了，下回注意”、“這事兒我不能說太細”之類的回帖，與去年“我是來打醬油的”、“做幾個俯臥撐就走”等回帖風(fēng)格十分近似。在“百度知道”，已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了“這事兒不能說太細”的解答，并且已有網(wǎng)友建立“這事兒不能說太細”吧，搜狐還有網(wǎng)友列出了“這事兒不能說太細”的俄語、荷蘭語、法語、德語等版本譯法。

第二篇：英文畢業(yè)論文 網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語及其英文翻譯

本科生畢業(yè)論文

網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語及其英文翻譯

院 系： 外國語學(xué)院 專 業(yè)： 英 語

I A Study of English Translation of Network Catchwords

摘要

隨著中國國際化進程日益加快和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的普及，越來越多的外國友人更加密切地關(guān)注中國。與此同時，中國網(wǎng)民也創(chuàng)造了不少幽默詼諧、充滿智慧的語言，一些鮮活的流行語不僅在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上迅速傳播，還滲透到社會生活中。然而通過對漢語網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語翻譯的研究現(xiàn)狀來看，漢語網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語的翻譯工作還有待進一步的發(fā)展。本文首先介紹了流行語和網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語的背景以及它們之間的從屬關(guān)系。其次，網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語主要來源于網(wǎng)絡(luò)用語、影視用語和外來語。通過對其來源的分析，進一步概括出網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語之所以流行的原因。從廣義上來說，網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語的形成不僅是語言繼承性和創(chuàng)新性的有機結(jié)合，它的簡潔、幽默、流行性和周期性也讓眾多網(wǎng)民對其更加追捧和使用。然而，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語不斷追求個性、不斷創(chuàng)新的洪流中，也不可避免地出現(xiàn)了粗俗化現(xiàn)象。本文根據(jù)奈達的功能對等理論，對漢語網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語的翻譯技巧進行了分析和總結(jié)之后發(fā)現(xiàn)，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語的翻譯中直譯、直譯夾注、意譯、意譯加注、加綴法和改譯法仍是十分有效和常用的技巧。

關(guān)鍵詞：網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語；來源；特征；翻譯

II

Abstract

With the accelerating process of China Internationalization and popularity of the Internet, more and more foreigners pay closer attention to China.At the same time, Chinese netizens also create many humorous and witty words some of which spread like wildfire through Internet and also deeply enter the social life.However, through the translation situations of Chinese network catchwords, the translation problem needs further development.The thesis firstly introduces the background of catchword, network catchwords and their subordinate relationship.Secondly, network catchwords mainly originate from network expression, expression in entertainment industry and foreign words.By analyzing its sources, the causes of popularity of network catchwords have been displayed clear for us.Broadly speaking, network catchwords are not only combination of linguistic inheritance and innovation, but also adored and used by netizens because of its concision, humor, popularity and periodicity.However, continuous pursuit for uniqueness and innovation also emerge vulgar usage of it.After analyzing and concluding the translation skills of Chinese network catchwords according to Nida’s Functional Equivalence theory, it is found that the translation methods including literal translation, literal translation with interlinear notes, free translation, free translation with interlinear notes, affixation method and adapted translation are still effective and common ones.Key Words: Network Catchwords;Sources;Features;Translation

III

Table of Contents Acknowledgements.......................................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。摘要................................................................................................................................................II Abstract.......................................................................................................................................III Table of Contents..........................................................................................................................IV Chapter 1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1 Chapter2 Sources of Network Catchwords.....................................................................................3

2.1 From Network Expression.................................................................................................3

2.1.1 From Current Affairs..............................................................................................3 2.1.2 From Network Paste Bar........................................................................................4 2.2 From Entertainment Industry............................................................................................6

2.2.1 From Television Play..............................................................................................6 2.2.2 From Film and Variety Show.................................................................................7 2.3 From Foreign Words..........................................................................................................7 2.4 Causes of the Popularity of Network Catchwords.............................................................8 Chapter 3 Features of Network Catchwords.................................................................................11 3.1 Combination of Linguistic Inheritance and Innovation...................................................11 3.2 Economic effect...............................................................................................................12 3.3 Popular and Periodic Tendencies....................................................................................12 IV 3.4 Vulgarness Expression....................................................................................................13 Chapter 4 Translation Methods of Network Catchwords..............................................................15 4.1 Literal Translation...........................................................................................................15 4.2 Literal Translation with Interlinear Notes.......................................................................16 4.3 Free Translation...............................................................................................................17 4.4 Free Translation with Interlinear Notes...........................................................................18 4.5 Affixation Method...........................................................................................................19 4.6 Adapted Translations of Sentences..................................................................................19 Chapter 5 Conclusion....................................................................................................................21 Bibliography..................................................................................................................................23

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Chapter 1 Introduction Catchwords as a lexical phenomenon reflect people’s general concern on problems and issues of specific periods of time in one country or one district.Different period has different catchwords.In the early days of new China, the word 同志（people who hold same aspirations/comrade）originated from Soviet Union was popular among different strata;During the cultural revolution period, 階級斗爭（class struggle）,上山下鄉(xiāng)(going to the mountainous areas and the countryside)became catchwords of that time;between 1980s and1990s, 脫貧致富（cast off poverty to get rich）, 奔小康（strive for a relatively comfortable life）were prevalent in those two decade years;Since the new century, all kinds of catchwords have become popular by means of network transmission.Furthermore, different social groups also hold distinct catchwords.Therefore, catchword as a piece of social sensitive nerves represents various changes of society and widespread responsive reflection of public attitudes.Having carried out reform and opening-up policy for thirty years, China has given birth to many new thoughts and things while so-called catchwords appropriately bear witness to these changes.Changing times arouses surge in people’s mind, which seeks innovation methods from a linguistic point of view.Therefore, based on complicated psychology and social background, catchwords mostly result form era of social changes which carry much higher cultural contents.Meanwhile, some also originate from dialects and influenced by regional cultures.In a word, the existence and prevalence of catchwords is both a cultural phenomenon and a linguistic phenomenon.From a positive aspect, catchwords are pipelines to multiply lexis and also accesses to some certain social culture or emotional abreactions.Moreover, network catchwords are one type of whole catchwords.Network catchwords namely prevalent words in internet which are the expressions established by netizens through common usage.With popularization of the internet, Chinese netizens create many humorous and witty words some of which spread like wildfire through internet and also gradually enter the 1

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social life.These network catchwords as a type of special linguistic variants also hold cultural connotations besides denotations.All in all, network catchwords use vivid forms to express special meanings, which enrich our discourse space, generalize the raw style and content for living together with build up aesthetic value through ridicule person and ridicule words.With social development, cultural diversification and flourishing mass media as well as thriving network, the popularization range of network catchwords will be expanded step by step.Thus, it is necessary to research its Chinese-English translations because they have a realistic meaning in current society.The thesis consists of five chapters.Chapter one is an introduction to background information of catchword and network catchword.Chapter two firstly focuses on the sources of network catchwords then concludes the causes of its popularity.Chapter three introduces main features of network catchwords.By means of arduous analysis and generalization, chapter four have given priority to the English translation versions of Chinese network catchwords.Finally, the thesis comes to a conclusion.本科畢業(yè)論文

Chapter2 Sources of Network Catchwords The birth of internet to the production of human life brought about profound changes.Network becomes the fourth media after newspaper, radio and television and also creates new information exchanges and dissemination, which has brought communication environment, communication way to update and formed a new variant of network language-network catchwords.Xie Xinzhou(2002)considered that generalized network language could be classified into three types, firstly network technical terms like online, chat room, website, internet bar and hacker and so on.Secondly, language used in chat room, BBS or other forums namely netizens’ communication language.Thirdly, language of network news, network advertisement and network literature.However, narrowly-defined network catchwords refer to the second type.On one hand, lexis is one of the most active aspects in linguistic revolution of which network catchwords are complicated one.Furthermore, the formation and development of any language are linked with social background and cultural accumulation.It is these sources that form the new linguistic style—network catchwords.2.1 From Network Expression

With the coming of internet era, network has penetrated into people’s daily life.Though closely linked with communication activities of daily life, Language used in the virtual world is different from it.2.1.1 From Current Affairs

CNN(Cable News Network)originally is a US cable news channel founded in 1980 by Ted Turner.Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24 hour television news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States(Wikipedia).In the CNN report of 2008, it appeared foreign media’s twisted coverage of Tibet happenings.Many Chinese thought it was biased.It drew more attention after CNN commentator Jack Cafferty’s rude talk of China 3

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during the Olympic torch passed in the United States.Later, network catchword做人不能太CNN(do not be too CNN)which means how to keep one’s integrity towards some falsification events becomes popular among netizens.In previous time, 打醬油(to get some soy sauce)was a true portrayal of people’s daily life.Nowadays, it is given a new meaning it is none of my business to imply audiences’ attitudes of drawing veil over politics and sensitive topics to protect themselves.As far as we know, Phoenix was a miraculous animal and king of birds in Chinese ancient mythology and legend.However, in Western mythology, there still has such kind of bird called fire bird or immortal bird.As Chinese saying goes golden phoenix flying from the deep hill, the new compounding catchword鳳凰男(phoenix man)is prevalent in society because it represents a kind of men who grew up poor and in the countryside, but later move to a big city and married a city girl.Are you obsessed with football? If you are, you must know the source of network catchword叉腰肌(Psoas muscle).Xie Yalong, the former head of the Chinese Football Association, once criticized women players, saying they have weak psoas muscles.(this is the muscle that links the trunk to the legs ,it is important for motion.)However, nobody knew where the muscle is.Altogether, about the network catchwords of this type, it is hard to find corresponding English versions in the progress of translation.As long as event-backgrounds are defined, translation versions will be better understood by foreigners.2.1.2 From Network Paste Bar

What is paste bar? Paste bar is an online community bound tightly with searching service in which people express what they think about a specific topic, like a big group.In this big group, there are so many smaller groups, each group has its own keywords which is the common interest of every members.Generally, users search or create a bar by keyword.They type the keyword and enter the bar.If the bar has not been created before, it will be created at the time you search it(Wikipedia).Due to the convenience of senting pictures into internet, sometimes, many netizens are struck 4

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dumb with astonishments even without uttering any words to depict them when faced with these weird, peculiar pictures.So the word雷(stun)becomes an replacement to express netizens’

embarrassing feelings of that specific moment.After that, these new lexis 雷人(stunning),雷倒(stunned)and 雷文(stunning words)came out but not briefly translated as surprise or astonishing just with literal meanings.From internet forum mop hodgepodge in March,2009, a netizen named don’t be infatuated with me have a spoof on some pictures and then others quickly transmit the catchword不要迷戀哥，哥只是一個傳說(Don’t be obsessed with me, I’m only a legend.)in internet.Later, in September, someone posts a photograph of an non-mainstream man eating noodle adding a sentence哥吃的不是面，是寂寞(What I’m eating is not noodles, but solitude)in Baidu paste bar.After that, this catchword turns out to be the greatest love of people.With fertile imaginations of new generations about new social fashion, they create different kinds of network catchwords to generalize some kinds of people.Nowadays, many job-seeking youngsters including college students devote their time and energy to preparing exams that award an array of certificates in order to prove their language and computer skills in the hope of securing an edge over other applicants in the job market.Because of this phenomenon, the network catchword哈證族(Certificate maniac)emerges as the times require.On the contrary, a graduate student once issued a post to claim that he was employed without knowing.Behind the scenes, we could imagine what the true employment percentage of university graduates is.Additionally, the word 被就業(yè)(falsification of graduates employment status)comes into people’s view.In other cases, some traditional words change or completely change its original semantic meanings to some degree in current society.Some small factories started by small workshops imitate famous brands to create low-price, civilian products.Owing to their cheapness and popularity, the catchwords 山寨(copycatting)becomes a top hit because it reflects common phenomenon in Chinese manufacturing industry.Therefore,山寨(copycatting)originally means a mountain fortress but later transforms into new meaning duplicates of world class brands criticized by foreigners on this phenomenon.Moreover, Google gives a suitable 5

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translation version copycatting which has been included to network dictionary.2.2 From Entertainment Industry

The entertainment industry(also informally known as show business or show biz)consists of a large number of sub-industries devoted to entertainment.However, the term is often used in the mass media to describe the mass media companies that control the distribution and manufacture of mass media entertainment.In the popular parlance, the term show biz in particular connotes the commercially popular performing arts, especially musical theatre, vaudeville, comedy, film, television play and variety shows etc.Broadly speaking, as a type of tertiary industry, the bloom of entertainment not only brings about mental and psychological pleasure in people, but also makes us have an opportunity to taste new-appeared network catchwords.2.2.1 From Television Play

A television sketch不差錢(Money is not a problem)of Spring Festival Evening Party in 2009 becomes popular all over the country after the classic performance of Zhao Benshan,Xiao Shenyang.Nowadays, some guests always use this catchword when having meals in restaurants.Along with audiences’ high concern on house slave of television play蝸居(dwelling narrowness),two catchwords 蟻族(the ant tribe)and 房奴(house slave)of this type are becoming hit catchwords during the two meetings(National People's Congress and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference)of 2010.Meanwhile,the classical lines人情債，我肉償了(My debts of gratitude have been repaid with my body!)also receives an unexpected reaction in the recesses of people’s heart.As far as I am concern, the reason why these words of dwelling narrowness are conspicuous in current society is that this teleplay deeply touches white-collar employees to the sweets and bitters of battling strenuously for a house.While at the early time of previous year, Topics in Focus of CCTV broadcasts a programme suspicious toll which immediately causes public concern on it.When questioned how large amounts of Tianjin annual road construction loan, Liu Bo, deputy director of Tianjin municipal highway

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administration fees said that it can not be explained in detail(這事不能細說)which turns into a conspicuous network catchwords implying the dirty trick among some governmental or regional departments.Are you familiar with Lecture Room of CCTV 10? If you are, you may be a fan of Yi Zhongtian.In a programme of Lecture Room, professor Yi Zhongtian once sighed such a sentence,悲劇啊(tragedy,ah).Later, netizens copy this exclamatory sentence into internet filled with allegorical illustration.Thus, netizens has given birth to the usage of such catchwords人生就像茶幾，上面擺滿了茶具(Tableware is to the table what tragedy is to life)in internet.Besides the above-mentioned catchwords, dialects of some teleplay also arouse audiences’ interest and then popularize over the whole country.For example, dialect catchwords 得瑟(arrogant/rampant)and妥了(something is done)become beloved ones in people’s mouths.2.2.2 From Film and Variety Show

In view of 2008 Chinese network catchwords issued by Google at the beginning of 2009 year, monosyllabic catchwords become eye-catching objects among people.With the hit broadcast of film Lost on Journey, 囧(sunken)originated from ancient Chinese character literally means light shining through a window while refers embarrassing or confused under the circumstance of variety shows.However, official translation issued by Google(2009)is being sunk in accordance with foreign culture because Google considers that embarrassing generally means awkward in Chinese people’s minds.With the popularity of the hit show If You Are the One, a series of catchwords閃婚(shotgun marriage),做秀(make a show)and 拜金主義(money warship)represent new hit topics on personal values towards contemporary society, family relations and individuals.For instance, Ma Nuo, a player of the hit shows If You Are the One once said ‘I would rather cry in the BMW, than smile in the bicycle’.Thought this material girl was well-known by us, how many other worldly girls are there in current society?

2.3 From Foreign Words

Foreign words play a vital role in the formation of network catchwords to some extent of

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which English accounts for large part.In internet, we frequently see the new catchword 酷斃了(ultra cool)and 曬(share)appeared in entertainment programmes.In fact, both two words are originated from transliteration of English words ultra cool and share.The first word is used to express astonishing, exciting feelings about performance.While the latter word is a self-released life style to share personal resources with others including innovation, life condition, pets etc.In summation, whether from network expression, expression in industry or foreign words, the whole sources reflect the complicated and dynamic features of network catchwords.It is its unique and popular sources that attract many people’s close attention to the starting and ending of each social event.2.4 Causes of the Popularity of Network Catchwords

American scholar J.B.Pride(1971)once put forward the theory Covariation between Language and Social Structure in his book The Social Meaning of Language.When social life has gradual or sudden changes, language as a social phenomenon will necessarily change in accordance with the tempo of social life progress.Nowadays, being in a transitional period, China has corresponding and intense changes in social structure and life.By the end of 2010, the number of Chinese netizens reaches 457.3 million which leaps to the first place in the world.With the fast development of the Internet, social resources like speech privilege, acquisition right and sensibility towards social events are being redistributed.Under the strict regulation of traditional media in domestic China, the Internet is regarded as a platform on behalf of freedom of speech and grassroots culture which has a dominant role in public opinions.Moreover, Linguists hold that language expresses not only contents but also closely relates to life style, economic level and current affairs.During the period of reform and opening-up, advertisement language was being the greatest love of all among citizens.While in recent years, network catchwords become the top topic in streets and lanes.Innovation of any social behavior always motivates linguistic changes.In other words, linguistic changes are the external representation of 8

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people’s social behavior.For instance, the development of network makes people actively participate into social life to express their thoughts and reach affirmative praise from other people towards their talents and innovations.In this participation society, each person has the right to give free rein to his imagination, unique thoughts.According to the table of 27th Statistical Report on Internet Development in China by China Internet Network Information Center in 19 January, 2011, the age span of Chinese netizens from 10 to 39 takes up 81.9 percent in 2009;80.5% in 2010 compared with the whole ages.Concerning academic degree and educational background of the netizen group, there are large numbers of student netizens holding a college or equivalent degree in China.Filled with agile minds and special pursuits for fashion and innovation, these youngsters spare free time in virtual world without bearing heavy burden on realistic life.Undoubtedly, they provide themselves with private spaces for exerting talents and abilities.Once social events appear in all kinds of media, netizen groups will actively express their personal judgment in the first time in order to amuse themselves or audiences.From the viewpoint of our country, public opinions play a good supervisory role in public affairs;as for audiences themselves, their reflections on social events seem to be like a flavoring of releasing stress of work and life, family friction and interpersonal relationship.Nowadays, network catchwords become fashionable for a time of which each one has an affair happened behind the scene.As for the network catchwords 范跑跑(Running Fan), it emerged in response to Fan Meizhong’s escape from classroom regardless of any student when Wenchuan earthquake happened in May,12,2008.Later, he issued a post named the moment the earth was moving and said ‘a(chǎn)t the moment between life and death, I may care sacrificing myself only for my daughter.Other people even like my mother;I would ignore them in that case.’ His escape behavior and outrage speech cause hot topic among netizens and then they give him a nickname running Fan.On one hand, this popular catchword wakens Chinese people the loss of teachers’ virtue in current society.On the other hand, it also reflects collective concern and fierce

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response of Chinese netizens towards this event.Another network catchword 我爸是李剛(My father is Li Gang)refers to the event a 22-year-old student of HeBei University named Li Qiming, who was intoxicated, tried to speed away after a Volkswagen sedan he drove raced down a narrow lane and struck two students named Chen Xiaofeng and Zhang Jingjing head-on.Security guards intercepted him, but he was undeterred.He warned them, my father is Li Gang(the deputy police chief in the Beishi district of Baoding).Thus, the transparence of social events not only motivates people’s communication enthusiasms for thoughts, beliefs and participation but also make more netizens actively express their attitudes and judgments towards society events.Accordingly, network catchwords as recorder of social history are closely connected with realistic society in which netizens reveal their genuine attitudes towards thinking, grievances or enjoyment in society.Though being different from rigorous and complete language of traditional mass media, network catchwords always simply arouse public concentrated feelings through netizens’ opinions on top issues.Consequently, in current multicultural society, the appearance of network media provides audiences golden opportunities with new things, rich minds and fashionable life style.At the same time, the transparency of social events and people’s great concern on current affairs both motivate the popularity of network catchwords.本科畢業(yè)論文

Chapter 3 Features of Network Catchwords

Network is just like an open square towards people while anonymity breaks the bound of authority and reverse relations between center and edge.In the network stage, grassroots netizens attain unprecedented freedom of expression, which leads to depressed netizens roaring out special language to audiences.Network catchwords are just special language to some extent.Thus, most netizens regard the popularity of network catchwords as success of common people.On all accounts, network catchwords are the conventional product of social collective thoughts while containing love-hate sentiments and value judgments on social events.Why do so many people like such kind of language style? For many netizens, using network catchwords not only show their close concern on social events but also save their time to reach economic effects due to its popularity and periodic features.Of network catchwords itself, it perfectly combines advantages between linguistic inheritance and linguistic innovation to form this unique language style.3.1 Combination of Linguistic Inheritance and Innovation

The advancement and development of any language firstly can not depart from linguistic transmission and inheritance.Undoubtedly, network catchwords originate from realistic society.Thus, formations of network catchwords like monosyllable, compounding of lexis and sentence are similar to spoken language or written language in ordinary life.Moreover, innovation includes three features new, unusual and queer.New mostly refers to spoken expressions based on distinctive feature and condition of current life.For instance,富二代(second rich generation)originally appeared from an entertainment programme refers to these rich children who were born in the 1980s and might inherit property of hundred million.Unusual is not a special or rebelling but reflections of minds and dispositions which displays special thoughts of linguistic users.Like Chinese characters 槑(nuts)pronounced mei,the word is a variant of the word for 梅.but it also looks like a double version of the character 呆

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which means stupid.So netizens have borrowed it to mean 槑 nuts.Queer partly means going against even destroying linguistic convention on the basis of arbitrariness and dynamics.Some catchwords surpass lexical collocation standard like被就業(yè)(falsification of graduates employment status)and abuse usage of linguistic arbitrariness as 歇菜(finished，dead, napoo).However, just these unconventional usages of network catchwords bring about netizen unique feelings.3.2 Economic effect

Economic principle is a fundamental one to conduct human behaviors.Usage of language as one of human behaviors also accords with the influence of economic principle.In other words, the smallest cognitive expense exchanges the biggest communication profits.American pragmatic scholar Laurence Horn(2002)holds that people are apt to choose the least words to satisfy both speakers and hearers.Formation and pragmatic aspects of network catchwords reflect both concision and condensation trait.Such as Chinese-English abbreviative words Happy(開心)一下,今天太high(興奮)了(it is so exciting today!),你真out(落伍)了(you are behind the times).3.3 Popular and Periodic Tendencies

The essential feature of network catchwords is its popularity.Unlike these steady traditional words, some catchwords will be gradually gone out of use until accepted and recognized by citizens to become ordinary lexis.For this reason, network catchwords are dynamic phenomenon and go through the process of appearance-popular-disappearance with exception of turning into ordinary words.In view of late network catchwords found in television programme, and hot social issues by netizens, the catchword打醬油(get some soy sauce)gradually fade away with the end of influence and then is replaced by newly-appeared event magic horses are floating clouds(神馬都是浮云).When netizens type Chinese characters 什么啊 by means of Sogou pinyin input method, without remembering the usage of delimiter ′, so pinyin s′m′a always turns

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into s′ma(神馬).Thus, magic horses(神馬)become a top hit in current internet due to its humorous effect.Whereas, the word floating clouds(浮云)namely illusory or fleeting meaning nothing is worthy of being mentioned.During the national day of 2010, a post named thank you a perfect friend for bringing me a sentimental national day reminds us of these weird and thunderous words spoken by xiaoyueyue.Hence, netizen connect magic horses with floating clouds to describe her because other words are less insipid than these two words.These two catchwords give us desperate but detached feelings which represent certain mental features of social people.Of course, other catchwords also keep its consistent popularity like English abbreviation PK concerned by people in 2005.Though some local government definitely prohibiting its usage in textbooks or media, this word is still prevalent in spoken language, mass media, and advertisement.Another example Gelivable(給力)originally comes from Japanese humorous animation Journey to the West-the destination of Pilgrimage.When the four people reach tianzhu(Just have a flag marked two words tianzhu)through trials and tribulations, meanwhile, Wukong complains ungelivable, master.During the period of 2010 world cup, the word gelivable(給力)becomes all the rage for football fans and netizen.Thereby, popular and periodic features of network catchwords become a general trait accepted by netizens and linguists.3.4 Vulgarness Expression

Network as a virtual space in which netizens hide their ages, genders, identifications and social status in order to gross over their natural countenances.Without concerning about actual condition, they always speak their minds without reservation to show off so-called self-righteous attitudes.Owing to the platform in revealing gloomy sentiments, someone unscrupulously create language rubbishes to get rid of their grievances or satisfy vulgar tastes such as appearances of TMD(他媽的)/ NND(奶奶的)/ SB(傻逼).These vulgar words may penetrate into traditional media step by step even some become new favorite of mainstream press.Therefore, it is necessary for us to draw

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the essence and discard the dregs from current network catchwords.Although network catchwords are prevalent among people because of its weird, special formation, some of which directly form rude even obscene linguistic phenomenon.Thus, it is necessary for us to have right judgments from the scurrilous network catchwords.Certainly, besides above-mentioned four main aspects, there are also other features of network catchwords like background trait, holding strong cultural color, usage of irony and metaphor as well as analogical devices duplicated into network.本科畢業(yè)論文

Chapter 4 Translation Methods of Network Catchwords In the informal verbal communication, network catchwords cater to popular tastes and also bring about translators a lot of troubles.In the thesis, it mainly refers to Eugene Nida’s Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence theory as a whole.Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence are two approaches to translation, of which the former attempts to convey the thought expressed in a source text(if necessary, at the expense of word order, the source text’s grammatical voice, etc.)while the latter means to render the text word-for-word(if necessary, at the expense of natural expression in the target language).The two approaches respectively represent emphasis on readability and literal fidelity to the source text.There is no sharp boundary between Functional and Formal equivalence.Broadly, the two represent a spectrum of translation approaches.Furthermore, the terms Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence are associated with the translator Eugene Nida, and were originally coined to describe ways of translating the Bible, but nowadays the two approaches are applicable to any translation(Wikipedia).Therefore, Nida acclaims that there are no such things as identical equivalence in translating, what one must in translating seek to do is find the closest possible equivalent.Here he identifies two basic orientations in translating based on two different types of equivalence, Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence theory.In specific translation skills, the thesis will contain literal translation, literal translation with interlinear notes, free translation, free translation with interlinear notes and adapted translation etc.the following translation references all originate from China Daily Website(2009/2010)and Google(2009).4.1 Literal Translation

Literal translation or direct translation is the rendering of text from one language to another word for word rather than conveying the sense of the original(Wikipedia).Spoken network catchwords always refer to new words that appeared in casual or informal circumstance used by netizens.Literal translations of catchwords always appeared in the forum and entertainment

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news like狗仔隊(paparazzi/ dog packs),做秀(make a show),拜金主義(money warship).For example, the network catchword狗仔隊 translated as paparazzi or dog packs has a vivid which seems to be like a pack of dogs chase something at top speed.Some popular sentences are still used by netizens as follows.哥吃的不是面，是寂寞.(What I’m eating is not noodles, but solitude.)不要迷戀哥，哥只是一個傳說.(Don’t be obsessed with me, I’m only a legend.)

4.2 Literal Translation with Interlinear Notes While faced with some social events on the basis of backgrounds, when translate it directly, the additional explanations of events are necessary to make foreigners understood clearly and concisely as follows.When a person in Guangzhou was asked to give his opinion of the sex scandal involving Hong Kong star Edison Chen(Chen Guanxi), the man answered, it is none of my business and I am just out to get some soy sauce.Later, this catchword implies audience’s attitudes of being worldly-wise and playing safe.Thus, the network catchword 打醬油 Get some soy sauce(it implies the meaning it is none of my business)become popular in different strata.鳳凰男 Phoenix man(a man who grew up poor and in the countryside, but later moved to a big city and married a city girl.)Another case like this, Xie Yalong, the former head of the Chinese Football Association, once criticized women players, saying they have weak psoas muscles.(This is the muscle that links the trunk to the legs;it is important for motion.)However, nobody, including the players, knew where the muscle is.So the catchword叉腰肌Psoas muscle(having nothing definite in mind)takes on overnight.At the same time, one night in late October of 2010 in Baoding, China.A college student named Chen Xiaofeng was in-line skating with a friend on the grounds of Hebei University in

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central China.They were gliding past the campus grocery when a Volkswagen sedan raced down a narrow lane and struck them head-on.The impact sent Ms Chen flying and broke the other woman’s leg.The 22-year-old driver named Li Qiming, who was intoxicated, tried to speed away.Security guards intercepted him, but he was undeterred.He warned them, ‘My father is Li Gang!’ Later, the network catchword我爸是李剛 My father is Li Gang(it implies morbid psychology of the second officer generation)represents us the genuine psychology of some contemporary adolescents.4.3 Free Translation

Free translation is applied when there is conflict between the source language meaning and the form of target language expression, that is to say, when the language form in the target language can not faithfully convey the meaning that is expressed in the corresponding target language form.In this case, meaning is the first choice.The translator has to give up the original language form and try to keep the meaning instead.Free translation does not mean that the translator can ignore the source text;it only means that the surface structure of the source text is not completely rendered while the deep structure is faithfully reproduced.Free translations always apply to these words when netizens conclude specialized name after reading representative articles such as 閃婚(shotgun marriage),山寨(copycatting),哈證族(certificate maniac).For instance, the word 閃婚 literally gives us a shock feeling of quick marriage as startled as a clap of thunder.So the translation version shotgun marriage just conforms to the charm of source language.Other spoken catchwords originally come from dialect language then become popular in society.For example, Northeastern catchwords 得瑟 was also prevalent along with television play Country love meaning rampant, aggressive or arrogant.妥了(something is ok / done)from television named Happiness of the eldest among siblings is also frequently quoted by netizens.In order to save time and improve efficiency, many monosyllabic catchwords appear to suit 17

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audience tastes as follows.在這里碰到他，雷！(It is embarrassing to meet him here!)可真夠雷人的！(It is so stunning!)你女友的身材簡直酷斃了！(How slim your girlfriend’s figure is!)人在囧途(Lost on journey)囧事(Embarrassing things)Some network popular sentences have vivid meanings and regional differences.Due to the cultural differences, there might be existing semantic vacancies, namely, Chinese cultural connotations have not corresponding elements in English language.Under this circumstance, translation materials should satisfy foreign culture and psychology.Such as,(R represents right, W represents wrong)不差錢！R: Money is not a big deal / problem!W: there is no lack of money!人情債，我肉償了！R: I have paid the debt of gratitude by selling my self!

W: I have paid the debt of gratitude with my flesh!

曬工資 R:

Wages online exposure

W:

Shine one’s wages

4.4 Free Translation with Interlinear Notes

During a CCTV interview about a new Internet censorship regulation, a girl said that an uncensored web page once popped up on her computer.She called it ‘very pornographic, very violent’.Some believe the girl was told to say it by CCTV, so it is now used to mock the way the network covers news.So the word很黃很暴力 very pornographic, very violent(it implies some

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websites’ unrestricted regulations on many pornographic pictures)reflect the falsification coverage of some websites on unhealthy web pages.做人不能太CNN do not be too CNN(It emerged in response to foreign media’s falsification of Tibet happenings even the commentator Jack Cafferty’s rude talk of china to express how to keep one’s integrity towards some falsification events).In this translation version, 做人 could not be given priority to the translation of to conduct yourself, to behave.In western countries, people stress on done or undone in the influence of democracy and freedom.For this reason, do not be too CNN is much better for foreigners’ psychology.4.5 Affixation Method

Nominal catchwords always add to an affixation to state its meaning by use of suffix and prefix.××族(adding a suffix –ers）

刷卡族(card-users), 工薪族(wage-earners)×奴(adding a suffix word slave)房奴(mortgage slave), 婚奴(wedding slave)While 巨搞(spoof), 臥槽族(job-hugging clan)is exception without adding to affixation mega-and –ers.4.6 Adapted Translations of Sentences

Some network catchwords are formed in the way of imitation, analogy, pun or conferring traditional words to new meanings, unconventional word-making to receive humorous and ridicule effect.In order to reach this effect, adapted translation skills are good for keeping functional equivalence.人生就像茶幾，上面擺滿了杯具(Tableware is to the table what tragedy is to life).In

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Chinese character, 悲劇(tragedy)is the homonym of 杯具(tableware).So, corresponding translation is fit for delicate touch of pun usage

被就業(yè)(Bei jiuye, which is impossible to translate.Literally, is be hired, but it really means be hired without one’s knowing).This is a passive structure and also an unconventional phrase.The word 被 implies a black humor to express unavoidable obsession upon some social phenomenon.Due to the complicated and dynamic features of network catchwords, it is difficulty for many translators to have identically accurate English translation versions of Chinese network catchwords.As for the translations of network catchwords of this type, acquainting with foreign cultures and target language expressions plays a key role in the translation equivalence between the source text and the target language.本科畢業(yè)論文

Chapter 5 Conclusion After previous discuss on the thesis, it will have a conclusion of the whole paper.The thesis starts with an introduction to background information of catchword and network catchword, of which their relationship and difference have been displayed clear for us.The second part firstly introduces the sources of network catchwords mainly from network expression, expression in industry and foreign words.With the appearance of network, people gradually indulge in their opinions on social events.It is the concerned thoughts of netizens from transparency of social events that stimulate the popularity of network catchwords.After the detailed analysis of its sources and causes, people begin to pay more attention to features of network catchwords.Thus, on one hand, the formation of network catchwords is a combination of linguistic inheritance and innovation to some extent.On the other hand, because of its concision, humor, popularity and periodicity features, the usage of network catchwords save most time for audiences but abuse formations also bring about vulgar linguistic phenomenon.By way of detailed and vivid introductions of three previous chapters, the English translations versions of Chinese network catchwords will be represented under the guidance of Nida’s Functional Equivalence theory.In specific conditions, the thesis will contain literal translation, literal translation with interlinear notes, free translation, free translation with interlinear notes and adapted translation etc.The famous translator Eugene Nida sets forth the differences in translation, as he accounts for it, within three basic factors.(1)The nature of the message.In some messages, the content is of primary consideration and in others the form must be given a higher priority.(2)The purpose of the author and of the translator.To give information on both form and content;to aim at full intelligibility of the reader so he/she may understand the full implications of the message;for imperative purposes that aim at not just understanding the translation but also at ensuring no misunderstanding of the translation.(3)The type of audiences.Prospective audiences differ both in decoding ability and in potential interest(Wikipedia).As far as I am concerned, based on its 21

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detail causes, sources and features, the English translations of Chinese network catchwords should not only take cultural differences between natives and foreigners into account, but also need finding corresponding or appropriate target-language versions with the accurate grasp of foreign cultures.As long as conforming to reflections of target-people, it might be appearing much better translation versions.Due to its complicated and dynamic features, there are all kinds of network catchwords in different category.What is more, for current linguists, they mainly have given priority to the research on the definition, formation of network catchwords.In view of academic blank in this aspect, the thesis will have a brief discuss on translation methods to find corresponding English versions of Chinese network catchwords according to the four previous aspects.Owing to the lack of relating translation materials, please oblige me with your valuable comments and criticism.At last, I thank all of you for giving me your generous helps and enormous enthusiasms to motivate me complete the thesis.本科畢業(yè)論文

Bibliography [1] China’s top 10 Internet buzzwords of 2009 [EB/OL].http://004km.cn/wiki/Eugene-Nida.[4] Nord, Christiane.Translating as a purposeful activity: Functionalist Approach Explained [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.[5] Reiss, Katharine.Translation Criticism-the Potentials and Limitations, Categories and Criteria for Translation Quality Assessment [M].Manchester: St.Jerome Publishing, 2000.[6] Suzanne, Romaine.Language in society.An Introduction to sociolinguistics [M].Oxford: Oxford university press, 1994.[7]曾常紅.試論現(xiàn)代流行語流行的基本條件[J].華中科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(社會科學(xué)).[8]顧源.社會學(xué)視野下的網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語分析[J].社會學(xué), 2009(3)：15-20． [9]黃濤.流行語與社會時尚文化[M].上海: 上海辭書出版社, 2003.[10]林綱.網(wǎng)絡(luò)用語的類型及其特征[J].修辭學(xué)習(xí), 2002(1).[11]林大津.跨文化交際研究[M].福州: 福建人民出版社, 1996(10).[12]李亮，黃樂平，王翊． 網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語探析[J].語文學(xué)刊：高等教育版, 2009(7)：116-118． [13]劉志杰.網(wǎng)絡(luò)熱詞傳播的社會現(xiàn)象透視[J].新聞世界, 2009(6)：143-144． [14]索緒爾.普通語言學(xué)教程.高銘凱,譯.北京: 商務(wù)印書館, 2001.[15]盛若菁.網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語的社會文化分析[J].江淮論壇, 2008(4)：119-121，158． [16]許鐘寧.網(wǎng)絡(luò)詞語變異的語言文化解析[J].修辭學(xué)習(xí), 2004(6).[17]許斐絢.解讀當下青少年流行語.http:// 004km.cn.hk/Psychtheory.[18]楊玲.從網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語看大眾文化特征[D].華中師范大學(xué), 2006.[19]中國流行語2009發(fā)布榜:文匯新民聯(lián)合報業(yè)集團新聞信息中心,文匯出版社2009年5月版.

第三篇：流行語的英文

1.神馬都是浮云 It's all fleeting cloud.2.山寨 fake, counterfeit, copycat

3.宅男 Otaku(“homebody” in English)； geek4.被雷倒(到)了 in shock5.糾結(jié) ambivalent6.忐忑 anxious

7.悲催 a tear-inducing misery

8.坑爹 the reverse of one’s expectation

9.哥只是傳說 Brother is only a legend.10.傷不起 vulnerable;be prone to getting hurt

11.你懂的 It goes without saying that…12.吐槽 disclose one’s secret

13.小清新 like [好似] a breath of fresh air14.穿越劇 time-travel TV drama

15.至于你信不信，反正我是信了。Whether you believe it or not, I am convinced.16.拼爹 daddy-is-the-key;parents privilege competition

17.做人呢，最重要是開心。Happiness is the way.18.賣萌 act cute19.腹黑 scheming

20.折翼的天使 an angel with broken wings21.淡定 calm;unruffled22.羨慕嫉妒恨 envious, jealous and hateful23.團購 group purchasing24.微博 Microblog

25.富二代 rich second generation26.林來瘋 Linsanity

27.凡客體 Vanclize/Vancl Style

28.微博控 twuilt(來自于twitter和guilt兩個字，表示不發(fā)微博心里就內(nèi)疚)29.海歸(海龜)overseas returnee

30.搏出位 be a famewhore;seek attention

31.自主招生 university autonomous enrollment

32.北約、華約（高考招生）Beijing University-led enrollment alliance

Tsinghua University-led enrollment alliance33.犀利哥 Brother Sharp34.蟻族 ant-like graduates35.范兒 style36.蘿莉 Lolita

37.秒殺 seckill;speed kill

38.剩女 leftover ladies;3S women(3S=single, seventies, stuck)

39.蝸居 dwelling narrowness;a bedsitter

40.人肉搜索 human flesh search engine/cyber manhunt

第四篇：網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語演講稿

網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語演講稿

老師、童鞋們，大家好！偶是176班的康利南，站在這里真真的趕腳灰常地緊張。不造小伙伴們能從我說話的方式中感覺出來有神馬不一樣的嗎？對，網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語。

話說，2015年剛過去三分之一，最新最火的十大網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語排行榜已經(jīng)火熱出爐。據(jù)說，2015年有一種特技叫做duang，有一種男神叫做小鮮肉，有一種人氣叫做少女心收割機。2015年，有錢就是任性，沒錢就要多讀書、多跑步。2015年李建成了貓系理科男，胡彥斌成了國民男票。2015年拉窗簾真的很重要，2015年夸人帥要說顏值爆表，說人丑要說不忍直視。2015年的這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語，大家造嗎？

那么問題就來了，為什么網(wǎng)絡(luò)詞如此流行呢？

首先呢，它和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的普及密不可分。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為網(wǎng)民創(chuàng)造了一個可以信賴的虛擬空間，在這里，大家可以充分發(fā)揮自己的創(chuàng)造力和想象力，天馬行空，暢所欲言，表達自己的喜怒哀樂。因此網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時代催生的產(chǎn)物。

其次，網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語具有它自身的優(yōu)勢。第一，形式簡潔、形象直觀。華中科技大學(xué)文學(xué)院男生王文謹，耗費了212天，寫了16萬字的情書，涉及到了散文、詩歌等多種文體，裝訂成冊，還取名為《我不愿讓你一個人》。大家看看，這個男生多用心良苦?。】墒墙Y(jié)果呢？女孩十分感動，然后拒絕了他。這樣一件事，用一句話就可以概括出來：“十動然拒”，夠簡潔，夠形象吧。第二，網(wǎng)絡(luò)語言自身語言幽默、用語新穎，易于模仿。例如：“元芳，你怎么看”的“元芳體”（我們班有王方，你怎么看）；“且行且珍惜”的“馬伊琍體”、“陳歐體”等等。而2015年開年最風(fēng)趣幽默，最火的要輸成龍大哥的duang體了，被改編成不同的版本，有結(jié)婚版的，分手版的、三鹿奶粉版的等等，其中我們學(xué)生版的是這樣寫的：“一開始讓我去學(xué)校的時候，其實我，是拒絕的。不能你讓我去我就去。我跟媽媽講，我拒絕，我要當海賊王的女人，去學(xué)校會很沒面子的。媽媽跟我講，去學(xué)校會加特技，duang、duang~很帥、很拉風(fēng)的。加了特技以后呢，我學(xué)習(xí)也都會是duang~很厲害的。我想讓你們看到我上學(xué)的時候是這個樣子的，你們上學(xué)的時候也會是這個樣子的?！?/p>

再者，網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語和人們的日常生活相互影響。網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語產(chǎn)生于社會生活。

又再次服務(wù)于日常生活，從而推動了它的流行。不知道大家在超市買可口可樂的時候，是否發(fā)現(xiàn)了它已經(jīng)換了新包裝?，F(xiàn)在的可樂包裝上都會出現(xiàn)不同的標簽，有“型男”、月光族”、喵星人”、“氧氣美女”、白富美”、天然呆”、高富帥”、鄰家女孩”、“純爺們”、文藝青年”、小蘿莉”、粉絲”等二十多種網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語。他們來自于網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，在現(xiàn)實中又得到人們的青睞?；蛟S這就是一個標簽化的時代。

然而，網(wǎng)絡(luò)詞的流行，是喜，還是憂呢？一些年輕人認為，使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語可以使網(wǎng)民間的對話和交流變得輕松、活潑、幽默，進而拉近網(wǎng)民之間的距離?？墒?，網(wǎng)上的距離拉近了，那現(xiàn)實中的距離呢，我們與父母，親人的距離呢？前不久，在微博上看到我看到過這樣一句話：“網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語啊，請你慢點走，等等你的爸爸媽媽大爺大媽爺爺奶奶啊”這樣的話不覺讓人心疼，虛擬世界中的距離近了，現(xiàn)實的距離卻愈發(fā)遠了。你這么做，你媽媽真的不造?。?/p>

頻繁使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語與上一代的代溝越來越大，那現(xiàn)在小孩子的教育，和語言習(xí)得環(huán)境又怎樣呢？我呢，有一個小外甥，他三歲的時候，我?guī)?，路過一家超市，他喊道：“姨姨、姨姨，買東西吧”我問他：“買啥”，他老說：買東西，買東西。后來我不耐煩了就說了句：“買毛線啊”于是，就真成了“姨姨，買毛線吧，買毛線吧”還有我們小時候常背誦的《論語》，現(xiàn)在卻是這樣：“吾日三省吾身，高嗎？富嗎？帥嗎？”這樣的做法，其實真的是在誤導(dǎo)小朋友，繼而就會導(dǎo)致他們在交流、寫作時經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)有不規(guī)范的語言現(xiàn)象，甚至不知道什么是規(guī)范的語言現(xiàn)象。因此，國家新聞出版廣電總局在2014年11月27日已發(fā)出通知明令禁止在電視劇等媒體上使用某些網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行詞。而這，估計將會對規(guī)范現(xiàn)代漢語掃除些許的障礙，而其未來的道路依然任重而道遠。

馬上就要五一了，說實話，世界那么大，我想去看看。只是沒有錢，只好上網(wǎng)了？不，我要回家陪父母，和小朋友玩耍，那我們就“周一見”嘍，謝謝。

第五篇：網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語書法

中國書法人的精神氣質(zhì)

中國有著淵源的歷史，中國書法藝術(shù)也有著淵源的歷史。

從現(xiàn)在保留下來的書法作品來看，我們的先輩真的很了不起，從他們的作品里可以看見他們才是真正為了藝術(shù)，為了書法，他們簡直就是把他們的靈魂永遠的保留了下來，不過在看看我們，我們不是有點自愧不如我們的老祖宗嗎，可能跟現(xiàn)在的社會有一定的關(guān)系吧，不過我們也要為了個性化的追求，應(yīng)該有我們自己的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格。

書法是高度個性化的藝術(shù)，那么就來談?wù)勎覀冎袊约旱臅ò伞?/p>

中國歷史悠久，故文字起源甚早，把文字的書寫性發(fā)展到一種審美階段，融入了創(chuàng)作者的觀念、思維、精神，并能激發(fā)審美對象的審美情感。有記載可考者，當在漢末魏晉之間，然而，這并不是忽視、淡化甚至否定先前書法藝術(shù)形式存在的藝術(shù)價值和歷史地位。中國文字的濫觴、初具藝術(shù)性早期作品的產(chǎn)生，無不具有自身的特殊性和時代性。就書法看，盡管早期文字——甲骨文，還有象形字，同一字的繁簡不同，筆畫多少不一的情況。但已具有了對稱、均衡的規(guī)律，以及用筆、結(jié)字、章法的一些規(guī)律性因素。而且，在線條的組織，筆畫的起止變化方面已帶有墨書的意味、筆致的意義。因此可以說，先前書法藝術(shù)的產(chǎn)生、存在，不僅屬于書法史的范疇，而且也是后代的藝術(shù)形式發(fā)展、嬗變中可以借鑒與思考的重要范例。中國的歷史文明是一個歷時性、線性的過程，中國的書法藝術(shù)在這樣大的時代背景下展示著自身的發(fā)展面貌。在書法的萌芽時期，文字經(jīng)歷由甲骨文、古文、大篆、小篆、隸、草書、行書、真書等階段，依次演進。在書法的明朗時期即晉南北朝至隋唐，書法藝術(shù)進入了新的境界。由篆隸趨從于簡易的草行和真書，它們成為該時期的主流風(fēng)格。大書法家王羲之的出現(xiàn)使書法藝術(shù)大放異彩，他的藝術(shù)成就傳至唐朝倍受推崇。同時，唐代一群書法家蜂擁而起，如：虞世南、歐陽詢、楮遂良、顏真卿、柳公權(quán)等大名家。在書法造詣上各有千秋、風(fēng)格多樣。由于唐代是我國政治，經(jīng)濟，文化高度發(fā)達的一個朝代，那我們現(xiàn)在就談?wù)勎覈奶拼臅ㄋ囆g(shù)。

唐代的書法理論在三國、兩晉、南北朝基礎(chǔ)上更加精密、完善。如：孫過庭的《書譜》、張懷瓘的《書斷》、《書儀》及張彥遠的《法書要錄》都被后人奉為準則，對后世書論的創(chuàng)作產(chǎn)生了深遠影響，唐代是晉代以后的又一高峰，此時，在真、行、草、篆、隸各體書中都出現(xiàn)了影響深遠的書家，真書、草書的影響最甚。真書的書家大多脫胎于王羲之，但又兼魏晉以來的墨跡與碑帖的雙重傳統(tǒng)，漸王家書派中脫穎而出，風(fēng)格轉(zhuǎn)呈嚴謹雄健、法度森整。行草書家特別是草書家的風(fēng)格走向飛動飄逸。隸篆雖無大發(fā)展，但能承秦漢之遺法，形成或嚴整緊勁或遒勁圓活的信風(fēng)。唐代書法可分三個時期，初唐、盛唐、晚唐。這一時代新風(fēng)格的形式，在初唐時尚處于漸變中，至盛、中唐之際，單是從草書領(lǐng)域中出現(xiàn)了新風(fēng)，隨后真諸體亦別開生面，取得的發(fā)展。晚唐書法較少發(fā)展。

白也是值得一提的大書家?？瑫⑿袝?、草書發(fā)展到唐代都跨入了一個新的境地，時代特點十分突出，對后代的影響遠遠超過了以前任何一個時代，希望現(xiàn)在的中國文化能夠重振雄風(fēng)。

然而唐代的書法有大多數(shù)繼承了三國、兩晉、南北朝的書法特點，那么我們就來討論一下魏晉時期的書法家王羲之吧，王羲之被后人稱為書圣，他的作品流美絕倫。就連當時的唐太宗李世民都十分的欣賞他的作品，從《王羲之傳贊》就 可以說明李世民是忠實的繼承者。那么王羲之有什么獨到之處呢？他的書法成就盡善盡美，古今獨步，他的書法有所新變，也不渝舊制，提倡“意在筆先”的主張，也為后來的書法奠定了基礎(chǔ)?，F(xiàn)在來看看王羲之的生平事跡吧！

王羲之的楷書如《樂毅論》、《黃庭經(jīng)》、《東方朔畫贊》等“在南朝即膾炙人口”，對后世影響很大他的正體世稱“書之圣”。王羲之在書法上是個革新家，他的主要成就還是表現(xiàn)在行書和草書上。他的行草書又被世人尊為“草之圣 ”。他把散見于前代、當代的書法作品中的一些用筆、結(jié)字優(yōu)點，融合統(tǒng)一在一種嶄新的書法作品中。

中國書法是中國美學(xué)的靈魂，意趣超邁的書法表現(xiàn)出中國藝術(shù)最瀟灑，最靈動的自由的精神，展現(xiàn)出歷代書法家靈異的藝術(shù)趣味和精神人格價值，正式書法藝術(shù)真一獨特的魅力，使他成為眾多的東方藝術(shù)門類中成為座集中，最精妙的體現(xiàn)了東方人精神追求的東方藝術(shù)。

中國書法是是線條的藝術(shù)，中國書法線條具有生命感，不是很古板的，而是具有靈性的，書法線條中流動著書法家的縷縷情思和藝術(shù)感覺，這種創(chuàng)造性的可視語言映襯出書法家的精神意志和個性風(fēng)貌。更深一層看，中國書法以一畫指涉盛衰生滅的時間性長河，并以一根生生不息的欲斷還連的線條穿透宇宙人生之謎，中國書法的精髓之處還在于它不以多為多，而以少總多，不以一為有限，而以一為參天地之化育的本源，以一治萬，以一孕萬，萬萬歸一。

書法線條之美在于用筆用墨。筆意墨象使中國書法成為一種精神形式，一種意向性結(jié)構(gòu)?？梢哉f，書法作為時空拓展的精神跡化，是由筆勢、筆意、里法知心性共同完成的。筆意里象之美是書家情感哲思之意與線條運動之象的統(tǒng)一，是書系在線條個融入情緒意態(tài)而形成的獨具個體性格的書法線條符號意象g這種統(tǒng)一不是在心中之意和象的整合上．而是心中之意物化在外在的線條流動上，即經(jīng)線條藝術(shù)媒介化了的藝術(shù)意象，或物態(tài)化t的書法藝術(shù)體驗。

中國書法藝術(shù)精神集中體現(xiàn)在氣韻境界的創(chuàng)造上。氣韻與意境皆是標志藝術(shù)本體的范疇。作為美學(xué)意義上的“氣”具有三層含義：第一，“氣”是概括藝木本源的范疇，指大化流行，生生不息的字畝之氣；第二，“氣”是概括藝術(shù)家生命力和創(chuàng)造力的范疇，主要指審美主體之氣；第三，“氣”是概括藝術(shù)作品生命的范疇，抬作品存在的內(nèi)在生命之氣。書家之氣與自然之氣相通相感、凝結(jié)在筆意墨象中而成為書法作品的審美內(nèi)容。故王羲之曰；“書之氣，必達乎道，同混元之理。七寶者貴，萬古能名。陽氣明則華壁立，陰氣大則風(fēng)神生。

把筆抵鋒，肇乎本性。”作為美學(xué)意義上的“韻”，最早用來品評人物神態(tài)風(fēng)度，其后才逐漸擴大到書畫詩文中，并或為寫意藝術(shù)流派的風(fēng)神卓然的理想美。韻在書法中，是超越線條之上的精神意態(tài)。中國書法重視線條，但一個偉大的書家追求的是忘掉線條，從線條中解放出來，以表現(xiàn)書家心清境遇之悲喜怒憂，展露其有意識和無意識的內(nèi)心秩序或失序。書法之韻，通常指一種以書寫作者主觀審美體驗為主，或生動自然、或續(xù)密洗煉、或委曲合蓄約意味無窮的芝術(shù)氛圍。書法得其“釣”，即達到自然隨化、筆與其合之境。

中國書法的發(fā)展史是人性不斷覺醒，不斷弘揚生命力的歷史，中國書法的轉(zhuǎn)型是中國文化的現(xiàn)代轉(zhuǎn)型的一個側(cè)面，也是現(xiàn)代人感情、理性和生命智慧的不斷更新的表現(xiàn)。中國書法藝術(shù)精神是中國人文精神的重要緯度，書法是一種超越表象模擬而直指心性的藝術(shù)，在意象的抽象線條中展現(xiàn)出人的胸懷。

中國書法藝術(shù)的自由精神在今天具有很重要的意義，當代世界籠罩著一種形式化、規(guī)格化的氣氛，人變得空虛并被虛無化了包括現(xiàn)代的書法在內(nèi)的現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)了形式化思想對人的異化，當代藝術(shù)家從來沒有如此強烈的感受過正投身于一種空前的精神冒險之中。藝術(shù)和現(xiàn)代文明正面臨著一個世界性的歷史困境，如何處理好這個問題，這就是我們的責(zé)任了。

中國書法是先人的智慧結(jié)晶，也是中華民族靈性的結(jié)晶，我們要弘揚民族的優(yōu)秀文化遺志，發(fā)揚光大。

注：本論文的參考文獻有：《中國書法文化大觀》，《中國書法藝術(shù)》，《王羲之王獻之年表與東晉大事記》，《中國古代書法家叢書 王羲之》，《中國書法簡史》，《書法新論》，《中國書法美學(xué)》，《唐代書法考評》，還有參考了網(wǎng)上的一些評論。篇二：書法欣賞 1.東漢隸書形成的歷史條件

甲骨文經(jīng)歷了1000多年的漫漫長途到戰(zhàn)國末期以至秦，隨著社會經(jīng)濟文化的發(fā)展，曲折園轉(zhuǎn)、結(jié)體繁復(fù)的篆書已不能適應(yīng)社會的需要，一種簡便、快捷的書體便在戰(zhàn)國末期出現(xiàn)了，這種流行于民間的俗書體，就是早期的隸書。一九八0年四川青川縣郝家坪戰(zhàn)國墓葬群出土的木牘，就是公元前309年左右人們在木牘上所用“亦篆亦隸”的書體書寫的。一九七五年在湖北云夢縣睡虎地出土的1100枚竹簡，字體為秦代的隸書。從戰(zhàn)國后期到西漢歷四百余年的發(fā)展，大量應(yīng)用于民間的俗體，逐漸被社會所認可，上升為正體。西漢后期的“五鳳二年刻石”就是證明。隸書由民間的俗體上升為正體，是促使其成熟的重要條件之一。

毛筆的改進和帛乃至紙的應(yīng)用，為東漢隸書的成熟提供了物質(zhì)條件。中國毛筆的運用由來已久，董作賓先生在《甲骨文五十年》文中說，“殷代寫字確實是用精良的毛筆”。據(jù)今考古所見到的毛筆實物，有戰(zhàn)國時期的楚毛筆和秦朝時的毛筆。楚筆是用獸毛纏在竹竿一端制成的，而秦筆是將筆頭藏納于筆桿之內(nèi)，對毛筆制作技術(shù)進行了重大改革。到了漢代，經(jīng)濟文化空前發(fā)達，改進后的毛筆得以更加廣泛的使用。據(jù)《西京雜記》記載，漢朝天子用的毛筆要在筆桿上鑲嵌寶物，筆毛采用秋天野兔的毫毛，并配有筆匣等。漢代已開始講究毛筆的裝飾工藝，客觀上促進了制筆業(yè)的發(fā)展，因而也出現(xiàn)了一批制筆名家。如著名書法家、被稱為草圣的東漢張芝所造的“張芝筆”，就很受歡迎。漢恒帝時的李仲甫等都是名載史冊的東漢制筆名家。毛筆性能的改善，從而在書寫過程中提按頓挫得心應(yīng)手，大大提高了毛筆的表現(xiàn)能力，所以東漢蔡邕說，“筆軟則奇怪生矣”。

秦及以前毛筆的書寫載體多為木牘和竹簡。據(jù)現(xiàn)代考古發(fā)現(xiàn)，西漢已有麻紙出土，西漢應(yīng)是我國植物纖維紙的初創(chuàng)時期。到了東漢和帝永元年間（公元89~105年），蔡倫改進了造紙技術(shù)，擴大了造紙原料，使紙的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)有了顯著提高。考古發(fā)現(xiàn)的東漢紙上，已有了墨書的字跡。

西漢后期，隸書上升為正體后得到了不斷的發(fā)展，極大地豐富了書法的表現(xiàn)技巧，增強了它的藝術(shù)魅力，東漢以后，書法藝術(shù)的地位越來越高。據(jù)東漢趙壹的《非草書》記載，當時還出現(xiàn)了許多專業(yè)書法家。他們不遺余力“專用為務(wù)，鉆堅仰高”。同時，封建帝王也大力提倡書法，漢靈帝“開鴻都之觀，善書之人鱗集，萬流仰風(fēng)，爭工筆扎”，舉辦空前規(guī)模的書法比賽。到東漢晚期，出現(xiàn)了張芝、師宜觀、鐘繇、梁鵠、皇象、韋誕等一批引領(lǐng)時代風(fēng)尚的書法家，使東漢的書壇，呈現(xiàn)一派群星璀璨、光耀奪目的繁榮局面。2.東漢隸書是中國書法藝術(shù)成熟之標志

漢字的書體由篆書到隸書的演變，稱之為“隸變”。隸書的出現(xiàn)奠定了現(xiàn)代漢字字形結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)，是漢字演變史上的一個重要轉(zhuǎn)折點，是古文字與今文字的分水嶺。

以《乙瑛碑》、《禮器碑》、《曹全碑》、《張遷碑》、《熹平石經(jīng)》、《史晨碑》、《石門頌》等一批名碑為代表的東漢隸書，徹底告別了“書畫同源”的原始時代，標志著中國書法藝術(shù)的成熟。

① 在結(jié)體上，東漢隸書變隸的豎長為偏方，勢態(tài)由縱變橫。強調(diào)中宮收緊、左右開張，神姿靜中見動，寓岐于平。

② 在線條上，打破篆書回環(huán)繚繞線條粗細一律的寫法，產(chǎn)生出橫、豎、撇、捺、點、鉤、折等不同的筆畫，簡化了篆書復(fù)雜的形體，豐富了字的形態(tài)。

③ 一波三折，蠶頭雁尾是隸書的典型筆畫，它極大地增強了隸書的裝飾趣味，提高了書法藝術(shù)的視覺美感。

④ 隸書用筆方法實現(xiàn)了突破。隸書之前的書體用筆，線條粗細大多一致，毛筆只是一

種平面的縱橫運動。而隸書有粗細方圓的各種筆畫，尤其是筆畫中使用了側(cè)鋒，使用筆的方法包括了平面的縱橫于上下提按和逆折絞轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)合起來，形成了立體用筆方法，從而實現(xiàn)了用筆空間范疇的全部可能性。柔軟而富有彈性的毛筆可充分發(fā)揮其特性，從而表現(xiàn)各種各樣的筆情與墨趣。毛筆的用筆從平面到立體，標志著書法藝術(shù)中筆法的成熟。隸書在用筆方法上的突破，在中國書法發(fā)展史上具有深遠的意義。

⑤ 典籍中第一次明確地把書法稱為藝術(shù)。在《后漢書》中，稱和帝的陰皇后“少聰慧，善書藝”。同時，東漢以蔡邕為代表的一批書家，開創(chuàng)了書法理論研究的先河。蔡邕的書論主要有《筆論》和《九勢》兩篇?！豆P論》主要論述書法創(chuàng)作的所應(yīng)具備的精神狀態(tài)，如“書者，散也。欲書先散其懷抱”等名句?！毒艅荨肥遣嚏哒摃顬榫实钠?，它第一次提出了“令筆心常在點畫中行”的中鋒用筆學(xué)說；以及第一次提出了“轉(zhuǎn)筆”“疾勢”“澀勢”“掠筆”等用筆和結(jié)字的方法。蔡邕的《九勢》，為書法藝術(shù)中藏鋒、中鋒等運筆法則奠定了初步的理論基礎(chǔ)。

東漢隸書在書法的立體用筆上、在結(jié)體上、線條上的突破性成果，以及書法藝術(shù)理論研究的出現(xiàn)，充分表明了中國書法藝術(shù)的成熟。

三、唐楷、狂草及孫過庭、張懷瓘書論的出現(xiàn)，基本完成了中國書法藝術(shù)架構(gòu)的建設(shè) 1.初唐四杰與“顏筋柳骨”

據(jù)書史稱，楷書始于鐘繇，故被稱為“楷書之祖”。后經(jīng)四百余年的繼承發(fā)展到了唐初，以歐陽詢、虞世南、褚遂良與薛稷為代表的初唐楷書四杰，使初唐時期的楷書出現(xiàn)了一個黃金時代。初唐的楷書秉承二王書法的遺風(fēng)，融匯漢晉以來的精華，完備了結(jié)體、行筆的準則，其點畫、結(jié)字、章法和格調(diào)上趨于爐火純青之境界，對后世產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響。尤其是“骨氣洞達”“體方筆圓”的歐體，與顏、柳、趙并稱，被譽為中國書史上的楷書四大家。

在顏真卿影響下成熟的柳公權(quán)，其楷書中宮收緊、行筆圓潤、線條寓有彈性，成為楷書中一支重要流派。宋范仲淹在《誄石曼卿文》中稱，“延年之筆，顏筋柳骨”。從此“顏筋柳骨”的美譽流傳至今。

從初唐到顏柳，把中國的楷書推到了一個極致。就如同二王行書、東漢隸書一樣，登上了一種書體歷史上的最高峰。

2.狂草的出現(xiàn)與“顛張醉素”

草書是書寫起來更加簡化便捷，線條連綿的一種書體。自東漢人張芝開創(chuàng)今草之后，得二王之繼承與發(fā)展，到了文化開明，國勢強盛的唐朝，出現(xiàn)了張旭和懷素所創(chuàng)立的狂草。

張旭，字伯高，大致生活在唐安史之亂前。張旭行為顛狂、放蕩不羈，他往往在大醉之后，高喊狂奔，然后下筆作書。有時興起，竟用頭發(fā)蘸墨寫字，故人稱“張顛”。傳世墨跡有《肚痛帖》、《古詩四首》等。

懷素，字藏真，長沙人，俗姓錢，因家貧少年就出家。懷素性情疏朗倜儻，不拘小節(jié)，嗜酒如命，往往一天內(nèi)醉倒幾次。他自稱“飲酒以養(yǎng)性，草書以暢志”。有時酒酣興發(fā)，就在寺院墻上、衣服上、器皿上隨意揮寫。他自敘說“醉來信手兩三行，醒來卻書書不得”。所以人稱“醉素”。懷素的狂草學(xué)張旭狂放詭奇的筆法，又把禪佛之學(xué)自然的融鑄到他的書法作品

中。其傳世的《自敘帖》正是懷素把禪意注入草書的典型，是懷素書法成就處于巔峰時留下的稀世珍寶。

以張旭、懷素為代表的唐代狂草，把中國的書法藝術(shù)推到了純藝術(shù)的高峰。張旭以前的書法，始終沒有脫離中國漢字基本的工具性語言符號的作用，始終沒有進入純藝術(shù)的領(lǐng)域。張旭狂草書法的出現(xiàn)，邁出了關(guān)鍵性的一步。他打散了中國漢字的基本構(gòu)成，以“超絕古今”的“心畫”，“雄逸天縱”的線條，開啟了中國書法一種嶄新的藝術(shù)形式。以“觀天地事物之變”“有動于心，一寓于書”的創(chuàng)作原則，把自己的情感宣泄凝聚于流動多變、起伏跌宕的書法線條之中。張旭與懷素的狂草，不但豐富了中國書法藝術(shù)的園地，而且成為所有藝術(shù)形式中最為超逸的藝術(shù)形式之一。

3.有唐一代書法理論著述空前繁榮

書法理論是在大量書法藝術(shù)實踐基礎(chǔ)上的提煉與概括。書壇繁榮的盛唐，也出現(xiàn)了書法理論著述的空前繁榮。歐陽詢有《八訣》、《用筆論》、《傳授訣》等；虞世南有《筆髓論》、《書旨述》等；唐太宗李世民有《論書》、《筆法訣》、《王羲之傳論》等，還有顏真卿、徐浩、陸羽、韓愈等一批流傳至今的書論著述，可謂蔚為大觀、光彩奪目。尤其是孫過庭的《書譜》和張懷瓘的《書斷》等書論的問世，成為了我國書法理論史上最為光輝的篇章。

孫過庭是唐代著名書法家和書法理論家，他用小草書寫的三千七百余字的《書譜》，通篇閃耀著辯證法的光輝，其中的精辟之論比比皆是。如我們現(xiàn)常被引用的名句“不激不厲而風(fēng)規(guī)自遠”，“通會之際，人書俱老”，“違而不犯，和而不同”，“一點成一字之規(guī)，一字乃終篇之準”等等。在《書譜》中提出“編列眾工，錯縱群妙”的命題，以及“絳樹青琴，殊姿共艷；隋珠和璧，異質(zhì)同妍”的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格多樣化的主張，集中體現(xiàn)了初唐時期恢宏的審美氣度與胸懷，為書法藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作個性的多元發(fā)展與選擇，為顛張醉素的出現(xiàn)，為顏公變法出新意吹響了號角，預(yù)示并有力地推動了盛唐浪漫主義藝術(shù)高峰的到來。

張懷瓘，唐開元年間海陵（今江蘇泰州）人，善真、行、小篆、八分，他不但對自己的書法成就頗為自負，而且對自己的書論也視之甚高。他流傳下來的書論較多，有《二王書錄》一卷、《書斷》三卷、《文字論》一卷、《書估》一卷、《書議》一卷以及《論用筆十法》、《玉堂禁經(jīng)》各一卷等等。其篇幅之大，論述之廣、資料之豐富，唐代無人比肩，且很有價值。在張懷瓘的書論中，對書法藝術(shù)本質(zhì)問題進行了全面深入地探討。張懷瓘提出了“無聲之音”與“無形之相”的概念。他以自然為參照物，但所創(chuàng)作出來的書法作品，在自然界卻沒有與之相對應(yīng)的客觀的“音”與“相”，它是一種“虛像”、“幻像”，“物類其形，得造化之理”。這種深刻的思想，正是揭示了書法藝術(shù)的本質(zhì)特征，并上升到藝術(shù)哲學(xué)的高度，因而具有了普遍的美學(xué)意義。它不但對書法理論乃至整個中國古典美學(xué)都作出了重大貢獻。

張懷瓘在《玉堂禁經(jīng)》中記敘了“永字八法”。唐人尚法，是唐代書壇所取得的重要成就之一，而這一成就的主要標志便是“永字八法”。原文是“大凡筆法，點畫八體，備于’永’字”。并且認為楷書本身就是“法”的體現(xiàn)?！翱瑫?，式也，模也”。張懷瓘的書學(xué)思想，對中國書法藝術(shù)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。

書法藝術(shù)由殷墟甲骨起始，經(jīng)金文、大篆、籀文、小篆，以至秦漢隸書、魏晉行草，到了唐朝，時逢盛世開明，文化藝術(shù)繁榮昌盛，加之帝王的推波助瀾，使中國的書法藝術(shù)從書體建設(shè)到理論研究，完善了基本架構(gòu)，自唐以降，宋元明清到如今，又經(jīng)歷了一千多年的漫長歲月，雖各朝各代不乏書壇大家，但僅是書法藝術(shù)風(fēng)格上的標新立異，再也沒有出現(xiàn)新的書體。所以我們可以說，從殷墟甲骨始到唐至，中國書法藝術(shù)完成了藝術(shù)寶庫的架構(gòu)建設(shè)。一代又一代的先哲圣賢，共同搭建起了這座屹立于世界藝術(shù)之林的殿堂，成為中華兒女世代鐘愛的藝術(shù)奇葩。(二00九年十月)篇三：書法欣賞

淺談書法欣賞

關(guān)鍵字：書法欣賞構(gòu)成特點

有人將書法譽為“濃縮的東方美學(xué)”，也有人說“書法是中國文化中最具有代表性的藝術(shù)”。它沒有絢麗的色彩，卻飽含無色的繽紛；它沒有音樂的奏響，卻孕育著五音的旋律；它沒有舞蹈的彩練當空，卻飛揚著心靈的動勢。

書法，說得簡單些，就是寫字，但又不僅僅是寫字。書法，在中國傳統(tǒng)文化體系中，書法是一門極其特殊的藝術(shù)。說其特殊，第一因為在中國歷史上，再沒有這樣一種藝術(shù)，利用了平淡無奇的生活實用工具——文字，作為藝術(shù)的的載體。第二在書法的內(nèi)涵，書法的的載體雖然極其簡單，稀疏平常，它所負擔(dān)的歷史文化內(nèi)涵，卻極沉重、極淵深。在中國傳統(tǒng)文化體系中，書法不光是寫字，它還要“寫心”，“寫志”。

1、書法作品的形式

傳統(tǒng)書法作品的形式多種多樣，根據(jù)不同的形制，可分為匾額、楹聯(lián)、尺牘、中堂、扇面、鏡芯、手卷、冊頁、斗方等。作為一個在現(xiàn)代意義上形式完整的書法作品，應(yīng)該包含下列要素：第一，主體文字；第二，款識；第三，印章。

主體文字是一個作品的核心，作者通過書法表達什么思想、感情，首先從文字部分加以展露。書法家們在從事創(chuàng)作時往往選擇格言、詩文為作書內(nèi)容，或歌頌河山壯美，或抒寫人生襟懷。款識，是作品中配合主體文字而設(shè)的輔助性文字。其中，居前者為上款，居后者為下款，內(nèi)容包括主文出處、創(chuàng)作時間、作者姓名、作書地點等。印章，是作者真實性的證明物，同時也是作品空間、色彩的一種點綴。印章一般分為兩大類，一為名姓印，一為閑章。

2、隱含的書法“生態(tài)形式”及其結(jié)構(gòu)

書法除外在的物質(zhì)形式——宣紙長寬高之外，還有一種由字體、風(fēng)格構(gòu)成的筆墨形式，它是書法“物質(zhì)構(gòu)成”的一部分，存在于書法藝術(shù)作品之中，構(gòu)成我們書法活動鑒賞的“著陸點”，作為中國筆墨形式的背后，還有體現(xiàn)中國文化精神的更深刻的內(nèi)容。因此站在歷史文化的高度看，書法還有其在中國文化“文化氣候”中自然形成的、物質(zhì)與文化交融的“藝術(shù)形態(tài)”。這種在中國歷史文化發(fā)展過程中自然形成的“藝術(shù)形態(tài)”，我們稱之為書法藝術(shù)的文化“生態(tài)形式”。

書法藝術(shù)的文化形態(tài)由以下幾個層次組成：（1）文字語義

層；（2）筆墨外形層；（3）墨象層；（4）歷史文化層；

3、傳統(tǒng)書學(xué)的書法品評方式 3.1早期擬喻式品評

傳統(tǒng)書學(xué)描述書法形象的動態(tài)美也同樣借助這樣一種自然事物擬喻方式，包括類型化的人或具有特殊形態(tài)的物地形象及其運動形式。如張懷顴形容王獻之書法的遒壯氣勢，即引用了歷史上著名的大力士卞莊子，借此人歷史特征，擬述王獻之書法的“靈巧“和“有力”。這種書法的品評方式，從漢代開始，到魏晉南北朝形式模式，一直延續(xù)一千余年，直到現(xiàn)在仍沒有改變。

3．2歷史、美學(xué)、倫理三種標準的確定 3.2.1歷史批評

歷史批評是傳統(tǒng)書學(xué)最常見的形式批評方式之一，歷代“摹古派”多以此為標準展開批評。它所持以衡量的標準是書法要“筆筆有出處”，合乎“古法”。歷史批評具有兩種傾向，一種是絕對的擬古，提倡一筆一畫，無一筆不肖古人，以此為能；另一種則強調(diào)，融古而出新；既講求筆筆有來歷，亦提倡有自己面目，而不以寸計銖較為能。對于不講“出處”、不重歷史繼承的書家，他們的態(tài)度是一致的，一律予以排斥。3.2.2美學(xué)批評

這一種“為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)”的書法批評方式，其關(guān)注重點在書法造型及筆墨形質(zhì)所展示的藝術(shù)內(nèi)涵及美感。首先，講究書法要有骨力，如衛(wèi)夫人提出：“善力者多骨，不善力者多肉；多骨微肉

者謂之筋書，多肉微骨者謂之墨豬”；其次要求書法血肉豐滿，色濃漿黑肉瑩骨豐方得為書。如蘇軾提出：“書必有神、氣、骨、肉、血，五者闕一，不為成書也”。3.2.3道德批評

道德批評也是傳統(tǒng)書學(xué)非常重要的一種批評方式。從種程度上說，它是中國書法的最高批評形式。道德批評的核心內(nèi)容是兩個：第一，“德成而上，藝成而下”，道德高于藝術(shù)；第二，“品高則下筆研雅，不落后塵”高尚道德締造高雅藝術(shù)。道德批評、道德標準是一種非書法批評，它的著眼點在創(chuàng)作者的品行。這是一種不科學(xué)的但在傳統(tǒng)社會非常流行的批評法，“道德批評”是儒家社會政治理想在書法藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域的反映；他的出現(xiàn)，加速了中國書法向“人格化”縱深領(lǐng)域的邁進。3.3傳統(tǒng)書學(xué)的品級理論

歷史批評、美學(xué)批評、道德批評三足并立中，美學(xué)批評是唯一以書法形式美為評判標準的書法批評；可以說它是較純粹的藝術(shù)批評，最近近于藝術(shù)發(fā)展的客觀規(guī)律。美學(xué)批評以書法形式美為標準，將書法分為神、妙、能、逸四品?！吧瘛薄ⅰ懊睢?、“能”、“逸”四品分類法是純藝術(shù)、純書法的藝術(shù)品評分類，但其思想基礎(chǔ)也是“崇古”，所以其早期創(chuàng)說者在品論家書時，把富有創(chuàng)新精神的“逸品”排在了末位。實際上，藝術(shù)的大化之境應(yīng)該是“縱任無方”、“泯規(guī)矩于方圓”，越有個性越符合藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作規(guī)律、審美價值越高。3.4現(xiàn)代書學(xué)理論和書法品評

現(xiàn)代書學(xué)除了繼承古典書學(xué)的重傳統(tǒng)、重書家個人修養(yǎng)兩方面歷史內(nèi)容，還在書法的傳統(tǒng)繼承與創(chuàng)新問題上，作了調(diào)整和探索。具體的說，現(xiàn)代書家既重傳統(tǒng)，更重創(chuàng)新；而且隨著藝術(shù)的發(fā)展，創(chuàng)新意識越來越強烈，成為推動當代書法藝術(shù)發(fā)展的動力?，F(xiàn)代藝術(shù)評論家評價一個書作，固然首先要看作家的為人、品行及作品的內(nèi)容，但更主要的還是看作品本身?？此麄鹘y(tǒng)繼承多寡、傳統(tǒng)功底是否雄厚，有沒有自己的創(chuàng)造，有沒有與古人不同的東西。4書法欣賞的一般規(guī)律

4.1書法的“本文”和“召喚結(jié)構(gòu)”

“本文”和“召喚結(jié)構(gòu)”都是西方現(xiàn)代美學(xué)學(xué)派“接受美學(xué)”的術(shù)語?！氨疚摹笔侵缸骷?、藝術(shù)家創(chuàng)作的藝術(shù)品，它是一個客觀存在物，具有一定的物質(zhì)形式，但在讀者介入以前，它是一堆藝術(shù)材料而沒藝術(shù)形象和生命；讀者感受到的藝術(shù)品以及其中所包含的藝術(shù)形象，是讀者的主觀因素和作品的客觀結(jié)構(gòu)互動互應(yīng)共同“創(chuàng)作”的結(jié)果。原作品因創(chuàng)作者的精心設(shè)計、創(chuàng)造，為讀者、欣賞者的“參與”、“創(chuàng)造”提供了一個聯(lián)想的框架、結(jié)構(gòu)，在這個框架、結(jié)構(gòu)中留下了許多不直接指向某物，具有很大的不確定性和意義空白點，那個充滿空白點、誘導(dǎo)讀者去參與創(chuàng)作的藝術(shù)原始結(jié)構(gòu)，接受美學(xué)家稱之為“召喚結(jié)構(gòu)”。而經(jīng)主觀聯(lián)想、參與創(chuàng)造后形成的作品，接受美學(xué)家稱之為“本文”。“接受美學(xué)”的“本文”理論，對我們理解、闡釋書法藝術(shù)鑒賞一些理論問題啟發(fā)意義。