第一篇:Conversion詞的轉(zhuǎn)換譯法
Conversion詞的轉(zhuǎn)換譯法(1)
大體可分為 7 種:①詞類轉(zhuǎn)換(轉(zhuǎn)性);②句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換;③表達方式轉(zhuǎn)換;④自然語序和倒裝語序轉(zhuǎn)換;⑤正面表達與反面表達轉(zhuǎn)換;⑥主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換;⑦分句轉(zhuǎn)換。Converted into verb
英語中的某些名詞、介詞、副詞,翻譯時可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的動詞。1.Noun-->verb
一)英語中很多由名詞派生的動詞,以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動詞,在漢語中往往不易找到相應的動詞,這時可將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞。
1.名詞派生的動詞
1)Formality has always characterized their relationship.他們之間的關系,有一個特點,就是以禮相待。
2)To them, he personified the absolute power.在他們看來,他就是絕對權(quán)威的化身。
2.名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動詞
1)Most U.S.spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's
atmosphere after completing their missions.美國絕大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星,按其設計,是在完成使命后,在大氣層中焚毀。
2)The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way.植物沒有專門的排泄系統(tǒng),可用同樣的方式加以說明。
3)As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去時,忘記了穿鞋子。
Practice 1.My admiration for him grows more and more.我對他越來越欽佩了。2.An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the studies of current affairs.了解世界歷史對研究時事很有幫助。
3.He said he didn’t know whether the Russians were ready for a showdown.他說他不知道俄國人是否準備攤牌。
-er,-or-->Verb
He is a heavy drinker and a chain smoker.他這個人既能抽煙,又能喝酒。
Londoners are great readers.倫敦人喜歡讀書。
2.Adj.-->Verb
Be convinced that…確信… 3.Prep./ Adv-->verb
Are you for or against my opinion? 你贊同還是反對我的觀點?
Watermelons are in.西瓜上市了。
4.take/have/give/make
They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness.他們最后看了鐵麥克一眼---它依舊安然無恙地聳立在黑暗中。
The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.下一個新聞節(jié)目比通常短,沒有提到游行。
II.Converted into Noun
1.Verb-->Noun, such as aim, characterize, impress, etc
The camel is characterized by an ability to go for many days without water.駱駝的特點是不喝水能行走多日。
What impressed me most was his heroic deed.他的英雄壯舉給我留下了深刻的印象。
有些英語被動式句子中的動詞,可以譯成“受(遭)到……+名詞”、“予(加)2 以+名詞”這類結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth.(由于經(jīng)常受到太陽、月亮以及地球引力的影響,衛(wèi)星活動必須加以密切的觀察。)
2.Adj.-->Noun
1.英語中有些形容詞加上定冠詞表示某一類的人,漢譯時常譯成名詞。The decreased死者(表單數(shù))/The accused被告(表單數(shù))/ 其余: the + adj.表復數(shù)。/The fittest survive.適者生存。如:
1)They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號和傷員。
2)Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.羅賓漢和他的伙伴們痛恨闊人,熱愛并保護窮人。
2.此外,根據(jù)情況還有些形容詞可以譯成名詞。如:
1)Stevenson was eloquent and elegant——but soft.史蒂文森有口才、有風度,但很軟弱。
2)They were considered insincere.他們被人認為是偽君子
III.Adj.-->Adv.We should make a systematic and comprehensive study of the theory on art and literature.我們應當系統(tǒng)全面地研究文藝理論。
Conversion詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯練習
1.Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.在學習中,獨立思考是絕對必要的。
2.If the newspapers want to have a large circulation number, they must be informative, instructive and entertaining.如果報紙想得以大量發(fā)行,必須具有知識性、思想性和趣味性。
3.Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approach and cooperation.各國社會制度不同,不應妨礙彼此接近和相互合作。
4.We are deeply convinced of the correctness of the reform and opening up policy and firmly determined to pursue it.我們堅信改革開放的正確性,并決心繼續(xù)奉行。
5.In those years the Republicans are in.在那些年是共和黨執(zhí)政。
6.Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.他們之間始終保持著傳統(tǒng)的友好關系。
7.Our age is witnessing a profound political change.我們時代是一場深刻社會變革的見證。
8.Little by little they went along the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean, making careful observation on the way.他們沿著北冰洋海岸慢慢地航行,一路仔細觀察。
9.Please let us know if our terms are acceptable.請告是否接受我方條款。
10.The new contract would be good for 5 years.新的合同有效期為五年。
11.The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones.千百萬的非洲人民已經(jīng)逐漸認識到他們的貧困落后,這就促使他們?nèi)ゲ扇〈?/p>
施,創(chuàng)造新的條件。
12.We guarantee prompt delivery of goods.我們保證迅速發(fā)貨。
13.He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the Taiwan issue.他注意到兩國在臺灣問題上的看法是非常一致的。
14.These problems defy easy classification.這些問題難以歸類。
15.He personified the evil that was in the world.他是世間一切邪惡的化身。
16.On this question people of different age groups think differently.對于這個問題,不同年齡段的人有不同的看法。
17.He was motivated by a desire to reach a compromise.他的動機是希望達成某種妥協(xié)。
18.The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.因此,對于從事社會活動的人來說,培養(yǎng)一種愛好和新的興趣至關重要。
19.His style is characterized by brevity.他的寫作特點是簡潔。
20.No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of the old generations back 36 years ago.怪不得老一輩的人看到這個情景就會想起36年前的往事。
21.Every state is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security.每個國家應該如何保證他的安全,只有他自己才能做出決策。
22.His words and deeds testify to his honesty.他的言行證明他是誠實的。
23.Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer.每個英國人都了解一些我們這位偉大作家的作品,不管他了解多少。
24.Americans have a craze for the sun, a belief that the sun will cure chronic illness and that where there is sunshine, there will be a job.美國人狂熱地喜歡太陽,相信太陽能治療慢性病,有太陽的地方就有工作。
詞的轉(zhuǎn)換譯法(2)
轉(zhuǎn)性譯法是指在翻譯過程中,根據(jù)譯語的規(guī)范,把原句中某種詞類的詞轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種詞類的詞,也就是我們通常所說的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。英語和漢語的詞類大部分重合,但是在英語中某個詞類的詞語可以充當?shù)木渥映煞窒鄬^少。例如,英語中充當主語的只有代詞、名詞或相當于名詞的動名詞或不定式,充當謂語的大多為動詞;而漢語中,名詞、動詞、形容詞都可以做主語、謂語、賓語以及表語。
一、漢語動詞的轉(zhuǎn)譯
漢語的一個顯著特點是大量使用動詞,包括連動式和兼動式。有時,一個句子會出現(xiàn)多個動詞,如:你媽媽叫你回去。
而英語中,一個句子通常只有一個主動詞:your mother wants you back at once.漢語中動詞使用比較頻繁,當翻譯成英語時,常用名詞、形容詞、介詞、副詞等詞來譯。
(一)漢語動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為英語名詞
英語中名詞結(jié)構(gòu)占絕對優(yōu)勢,因此常用名詞來表示漢語中的動詞。英語有詞形變化,這大大豐富了英語的名詞,有些動詞只要在后面加上后綴就變成名詞了。漢譯英時如果能適當?shù)匕褎釉~轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞,則能使譯文更自然,更凝練。
1.醫(yī)生建議我多鍛煉一些。
譯文:the doctor gave me some advice of doing more exercise.
2.操作機器需要懂得機器的一些性能。
譯文:the operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its function.
3.一定要少說空話,多做工作。
譯文:there must be less empty talk and more hard work.
4.人口在不斷地增加。
譯文:there is a steady increase in population.
(二)漢語動詞譯為英語介詞或介詞短語
英語中介詞不僅數(shù)量多(大約有280多個),而且與其他的詞類搭配靈活,名詞、代詞、動名詞、從句均可以作它的賓語。英語中介詞意義豐富,且隨著搭配的不同,意義會發(fā)生變化。而且有些英語介詞是由動詞演變而來的,依然具有動詞特征,所以有時漢語動詞可以用英語介詞或介詞詞組來翻譯。
(1)他到商店去買醬油。
譯文:he went to the shop for a bottle of sauce.(2)她漂亮得無法形容。譯文:her beauty is beyond word.(3)一座跨越杭州灣的大橋已經(jīng)開始建設。
譯文:a bridge has been under construction, which will span the Hangzhou bay.二、漢語名詞的轉(zhuǎn)譯
漢語名詞作主語、表語或賓語時,一般譯為相應的英語名詞。
但有時漢語的名詞不能硬譯為英語名詞,而是應該根據(jù)英文習慣,轉(zhuǎn)譯為英語的動詞、形容詞或副詞等詞類。
(一)漢語名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為英語動詞
英語中有一部分動詞是從名詞派生而來的,有的英語名詞同時可以兼做動詞用。漢語中的名詞,尤其是抽象名詞,如果也把它們翻譯成英語名詞,那么句子就會不地道,不符合英文的習慣。在這種情況下,我們可以把這些漢語名詞譯為相應的英語動詞,原來主語、表語或賓語的定語就譯為英語中的主語。
例如:
1)雄偉的人民大會堂給我們留下了深刻的印象。
the magnificent great hall of the people impressed us tremendously.2)他的畫的特點是筆力沉著,色彩鮮艷。
his paintings are characterized by steady strokes and bright colors
上面兩個例句中的“印象”、“特點”在漢語中只能用做名詞表示,而在英語 常常用動詞表達。3)如果旅館都滿客了,我們可以給你提供住處。we can house you if the hotels are full.4)他是世上一切邪惡的化身。
he personified the evil that was in the world.5)他的呼吸有股大蒜味道。he breaths smells of garlic.6)無知和疏忽是這錯誤的原因。
ignorance and negligence has caused this mistake.7)橄欖枝是和平的象征。olive branch symbolizes peace.8)這只船容易顛覆,因為它造型不合理。
譯文一:this boat is apt to overturn because its shape is unreasonably.譯文二:this boat is apt to overturn because it unreasonably is shaped.(二)漢語名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為英語形容詞或副詞
詞類轉(zhuǎn)換是英漢翻譯很重要的手段之一,運用得當,可使譯文通順流暢,否則譯文可能生硬晦澀。下面將英漢互譯中最常見的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換現(xiàn)象介紹如下:
1.漢語中的動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語中的名詞
漢語中動詞用的較多,除了動賓結(jié)構(gòu)外,還有連動式、兼語式等兩個動詞以上連用的現(xiàn)象。英語則不然,一句話往往只有一個謂語動詞,但英語中的名詞比漢語中的名詞用的多?;趦煞N語言的這一特點,在漢譯英時常把漢語中的動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為英語中的名詞。
如:
1.你必須好好地照顧病人。You must take good care of the patient.2.他善于觀察。He is a good observer.在上述兩句中,“照顧”,“觀察”都是動詞,但譯成英語,則用的是名詞care和 observer。
不過,在翻譯過程中,有時也要把漢語中的名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語的動詞。如:
他的演講給我們的印象很深。His speech impressed us deeply.8 2.漢語中的動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為英語的形容詞
漢語中一些表示知覺、情感的動詞,往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成英語形容詞,通常用“be +形容詞......”的結(jié)構(gòu)來表達。
如:
我為他的健康擔憂。I am worried about his health.我們對她所做的一切感到滿意。We are satisfied with what she did.3.漢語中的動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語的介詞或介詞短語
與漢語相比,英語用介詞較多,而且有一些英語介詞本身是由動詞演變而來,具有動詞的特征。因此,在漢譯英時,漢語中的動詞??捎糜⒄Z中的介詞或介詞短語來翻譯。
1.露西和莉莉上同一個學校。Lucy and Lily are in the same school.2.我反對這項法律。I am against the law.4.漢語中的形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為英語中的名詞。如:
1.你說他傻不傻?Don't you think he is an idiot? 2.他的生日宴會很成功。His birthday party was a great success.5.英語中的形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為漢語中的名詞。如:
Robinhood often looted the rich and helped the poor.羅賓漢經(jīng)常劫富濟貧。
6.英語中的副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為漢語名詞。如:
1.What is the fare to Nanjing and back? 去南京一個來回車費是多少? 2.She is physically weak but mentally sound.她體質(zhì)差但頭腦健全。
詞 的 轉(zhuǎn) 換(3)
一、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換 1.名詞到動詞
1)表示心理狀態(tài)和觀點表達的名詞。
Opinion/thought/objection/ refusal /declaration /declination/ proposal/ suggestion /hope/ wish/ dream/dread/ afraid/ worry My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once.我建議他立刻戒煙。
2)“七感”以及衍生名詞
sight /hearing/ touch /smelling/ taste /feeling /hunch/intuition /spectator /audience For millions of immigrants, the Statue of Liberty was their first sight of the promising land.數(shù)百萬移民一踏上這塊希望的土地,第一眼看到的是自由女神像。Large numbers enjoy the spectator sports.許多人喜歡觀看比賽。
3)加er或or結(jié)尾的動詞派生詞,不表示身份或職業(yè),而有較強的動作意味。
a fast runner跑得很快, a smart learner學得很快,a good liar你真會說謊,a bad kisser你吻技真差
You are such a loser!你真遜!
4)四大基本趨勢以及任何表示動態(tài)變化的名詞 Increase/decrease/estabilization /fluctuation The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.在過去的 20 年當中,美國航空業(yè)迅猛發(fā)展。
Extension/concentration /dilution /growth/ boom /prosperity
2.介詞到動詞
1)off 脫離;離開;出去;走了 2)beyond 超過
The book is beyond my understanding.我根本讀不懂這本書。
The classroom is beyond its maximum seating capacity.這個教室坐不下那么多人。Beyond paradise 3)above / below超過/ 低于
It’s below the average level.4)with /without 具有;擁有/缺乏;沒有 5)from/to 包括;如
the developing countries from China to Brazil 包括中國、巴西在內(nèi)的發(fā)展中國家 如中國、巴西的發(fā)展中國家
from /derive from 來源于/free from脫離/to /gift to you贈與;給 6)over 戰(zhàn)勝
The victory of justice over arbitrary acts, of reason over decadence and blindness, of democracy over imperialism, of good over evil.正義戰(zhàn)勝了專斷行為,理智戰(zhàn)勝了墮落和盲目,民主戰(zhàn)勝了帝國主義,善戰(zhàn)勝了惡。7)under 客觀的具有;
under the policy under the assumption 中國政府無義務承諾
The Chinese government is under no obligation to 8)during 趕上
During the 10th anniversary of our corporation’s founding, I’d like to have 35% off the original price.3.形容詞和副詞互轉(zhuǎn)
Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad.我國政府十分關心海外僑胞。
4.動詞到名詞
Our proposal was warmly welcomed by all the representatives.我們的提議得到了全體代表的熱烈歡迎。
The girl impressed her relatives’ favorably with her vivacity and sense of humor.這個女孩以她的活潑和幽默感給她親戚們留下了極好的印象。The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday.上周日,來訪客和陪同人員一起參觀了黃鶴樓。
一般來說,詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧的運用可從以下四個方面加以注意。
2、轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞。
英語中的某些動詞、形容詞,翻譯時可轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語中的名詞。The earth on which we live is shaped a ball.我們居住的地球,形狀象一個大球。(動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded.醫(yī)生盡了最大的努力來治療病號和傷員。(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)
3、轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。
英語中有些作表語或賓語的抽象名詞,以及某些形容詞派生的名詞,往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的形容詞。
另外,當英語動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞時,原來修飾該動詞的副詞也往往隨之轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的形容詞。
It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.使用雷達探測水下目標是沒有用的。(作表語的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man.太陽對人的身體和精神都有極大的影響。(副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)
4、轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞。
英語中的某些名詞、形容詞,翻譯時可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的副詞。
When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能反對他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和風趣將這些人爭取過來。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)
英譯漢翻譯技巧句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換
有些譯者喜歡在英漢兩種語言中尋找相應的語法成分,如主語、謂語、賓語,并進行一對一的轉(zhuǎn)換,這種翻譯在很多情況下是不成功的,因為英漢在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上存在一個很大的區(qū)別。英語句子以SV(O)為框架,可以迭加多種形式的從屬句子——從句、分詞短語、介詞短語等等——形成一個明顯的形式結(jié)構(gòu)。而漢語的主謂關系和英語存在很大的差別。它的形式結(jié)構(gòu)不像英語那么明顯,主要靠小句的串接、意義的連貫來組建句子。這類句子的謂語與主語的關系是一種陳述與被陳述。說明與被說明的關系,而不必有動作上的支配關系。英語的主謂賓語有明確的形式結(jié)構(gòu)特征,而漢語主謂主要是一種語義上的結(jié)合,是一種“主題+述題”或“話題+說明”的信息結(jié)構(gòu),往往是先提出一個話題,然后對它加以評價。所以,在英譯漢的過程中未必能進行語法成分的直接轉(zhuǎn)換,而需要重新確立漢語的主語,經(jīng)歷了一種從形合結(jié)構(gòu)向意向結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化的趨勢,這種趨勢常體現(xiàn)在兩個方面:一個是把英語句子拆開,成為兩、三個漢語句子;二是把英語從屬成分譯為漢語小句,成為小句串接的意合結(jié)構(gòu)。試看下例:
1.Tact must be used in requesting permission.譯文:征求同意,應注意方式方法
2.Mere chance seemed to determine who lived and who died.譯文:究竟誰死誰活,似乎只有一種偶然性決定。
3.The constant sunshine and mild climate of southern California made it an ideal
site for shooting motion pictures.譯文:加利佛尼亞洲南部陽光充足,氣候宜人,是拍攝影片的理想場所。
可以看出:翻譯時往往要將英語句子的賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的話題,有時也會將其他成分進行話題轉(zhuǎn)換。這要視上下文及漢語表達的需求而定。
淺析英漢翻譯中詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法的運用
英語屬印歐語系,漢語屬藏族語系。英漢兩種語言在詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu)方面有許多不同,在大多數(shù)情況下英譯漢時很難將兩種語言的詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)一一對應。為了使譯文符合漢語習慣,翻譯時不必拘泥于原文表層結(jié)構(gòu),可以在忠實原文意義的前提下將原文中某些詞的詞類成分轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的其他詞類或成分。
下面是幾個涉及詞類轉(zhuǎn)換的實例。例1:
Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.譯文:在這些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地來自社會需求;另一些則是由于科學在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。(形容詞reasonable轉(zhuǎn)為副詞,名詞results轉(zhuǎn)為動詞,consequences of轉(zhuǎn)為動賓結(jié)構(gòu))
例2:
This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.譯文:這種困境將是確定無疑的,因為能源的匱乏使農(nóng)業(yè)難以以高能量消耗這種美國耕作形式繼續(xù)下去了,而這種耕作方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。(副詞particularly、名詞energy轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞,形容詞possible轉(zhuǎn)為名詞,介詞with轉(zhuǎn)為動詞。)
例3:
The emphasis on data gathered firsthand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, make this study a unique and distinctly important social science.譯文:強調(diào)收集第一手材料,加上在分析過去和現(xiàn)在文化形態(tài)時采用跨文化視角,使得這一研究成為一門獨特并且非常重要的社會科學。
(名詞emphasis、過去分詞短語combined with轉(zhuǎn)為動詞)
英譯漢中的詞類或句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換情況:
1、英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的動詞、形容詞或副詞在現(xiàn)代英語中,名詞使用的范圍比較廣,不僅常用作主語、賓語、表語、同位語,還可以用作定語或狀語。具有動作意義的名詞,往往可以與介詞短語一起構(gòu)成名詞化結(jié)構(gòu),其意義相當于一個句子。英語中許多名詞含義靈活,翻譯時需要從其基本意義出發(fā),聯(lián)系上下文加以靈活處理。
一般說來,具有動作意義的名詞或含有動作意味的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語動詞;由形容詞派生的名詞和一些加不定冠詞作表語用的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。有些意義抽象的名詞或名詞短語與句子其他成分之間存在一定的邏輯關系時,可以根據(jù)其意義轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語副詞或相應的狀語從句。
例如: 1)A glance though his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial.從他的辦公室窗口可以一眼看到華盛頓紀念碑和林肯紀念館的全景。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞)
2)We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.我們感到,解決這個復雜的問題是復雜的。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞)3)I had the fortune to meet him.我幸運地見到了他。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞)
4)I had the impression that your brother was the director of the company.在我的印象中,你哥哥是那家公司的懂事長(名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語)
2、英語形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的副詞、動詞或名詞由于英漢兩種語言在表達方式上的不同,由于英漢兩種語言在表達方式上的不同,有些英語形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為漢語副詞這種轉(zhuǎn)譯法在形容詞修飾的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動詞時更常運用。表示心理狀態(tài)的形容詞在聯(lián)系動詞后作表語時常轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動詞??梢赞D(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞的英語形容詞通常有兩種:一種是加上定冠詞表示某一類人的形容詞;另一種是用來表示特征或性質(zhì)的形容詞,可以根據(jù)漢語習慣轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞。
例如:
1)He was a regular visitor.他以前經(jīng)常來(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成副詞)
2)A successful scientist must be a good observer.一個成功的科學家一定善于觀察(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞)
3)They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號和傷員(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞)
3、英語可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的名詞、動詞或形容詞英語中副詞使用頻繁,有的表示時間、地點、方式,用來修飾動詞;有的表示程度,用來修飾形容詞或其它副詞;有的起連接作用引導從句;有的用來修飾整個句子。英語副詞在句子中的位置也比較靈活,有時在句首,有時在動詞前后,有時在詞語中間翻譯時首先要弄清它的修飾關系,正確理解其含義,然后根據(jù)漢語習慣靈活處理。英語形容詞或動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞時,原來修飾形容詞或動詞的副詞往往隨著轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語形容詞。
1)I love having Friday off.我喜歡每星期五休息(副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞)2)How long will he be away? 他要離開多久(副詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞)
3)I suppose boys think differently from girls.我想男孩和女孩的思維方式不同(副詞轉(zhuǎn)化成形容詞)
4、英語動詞可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞和副詞英語中一些由名詞派生或轉(zhuǎn)用的動詞,其概念很難用漢語動詞來表達,翻譯時可將該英語動詞轉(zhuǎn)義成漢語名詞。英語被動句譯成漢語“受到…+名詞”或“加以+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)時,該英語動詞則轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞。英語中有些動詞具有漢語副詞的含義,翻譯時可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語副詞。例如: 1)I succeeded in persuading him.我成功地說服了他(動詞轉(zhuǎn)化成副詞)
2)He aims to enter the university next year.他的目標是明年進大學(動詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞)
5、英語介詞可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動詞
英語介詞在句子中表示詞與詞之間的關系,用得相當廣泛。英語介詞含義靈活,搭配關系復雜,翻譯時要根據(jù)其搭配關系和上下文靈活處理。一般說來,與動詞搭配使用的介詞往往可以省略不譯,如:arrive at/in(到達),look after(照看),persist in(堅持),put up with(忍受),take care of(照管)等。
具有動作含義的英語介詞或介詞短語翻譯時往往轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動詞。例如:
go by car乘汽車去
a present for Susan 給蘇姍的禮物
a letter written by English 一封英文書信
Break the circuit first in case of fire 如遇火警,首先切斷電源
6、句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換在很多情況下,英語中的句子成分在翻譯時也可根據(jù)需要進行轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:
1)As the match burns, heat and light are given off.火柴燃燒時發(fā)出光和熱(主語轉(zhuǎn)為賓語)2)This sort of stone has a relative density of 2.7.這種石頭的相對密度是2.7(賓語轉(zhuǎn)為主語)
3)Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.只要仔細把它們比較一下,你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)不同之處(主語轉(zhuǎn)為謂語,賓語轉(zhuǎn)為主語)
4)The baby doubled its weight in a year.嬰兒的體重一年中漲了一倍(主語轉(zhuǎn)為定語,賓語轉(zhuǎn)為主語)
5)Thousands of terrified watchers stared with their hearts beating fast.成千上萬的觀眾目瞪口呆,心怦怦直跳(定語轉(zhuǎn)為謂語)
6)The ocean was filled with turtles and fish.海洋里魚鱉成群,張網(wǎng)可得(主語轉(zhuǎn)為狀語,賓語轉(zhuǎn)為主語)參考文獻
[1]Carter R & McCarthy M.Vocabulary and LanguageTeaching[M].London:Longman, 1998.[2] Corson D J.Using English Words [M].Dordrech: Kluwer Academic Publishers.1995.[3]王文斌.英語詞法概論[M].上海外語教育出版社,2006.[4]胡文仲.英美文化詞典[M].北京:外語教學研究出版社,1997.
第二篇:合詞合句譯法
第十節(jié)合詞譯法
無論是西方作家.還是中國作家,都喜歡連用同義詞以強調(diào)其表達的意思。西方作家常用的是成對詞,而中國作家常用的是一條前后兩個部分為同一意思的四字成語,或兩條同義成語。既然這些同義詞表達的是同一個意思.我們就可以他們合起來翻譯也就是采用合詞譯法.請看下面的翻譯實例。
1)You’ll supplyfinancial power, and we’ll supply man power.Isn't that fair and square?
2)In our workshop there is a hard and fast rule against smoking.3)He is dead and gone.他的確死了。
4)His father is a man who forgives and forgets.5)Her son was wise and clever, but her daughter was silly and foolish.她的兒子非常聰明,可她的女兒卻很笨。
6)She shook and trembled with fear.7)He is a man of culture and learning.8)We must reach our goals and aims.我們必須到達目的。
9)He suffered aches and pains.
10)It's a ways and means of propaganda.這是種宣傳方法。
11)It’s right and proper to try it.12)The room is cozy and comfortable.13)She was surprised and taken aback.她著實吃了一驚。
14)Really and truly?
15)I hate all these hustle and bustle.16)要不然時叫他趁早回心轉(zhuǎn)意,有多少好處?!膊苎┣邸都t樓夢》,第四+六回)Otherwise, the sooner she changes her mind the better for her.17)其中又見林黛玉是個出類拔萃的,便更與黛玉親敬異常。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》,第四十九回)
Noticing too that Daiyu stood out from the rest, she treated her even more affectinately.18)紫鵑笑道“我說的是好話,不過叫你心里留神,并沒叫你去為非作歹。何苦回老太太,叫我吃了虧,又有什么好處!” 〔曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第五+七回)
“I meant well,“ was the smiling answer.“ I just wanted you to look out for yourself, not to do anything wrong.What good will it do if you report me to the old lady and get me into trouble?”
19)(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》,第八十四回)
As Concubine Zhao was storming, Jia Huan in the outer room made an even more startling statement.20)(他們)都是些狐群狗黨?。ú苎┣邸都t樓夢》第九十回)
They're a pack of curs!
21)(寶玉和黛玉)真是言和意順,似漆如膠.(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》,第五回)On all matters, indeed, they were in complete accord.22是小丫頭們,亦多和寶釵親近.(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》,第五回)
Besides, Baochai's generous, tactful and accommodating ways contrasted strongly with Daiyu' stand-offish reserve and won the hearts of her subordinates, so that nearly all the maids like to chat with her.23樓夢》,第一百十六回)…
…though it was so small and had no blossoms its delicate grace was utterly enchanting.24一+九回)
Today, entering for the examination, you're going to be entirely on your own, so you'll have to take care of yourselves.25Plenty of real gentlefolk go hungry.26)中國人民的不屈不撓的努力必將穩(wěn)步地達到自己的目的.(《毛澤東選集》第五卷)By our own indomitable efforts we the Chinese people will unswervingly reach our goal.27
He is determined to turn over a new leaf.28
How can you kick down the ladder?
29)二十年,時間看起來很長,一晃就過去了。所以,我們從八十年代的第一年開始,就必須一天也不耽誤,專心致志地,聚精會神地搞四個現(xiàn)代化建設。(《鄧小平文選》第二卷)Although a period of 20 years sounds quite long, the time will slip by very quickly.From the very first year of the 1980s,we must devote our full attention to achieving the four modernizations and not waste a single day.30)有些企業(yè)和單位,群眾自己選舉出的干部,部.很快此作出了成績,比單是從上面指定的干部合適得多。(《鄧小平文選》第 二卷)In some enterprises and other units, cadres who volunteered for leading
posts or were elected to them by the masses have achieved much in little
time and proved more capable than cadres appointed from above.31)陳詞濫調(diào)old stuff
32)癡心妄想wishful thinking/fond dream
33)長篇大論a ponderous thesis/a lengthy speech(or article)
34)粗心大意careless/ negligent
35)豐功偉績great(or magnificent)contributions.36)靈丹妙藥miraculous cure /heal-all
37)自以為是,夜郎自大self-conceited /arrogant
38)以怨報德,恩將仇報return kindness with ingratitude
39)低三下四, 奴顏卑膝humble oneself
40)寬宏大量,既往不咎forgive and forget
無論是英譯漢,還是漢譯英,我們都必須注意到原文中用同義詞時所產(chǎn)生的強調(diào)成分。如上面第三例句中“dead and gone”譯成“的確死了”,第四例句“forgive and forget”譯成“非常寬容”,第五例句中“wise and clever”和“silly and foolish”分別譯成“非常聰明”和“很笨”,第六例句中“shook and trembled”譯成“不停地抖”,第七例句中“culture and learning”譯成“很有學問”第九例句中“aches and pains”譯成“百般疼痛”,第十一例句中“right and proper”譯成“完全正確”,第+二例句“cozy and comfortable”譯成“非常舒適”,第十三例句中“was surprised and
taken aback”譯成“”第十四例句中“really and truly”譯成“”第十五例句中“hustle and bustle”譯成“擁擠不堪的場面”第二十一例句中“言和意順,似漆如膠”譯成“were in complete accord”,第二十三例句中“心動神怡,魂消魄喪”譯成“was utterly enchanting”,第二十例句中“孤孤凄凄,舉目無親”譯成“to be entirely your own”第二十九例句中“專心致志,聚精會神”譯成“devote our full attention to”
第十一節(jié)合句譯法
一般說來,英語句子要比漢語句子長,一個英語句子要比一個漢語句子具有更大的容量。因此,我們在漢譯英時有必要,也有可能把兩個或兩個以上的漢語句子翻譯成一個英語句子.比較口語化的英語句子也比較短,我們在英譯漢時也經(jīng)常要用合句譯法,把兩個或兩個以上的英語句子翻譯成一個漢語句子.請看下面的例句。
1)The young man was very miserable.// He has no money about him.// All his savings had been stolen.2)Darkness fell.// An explosion shock the earth.// It did not shake his will to go to the front.夜幕降落時,一聲爆炸震動了大地,可并沒有動搖他上前線的決心。
3)That day, the President had an interview with her father.// Her father was going to the moon by space shuttle.那天,總統(tǒng)會見了她的父親,因為她的父親即將乘航天飛機去登月。
4)She is very busy at home.// She has to take care of the children and do the kitchen work.她在家很忙,又要看好孩子,又要下廚。
5)眾人忙問端的。//他乃道:“原來本府新升的太爺姓賈名化,// 本貫胡州人士,// 曾與女婿舊日相交?!保ú苎┣邸都t樓夢》)Asked what had happened, he told them: “This new prefect,Jia Hua, is a native of Huzhou and an old friend of my son-in-law.”
6)這賈菌亦系榮國府近派的重孫,// 其母亦少寡,//獨守著賈菌。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》)Jia Jun was a great-great-grandson of the Duke of Rongguo, and the only son of his mother who had been widowed early.7)襲人之母也早迎了出來。// 襲人拉了寶玉進去。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》)
By now Xiren’s mother had come out to greet him too, and Xiren led Baoyu in.8)說畢,張道士方退出去。// 這里賈母與眾人上了樓,在正面樓上歸坐。// 鳳姐等占了東樓。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》)Thereupon the priest withdrew ,while the Lady Dowager and her party went upstairs to sit in the main balcony, Xifeng and her companions occupying that to the east.9)邢夫人將方才的話只略說了幾句,// 賈赦無法,又含愧。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》)When Lady Xing gave her husband an abbreviated version of what the Lady Dowager had said, Jia She felt at a loss and bitterly mortified.10)賈璉見他去了,只得回來瞧鳳姐。// 誰知鳳姐已醒了,聽他和鴛鴦借當。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》)As soon as she had gone Jia Lian went in to see Xifeng, who had woken up and heard him ask for a loan.11)笛聲止了。// 遠遠地起了拍掌聲和歡笑聲。The flute stopped, and in the distance there was applause and laughter.12)舊歷新年快來了。// 這是一年中的第一件大事。// 除了那些負債過多的人以外,大家都熱烈地歡迎這個佳節(jié)的到來。(巴金《家》)The traditional New Year Holiday was fast approaching, the first big event of year, and everyone, except those who owed heavy debts—which traditionally had to be paid off before the end of the year—was enthusiastically looking forward to it.13)只有吳蓀甫的眼睛里卻閃出了興奮的光彩。// 和孫吉人尚屬初交,真看不出來這個細長脖子的小腦袋里倒懷著那樣的高瞻遠矚的氣魄。(茅盾《子夜》)
However Wusunfu’s eyes gleamed with excitement, for Sun Jiren was a comparatively new acquaintance, and Wu sunfu had hardly expected that this man with his small head and long neck would turn out to be so far-sighted and unconventional.采用合句譯法時, 都是根據(jù)原文各句之間的邏輯關系, 在譯文的句與句之間加上連接詞語, 如漢語譯文中的 “因為”, “如果”, “但是”, “又…又…” 以及英語譯文中的 “and”, “while”, “when”, “so”, “but”, “because”, “for”, “as”, “who”等.第十二節(jié)縮句譯法
所謂縮句譯法, 就是根據(jù)原文的邏輯關系和譯文的語言習慣, 把原文中的一個句子緊縮成譯文中另一個句子的組成部分.一般情況下, 我們把原文上下文中相對次要的句子緊縮成相對主要的句子的組成部分, 大多緊縮成狀語, 也有一部分緊縮成定語和同位語乃至主語.請看下面的例句.1)It was April 1945.the Second World War was coming to an end.1945年4月, 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)已接近尾聲.(縮為狀語)
2)She went back home to take care of her husband.He was seriously ill.她回家卻照料病重的丈夫.(縮為定語)
3)They sat down in the waiting-room to do some reading.People came to and off there.他們在人來人往的候車室里坐下來看點書.(縮為定語)
4)Her father became the mayor of the city.He was a murderer in the Second World War.她的父親, 二次大戰(zhàn)中一個殺人兇手, 竟當上了這個城市的市長.(縮為同位語)
5)黛玉又忙命倒茶, 一面又使眼色與寶玉.寶玉會意, 便走了出來.Daiyu ordered tea, glancing at Baoyu as she did so.Taking the hint, he went out of the room.(縮為狀語)
6)他在去年夏天把十九歲的女兒小福子賣給了一個軍人.賣了二百塊錢.(老舍<駱駝祥子>)The summer before, he had sold his nineteen-year-old daughter Joy to an army officer for two hundred silver dollars.(縮為狀語)
7)太陽當頂了.田野,從樹, 屋舍, 都顯現(xiàn)在光明靜穆的大平面上.With the sun right overhead now, the field, the clumps of trees and the huts were all picked out clearly on a vast, flat surface, brilliantly lit and still..(縮為狀語)
8.道靜看見了, 氣得渾身發(fā)抖.她二話沒說, 立刻向經(jīng)理辭了職.Quivering with anger, Daojing promptly gave notice..(縮為狀語)
9.車子漫漫地走著, 在一個泥洼子里渥住了.老孫頭一面罵牲口, 一面跳下地來看.The lumbering cart got stuck in the mud.Swearing at his beasts, Old Sun jumped down to take a look.10.這日他比平日起得遲, 看見她已經(jīng)伏在洗臉臺上檫脖子,肥皂的泡沫就如大螃蟹嘴上的水泡一般,高高的堆在兩個耳朵后.Getting up later than usual, he saw his wife leaning over the wash-stand rubbing her neck, with bubbles like those emitted by great crabs heaped up over both her ears.(縮為狀語)
縮句譯法更多地用于漢譯英, 一方面是因為漢語句子較短, 而英語句子較長, 另一方面是因為漢語句子相對簡單, 而英語句子相對復雜, 結(jié)構(gòu)形式比較豐富多彩.
第三篇:詞型轉(zhuǎn)換
1.community(復數(shù))—
21.safe(反義詞)—
2.gas(復數(shù))— 3.hair(復數(shù))— 4.bakery(復數(shù))— 5.newspaper(復數(shù))— 6.write(同音詞)— 7.left(反義詞)— 8.buy(同音詞)— 9.stop(現(xiàn)在分詞)— 10.direction(動詞)— 11.see(同音詞)— 12.happy(反義詞)— 13.simple(近義詞)— 14.cross(名詞)— 15.there(對應詞)— 16.jog(名詞)— 17.photo(近義詞)— 18.mouse(復數(shù))— 19.have(單三)— 20.love(近義詞)—
22.danger(形容詞)— 23.good(副詞)— 24.tall(反義詞)— 25.match(復數(shù))— 26.leaf(復數(shù))— 27.big(比較級)— 28.(最高級)— 29.bring(近義詞)— 30.too(同義詞)— 31.hobby(復數(shù))— 32.travel(現(xiàn)在分詞)— 33.fun(同義詞)— 34.(反義詞)— 35.busy(名詞)— 36.swim(現(xiàn)在分詞)— 37.knit(現(xiàn)在分詞)— 38.let’s(完全形式)— 39.no(同音詞)— 40.do(單三)— 41.hard(反義詞)— 42.meet(同音詞)— 43.can not(縮寫)— 44.aunt(同音詞)— 45.same(反義詞)— 46.they(單數(shù))— 47.Chinese(名詞)— 48.eye(同音詞)— 49.study(單三)— 50.(近義詞)— 51.good(比較級)— 52.(最高級)— 53.first(基數(shù)詞)— 54.many(近義詞)— 55.(近義詞組)— 56.old(反義詞)— 57.Canada(形容詞)— 58.Japanese(名詞)— 59.vacation(近義詞)— 60.hour(同音詞)—
61.stick(名詞)— 62.go(過去式)— 63.bring(過去式)— 64.break(過去式)— 65.are(過去式)— 66.is(過去式)— 67.see(過去式)— 68.have(過去式)— 69.take(過去式)— 70.feel(過去式)— 71.do(過去式)— 72.run(過去式)— 73.find(過去式)— 74.stop(過去式)—
? big— ? new— ? beautiful— ? hot— ? short— ? cool— ? safe— ? left— ? easy— ? behind— ? good— ? tall— ? up— ? thin— ? go— ? old— ? answer— ? bring— ? begin— ? open— ? black— ? green— ? cry—
? here— ? same— ? this— ? those— ? sit— ? wrong— ? no— ? boring—
同 義 詞 1.start— 2.fun— 3.picture— 4.love— 5.learn— 6.many— 7.too— 8.job— 9.nice— 10.laugh— 11.easy— 12.get to— 13.hard— 14.good— 15.vacation—
動詞現(xiàn)在分詞 1.cut— 2.making— 3.sing— 4.put— 5.give— 6.swimming— 7.stop— 8.begin— 9.bring— 10.shop— 11.run— 12.boat— 13.jog— 14.sit— 15.get— 16.have— 17.lying— 18.forget— 19.take— 20.travel— 21.knit—
動詞和名詞互換 1.building— 2.flight— 3.driver— 4.invite— 5.tour— 6.teach— 7.bake— 8.crossing— 9.visit— 10.write— 11.jog— 12.sticker— 13.sing—
形容詞和副詞互換 1.good— 2.finally— 3.careful—
第四篇:數(shù)詞倍數(shù)譯法
第一部分:數(shù)詞的譯法
一、數(shù)字增減的譯法:
1.句式特征:by+名詞+比較級+than The wire is by three inches longer than that one.這根導線比那根長3英寸。2.句式特征:表示增減意義的動詞+to+n.譯為:增加到。?;驕p少到。。
Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金屬切割機已經(jīng)減少到50臺。
二、百分數(shù)增減的表示法與譯法
1.句式特征:表示增減意義的動詞+%
The output value has increased 35%.產(chǎn)值增加了35% 2.句式特征:表示增減意義的動詞+by+%
Retail salses should rise by 8% 商品零售額應增加3% The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本減少60% 3.句式特征:表示減少意義的動詞+to+%表示減少后剩余的數(shù)量
By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用這種新工藝,鐵的損失量減少到20%
4.句式特征:%+ 比較級 +than表示凈增減的數(shù)量
Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售額與去年相比,有望增加9%。5.句式特征:% + 比較級 + 名詞表示凈減數(shù)
The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied.新型機械能耗量凈減10% 6.句式特征:a + % + increase表示凈增數(shù)
There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.與去年相比,今年鋼產(chǎn)量凈增20%
7.句式特征:%+(of)名詞(代詞)表示凈減數(shù),數(shù)字n照譯
The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年產(chǎn)值僅為去年的60% 8.句式特征:%+up on 或over表示凈增數(shù)
The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年糧食產(chǎn)量比1978年凈增20%。
第二部分 倍數(shù)增加的表示法及譯法
漢語表示“增加了幾倍”時,英語的倍數(shù)表示倍數(shù)需減一,譯成“增加了n-1倍”以表示凈增加數(shù)。如果譯成“增加到n倍”或“為原來的n倍”,則照譯不誤。
1.句式特點:表示增加意義的動詞+n times“表示成倍地增長,譯成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“
注:1倍 once;2倍twice(或double);3倍thrice(或three times)2 表示增加意義的動詞+by+ n times,該句式與上述相同 表示增加意義的動詞+to+ n times表示增加到N倍,譯成”增加了n-1倍“ 4.表示增加意義的動詞+by a factor of + n times 5.表示增加意義的動詞+比較級+by a factor of + n times表示增加以后達到的倍數(shù),譯成”比。。。大(長、寬。。)N-1倍“
6.表示增加意義的動詞+ n times+比較級+than。。。7.表示增加意義的動詞+ n times +adj./adv.+as....8.表示增加意義的動詞+a + n times(或n-fold)+increase.......表示增加到N倍,譯成”增加了N-1倍“
9.表示增加意義的動詞+as + adj./adv.+ again as.....譯成”比。。大(長、寬。。倍)“
例子: Line A is as long again as line B.A線比B線長1倍。
This machine turns half as fast again as that one.這臺機器轉(zhuǎn)動比那臺機器快半倍。
10.表示增加意義的動詞+half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....譯成”比。。大(長、寬。。半倍)“
11.用double表示倍數(shù),譯成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“ 12 用treble表示倍數(shù)增加,譯成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“ 13.用quadruple表示倍數(shù)增加,譯成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“
第三部分 倍數(shù)減少的表示方法
倍數(shù)減少在英譯時,需把倍數(shù)換算成分數(shù)。成幾倍減少,可以改譯成”減少到1/N“或減少了”N-1/N“。而減少了N倍,可改譯成”減少到1/N+1“或”減少了N/N+1“。
1.句式特點:表示減少意義的動詞+N times表示成N倍減少,譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“ The length of laser tube was reduced ten times.激光管的長度縮短了十分之九。2.句式特點:表示減少意義的動詞+by+N times表示成N倍減少,譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“ The bandwith was reduced by two times.帶寬減少了二分之一。
3.句式特點:表示減少意義的動詞+by a factor of + N times表示成N倍減少,譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
4.句式特點:表示減少意義的動詞+a-N times(N-fold)+ reduction譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
The principal advantage over the old-fashioned machine is a four-fold reduction in weight.與舊式機器比,主要特點是重量減少了四分之三。
5.句式特點:表示減少意義的動詞+N times+as + adj./adv......譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
6.句式特點:表示減少意義的動詞+N times+ 比較級+ than表示減少了N倍,譯成”減少到1/N+1”或“減少了1/N+1“
The plastic container is five times lighter than that glass one.這個塑料容器比那個玻璃容器輕六分之五。
英語倍數(shù)句型及其譯法
英語表示倍數(shù)增減或倍數(shù)對比的句型多種多樣,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12)等,見圈碼)很容易譯錯——其主要原因在于:英漢兩語在
表述或?qū)Ρ缺稊?shù)方面存在著語言與思維差異?,F(xiàn)將常 用的英語倍數(shù)句型及其正確譯法歸納如下: 倍數(shù)增加
(一)A is n times as great(long,much,?)as B.(①)A is n times greater(longer,more,?)than B.(②)A is n times the size(length,amount,?)of B.(③)
以上三句都應譯為;A的大?。ㄩL度,數(shù)量,??)是B的n倍[或A比B大(長,多,??)n-1倍].Eg.This book is three times as long as(three times longer than,three times the length of)that one.這本書的篇幅是那本書的3倍(即長兩倍)。
注:當相比的對象B很明顯時,than(as,of)B常被省去。
(二)increase to n times(④)increase n times/n-fold(⑤)increase by n times(⑥)
increase by a factor of n(⑦)
以上四式均應譯為:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。
Eg.The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.集成電路的產(chǎn)量比去年增加了兩倍。
Eg.The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986.
化肥產(chǎn)量比1986年增加了4倍。
Eg.That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.那可使代謝率提高到原來的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。
Eg.The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.漏電壓增加了3借(即增加到原來的4倍)。
注:在這類句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等詞所替代。
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth?(⑧)
應譯為:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。這個句型還有其它一些形式:
Eg.A record high increase in value of four times was reported.據(jù)報道,價值破記錄地增長了3倍。
(四)double(增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨)Eg.The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. 這些機器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。
(五)此外,英語中還有一種用again而不用倍數(shù)詞來比較倍數(shù)的方法,如:
A is as much(large,long,?)again as B.(= A is twice as much(large,long,?)as B.(⑩)
應譯為:A比B多(大,長,??)1倍。
A is half as much(large,1ong,?)again as B.【= A is one and a half times as much(large,1ong,?)as B.】(11)應譯為:A比B多(大,長??)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。
倍數(shù)減少
(一)A is n times as small(light,slow,?)as B.(12)A is n times smaller(lighter,slower,?)than B.(13)
以上兩句均應譯為:A的大小(重量,速度,??)是B的1/n[或A比B?。ㄝp,慢,??)(n-1)/n]。Eg.The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.氫原子的重量約為氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子約輕15/16)。
Eg.This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.這種薄膜比普通紙張要薄一半(即是普通紙厚度的1/2)。注:當相比的對象B很明顯時,than/as B常被省去。
(二)decrease n times/n--fold(14)decrease by n times(15)
decrease by a factor of n(16)
以上三式均譯為:減少到1/n[或:減少(n-1)/n]。
decrease常被reduce,shorten,go/slow down等詞替代。
Eg.Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.新型晶體管的開關時間縮短了1/3(即縮短到2/3)。
Eg.When the voltage is stepped up by ten times,the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.電壓升高9倍,電流強度便降低9/10(即90%)。
Eg.The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.該設備誤差概率降低了4/5。
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction? 應譯為:減至1/n [或:減少(n一1)/n]。(17)這個句型還有其它一些形式,Eg.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. 發(fā)現(xiàn)迅速減少到1/7。
Eg.The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.這些產(chǎn)品的主要優(yōu)點是重量減輕了1/2。
從上列倍數(shù)增減句型及其譯法中不難看出:與漢語不 同的是,英語在表述或比較倍數(shù)時,無論使用什么句 型(除了不含倍數(shù)詞的again句型外)都包括基礎倍
數(shù)在內(nèi),因此都不是凈增或凈減n倍,而是凈增或 凈減n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍數(shù)增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍數(shù)比差=句型12,且decrease(by)3 times應譯為“減少2/3”,而不是“減少3/4”。
第四部分 動詞的使動用法
動詞是英語中詞類中最為活躍的成分,現(xiàn)介紹一些使動用法共勉。1.I slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地帶馬上山。2.The ran the ship aground.他們把船開到灘上去了。
3.The swam their horses in the river.他們使馬泅水渡河。
4.I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下來好讓疲憊的腿休息一下。5.They rode out the storm.他們安然渡過風暴
其實,研究動詞個人認為,要把握后面有無賓語;賓語是人還是物;是什么樣的賓語。歡迎網(wǎng)友探討,動詞的學習研討方法。
第五部分 同系賓語
1.I dreamed a strange dream.2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking.3.I have fought a good fight.一、在同系賓語上附有修飾形容詞時,通常可換成態(tài)度副詞。live a long life = live long;live a happy life = live happily;die a national death = die nationally;die a violent death = die by violence
二、有的賓語與動詞不同語源,但意義相通,也可以視為同類。run a race;run a course;run one's career;fight a battle;blow a gale;strike a blow;ring a peal;wreak one's vengeance
三、以it構(gòu)成的類型:
I am determined to fight it out。我決心奮斗到底。He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。
We had to walk it in the rain.我們不得不冒雨而行。Can't you swim it?你游不過去嗎?
四、在某些熟語中可將同系賓語省略,如look thanks = look a look of thanks He looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中現(xiàn)出言語無法表達的感謝。
She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短劍相刺的目光望著我,走出了房間。
五、最高級形容詞后,可以省略同系賓語。The lady was looking her best(look).She sang her sweest(song)to please him.第六部分 一組詞組
1.all+抽象名詞/抽象名詞+itself = very + adj.He was all gentleness to her.他對她非常溫存。
To his superiors, he is humility itself。對于長輩,他極為謙遜。
分析:該結(jié)構(gòu)原來是表示某種性質(zhì)達到極點的一種說法,有“非?!?、“盡管”、“一味”、“盡” 的含義,有時甚至可以譯為“。。的化身”、“。。的具體化”。普通復數(shù)名詞用于“all”之后,也是表達這種概念。
He is all smiles.他一味地笑。She is all eyes.她盯著看。I am all anxiety.我真擔心。
He is all attention.他全神貫注地聽著。2.Something(much)of / nothing(little)of Mr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲學家風范。Mr.Wu is nothing of a musician.吳先生全無音樂家的風味。Mr.Lu is very much of a poet.陸先生大有詩人氣派。Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.劉先生幾無學者風度。
分析:此為表示“程度”的形容詞短語,有時可以當作副詞翻譯。Something of =to some extent(某程度),在問句和條件句中則用anyting of(略有、多少)。nothing of譯作“全無、毫無”。相類似的情況:
to be something of = to have something of + 名詞+in +代名詞
He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫無演說家的才能。
這類名詞的用法,可以處理為副詞。
He has seen something of life.他略具閱歷。他稍閱世。Something of 與something like區(qū)別:程度上有差異。something like = something approximateing in character or amount指數(shù)量或性質(zhì)略同的事物,又 作somewhat(似乎、略微)解釋。
This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。It shaped something like a cigar.其形狀略似雪茄
第五篇:俄語翻譯表示特有事物的詞的譯法
廣州湯尼俄語學校學習資料
俄語翻譯表示特有事物的詞的譯法
(一)音譯
這類詞由于有濃厚的民族色彩或地方特色需要保留,所以通常采用音譯。音譯時應查表并約定俗成。如:рубль 盧布 пул 普特 водка 伏特加 чай 茶葉
(цигун)(способ укребления силы 《ци 》 氣功 太極拳 《тайцзиюань》(род китайских гимнастических упражнений ,служащий для самозащиты,а
главным оброзом для укребления здровья)打麻將 играть в 《 мацзян 》(костяные игральные пластинки)комбайн 康拜因---聯(lián)合收割機 платье 布拉吉---連衣裙 семинар 先明耐---課堂討論
(二)意譯
a.借用 俄漢里某些表示特有事物的詞雖不完全等值,但含義比較近似,用途基本相符。例如:пампушка 饅頭 пирожок 包子 борщ 菜湯 火鍋
китайский самовар
b.解釋 дикарь(沒有修養(yǎng)證、個人自費的)療養(yǎng)或旅游 涮羊肉
баранина ,сваренная в китайском самоварес創(chuàng)造新詞 這是意譯法中最積極的一種,但采用時要慎重,不能隨意創(chuàng)造。
субботник 星期六義務勞動 самовар 茶飲 макси-юбка 超長裙 бумажный тигр 紙老虎
(三)音譯兼譯
a.一個詞的一部分音譯,另一部分意譯,結(jié)合緊密,形成一個新詞。例如:
октябрист 十月革命黨人 阿q 精神 акюзм 道教 даосизм
b原詞音譯作定語,根據(jù)其內(nèi)涵再借用一個與它相應的名詞作中心詞,構(gòu)成偏正結(jié)構(gòu)共
廣州湯尼俄語學校學習資料
同表義。例如:миг-29 米格-29 飛機 волга “伏爾加“汽車 диск 迪斯科注意:
a.某個詞可能先后有過幾種譯法,是錯誤要改正;都正確的,要選用合適的一種。例如:третьяковская галерея(特列幾亞科夫 畫廊(誤)特列幾亞科夫美術館(正)
b意譯時采用借代法,一定含義近似,作用相符。如:炕(中國、朝鮮人住的)只能音譯成кан ,不宜借用俄式的火炕 лежанка.房子 不宜借用 хата(烏克蘭式)或изба(俄羅斯式,木制的)的,只能譯成дом,здание,жилищеc.上下文的重要作用。中國陰歷十二月又稱臘月 двенадцатый
месяц по лунному китайскому календарю
называется ?лаюе?.