第一篇：順譯、增詞、調(diào)整語序

第四講

科技英語翻譯基本方法和技巧

（順譯、調(diào)整語序和增詞）

一、順譯和調(diào)整語序

漢語是分析性語言，英語基本上也屬于分析性語言，這兩種語言在基本語法結(jié)構(gòu)上，尤其在基本語序上存在許多相通之處。但由于英語屬于印歐語系，而漢語屬于漢藏語系，兩種語言在句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面存在著較大的差別。這兩種語言之間所具有的相通之處使得我們在英譯漢時，在一定情況下可采用順譯方法；由于英漢兩種語言之間存在著較大的差異，使我們在英譯漢時有時只好調(diào)整語序。在英譯漢實踐中，順譯和調(diào)整語序是兩種基本的翻譯方法?，F(xiàn)分述如下。

1、順譯

所謂順譯，是指基本上保留原文的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，即在語序和句序上不作較大變動。一般說來，凡是原文結(jié)構(gòu)接近漢語、順譯并且也符合漢語表達習慣的，都可以采用順譯，因為順譯不但使譯文與原文“神似”而且也“貌合”。

(1)Data flow into the machine is called input．數(shù)據(jù)流入機器稱為輸入。

(2)Temperature affects matter in many ways．溫度影響物質(zhì)的許多方面。

(3)Computers can work through a series of problems and make thousands of 1ogical decisions without becoming tired．計算機能解決很多問題，做出成千上萬個符合邏輯的決定，而不感到疲倦。(4)Scientists have developed a second generation of the blood substitute that solves the problem of blood storage．科學家們已經(jīng)研制出第二代血液代用品，從而解決了血液的儲存問題。(5)When fuels burn，chemical energy changes into light and heat energy．

(6)Computer adaptive testing uses computer technology to tailor exams to a person’s ability．計算機自適應(yīng)測試采用計算機技術(shù)使考試適合每個人的能力。

(7)The newly-developed technique has been applied to the production．

(8)From a long-term perspective，Internet shopping is but a low-level aspect of the Net，and it is not likely to become the most important trend．從長遠來看，網(wǎng)上購物僅僅是低層次的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，未必會成為最主要的趨向。

(9)Since the oldest forms of life were all sea life，many scientists believe life began in the sea．由于最古老的生命形式是海洋生物，因此許多科學家認為生命起源于海洋。(10)Some desert animals can survive the very strong summer heat and dryness because they have very unusual characters．某些沙漠中的動物之所以能夠生存在夏季高溫、干燥的環(huán)境中，是因為它們都有不同尋常的特點。

(11)Eggs and meat contain large amounts of protein and variable quantities of fat．蛋類和肉類含有大量的蛋白質(zhì)和不定數(shù)量的脂肪。

(12)Properly speaking，not all substances exist in all three states．

(13)Insomnia has greatly told on his health．失眠已大大地影響了他的健康。

(14)We are taking steps to prevent stream and air pollution．(15)In building a bridge，metals have taken the place of wood and stone．在建造橋梁中，金屬已取代了木頭和石頭

2、調(diào)整語序

由于英語和漢語存在較大差別，在很多情況下翻譯工作者很難做到順譯，而要調(diào)整語序。所謂調(diào)整語序，是指按照漢語語法規(guī)則調(diào)整英語句子某些成分或某些從句的位置，以便符合漢語表達習慣。

(1)Earthquakes seem less easy to be controlled by man than weather．人類要控制地震似乎比控制天氣更難。

(2)Electrical engineering has been developed greatly in less than a century．

(3)Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior．每一種生物都有控制自己行為的時鐘，科學家們稱之為生物鐘。

(4)The moon is completely empty of water because the force of gravity on the moon is much less than on the earth．(5)The virtual reality technology is hindered right now by the fact that today’s computers are simply not fast enough．目前，計算機運行速度緩慢制約著虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)的發(fā)展。

(6)Scientists do not know how much and what kinds of noises are harmful to ocean animals．對于危害海洋動物健康的噪聲，其強度和種類，科學家了解甚少。

(7)Some scientists say that animals in the ocean are increasingly threatened by noise pollution caused by human beings．

(8)Living things are very sensitive to comparatively small temperature changes．

(9)That laser is a new light source known to us．(10)To explain the law of relativity is difficult for most people．

(13)That energy and mass are equal and interchangeable is known to every student of science．理科學生人人都懂得能量和質(zhì)量是相等而且是可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換的。

(14)Many organisms can be found in the cold polar regions．在寒冷的南北極地區(qū)有許許多多生物。

(15)Now in some factories，raw materials are processed by means of computers．

二、增詞

英漢兩種語言，由于表達方式不盡相同，翻譯時要在詞量上加以增減。所謂增詞譯法，就是在原文的基礎(chǔ)上添加必要的單詞、詞組、分句或完整句，這當然不是無中生有地隨意增詞，而是增加原文中雖無其詞但有其意的一些詞，完整表達原文意義。

1、增加表示名詞復(fù)數(shù)概念的詞語

翻譯時，有時為了明確原文的含義，需要通過增譯“們”、“一些”、“許多”等詞語把英語中表示名詞復(fù)數(shù)的概念譯出。(1)Carbon combines with oxygen to form carbon oxides．碳同氧化合形成多種氧化碳。

(2)Of visible lights，red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength．

(3)When the plants died and decayed，they formed layers of organic materials．植物腐爛后，形成了一層層有機物。(4)In the 1980s，departments bought their own minicomputers and managers bought their PCs．20世紀80年代，許多部門都購買了自己的微機，經(jīng)理們也購買個人電腦。

(5)There is enough coal to meet the world’s needs for centuries to come．有足夠的煤來滿足全世界未來幾個世紀的各種需要。(6)Amphibians and birds do differ significantly．兩棲類和鳥類之間有顯著的差別。

(7)Things in the universe are changing all the time．(8)The substances get into the soil，into plants and into human bodies．這些物質(zhì)進入土壤、植物和人體。(9)Air is a mixture of gases．

2、增加表示時態(tài)的詞語

漢語的動詞沒有表示時態(tài)的詞形變化和相應(yīng)的助動詞，因此翻譯時應(yīng)增譯相應(yīng)的時間副詞或助詞，用來表示不同的時態(tài)。

(1)Contemporary natural sciences are now working for new important breakthroughs．當代自然科學正在醞釀著新的重大突破。

(2)Humans have been dreaming of copies of themselves for thousands of years．千百年來，人類一直夢想制造出自己的復(fù)制品。

(3)This natural approach to remediating hazardous wastes in the soil，water，and air is capturing the attention of government regulators, industries，landowners and researchers．這種清除土壤、水以及空氣中有害廢品的自然方法正日益受到各政府首腦、企業(yè)、土地所有者、研究人員們的關(guān)注。(4)The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird．(5)By the turn of the 19th century geologists had found that rock layers occurred in a definite order．到19世紀初，地質(zhì)學家已發(fā)現(xiàn)巖層有一定的次序。

(6)Some day man will be able to utilize the solar energy．(7)It’s time to ring farewell to the century of physics and ring in the century of biotechnology．現(xiàn)在是告別物理學世紀、迎接生物技術(shù)世紀的時候了。

(8)This company has been manufacturing computers for five years．這家公司五年來一直在生產(chǎn)計算機。

(9)The earth’s population is doubling，the environment is being damaged．地球的人口正在加倍增長，環(huán)境也在不斷受到破壞。

3、增加表示句子主語的詞語

當被動句中的謂語是表示“知道”、“了解”、“看見”、“認為”、“發(fā)現(xiàn)”、“考慮”等意思的動詞時，通?？稍谄淝霸黾印叭藗儭?、“我們”、“有人”等詞語，譯成漢語的主動句。

(1)Weak magnetic fields are known to come from the human body．我們知道，人體能產(chǎn)生微弱的磁場。

(2)It is estimated that the new synergy between computers and Net technology will have significant influence on the industry of the future．有人預(yù)測，新的電腦和網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的結(jié) 合將會對未來工業(yè)產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。

(3)It’s believed that we shall make full use of the sun’s energy some day．

(4)With the development of modern electrical engineering，power can be transmitted to wherever it is needed．(5)It is said that numerical control is the operation of machine tools by numbers．人們說，數(shù)控就是機床用數(shù)字加以操縱。

(6)It’s pointed out that societies have long operated under the assumption that the oceans and rivers would wash away pollution，the winds would cleanse the air，and the soil could bury the rest．有人指出，我們的社會長期以來在處理垃圾時都認為海洋和河流會把污染沖走，風會把空氣吹凈，而土壤則會把其他污染埋藏。

(7)Potassium and sodium are seldom met in their natural state．(8)The design is considered practical．大家認為這一設(shè)計切實可行。

(9)A few years ago it was thought unusual that programs could ever be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV screens at home．幾 年前人們還認為觀眾在家里打電話收看電視節(jié)目是件稀罕事。

(10)It may be supposed that originally the earth’s land surface was composed of rock only．我們可以設(shè)想地球陸地表面原先完全是由巖石構(gòu)成的。

4、增加原文中省略的詞語

英語句子的某些成分如果已在前面出現(xiàn)，有時則往往省略，但漢譯時，一般需要將其補出。

(1)You have seen how water expands when it is heated and contracts when it is cooled．你已經(jīng)看到水受熱時怎樣膨脹，冷卻時又怎樣收縮。

(2)The changes in matter around us are of two types，physical and chemical．

(3)High voltage is necessary for long transmission line while low voltage for safe use．遠距離輸電需要高壓，安全用電需要低壓。

(4)The sun is regarded as the chief source of heat and light．(5)High temperatures and pressures changed the organic materials into coal, petroleum and natural gas．高溫和高壓把這些有機物變成了煤、石油和天然氣。

(6)Plastic bowls marked microwavable are probably safer than those that aren’t．使用貼有“可用于微波爐烹調(diào)”標志的塑料碗也許比使用沒有貼這種標志的塑料碗更安全。

(7)Under no circumstances can more work be got out of a machine than is put into it．機器輸出功決不能大于輸入功。(8)Matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter．(9)This experimental result is in inverse ratio to that．(10)Carbon steels are classified as low，medium，and high carbon steels．碳鋼可分為低碳鋼、中碳鋼和高碳鋼。

5、增加具體化、明確化的詞語

有些英語句子如果直譯成漢語，意思表達不夠具體和明確，由此漢譯時須增譯相關(guān)詞語。

(1)The statistics brought out a gender division between hard and soft science：girls tending toward biology，boys tending toward maths and physics． 統(tǒng)計表明，從事硬科學和軟科學研究的科學家在性別上存在著差別：女性傾向于生物學的研究，而男性則傾向于數(shù)學和物理學的研究。

(2)Were there no electric pressure in a conductor，the electron flow would not take place in it．導體內(nèi)如果沒有電壓，便不會產(chǎn)生電子流動現(xiàn)象。

(3)These apes are confined to fast-vanishing tropical rain forest or woodland habitats．這些類人猿的生活局限于正在迅速消失的熱帶雨林或森林棲息地中。

(4)In the US，there is evidence that schoolchildren with access to the Internet are starting to watch less TV and spend more time surfing the Net．在美國，有證據(jù)表明接觸因特網(wǎng)的在校學生看電視看得少了，在網(wǎng)上沖浪的時間增加了。(5)Net is best suited for small and medium enterprises to band together and break the monopolies of the“giants”．網(wǎng)絡(luò)是中小型企業(yè)共同合作打破“霸主”壟斷的最好工具。(6)During an El Nino the pressures over Australia, Indonesia and the Philippines are higher than normal，which results in dry conditions or even droughts．當出現(xiàn)“厄爾尼諾”現(xiàn)象時，澳大利亞、印度尼西亞和菲律賓上空的大氣壓會比平常高，會出現(xiàn)干旱，甚至還會發(fā)生旱災(zāi)。

(7)At the moment，developed areas in Europe, the United States and Asia have already started studying the possibility of an electronic currency．目前，歐洲、美國以及亞洲一些發(fā)達地區(qū)已經(jīng)開始研究推行電子貨幣的可能性。

(8)This is the first step toward the solution of air pollution

(9)Floppy disks have always been cheap to make and relatively easy to copy．

第二篇：漢翻英增詞譯法

漢翻英增詞譯法

Ⅰ、by adding necessary pronouns 增加必要的代詞 大作收到，十分高興。

I was very glad to have received your writing.沒有調(diào)查研究就沒有發(fā)言權(quán)。

He who makes no research has no right to speak.交出翻譯之前，必須讀幾遍，看看有沒有要修改的地方。

Before handing in your translation, you must read it for several times and see if there is anything to be corrected or improved.Ⅱ、by adding necessary articles 增加必要的冠詞 我們對問題要做全面的分析，才能解決得妥當。

We should make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be solved properly.耳朵是用來聽聲音的器官，鼻子用來嗅氣味，舌頭用來嘗東西。The ear is the organ which is used for hearing.The nose is used for smelling.The tongue is used for tasting.Ⅲ、by adding necessary connectives 增加必要的連接詞 老師在等我，我得走了。

The teacher is expecting me, so I must be off now.虛心使人進步，驕傲使人落后。

Modesty helps one to forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.小孩受了驚嚇就會哭。The little child will cry when they are frightened.Ⅳ、by adding prepositions 增加必要的介詞 咱們校門口見吧。Let’s meet at the school gate.你是白天工作還是夜間工作？ Do you work in the daytime or at night?

第三篇：合詞合句譯法

第十節(jié)合詞譯法

無論是西方作家．還是中國作家，都喜歡連用同義詞以強調(diào)其表達的意思。西方作家常用的是成對詞，而中國作家常用的是一條前后兩個部分為同一意思的四字成語，或兩條同義成語。既然這些同義詞表達的是同一個意思．我們就可以他們合起來翻譯也就是采用合詞譯法．請看下面的翻譯實例。

1)You’ll supplyfinancial power, and we’ll supply man power.Isn't that fair and square?

2)In our workshop there is a hard and fast rule against smoking.3)He is dead and gone.他的確死了。

4)His father is a man who forgives and forgets.5)Her son was wise and clever, but her daughter was silly and foolish.她的兒子非常聰明，可她的女兒卻很笨。

6)She shook and trembled with fear.7）He is a man of culture and learning.8)We must reach our goals and aims.我們必須到達目的。

9）He suffered aches and pains．

10)It's a ways and means of propaganda.這是種宣傳方法。

11)It’s right and proper to try it.12)The room is cozy and comfortable.13)She was surprised and taken aback.她著實吃了一驚。

14)Really and truly?

15)I hate all these hustle and bustle.16)要不然時叫他趁早回心轉(zhuǎn)意，有多少好處?！膊苎┣邸都t樓夢》，第四＋六回）Otherwise, the sooner she changes her mind the better for her.17）其中又見林黛玉是個出類拔萃的，便更與黛玉親敬異常。（曹雪芹《紅樓夢》，第四十九回）

Noticing too that Daiyu stood out from the rest, she treated her even more affectinately.18)紫鵑笑道“我說的是好話，不過叫你心里留神，并沒叫你去為非作歹。何苦回老太太，叫我吃了虧，又有什么好處！” 〔曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第五＋七回）

“I meant well,“ was the smiling answer.“ I just wanted you to look out for yourself, not to do anything wrong.What good will it do if you report me to the old lady and get me into trouble?”

19)（曹雪芹《紅樓夢》，第八十四回）

As Concubine Zhao was storming, Jia Huan in the outer room made an even more startling statement.20)(他們)都是些狐群狗黨！（曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第九十回）

They're a pack of curs!

21）（寶玉和黛玉）真是言和意順，似漆如膠．（曹雪芹《紅樓夢》，第五回）On all matters, indeed, they were in complete accord.22是小丫頭們，亦多和寶釵親近．（曹雪芹《紅樓夢》，第五回）

Besides, Baochai's generous, tactful and accommodating ways contrasted strongly with Daiyu' stand-offish reserve and won the hearts of her subordinates, so that nearly all the maids like to chat with her.23樓夢》，第一百十六回）…

…though it was so small and had no blossoms its delicate grace was utterly enchanting.24一＋九回）

Today, entering for the examination, you're going to be entirely on your own, so you'll have to take care of yourselves.25Plenty of real gentlefolk go hungry.26）中國人民的不屈不撓的努力必將穩(wěn)步地達到自己的目的．（《毛澤東選集》第五卷）By our own indomitable efforts we the Chinese people will unswervingly reach our goal.27

He is determined to turn over a new leaf.28

How can you kick down the ladder?

29）二十年，時間看起來很長，一晃就過去了。所以，我們從八十年代的第一年開始，就必須一天也不耽誤，專心致志地，聚精會神地搞四個現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)。（《鄧小平文選》第二卷）Although a period of 20 years sounds quite long, the time will slip by very quickly.From the very first year of the 1980s,we must devote our full attention to achieving the four modernizations and not waste a single day.30）有些企業(yè)和單位，群眾自己選舉出的干部，部．很快此作出了成績，比單是從上面指定的干部合適得多。（《鄧小平文選》第 二卷）In some enterprises and other units, cadres who volunteered for leading

posts or were elected to them by the masses have achieved much in little

time and proved more capable than cadres appointed from above.31)陳詞濫調(diào)old stuff

32）癡心妄想wishful thinking／fond dream

33）長篇大論a ponderous thesis/a lengthy speech(or article)

34）粗心大意careless/ negligent

35）豐功偉績great（or magnificent）contributions.36）靈丹妙藥miraculous cure /heal-all

37）自以為是，夜郎自大self-conceited /arrogant

38)以怨報德，恩將仇報return kindness with ingratitude

39）低三下四, 奴顏卑膝humble oneself

40）寬宏大量，既往不咎forgive and forget

無論是英譯漢，還是漢譯英，我們都必須注意到原文中用同義詞時所產(chǎn)生的強調(diào)成分。如上面第三例句中“dead and gone”譯成“的確死了”，第四例句“forgive and forget”譯成“非常寬容”，第五例句中“wise and clever”和“silly and foolish”分別譯成“非常聰明”和“很笨”，第六例句中“shook and trembled”譯成“不停地抖”，第七例句中“culture and learning”譯成“很有學問”第九例句中“aches and pains”譯成“百般疼痛”，第十一例句中“right and proper”譯成“完全正確”，第＋二例句“cozy and comfortable”譯成“非常舒適”，第十三例句中“was surprised and

taken aback”譯成“”第十四例句中“really and truly”譯成“”第十五例句中“hustle and bustle”譯成“擁擠不堪的場面”第二十一例句中“言和意順，似漆如膠”譯成“were in complete accord”，第二十三例句中“心動神怡，魂消魄喪”譯成“was utterly enchanting”，第二十例句中“孤孤凄凄，舉目無親”譯成“to be entirely your own”第二十九例句中“專心致志，聚精會神”譯成“devote our full attention to”

第十一節(jié)合句譯法

一般說來，英語句子要比漢語句子長，一個英語句子要比一個漢語句子具有更大的容量。因此，我們在漢譯英時有必要，也有可能把兩個或兩個以上的漢語句子翻譯成一個英語句子.比較口語化的英語句子也比較短，我們在英譯漢時也經(jīng)常要用合句譯法,把兩個或兩個以上的英語句子翻譯成一個漢語句子.請看下面的例句。

1)The young man was very miserable.// He has no money about him.// All his savings had been stolen.2)Darkness fell.// An explosion shock the earth.// It did not shake his will to go to the front.夜幕降落時，一聲爆炸震動了大地，可并沒有動搖他上前線的決心。

3)That day, the President had an interview with her father.// Her father was going to the moon by space shuttle.那天，總統(tǒng)會見了她的父親，因為她的父親即將乘航天飛機去登月。

4)She is very busy at home.// She has to take care of the children and do the kitchen work.她在家很忙，又要看好孩子，又要下廚。

5)眾人忙問端的。//他乃道：“原來本府新升的太爺姓賈名化，// 本貫胡州人士，// 曾與女婿舊日相交。”（曹雪芹《紅樓夢》）Asked what had happened, he told them: “This new prefect,Jia Hua, is a native of Huzhou and an old friend of my son-in-law.”

6)這賈菌亦系榮國府近派的重孫，// 其母亦少寡，//獨守著賈菌。（曹雪芹《紅樓夢》）Jia Jun was a great-great-grandson of the Duke of Rongguo, and the only son of his mother who had been widowed early.7)襲人之母也早迎了出來。// 襲人拉了寶玉進去。（曹雪芹《紅樓夢》）

By now Xiren’s mother had come out to greet him too, and Xiren led Baoyu in.8)說畢，張道士方退出去。// 這里賈母與眾人上了樓，在正面樓上歸坐。// 鳳姐等占了東樓。（曹雪芹《紅樓夢》）Thereupon the priest withdrew ,while the Lady Dowager and her party went upstairs to sit in the main balcony, Xifeng and her companions occupying that to the east.9)邢夫人將方才的話只略說了幾句，// 賈赦無法，又含愧。（曹雪芹《紅樓夢》）When Lady Xing gave her husband an abbreviated version of what the Lady Dowager had said, Jia She felt at a loss and bitterly mortified.10)賈璉見他去了，只得回來瞧鳳姐。// 誰知鳳姐已醒了，聽他和鴛鴦借當。（曹雪芹《紅樓夢》）As soon as she had gone Jia Lian went in to see Xifeng, who had woken up and heard him ask for a loan.11)笛聲止了。// 遠遠地起了拍掌聲和歡笑聲。The flute stopped, and in the distance there was applause and laughter.12)舊歷新年快來了。// 這是一年中的第一件大事。// 除了那些負債過多的人以外，大家都熱烈地歡迎這個佳節(jié)的到來。（巴金《家》）The traditional New Year Holiday was fast approaching, the first big event of year, and everyone, except those who owed heavy debts—which traditionally had to be paid off before the end of the year—was enthusiastically looking forward to it.13)只有吳蓀甫的眼睛里卻閃出了興奮的光彩。// 和孫吉人尚屬初交，真看不出來這個細長脖子的小腦袋里倒懷著那樣的高瞻遠矚的氣魄。（茅盾《子夜》）

However Wusunfu’s eyes gleamed with excitement, for Sun Jiren was a comparatively new acquaintance, and Wu sunfu had hardly expected that this man with his small head and long neck would turn out to be so far-sighted and unconventional.采用合句譯法時, 都是根據(jù)原文各句之間的邏輯關(guān)系, 在譯文的句與句之間加上連接詞語, 如漢語譯文中的 “因為”, “如果”, “但是”, “又…又…” 以及英語譯文中的 “and”, “while”, “when”, “so”, “but”, “because”, “for”, “as”, “who”等.第十二節(jié)縮句譯法

所謂縮句譯法, 就是根據(jù)原文的邏輯關(guān)系和譯文的語言習慣, 把原文中的一個句子緊縮成譯文中另一個句子的組成部分.一般情況下, 我們把原文上下文中相對次要的句子緊縮成相對主要的句子的組成部分, 大多緊縮成狀語, 也有一部分緊縮成定語和同位語乃至主語.請看下面的例句.1)It was April 1945.the Second World War was coming to an end.1945年4月, 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)已接近尾聲.(縮為狀語)

2)She went back home to take care of her husband.He was seriously ill.她回家卻照料病重的丈夫.(縮為定語)

3)They sat down in the waiting-room to do some reading.People came to and off there.他們在人來人往的候車室里坐下來看點書.(縮為定語)

4)Her father became the mayor of the city.He was a murderer in the Second World War.她的父親, 二次大戰(zhàn)中一個殺人兇手, 竟當上了這個城市的市長.(縮為同位語)

5)黛玉又忙命倒茶, 一面又使眼色與寶玉.寶玉會意, 便走了出來.Daiyu ordered tea, glancing at Baoyu as she did so.Taking the hint, he went out of the room.(縮為狀語)

6)他在去年夏天把十九歲的女兒小福子賣給了一個軍人.賣了二百塊錢.(老舍<駱駝祥子>)The summer before, he had sold his nineteen-year-old daughter Joy to an army officer for two hundred silver dollars.(縮為狀語)

7)太陽當頂了.田野,從樹, 屋舍, 都顯現(xiàn)在光明靜穆的大平面上.With the sun right overhead now, the field, the clumps of trees and the huts were all picked out clearly on a vast, flat surface, brilliantly lit and still..(縮為狀語)

8.道靜看見了, 氣得渾身發(fā)抖.她二話沒說, 立刻向經(jīng)理辭了職.Quivering with anger, Daojing promptly gave notice..(縮為狀語)

9.車子漫漫地走著, 在一個泥洼子里渥住了.老孫頭一面罵牲口, 一面跳下地來看.The lumbering cart got stuck in the mud.Swearing at his beasts, Old Sun jumped down to take a look.10.這日他比平日起得遲, 看見她已經(jīng)伏在洗臉臺上檫脖子,肥皂的泡沫就如大螃蟹嘴上的水泡一般,高高的堆在兩個耳朵后.Getting up later than usual, he saw his wife leaning over the wash-stand rubbing her neck, with bubbles like those emitted by great crabs heaped up over both her ears.(縮為狀語)

縮句譯法更多地用于漢譯英, 一方面是因為漢語句子較短, 而英語句子較長, 另一方面是因為漢語句子相對簡單, 而英語句子相對復(fù)雜, 結(jié)構(gòu)形式比較豐富多彩.

第四篇：六六順生日祝福詞

六六順生日慶典祝福詞

門前鞭炮聲聲高，廳中喜氣處處飄。喜慶生日六六順，衷心祝你樣樣好。一聲祝你家庭好，百世其昌享榮耀。合家幸福甜蜜蜜，老少平安樂陶陶。二聲祝你身體好，身強力壯志氣豪。拼搏進取展宏圖，建功立業(yè)帶頭跑。三聲祝你口碑好，法紀法規(guī)記得牢。誠實守信干實事，品德高尚有情操。四聲祝你人緣好，知心朋友身邊繞?；突ブ檎x深，左右逢源得好報。五聲祝你財運好，聰明才智招財寶。創(chuàng)業(yè)創(chuàng)新年年火，利如潮涌逐浪高。六聲祝你家風好，道德傳家春來早。妻賢子孝人丁旺，文明之家呱呱叫。七聲祝你家教好，子女成才有門道。品學兼優(yōu)心靈美，德藝雙馨聲譽高。八聲祝你仕途好，拼搏進取呈英豪。勇攀高峰創(chuàng)佳績，錦繡前程步步高。九聲祝愿嘉賓好，萬事勝意吉星照。十聲祝愿酒店好，財源茂盛聳云霄。

說明：

三十六歲（六六大順）正是每個人風華正茂、走向成熟的黃金期。在“美麗中國”愿景指日可待的今天，綻放青春活力，放飛美好夢想、赤誠報國為民，實現(xiàn)人生價值，更加成為華夏兒女孜孜以求的目標。如很多地方早已盛行三十六歲生日慶典，且有“男做進、女做出”（即男進虛歲、女滿實歲）的規(guī)矩。因此，巧借生日慶典，抒發(fā)豪情壯志，激揚青春活力，展望美好未來，可謂恰到好處。本人應(yīng)邀創(chuàng)作的《六六大順生日慶典祝福詞》，圍繞家運、財運、健康、人緣、口碑、教育、前程等八個方面予以祝福，實際應(yīng)用中亦可隨機應(yīng)變、靈活運用。

第五篇：中級口譯的增譯手法介紹（定稿）

中級口譯的增譯手法介紹：

中級口譯里的增譯手法指根據(jù)英漢兩種語言不同的思維方式、語言習慣和表達方式，在翻譯時增添一些詞、短句或句子，以便更準確地表達出原文所包含的意義。這種方式多半用在漢譯英里。漢語無主句較多，而英語句子一般都要有主語，所以在翻譯漢語無主句的時候，除了少數(shù)可用英語無主句、被動語態(tài)或“There be?”結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯以外，一般都要根據(jù)語境補出主語，使句子完整。中級口譯英漢兩種語言在名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞的使用方法上也存在很大差別。英語中代詞使用頻率較高，凡說到人的器官和歸某人所有的或與某人有關(guān)的事物時，必須在前面加上物主代詞。因此，在中級口譯漢譯英時需要增補物主代詞，而在中級口譯英譯漢時又需要根據(jù)情況適當?shù)貏h減。英語詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句子與句子的邏輯關(guān)系一般用連詞來表示，而漢語則往往通過上下文和語序來表示這種關(guān)系。因此，在漢譯英時常常需要增補連詞。英語句子離不開介詞和冠詞。另外，在中級口譯漢譯英時還要注意增補一些原文中暗含而沒有明言的詞語和一些概括性、注釋性的詞語，以確保譯文意思的完整?？傊?，通過增譯，一是保證譯文語法結(jié)構(gòu)的完整，二是保證譯文意思的明確。

中級口譯的省譯手法介紹：

這是與增譯法相對應(yīng)的一種翻譯方法，即刪去不符合目標語思維習慣、語言習慣和表達方式的詞，以避免譯文累贅。增譯法的例句反之即可。

在這里為大家舉例說明中級口譯增譯及省譯手法，中級口譯的增譯手法：

(1)What about calling him right away? 馬上給他打個電話，你覺得如何?(增譯主語和謂語)

(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四個現(xiàn)代化實現(xiàn)該有多好啊!(增譯主句)(3)Indeed, the reverse is true 實際情況恰好相反。(增譯名詞)

(4)就是法西斯國家本國的人民也被剝奪了人權(quán)。

Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增譯物主代詞)中級口譯的省譯手法：

（1）You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.你在北京訪問期間就住在這家飯店里。（省譯物主代詞）（2）I hope you will enjoy your stay here.希望您在這兒過得愉快。（省譯物主代詞）（3）中國政府歷來重視環(huán)境保護工作。

The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection.(省譯名詞)2.省譯法：這是與增譯法相對應(yīng)的一種翻譯方法，即刪去不符合目標語思維習慣、語言習慣和表達方式的詞，以避免譯文累贅。增譯法的例句反之即可。又如：

（1）You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.你在北京訪問期間就住在這家飯店里。（省譯物主代詞）（2）I hope you will enjoy your stay here.希望您在這兒過得愉快。（省譯物主代詞）（3）中國政府歷來重視環(huán)境保護工作。

The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection.(省譯名詞)中級口譯的增譯手法介紹：

中級口譯里的增譯手法指根據(jù)英漢兩種語言不同的思維方式、語言習慣和表達方式，在翻譯時增添一些詞、短句或句子，以便更準確地表達出原文所包含的意義。這種方式多半用在漢譯英里。漢語無主句較多，而英語句子一般都要有主語，所以在翻譯漢語無主句的時候，除了少數(shù)可用英語無主句、被動語態(tài)或“There be?”結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯以外，一般都要根據(jù)語境補出主語，使句子完整。中級口譯英漢兩種語言在名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞的使用方法上也存在很大差別。英語中代詞使用頻率較高，凡說到人的器官和歸某人所有的或與某人有關(guān)的事物時，必須在前面加上物主代詞。因此，在中級口譯漢譯英時需要增補物主代詞，而在中級口譯英譯漢時又需要根據(jù)情況適當?shù)貏h減。英語詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句子與句子的邏輯關(guān)系一般用連詞來表示，而漢語則往往通過上下文和語序來表示這種關(guān)系。因此，在漢譯英時常常需要增補連詞。英語句子離不開介詞和冠詞。另外，在中級口譯漢譯英時還要注意增補一些原文中暗含而沒有明言的詞語和一些概括性、注釋性的詞語，以確保譯文意思的完整?？傊?，通過增譯，一是保證譯文語法結(jié)構(gòu)的完整，二是保證譯文意思的明確。

中級口譯的省譯手法介紹：

這是與增譯法相對應(yīng)的一種翻譯方法，即刪去不符合目標語思維習慣、語言習慣和表達方式的詞，以避免譯文累贅。增譯法的例句反之即可。

在這里為大家舉例說明中級口譯增譯及省譯手法，中級口譯的增譯手法：

(1)What about calling him right away? 馬上給他打個電話，你覺得如何?(增譯主語和謂語)

(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四個現(xiàn)代化實現(xiàn)該有多好啊!(增譯主句)(3)Indeed, the reverse is true 實際情況恰好相反。(增譯名詞)

(4)就是法西斯國家本國的人民也被剝奪了人權(quán)。

Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增譯物主代詞)(5)只許州官放火，不許百姓點燈?？荚囉脮?/p>

While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps.(增譯連詞)

(6)這是我們兩國人民的又一個共同點。

This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增譯介詞)(7)在人權(quán)領(lǐng)域，中國反對以大欺小、以強凌弱。

In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增譯暗含詞語)

(8)三個臭皮匠，合成一個諸葛亮。

Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增譯注釋性詞語)中級口譯的省譯手法：

（1）You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.你在北京訪問期間就住在這家飯店里。（省譯物主代詞）（2）I hope you will enjoy your stay here.希望您在這兒過得愉快。（省譯物主代詞）（3）中國政府歷來重視環(huán)境保護工作。

The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection.(省譯名詞)2.省譯法：這是與增譯法相對應(yīng)的一種翻譯方法，即刪去不符合目標語思維習慣、語言習慣和表達方式的詞，以避免譯文累贅。增譯法的例句反之即可。又如：

（1）You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.你在北京訪問期間就住在這家飯店里。（省譯物主代詞）（2）I hope you will enjoy your stay here.希望您在這兒過得愉快。（省譯物主代詞）（3）中國政府歷來重視環(huán)境保護工作。

The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection.(省譯名詞)籠統(tǒng)的說，英語句子中含有“never”、“no”、“not”、“un-”、“im-”、“in-”、“ir-”、“-less”等否定詞以及否定前綴或后綴的單詞，以及漢語句子中含有“不”、“沒”、“無”、“未”、“甭”、“別”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“勿”、“毋”等否定詞的即為反說，不含有這些否定詞的即為正說。

但實際操作時，正說和反說的界限又變得極為模糊，例如“correct”可以翻譯成“正確”（正說），也可以翻譯成“沒有毛病”（反說）。因此，到底譯文要采用正說還是反說，就完全要看譯文語言的慣用表達和上下文的語氣語態(tài)了。在正反譯法中，英譯漢正轉(zhuǎn)反（正說反譯法）和漢譯英反轉(zhuǎn)正（反說正譯法）是最為重要的兩種正反譯法。