第一篇：談科技英語的文體翻譯和語言特點論文

摘要: 隨著現(xiàn)代科學技術的飛速發(fā)展，全球經(jīng)濟一體化逐步深入，科技英語將越來越引起科學界和語言界的高度重視和關注?？萍加⒄Z越來越表現(xiàn)出其獨特性，已成為一門獨立的文體。本文從科技英語的語言特點出發(fā)，舉例闡述了科技英語的翻譯技巧和方法。

關鍵詞: 科技英語；語言特點；翻譯

在科技英語文獻中，科技詞匯包括純科技詞匯和普通科技詞匯，其使用率高達60 %，足見其數(shù)量之多。隨著現(xiàn)代科學技術的飛速發(fā)展，全球經(jīng)濟一體化逐步深入，科技英語將越來越引起科學界和語言界的高度重視和關注。著名科學家錢三強早就指出：“科技英語在許多國家已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代英語的一個專門的新領域。”現(xiàn)在世界上許多國家設立了科技英語研究中心，大學里也設立科技英語專業(yè)或科技英語系，專門從事科技英語語言的研究、教學和科技英語人才的培養(yǎng)。

在我國，科技英語的研究和學習方興未艾，科技英語系（專業(yè))、研究中心和翻譯機構在各大中城市、高等院校如雨后春筍。這充分說明我國科技的快速發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟的良性循環(huán)以及對世界政治、經(jīng)濟、科技等活動越來越需要科技英語。盡管科技英語和普通英語(如文學英語)外表上看一樣，都是由語音、詞匯和語法構成。但隨著其運用范圍擴大，科技領域的進一步規(guī)范，科技英語越來越表現(xiàn)出其獨特性，已成為一門獨立的文體，并逐步奠定科技英語作為一門學科的基礎。

一、科技英語的語言特點

科技英語的特點表現(xiàn)在詞匯、句法和修辭三個方面。

（一）詞匯方面

科技詞匯在科技英語里大量使用，主要包括以下幾類：．純科技詞匯，即那些只用于某個專業(yè)或?qū)W科的專門詞匯或術語，如hydroxide(氫氧化物)、diode(二級管)、isotope(同位素)等。隨著科技的發(fā)展，新學科、新專業(yè)的產(chǎn)生，這樣的詞匯層出不窮，其詞義精確而狹窄，針對性極強。閱讀專業(yè)性強的文獻，就要了解該領域的專門詞匯和術語。．通用科技詞匯，即不同專業(yè)都要經(jīng)常使用的那些詞匯，數(shù)量較大。這類詞的使用范圍比純科技詞匯要廣，出現(xiàn)頻率也高，但在不同的專業(yè)里有較為穩(wěn)定的詞義。如p o w e r 一詞在機械力學中的詞義為“力”、“電”、“電力”、“動力”、“電源”、“功率”等，在數(shù)學中的詞義為“乘方”、“次方”、“冪”；又如f e e d 一詞的意義也很豐富：“饋電”、“供水”、“輸送”、“進刀”等。．派生詞匯，指通過合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生構詞手段而構成的詞匯。這種詞匯在科技英語文獻中占有很大的比重。例如，由前綴hydro-，hyper-，hypo-和inter-構成的詞條在科技英語中就有二干多條；以表示學科的后綴-logy，-ics 和表示行為、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等的后綴-tion，-sion，-ance，-ence，-ment 等結尾構成的詞匯在科技英語文獻中俯拾即是。

此外，縮寫詞也是科技英語詞匯的重要組成部分，具有經(jīng)濟、簡便的優(yōu)點。

（二）句法方面．被動語態(tài)。

翻開任何一頁科技文獻，都可找到一定數(shù)量的被動語態(tài)，這正是科技英語的顯著特征的表現(xiàn)：客觀、真實，拒絕主觀和臆斷。．非謂語動詞結構。

在科技英語中使用非謂語動詞結構可以更好、更準確地描述各個事物之間的關系，事物的位置和狀態(tài)的變化。．名詞化結構。

用名詞詞組或短語(主要是用具有動作意義的名詞+ of + 修飾語)來表示一個句子的意思，就是名詞化結構。這一結構在科技英語中大量使用，主要因為它有簡潔、確切、嚴密、客觀、信息量大等特點。．長句。

根據(jù)上海交通大學l07萬詞的計算機語料統(tǒng)計，科技英語句的平均長度為21.4 個詞，7 個以下(包括7 個詞)的短句僅占8.77％，超過40 個的長句占6.3％(方夢之，l989：97)?？萍加⒄Z中使用長句用來描寫復雜多變的客觀世界。

（三）修辭方面．句型和時態(tài)的使用。科技英語文體用來客觀陳述事實和問題，描寫過程和狀態(tài)，說明特性和功能，所論情理多為一般性、頻繁性和特征性。因此，在這樣的文體中，大量使用陳述句型，謂語動詞主要以一般時為主，如一般現(xiàn)在時、過去時和將來時等。．語氣的使用。科技作者在說明事

理、提出設想、探討問題和推導公式時，常常涉及各種前提、條件和場合。為了避免武斷，總是從假定、猜測、建議和懷疑的角度出發(fā)，這就往往需要采用虛擬語氣；另一方面，有不少作者為了表示自己的謙遜，為了謹慎和留有余地，也樂于采用虛擬語氣而使口吻變得委婉和圓滑。．祈使旬的使用。在使用說明書、操作規(guī)程、作業(yè)指導、注意事項等科技文章中，更多使用祈使句以告誡、建議、勸告和命令用戶或操作者的行動，以達到基本目的。．其他特點。由于科技文章本身的客觀性、信息性，所以在句子結構和其他語言特點上就表現(xiàn)出一些明顯的特點如分隔結構、非言詞符號、倒裝、省略等的使用。科技英語是用來傳遞客觀真理、客觀事實，拒絕主觀性和臆斷性，消除歧義，表達上力求簡明、扼要、規(guī)范，邏輯嚴密。以上語言特點是應科技英語本身的要求而形成的。

二、科技文體的翻譯

在英語學習的基礎階段，學生接觸了一些英語翻譯的練習，但大部分為文學方面的，較少翻譯科技方面的文章。然而，他們工作時接觸的大多都是科技方面的文獻，且科技文體有其獨特性。如不系統(tǒng)學習，將直接影響翻譯效果。

（一）科技術語和專有詞匯的翻譯一般來說，可采用以下幾種方法：

（1）意譯法

意譯法就是根據(jù)原詞的實際含義譯成對應的漢語術語。這種譯法廣泛運用于科技術語的翻譯，具有概念明確、易懂易記的優(yōu)點。例如：guided missile 導彈； automobile汽車；software 軟件；barometer 氣壓計；input 輸入；hard-wired modem 硬線調(diào)制解調(diào)器；insulation resistance test 絕緣電阻測定；等等都是采用意譯的方法來翻譯的。

（2）音譯法

音譯法就是按原詞的英語發(fā)音譯成相對應的漢語。這種譯法適用于計量單位名稱、人名、地名、公司名、首字母縮略語以及一些還未完全了解的新術語。如：gallon 加侖； clone 克??； pound 磅；Coco cola 可口可樂；watt 瓦特；Franklin富蘭克林；Mercerdes-Benz 奔馳（汽車）；AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome)艾滋?。ǐ@得性免疫力缺乏綜合癥）；TOEFL(test of English as a foreign language)托福（作為一門外語的英語測試）等，這種方法是不得已而為之，無法揭示詞匯的真正意義。隨著新術語的認識，對不少詞已用意譯來代替，如：engine（引擎）發(fā)動機；vitamin(維他命)維生素；microphone(麥克風)話筒等。

（3）半音半意法

這是音譯與意譯的結合。

如：Einstein equation 愛因斯坦方程；Noble prizes 諾貝爾獎金；beer 啤酒；card卡片等。

（二）句子的翻譯

科技英語是用來陳述自然界、科技界所發(fā)生或出現(xiàn)的事情，描述其規(guī)律、特點、過程等的語言，表達客觀準確、邏輯性強、結構嚴謹，這樣才能更好地記錄自然界和科技界的動態(tài)。用來記錄的語言當然不會很簡單：句子偏長、結構復雜。否則，很難表達這些領域的內(nèi)容或現(xiàn)象。這樣的句子也是難句，給讀者和譯者帶來不少的麻煩。從句法的角度來分析，造成長句難的主要原因是：修飾、限定及附加成分多，從而造成分隔結構(修飾與被修飾成分相隔很遠)。對長難句的處理，首先理順語法結構；然后根據(jù)句子特點采取不同的手段，如分譯法、順序法或變序法等。

例如：These things are notorious;Sir William Scott, in his speech of 1802, in favor of the non-residence of the Clergy,expressly said, that they and their families ought to appear at Watering places,and that this was amongst the means of making them respected by their flocks!

這句話的語法結構復雜，要注意兩個and連接的分句的語法功能。第一個and連接的與主句并列，第二個連接的則是said帶的兩個賓語從句。

參考譯文為：這等丑事，盡人皆知。然而威廉·司各特爵士在1 8 0 2 年演講，明白主張牧師不必定居教區(qū)，而應攜眷到溫泉游覽，據(jù)說這樣反而能得到他的教區(qū)子民的尊敬云云。

再如：The reason why air makes fire burn more intensely was learned only about two hundred years ago, when several scientists finally proved that oxygen, one of the gases air contains, can combine with certain other elements li)ke carbon to release much heat.參考譯文：空氣為什么能使火燃燒得更旺？直到大約2 0 0 年前才弄清其原因。當時某些科學家終于證明，空氣中有一種氣體叫氧，它能夠與其它一些元素（如碳）化合，從而釋放出大量的熱。

（三）被動語態(tài)的翻譯

英語中，尤其在科技英語文體中，被動語態(tài)使用范圍很廣。這種語態(tài)能更客觀、準確地描述事物的發(fā)展和變化。在漢語中，被動語態(tài)的使用范圍有限，更多使用主動語態(tài)。在英譯漢時，一般說來，大部分英語被動語態(tài)要譯成漢語主動句、無主句、判斷句，有時也譯成被動語態(tài)，尤其是原文表示強調(diào)時。

如：

A detailed examination was made of energy partition in an impacted solid propellant.參考譯文為：對于固體推進劑受撞擊后的內(nèi)部能量分布情況，已經(jīng)進行了詳盡的研究。

（四）數(shù)詞的翻譯

在科技文獻中，數(shù)詞的使用十分頻繁，表達方法多種多樣，還有英、美表達上的差異，這些給翻譯帶來不少的困難。在工作中如對數(shù)詞翻譯不當，后果將不堪設想。因此，要掌握如何翻譯倍數(shù)、倍數(shù)的增加、倍數(shù)的減少等數(shù)詞，還要了解英國和美國英語在這方面不同的表達方式。

如：

（1）On the moon you could lift weights which are six times heavier than the heaviest weight you can lift on the earth．(一個人在月球上所能舉起的重物要比他

在地球上所能舉起的最重的物體重5 倍。)

（2）When the voltage is stepped-up by 10 times，the strength of the current is stepped-down by 10 times，so that the power remains the same．(當電壓升高到l0 倍時，電流強度則降低到1 ／ 10，因此功率保持不變。)

總之，在翻譯科技文體的文章時，要根據(jù)科技英語的語言特點，確保譯文忠實于原文，表達通順流暢，并掌握英漢基礎知識和一定的翻譯理論知識，拓寬知識面，養(yǎng)成嚴謹?shù)墓ぷ鲬B(tài)度，這樣才能較準確地譯好科技文體。

參考文獻：

[1]王泉水.科技英語翻譯技巧：天津：天津科技出版社，1991

[2]方夢之.英語漢譯實踐與技巧：天津：天津科技翻譯出版公司，1994

[3]劉宓慶.文體與翻譯： 北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司，1998

[4]穆 雷.中國翻譯教學研究：上海：上海外語教育出版社，1999

[5][7]中國科技翻譯.北京：中國科學院科技翻譯工作者協(xié)會主辦

第二篇：英語科技論文翻譯

3G TECHNOLOGY Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the 3G TECHNOLOGY of representative technologies this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study.Therefore, control this technology and then seem to be more to deliver the importance.Now I mainly introduce some knowledge of the 3G TECHNOLOGY.Keywords GPRS, TD-SCDMA，WCDMA , EDGE ,CDMA2000 , WAP , SYMBIAN G, the third Generation, known as the Chinese meaning is refers to the third Generation of digital communication.The growth of the global 3G was rapidly in recent years.From 2002 to 2008, the 3 G operators have been gradually from the original is pale and management to the accelerated development.By June 2008, global 3 G users accumulative total up to 709 million, the total 84 countries and regions issued 3 G licenses, including effective certificate for 249 copies.Our country of 3 G development is relatively later than the advanced countries.In 2009, China was officially forward 3 G time.In the economic crisis of the downturn state，China's ministry of information industry issued three third generation mobile communication(3 G)license for China mobile, China telecom and China Unicom.China Mobile use our country with independent intellectual property rights of the 3 G standard TD-SCDMA , China Telecom get CDMA2000 license and China Unicom WCDMA license.2009 as China 3 G formal first commercial.Although the technology behind 3G may seem complicated, the ways in which 3G will affect all of our lives are easy to imagine.Just imagine having a combined camera, video-camera, computer, stereo, and radio included in your mobile phone.Rich-media information and entertainment will be at your fingertips whenever you want anywhere there is a wireless network.Mobile communication is moving from simple voice to rich media, where we use more of our senses to intensify our experiences.But not all of this will happen at once.3G is an evolution to a communications ideal that no one completely understands yet.What we do know is that mobile multimedia will hit the Japanese markets in 2001, and Europe and North America will follow soon after.3G brings together high-speed radio access and IP-based services into one, powerful environment.The step towards IP is vital.IP is packet-based, which in simple terms, means users can be “on line” at all times, but without having to pay until we actually send or receive data.The connectionless nature of IP also makes access a lot faster: file downloads can take a few seconds and we can be connected to our corporate network with a single click.3G introduces wideband radio communications, with access speeds of up to 2Mbit/s.Compared with today's mobile networks, 3G will significantly boost network capacityAt home 3G is going to affect our home and social lives in many ways.The services that 3G enables will help us to manage our personal information, simplify tasks such as grocery shopping, make better use of our time and offer services that are just fun to use.Operators will be able to develop myriad new service opportunities to attract and retain new customers.Here are some examples:

· You're sitting on a train and use this “dead” time to log on to your bank account, check your balance and pay a few billsAt work

3G will not just support the needs of businesspeople who travel a lot, but will also help new, flexible working practices, such as home-working and remote access to corporate networks outside traditional working hours.Businesspeople are often high-volume airtime users, so they represent a big opportunity for mobile operators.Here are some examples:

·

At work you receive a message from your “smart” refrigerator at home.The message tells you that certain items need restocking and an order has already been prepared for the local grocery store, which you can approve, so that your groceries are ready to collect on the way home.·

You are on the road, and urgently need to discuss a draft presentation with a number of colleagues back in the office.Pulling into a service station, you use your 3G device to hold a telephone conference with your colleagues and, at the same time, you can all view the draft presentation and make changes on line.·

A maintenance engineer is repairing some equipment on a client's premises and hits a problem.Using his 3G device, he contacts his department and downloads a demonstration video that guides him through the repair process.TECHNOLOGY 3G brings together two powerful forces: wideband radio communications and IP-based services.Together, these lay the groundwork for advanced Mobile Internet services, including personalized portals, “infotainment”, mobile commerce and unified messaging-encompassing high-speed data, superior quality voice and video and location-based services.Making 3G a reality depends on technology developments in different areas.These include

amendments to the radio interface to support wideband communications and in the core network.Supporting technologies, such as WAP and Bluetooth, also have an important role to play.This section provides a brief overview of some of the main technologies and developments involved.Ericsson supports all of these technologies and has played an active role in their development.·GPRS General Packet Radio Service(GPRS)is an enhancement to existing GSM and TDMA networks that introduces packet data transmission, enabling “always on” mobility.This means that users can choose to be permanently logged on to e-mail, Internet access and other services, but do not have to pay for these services unless sending or receiving information.When EDGE is added to GPRS, these data rates will increase up to 384kbit/s.GPRS will be implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing nodes to provide a routing path for packet data between the mobile terminal and a gateway node.The gateway node will provide interworking with external packet data networks for access to the Internet and intranets.Benefits:

·Faster data speeds and “always on” mobility ·Almost instantaneous connection set-up

·Connection to an abundance of data sources around the world, through support for multiple protocols, including IP

·A step towards full 3G services.·TD-SCDMA All called Time Division-Synchronous CDMA , this standard is formulated by mainland China alone the 3 G standard.On June 29, 1999, the China telecom science and technology and telecommunications research institute(Datang Telecom)to the ITU, but technical invention father put forward in Siemens AG.TD-SCDMA has the characteristics of low radiation, known as the green 3 G.This standard will intelligent wireless, synchronous CDMA and software radio today the international leading technology into which, in spectrum use efficiency, the business support for flexibility, frequency flexibility and cost, and other aspects of the unique advantages.In addition, because of the huge market in China, the standard by the major telecommunications equipment manufacturer to the attention of the world, more than half of the equipment factory now announced that can support TD-SCDMA standards.This standard is made after 2.5 of the intermediate links, and the generation of directly to the 3 G transition, so it is suitable to GSM system to 3 G to upgrade.Military communication network is the core of TD-SCDMA task.·WCDMA

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA)is a wideband radio technique that provides far higher data rates than other radio techniques available today, up to 2Mbit/s, and highly efficient use of radio spectrum.The higher bandwidth that WCDMA provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example，WCDMA allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.WCDMA is fully compliant with IMT-2000 and is the air interface technology for standards in the 2GHz bandwidth(the IMT-2000 core band), known as UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)in Europe and ARIB(Association of Radio Industry Businesses)in Japan.Ericsson has been at the forefront of WCDMA development.The company delivered an experimental WCDMA system to NTT DoCoMo in Japan back in 1998.Ericsson has also set up WCDMA test systems around the world.At 2000, Ericsson announced its first family of WCDMA base stations.·EDGE

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution(EDGE)enables GSM and TDMA operators to offer 3G services using existing network frequencies.By making changes and additions to standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·CDMA2000 CDMA2000 is a decidedly efficient 3G standard for the delivery of high bandwidth data and high capacity voice services.The evolution of the cdma2000 standard will enable mobile systems to offer data throughputs of 2 Mbit/sec and beyond.The higher bandwidth that cdma2000 provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example, cdma2000 also allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.CDMA2000 is fully compliant with IMT-2000 requirements for 3G.CDMA2000 will be implemented in the existing frequency bands of CMDA and TDMA at 800 and 1900 MHz, as well as in new spectrum at 2GHz in Japan.Ericsson is a leader in cdma2000 development, and a key driver in the standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·Bluetooth

Bluetooth is an open standard for two-way, short-wave radio communications between different devices.It marks the end of cables and cords between mobile phones, palmtops, portable PCs and printers, for example.Furthermore, Bluetooth enables information between such devices to be synchronized.Diary information held on a PDA can be updated automatically when within range of a Bluetooth-enabled PC.Bluetooth is also going to be important for machine-to-machine communicationshundreds of companies are members of the worldwide WAP Forum。The latest version of the WAP standard, WAP 1.2.1, has recently been launched.Our dedicated WAP consutants are ready to assist operators and service providers sharpen their competitive edge.They help today's businesses adapt to the new economy and create cost-effective, innovative ways to communicate with customers.What will 3G give us

People will enjoy the 3G time what services it provide, the image of that, 3G is video conference on that plane;3G is patients receive timely assistance of medical experts;3G is fans will not miss the NBA basketball game;3G is to share with friends your beautiful vacation in Hawaii.· more and more 3G video phone

All along, we use QQ, MSN chat with friends remotely.As the mobile data transfer rate, image processing, transmission, mainly the acceptance of such display devices makes mobile video chat stranded.3G time to rely on high-speed 3G data transmission network, which 3G mobile phone users can “face to face” conversation.Through mobile video, As far away from the mother via cell phone together, were falling through the mobile phone lovers can meet again.·3G Push into the mobile phone shopping blowout Use the mobile internet shopping is a new way to shop, mobile shopping not only will be able to let consumer buy goods but also makes the satisfaction convenient for consumers to pick and choose goods compared with the constant.With the improvement of China's 3G network , more and more users will choose to phone shopping patterns.China's mobile phone shop will grow rapidly in a period.Online businesses not only include clothing, books, cell phones, toys, audio-visual products and other daily goods put on the network shelf, cars, laptop computers, jewelry and other luxury goods are also options for the list.One need only log out of 3G mobile phone shopping website of product information, we can buy our favorite items.Online shopping is not only cheaper than the mall , better able to send home delivery.If not satisfied can return on schedule, on-line business integrity committed to ensuring that the consumer's shopping safety.·Broadband Internet access to mobile phones to be a “small computer” Although China has just begun the road to 3G, broadband internet access business has been a bright spot, we can send and receive voice messages on the phone, write a blog, chat, search, download and so on, as well as top-notch services such as online games, mobile navigation, online chat and so on.·the key to the Mobile Office-OA system Although compared with traditional office, automation system greatly improves the working efficiency.However, the limitations of the region's OA system is limited to local area network applications, this office brings to enterprises a lot of inconvenience.Mobile office can keep in touch with units and complete work in anytime and at anywhere.3G mobile phones can download and install office, java and other office software, office software and hardware will be the traditional “compression” in the palm of a large mobile phone.·LCD TVs will be included in Mobile TV Mobile TV is to use with the operating system and streaming video-enabled smart phones to watch TV business.It is a multimedia that use CMMB technology, whether it is GPRS mobile phone or CD-MA1X phone, need to be equipped with mobile terminal operating system to install the appropriate player software.TV programs from the corresponding mobile communication company or by the corresponding SP to organize and deliver.Despite the development of a thriving scene 3G, but because mobile streaming media software, smooth video images and other technical aspects of picture quality there are some problems, Mobile TV strides also takes some time.3G技術

摘要：

21世紀是信息經(jīng)濟的時代，作為這個時代的代表技術，3G技術將在非?？斓乃俣劝l(fā)展很快，不斷創(chuàng)造性地將進入人們的工作，學習和生活中深。因此，控制這種技術，然后似乎更有重要性?，F(xiàn)在，我主要介紹一些3G技術的知識。

關鍵字：探地雷達，TD-SCDMA，WCDMA，邊緣，CDMA2000，桅索制動器，操作系統(tǒng)使用的手機設備

3G，全稱為3rd Generation，中文含義就是指第三代數(shù)字通信。全球3G近年來快速成長，從2002年到2008年，全球3G運營商已經(jīng)逐步從最初的慘淡經(jīng)營轉(zhuǎn)為現(xiàn)在的加速發(fā)展，截止2008年6月，全球3G用戶累計已達到7.09億，全球共有84個國家和地區(qū)發(fā)放了3G許可證，其中有效證為249張。

我國3G發(fā)展相對先進國家比較晚，2009年我國才正式邁進3G時代，在經(jīng)濟危機低迷的狀態(tài)下，2009年1月7日，中國工業(yè)和信息化部為中國移動、中國電信和中國聯(lián)通發(fā)放3張第三代移動通信（3G）牌照。中國移動使用我國具有自主知識產(chǎn)權的3G標準TD-SCDMA，中國電信獲得CDMA2000牌照，中國聯(lián)通獲得WCDMA牌照。2009年成為中國3G正式商用年。

雖然在 3 G 后面的技術可能很復雜, 但是3 G 將會在我們生活中產(chǎn)生的影響是我們可以想象的。僅僅想像在你的行動電話中加入照相機、攝像機、計算機、音響以及收音機功能。這樣，無論何時何地你都將能夠通過無線網(wǎng)絡獲得大量的媒體信息和娛樂。

移動通信正在由單一的語音通信向多媒體方向發(fā)展,通過此途徑來加深我們對外界的感覺。

但不是這全部都將立刻發(fā)生。至今為止沒有一個人能夠完全掌握3G的發(fā)展的進程。我們唯一確信的是2001年多媒體移動通信將沖擊日本市場，而且歐洲和北美也將很快發(fā)展多媒體通信市場。

3G在帶來高速的語音通路之外還集以IP為基礎的服務為一身,有強大的發(fā)展環(huán)境。向IP方向發(fā)展是至關重要的。IP技術是以簡單的數(shù)據(jù)包傳輸為基礎的, 可以使用戶同時上網(wǎng)，但是不必花錢除了我們發(fā)送或接收數(shù)據(jù)。IP 的自然無連接性可以大大提高存取速率: 文件下載只需要很短的時間，而且只需輕輕一點就能和網(wǎng)絡連接上。

3G采用多頻率通信技術,并且達到 2 Mbit/s 的通路速度。與現(xiàn)在的移動網(wǎng)絡相比較,3G將會極大的提高網(wǎng)絡容量-因此將能夠支持更多的使用者, 同時能夠提供更多復雜的服務。3 GSynchronous CDMA(時分同步CDMA)，該標準是由中國大陸獨自制定的3G標準，1999年6月29日，中國原郵電部電信科學技術研究院（大唐電信）向ITU提出，但技術發(fā)明始祖于西門子公司，TD-SCDMA具有輻射低的特點，被譽為綠色3G。該標準將智能無線、同步CDMA和軟件無線電等當今國際領先技術融于其中，在頻譜利用率、對業(yè)務支持具有靈活性、頻率靈活性及成本等方面的獨特優(yōu)勢。另外，由于中國內(nèi)的龐大的市場，該標準受到各大主要電信設備廠商的重視，全球一半以上的設備廠商都宣布可以支持TD—SCDMA標準。該標準提出不經(jīng)過2.5代的中間環(huán)節(jié)，直接向3G過渡，非常適用于GSM系統(tǒng)向3G升級。軍用通信網(wǎng)也是TD-SCDMA的核心任務。· WCDMA

寬帶碼分多址接入技術(WCDMA)提供的數(shù)據(jù)傳送速率遠遠大于現(xiàn)在我們采用的通信方式,提供高達2Mbit/s的傳輸速率, 大大提高了光纖對語音信號的傳輸率。3G提供更寬的帶寬是3G中存在的巨 大的潛能。例如，WCDMA能夠使語音信號、視頻信號和數(shù)據(jù)同時進行傳輸。

WCDMA完全遵照了IMT-2000提出的2GHz帶寬標準(IMT-2000中心帶寬),就像是在歐洲采用的UMTS(全球的移動傳輸系統(tǒng))和日本采用的ARIB(語音信號工業(yè)標準聯(lián)盟)。

愛立信在WCDMA的研發(fā)方面走在了前列。公司早在1988年就在日本為移動通信網(wǎng)絡開始了WCDMA的實驗活動。愛立信已經(jīng)在全球建立了WCDMA的測試系統(tǒng)。在2000年，愛立信

宣布了他建立了WCDMA的基站?！DGE 全球革命性的提高傳輸速率將是原來的GSM和TSMA運營商利用現(xiàn)有的設備提供3G服務。通過制定新的通信附加標準來對無線通信和網(wǎng)絡中樞進化標準化,同時改革所有的IP業(yè)務和多媒體網(wǎng)絡?！?cdma2000 cdma2000對于提高寬帶傳輸速率和遞送高質(zhì)量的語音服務無疑是3G標準最有效率的。cdma2000標準的發(fā)展將會使移動通信系統(tǒng)能夠提供2Mbit/sec的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率甚至超過這個標準。cdma2000提供的帶寬向我們展示了3G的潛能。舉例來說，cdma2000允許同時的傳輸多組聲音圖像數(shù)據(jù)。

cdma2000完全融合了IMT-2000標準，并且滿足了3G的標準。cdma2000可以通過現(xiàn)有的CMDA和TDMA在800到1900 MHz的頻段上實現(xiàn),就像日本在2GHz的光譜中實現(xiàn)。

愛立信是cdma2000研發(fā)的先行者,它制定了對無線通信和網(wǎng)絡中樞進行改革的新標準,同時也提出了對IP和多媒體網(wǎng)絡進行改革的意見。· 藍牙

藍牙是在不同的裝置之間進行雙通道短波傳輸?shù)墓_標準。舉例來說,它的出現(xiàn)標志著通過電纜進行移動通信連接掌上電腦或筆記本電腦的時代已經(jīng)過去。此外，藍牙能夠說數(shù)據(jù)傳輸同步化。存儲在智能數(shù)字助理上的日程表可以在個人計算機中藍牙能夠達到范圍里面自動更新。藍牙將成為通信領域中用于不同設備之間傳輸數(shù)據(jù)最重要的手段，同時它也將成為發(fā)展最快的發(fā)展領域。

藍牙技術是終端和其他設備使用移動通信網(wǎng)絡的關鍵。藍牙即可應用到現(xiàn)在的2G網(wǎng)絡也可以支持3G系統(tǒng),它將會在未來的移動通信中占據(jù)越來越重要的地位。愛立信已經(jīng)研制出了藍牙裝置,包括T36藍牙手機和藍牙掌上設備。

藍牙是由愛立信公司首先研制的,但現(xiàn)在藍牙主要是由一個特殊的世界組織來主管。此技術已在所有電信器械生產(chǎn)商、計算機制造商以及芯片制造商中普及。· Symbian Symbian是一個被包括愛立信，諾基亞，摩托羅拉和 Psion公司共同投資的項目。Symbian的目標是通過以下兩種方式提高其在移動通信市場的份額: · 第一, 通過發(fā)展軟件的核心，優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)結構，進一步的研發(fā)手機通信設備工具(例如個人數(shù)傳助手，小巧的手機和通信器材)。

· 第二,制定移動設備傳輸信息的標準。Symbian的EPOC操作系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)研制成功，而且愛立信已經(jīng)在R380中使用了EPOC操作系統(tǒng)?！?無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定

無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定(無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定)是一個全球性的協(xié)議，是通過移動設備訪問英特網(wǎng)的公開標準。它可以使用戶通過移動設備例如手機和便攜設備訪問整個移動網(wǎng)絡和受據(jù)庫服務商,不用用不同的設備完成這些任務。

無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定允許統(tǒng)過建立“無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定微型瀏覽器”組織電話信息的方向, 同樣地網(wǎng)絡瀏覽器經(jīng)由英特網(wǎng)-個人計算機提供在線服務。典型地，無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定監(jiān)控屏將會顯示各種不同的服務或數(shù)據(jù)入口的若干超鏈接。

和采用無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定的手機一樣,愛立信也已經(jīng)宣布研制出一種無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定來服務開發(fā)者的裝備(WapIDE)和無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定出入口/代理,用移動的網(wǎng)絡在英特網(wǎng)和局域網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境中來橋接無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定申請和服務。除此之外，愛立信提供應用專利, 像是愛立信本土化了英特網(wǎng)(ELI)給本地服務 , 提供時間和發(fā)展環(huán)境給無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定申請的無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定應用服務商。

愛立信是無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定論壇的四個最初成員之一。自從 1997 以后，當它成立的時候, 無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定論壇已經(jīng)得到廣泛的工業(yè)廠商的支持，他們大部分都是是世界無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定論壇的成員。最新版的無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定標準，無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定 1.2.1,剛剛被開發(fā)出來。

我們將盡全力來推進無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定，準備協(xié)助運營商和服務提供商在競爭中處與更有利的地位。這有助于我們調(diào)整現(xiàn)今的業(yè)務來適應新經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，更有效的利用資源，用創(chuàng)新的方法與客戶溝通。

3G能給我們帶來什么

3G時代人們將會享受到他為我們提供的哪些服務呢，形象的說，3G就是飛機上的視頻會議；3G就是病人接受及時救助的醫(yī)學專家；3G就是籃球迷不會錯過的NBA比賽；3G就是與朋友共享你在夏威夷的美好假期?！?視頻手機因3G勃興而揚帆啟航

一直以來，我們通過QQ、MSN等視頻聊天功能，與親朋好友進行遠程視頻聊天。由于手機數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率、圖像處理傳輸、接受顯示設備等達不到要求使得手機視頻聊天擱淺。3G時代依靠3G網(wǎng)絡的數(shù)據(jù)高速傳輸，從而3G手機用戶可以“面對面”交談。通過手機視頻，相距萬水千山的母子能夠通過手機相聚，分別日久的戀人能夠通過手機重逢?！?３Ｇ推動手機購物進入井噴期

用手機上網(wǎng)購物是一種新的購物方式，手機購物不僅讓消費者足不出戶就能買到滿意商品 更使得消費者能夠方便快捷的對商品進行挑選比較，隨著我國3G網(wǎng)絡的不斷完善，越來越多的用戶將會選擇手機購物模式。我國的手機購物將會迎來一個高速增長期。

網(wǎng)上商家不僅將服裝、圖書、手機、玩具、音像制品等日常商品擺上網(wǎng)絡貨架，汽車、筆記本電腦、珠寶等高檔商品也在備選之列。人們只要拿出３Ｇ手機登陸購物網(wǎng)站查詢商品信息，就能夠買到心儀的物品。網(wǎng)上購物價格不僅比商場便宜，更能夠送貨到家，如果不滿意可以按期退貨，網(wǎng)上商家誠信承諾保證了消費者的購物安全?！?寬帶上網(wǎng)使手機成為“小電腦”

雖然中國的3G之路剛剛開始，寬帶上網(wǎng)已是亮點業(yè)務，我們能在手機上收發(fā)語音郵件、寫博客、聊天、搜索、下載等，還有拔尖業(yè)務，如網(wǎng)絡游戲、手機導航、網(wǎng)上聊天等。· 手機辦公—OA系統(tǒng)桎梏開啟的鑰匙

傳統(tǒng)自動化辦公系統(tǒng)雖然較之從前大大提高了辦公效率，然而區(qū)域的局限使的 OA系統(tǒng)僅限于應用局域網(wǎng)，這給企事業(yè)單位辦公帶來了很多的不方便。手機辦公可以隨時隨地與單位的信息系統(tǒng)保持聯(lián)系，完成辦公功能越來越受到人們的青睞。３Ｇ手機可以下載安裝office、java等辦公軟件，將傳統(tǒng)辦公軟硬件“壓縮”在手掌大的手機上?！?手機電視將液晶電視收入囊中

手機電視是利用具有操作系統(tǒng)和流媒體視頻功能的智能手機觀看電視的業(yè)務，它是利用CMMB技術推出的便攜式的移動的多媒體，不管是 GPRS手機還是CD－

MA1X手機，都需要在裝有操作系統(tǒng)的手機終端上安裝相應的播放軟件，而相應的電視節(jié)目則由移動通信公司或者通過相應的SP來組織和提供。盡管３Ｇ發(fā)展一片欣欣向榮的景象，然而由于手機流媒體軟件，視頻影像的流暢、畫面質(zhì)量等技術方面存有問題，手機電視大踏步前進還需要時日。

河南科技學院

信息工程082班

零三七八作品

第三篇：英語政治演講的語言特點和翻譯方法

N 學科分類號

050201

題 目

英語政治演講的語言特點和翻譯方法

二○一 年 月

DECLARATION

I, ?/??, the undersigned, hereby declare that this essay does not contain any material which has been accepted for the award of any other higher degree or graduate diploma in any tertiary institution and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, this essay does not contain any material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in the text of the essay.Signed:

Dated:

CONTENTS

Abstract in English….....................……………………………………………….........................1 Abstract in Chinese....................................................................................................2Ⅰ.Introduction…...................................................................................................................3 1.1 Research Background………………………………………………………………..…....3 1.2 Research Purpose………………………………………………………………..…….…..3 1.3 Research Significance………………………………...…………………………………...3 Ⅱ.Theoretical Frameworks……………………………………………………………………...4

2.1 The Definition of Phatic Communion…………………………………………………….4

2.2 The Origin of Phatic Communion…………………………………………………..…… 4 Ⅲ.Differences between Chinese and English Phatic Communion……………………….………5 3.1 Different Backgrounds of Different Phatic Communion between Chinese and Western Cultures…………..………………………………………………………………..………5 3.2 Chinese and Western Thinking in Different Ways on the Different Causes by the Traditional Greetings……….…………………………………………………………..…7 3.3 Different Communicative Habits due to Differences in Greetings between China and America……………………………………………………………………….……..…....8 Ⅳ.Conclusion......………………......…………………..........……………..………….....…..…10 Bibliography...................................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………….….......12

I 貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）

Abstract

In the 21st century, with the advance of human society and the progress of technology, the international communication between China and other countries has become more frequent than before.Owing to rapid development of information technology and globalization, people are not merely satisfied with knowing what happened in their own national political circle.Political speeches, especially English political speeches, as the major media to spread political thoughts and report political events, are capable of making people know more about international politics.Due to linguistic and cultural limitations, however, Chinese audiences or readers cannot understand political speeches in foreign language very well.Thus, the Chinese translation of English political speech is attached great significance.Under the current background of fast-paced lifestyle, the conciseness and the generality of English political speeches allow readers to acquire more political information within the precious time.The appropriate translated version of English political speech will determine whether the original political speeches can draw readers’ attention or not.Therefore, the translation of English political speeches is becoming especially important..Keywords: English political speech;linguistic features;comparison between English political speeches and Chinese political speeches;translation strategies 貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）

摘 要

進入21世紀以來，人類社會不斷進步，科技發(fā)展日新月異，尤其是國際間的交流日益頻繁。資訊科技和全球化的迅速發(fā)展使得人們不單單滿足于了解本國政界所發(fā)生的事情。政治演講，尤其是英語政治演講，作為一種表達政治思想和報道政治事件的主要傳播媒介，能使人們知道更多世界上的政治問題。

然而由于語言和文化的局限，中國觀眾或讀者并不能很好地讀懂外語政治演講。因此，英語政治演講的漢譯在促進國際交流方面便起到了極為關鍵的作用。

在當今快節(jié)奏生活的大背景下，英語政治演講的簡練性和概括性能夠讓讀者在寶貴時間內(nèi)獲得更多政治信息！對英語政治演講進行適當?shù)臐h譯也決定了能否吸引中國讀者。所以英語政治演講的翻譯也就尤為重要。

關鍵詞：英語政治演講的語言特點;中文政治演講與英語政治演講的比較;翻譯策略貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）

Ⅰ.Introduction 1.1 Definitions of Political Speech Political speech is a crucial type of public speaking.It is specific for the manifestation of the standpoint and proposition in the field of domestic political affairs and diplomatic relationships.Namely, the speeches are made by politicians or delegates of some organizations or authorities who intend to convey some political propositions and viewpoints.The remarkable political speech like I have a dream, made by Martin Luther King.1.2 Characteristics of English Political Speech Generally speaking, there are totally three characteristics of political speech.It will be beneficial for us to comprehend political speech by mastering their characteristics.1.2.1 Political Topics

This type of speech refers to some vital politic issues which relate to nation, party, reform, peace and progress.Speakers should clearly express their political inclination, declare their political opinions, and try every effort to control the general direction of historical development.1.2.2 Motivational Contents

This type of speech has certain politic purpose that makes audience acquaint with the administrative program or politic standpoints.Then, the speaker could gain the understanding and support of audiences, which is the most basic purpose of speech.Therefore, this type of speech has the feature of motivational contents and emotional persuasion.1.2.3 Precise Logics The inspiring political speech needs to demonstrate the unimpeachable logicality in the process of raising, analyzing and solving the political problem.Only in the logical way can make the political speech more reasonable and acceptable to audiences.1.3 Functions and Use of Political Speech Firstly, politicians make a political speech to clarify their political ideas, policies as well as targets of their administration.Accordingly, they may gain the understanding and support of the voters and the populace.This kind of speech is usually conveyed to the public by media in political rallies, campaign sites on some special memorial days.Secondly, political speech must express certain standpoints so that it could catch people’s attention and increase the relevant party’s support rate.Finally, delivering political speech can make politicians’ views come true, increase their political awareness as well.貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）

Ⅱ.The linguistic Features of English Political Speech

2.1 Rhetoric Features of English Political Speech Rhetoric is originated from the fourth century B.C, and it just referred to oral presentation skills at that time, which people used to say ―argumentation‖.In Rhetoric, Aristotle ever defined rhetoric as a function of persuasion that could be found in any question(Roberts,1924:281-286).At the end of 17th century, Jone Locke, an English philosopher called rhetoric as ―oratory‖, which is a kind of art that can express decency, grace and power(Huang, 1996:2).2.1.1 The Usage of Parallelism Parallelism is one rhetoric method that is the most useful linguistic form to achieve the purpose of emphasis.In other words, it is the most suitable rhetoric method for English political speech.This form may gather sentences or parts of speech such as nouns, adjectives and verbs.The usage of parallelism makes people feel more exciting through the strong sense of linguistic rhythm.What’s more, it also could make speech more concise and make sentence structures more balanced.For example, Marin Luther King used ―Now is the time to… ”four times in his speech to emphasize that it’s time for black people to wake up and conduct revolution, it’s time for American government to fulfill its promise, to abolish race segregation as well as to require equality and freedom.The paralleled sentences successfully enhance the momentum of language, stress things and create a strong sense of pictures.2.1.2 The Usage of Repetition Speakers use repetition with the purpose of emphasizing a certain meaning or highlighting a certain emotion, which could draw the readers’ or listeners’ attention by repeating key words and key concepts so that they could have a profound impression.For example, you could see the repetition of the topic sentence in Hillary Clinton’s campaign speech.The usage of repetition could make the whole speech more cohesive and coherent.What’s more, it is useful for listeners to remember the aim of the rally, speak out our common people’s desires: everyone has the right of democracy, freedom and equality.2.1.3 The Usage of Alliteration The major rhetoric in phonological speech is alliteration and sound symbolism.Alliteration is the repetition of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals in order to strengthen the rhythm of 貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）

speech.In fact, delivering a speech is equal to saying something, thus it’s necessary to place emphasis on rhyme so that the speech could be catchy.It is rhyme that endows the whole speech with strong tempos, sonorous tones and inspirations.For example, ―we should not demean our democracy with the politics of distraction, denial and despair.‖ This sentence is addressed by AL Gore, the vice president of the US, there are five words with the same letter ―d‖.These alliterated words strengthen the rhyme, mood as well as connotation of the sentence, which form phonetical alignment.2.1.4 The Application of Simile In order to achieve common sense, English political speeches have to pay attention to the structure of sentences.There are a variety of sentence structures and figures of speech.Among them, simile and metaphor are often used in English political speeches, politicians often use them to make the speech more lively and understandable.Therefore, the speech will be accepted more easily.For example, in order to show his negative judgments toward racial segregation and discrimination, Martin Luther King use ―a bad check‖ and ―insufficient funds‖ to symbolize the delay of keeping a promise, ― a lonely island‖ and ―dark and desolate valley‖ to symbolize racial segregation and discrimination, ―sweltering summer‖ to symbolize the speaker’s dissatisfaction and negative judgement of racial segregation and racial discrimination.On the other hand, the speaker compared racial justice to ―the sunlit path‖.He also compared equality to ―an invigorating autumn,‖ thus to show his strong longing for democracy, freedom and equality.To sum up, application of simile can connect abstract theories with concrete things that people are familiar with, and make common things become vivid and impressive to receivers.2.2 Religious Elements

There are many religious factors in English political speeches, which are foreign culture’s reflection in communication.Religion is an inseparable part of western culture.In their inauguration speeches, presidents often hope to make their speeches more attractive and persuasive with the help of God’s power.That is the reason why there are lots of religious elements in English political speeches.Barack Obama quoted directly from Bible many times in his inaugural speech to make his words more convincible.By arousing people’s sympathy with some religious beliefs, Obama’s speech may encourage people to gain confidence about the new government in the matter of tackling the crisis and reconstructing a bright future.For example, he says: ― We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come 貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）

to set aside childish things.The God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.‖ 2.3 Sentence Structures

Different from dialogues, advertisements and news reports, the English political speeches have special requirements on the sentence structures.Rather than interrogative sentences, declarative sentences are often used in a political speech.Because a question will weaken the speech’s seriousness and firmness, thus making the whole speech less persuading.There are seldom interrogative sentences in Obama’s speech.Apart from declarative sentences, imperative sentences are also found in an English political speech.This kind of sentence structure is usually started by ― let us‖ whose function is to activate the listeners and to call on their actions according to the speaker’s will.For instance, ― Let us remember these timeless words.With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come,‖ which is selected from Clinton’s inaugural speech.Ⅲ.The comparison between English political speeches and Chinese political speeches

The classic examples of western governments’ political speeches are Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, Churchill’s Impromptu Speech in the United States for Christmas, Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream, Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address and so on.Chinese political speeches’ models are Premier Chou Enlai’s Toast at the Banquet in Honor President Nixon, Deng Xiaoping’s Policy Speech, Premier Wen Jiabao’s Speech at Copenhagen Climate Conference and so on.Chinese and Western rational political speeches have some specific differences in context.At the same time, each of them stresses on different aspects, which reflect on following two facets: On one hand, the first aspect is embodied in the speech content.Chinese speeches give priority to the ―meaning‖, while western speeches are accustomed to emphasizing on the ―scene‖.For instance, Chinese President Hu Jintao attended the 2008 Opening Ceremony of Boao Forum for Asia(BFA)Annual Conference and delivered a speech Adhere to Reform and Opening-up and Promote Win-win Cooperation.He first pointed out that ―Since the establishment of Boao Forum, it has played a significant part in promoting mutual 貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）

understanding and friendship among the people of the world in Asia and advancing the communication and cooperation between Asian countries and business community‖.(Hu, 2008)President Hu started his speech from the existing meaning of FBA, possessing the typical Chinese speech style.However, US President Barack Obama started his speech from the second sentence of the Inaugural Address with the real scene ―It is the answer that told by the voters who stretches around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen, by people who waited three hours and four hours.This is the first time in life in vote for many of them, because they believed that time must be different, that their voices could make this time different as well‖.The inaugural address has a typical western speech style.These two distinctive speech styles are characterized by national history, traditional government speech and other factors.―Meaning first‖ manifests the dignity of our Chinese nation, and ―scene(case)first‖ shows the charm of speech.Each has its own merits.On the other hand, the second aspect occurs in the orator’s personal style.Chinese political speeches are specialized in ―teaching within words, while western speeches lie in ―lively and realistic expression‖.Chinese political speeches place value upon ―selflessness‖，while western celebration speeches attach importance to ―individualism‖.Chinese political speeches tend to have the profound implication of summary, with a little government officials’ individual language.It’s hard to find the shadow of ―me‖.However, western politicians deliver a speech with the thought of ―I ‖ everytime and everywhere.‖

Affected by the deep–rooted traditional thoughts, Chinese politicians highlight the overall achievement and developing direction when they deliver speeches, rarely mention individuality.On the

contrary，western

politicians

frequently

intersperse

with citizens’ individual scenes, life, opinion, attitudes, etc, striving to make the serious speech full of emotional or perceptual color.Ⅳ.Translation Methods of English Political Speech 4.1 Translation Introduction of English Political Speech English political speech translation is not only a conversation between two languages, but also a communication between cultures.4.2 Translation Standard of English Political Speech 貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）

At first, there are great differences between Chinese and English.English emphases on hypotaxis and pays more attention to the completeness of grammatical form, logical form and rigorous sentence structures.Chinese lays emphasis on parataxis and hightlights the symmetry of vocabulary and sentence pattern.Consequently, appropriate translation of English political speeches should cater to the expression of target language as conveying information.At the same time, English political speeches should convey speaker’s passion and wisdom to infect the target readers and listeners and make them accept contents easily.Sometimes, it is difficult for target readers to understand when original speech contents are directly translated into target language.Under such circumstances, communicative translation method is recommended, which can be easier to accept for readers and increase the readability of target text through adding notes or paraphrases to original language.4.3 Translation Methods and Application of English Political Speech 4.3.1 Paraphrase

Paraphrase is one of the proper translation methods that could make target readers comprehend an English political speech more directly and explicitly, namely, translators could use target language to explain the meaning of original text.Paraphrase is a kind of explanation translation method.It needs to precisely translate the original words with cultural background information and reflect its connotative significance in the target language, so that target readers may understand the target text better.(1)Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been just a collection of individuals or a collection of red states and blue states.(Obama,2008)這些美國人像世界表明，我們從來都不僅僅是個體的集合，或是共和黨與民主黨的集合。

The ―red states‖ and ―blue States‖ refer to the number of vote distribution tendency of elections in the United States.The blue states represent the voters who tend to support the Democratic Party.While the red states represent the voters who support the Republican Party.Translating ―red‖ and ―blue‖ into the red color and the blue color directly is not easy for target readers to understand.Therefore, we translate then into the Republican Party and the Democratic Party by paraphrase method.(2)Let US remember that，if this financial crisis taught US anything，it’s that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.(Obama,2008)貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）

讓我們銘記。如果說這場金融危機有什么教訓的話，那就是，當普通民眾的生活受到重創(chuàng)，華爾街也不可能維持繁榮。

Here the original meaning of ―Main Street‖ refers to the avenue of American town, while it actually means the common people who believe in traditional American values.This example fully shows the usage of paraphrase in English political speech.4.3.2 Borrowing Borrowing is a translation method that the translated version should be in accordance with the foreign words’ morphological structure and word formation principle, namely, borrowing Chinese to elaborate words or expressions in original English text.For example, the translator may use Chinese four-character idioms and common sayings to translate original English language.You feel invisible when your medical insurance disappears and college is out of reach．

如果你的醫(yī)療保險人間蒸發(fā)，大學學費令你望而卻步，你肯定會有被遺棄的感覺。

Translating ―disappear‖ and ―out of reach‖ into ―人間蒸發(fā)‖ and ―望而卻步‖ can not only express the original meaning, but also meet the expression habit of target language.Borrowing four-character makes speech content clear and straightforward.(2)Yes，we must provide more ladders to success for young men who fall into lives of crime and despair．(Obama, 2008:3)的確，對于那些誤入歧途、陷于絕望的失足青年，我們必須提供更多的幫助使他們走向成功。

The ―fall into lives of crime‖ and ―despair‖ are translated into “誤入歧途” and “陷入絕望” in this sentence.Since Chinese expression and English statement are very similar in meaning, such translation method of borrowing makes the translation more authentic and achieves the effect of conveying information.4.3.3 Omission Omission refers to omit some conjunctions and prepositions to make translated versions sound smooth and succinct.First of all, English sentences connected by using conjunctions to express the logical relationship between sentences, while Chinese can show connections between sentences without using conjunctions.Therefore, parataxis-prominent Chinese may 貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）

omit the conjunctions as long as the meaning can be maintained obviously.Secondly, Chinese rarely use prepositions.Thus omission of the prepositions can make the target text meet the expression habit of Chinese.(1)This has always been your campaign and this is your victory，because your support has meant the difference between winning and losing．

這一直是屬于你們的競選，這也是屬于你們的勝利，正是你們的支持決定了勝利。

―And‖ ―because‖ and ―between‖ can be omitted in this sentence, which makes the target text become natural rather than stiff and accord with the expression habit of target language.(2)But I can assure you，as I have said on many occasions that no matter what happens，I will work for the nominee of the Democratic Party，because we must win in November．

我已多次承諾，現(xiàn)在還要再次承諾，無論發(fā)生什么，我會繼續(xù)奮斗，力爭成為民主黨總統(tǒng)候選人。我們必須贏得十一月大選。

Omitting the ―but‖, ―as‖ and ―because‖ is more suitable for the Chinese expression.The sentence can also be more reasonable and coherent.4.3.4 Amplification Amplification means supplying relevant information in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original text.There can be further supplements of the hidden information so that the translation text could elaborate the original meaning.And it is that promise that forty five years ago today，brought Americans from every corner of this land to stand together on a Mall in Washington，before Lincoln’s Memorial，and hear a young preacher from Georgla speak of his dream.（Martin Luther King ,2007:5）

正是因為這一承諾，在四十五年前的今天，從這片土地的各個角落，美國人走到一起，聚集在林肯紀念堂前，華盛頓的一個林蔭大道上。聆聽來自佐治亞州的一位年輕牧師(馬丁·路德·金)講述他的夢想。

Here, ―a young preacher from Georgia‖ refers to Martin Luther King.He delivered the speech ―I Have a Dream” on the steps of the Lincon Memorial 45 years ago.Adding comments makes the translated text more complete and understandable.1)Tomorrow，I will attend a gathering of the United Nations Development Fund for Women．(Liu Zhirong, 2010:12)貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）

明天。我還會參加聯(lián)合國發(fā)展基金會舉辦的關注婦女問題會議。

Here, the United Nations Development Fund for Women should add ―婦女問題會議‖in translation, which could let the meaning of sentence more intact.Only in this way can fully express the text’s original meaning.V.Conclusion After above analysis, the author will make a brief conclusion.Firstly, the thesis proposes a rough idea of linguistic features of English political speech.There are rhetoric features, religious features and sentence features in English political speech.Furthermore, by the differences and similarities of English political speeches and Chinese political speeches, we could use some translation methods such as interpretation, borrowing, omission and amplification in order to convey and understand the English political speech better.The discussion about the E-C translation of English political speech is not complete.It is only my own stance and there are still some points in this thesis that need to be further proved.At the very start, the materials collected in this thesis are far from abundant.Besides, because of the limitation of energy and time, this thesis only gives a general view on English political speech translation and has not specific explanation for each translation method.In brief, since great efforts have been contributed to this thesis, the author expect that this dissertation can catch more attention of researches and translators in this area.貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1]David.Public Speaking Strategies for Success [M].Boston: Ally&Bacom, 1999.[2]Newmark.Approaches to Translation [M].Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 1991.[3]Roberts.Rhetoric [M].北京交通大學出版社，1924: 281-286.[4]魏芳.政治演講語言的特點分析與翻譯方法[J].北京：印刷學院大學英語部, 2005.[5]胡錦濤.堅持改革開放，推進合作共贏[J].新華網(wǎng)，2008:129-131.[6]勃朗特譯.影響你一生的名人勵志演講[M].海豚出版社,2011:11.[7]馬丁·路德著，劉植榮譯.美國20世紀經(jīng)典演講100篇[M].江西人民出版社，07:12.[8]劉植榮.美國21世紀最震撼的聲音[M].江西人民出版社，2010:23.[9]任憲寶.奧巴馬演說—跨越族的聲音[M].中國言實出版社，2014：7.貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The completion of this essay would not have been possible without the encouragement, the guidance, and the support of many other people.First of all, I would extend my sincere and heartfelt thanks to my supervisor Professor Yang Dingting who has given me valuable suggestions and insightful comments in the essay writing.She has also spent much time going through brainstorming with me, put my work on the right track, read in great details every draft of every section of this essay, and helped improve the appropriateness of English used.My gratitude to Miss Yang knows no bound.Special thanks also go to my family for their unfailing support and love throughout my university study.貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）

補充說明：

1.論文使用英語撰寫，不少于3000字。

2.頁碼：目錄用羅馬數(shù)字(Ⅰ、Ⅱ┄┄)單獨編頁碼，頁碼位于頁面底端居中。畢業(yè)論文（設計）主體部分與后置部分的頁碼從畢業(yè)論文（設計）的摘要開始，至附錄結束，用阿拉伯數(shù)字連續(xù)編排，頁碼位于頁面底端居中。頁碼為5號Times New Roman。

3.數(shù)字和字母：Times New Roman 字體；中文：仿宋字體（摘要、參考文獻等處）

4．封面及Declaration頁單面打印、其余頁雙面打印。

頁邊距：上2cm，下2cm，左2.5 cm，右1.5 cm，裝訂線0.5cm，頁眉1.2cm，頁腳1.5cm。

5．頁眉以小五號宋體字鍵入“貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計），居左?！?“貴州師范學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）” 從摘要頁開始，下面應有一條橫線。

第四篇：談商務英語信函的語言特點及其翻譯

英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文，是近期寫作，公布的題目可以用于免費參考

最新英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文，都是近期寫作 《貴婦的畫像》的過渡性特征的分析研究 A Study of Pragmatic Failure in Politeness between Chinese and English 3 從《大衛(wèi)科波菲爾》中看狄更斯的道德觀 An Analysis of Communicative Language Teaching Method in Teaching Spoken English in China 5 經(jīng)典英語電影臺詞的語言特征和文化態(tài)度 6 從女權主義視角解讀《簡愛》 7 對蓋茨比的美國夢幻滅的分析 The Elementary Stage Translation Teaching Design for Undergraduate English Majors 9 文化圖式理論視角下漢英動植物聯(lián)想意義比較 A Study of Pragmatic Functions of English Euphemisms 11 A New Woman’s Journey in To the Lighthouse 12 禮貌原則在口譯中的應用 文化語境對中西商務談判的影響 違反合作原則所表達的會話含義—以《越獄》中Theodore Bagwell話語為例 15 師生關系與學生英語學習積極性之關聯(lián)性探析 16 《老人與海》中的存在主義分析 17 西方影視作品中的美國婚俗研究 18 論禮貌策略在商務信函寫作中的運用 19 流行音樂與大眾文化 英漢習語的概念隱喻對比研究 Western Women’s View on Love in The Thorn Birds 22 商務信函中的語氣結構分析 英漢形合意合的對比性研究及其對翻譯的啟示 24 霍桑的罪惡觀在《紅字》中的體現(xiàn) 25 英漢拒絕言語對比研究 廣告中的文化差異及翻譯策略 27 現(xiàn)代英語情歌中的隱語研究 英語教學中如何提高學生的跨文化交際能力 29 中西跨文化交際中的禮貌問題之比較分析 從自然主義視角審視《嘉莉妹妹》中小人物嘉莉的命運抗爭與幻滅 31 試析《飄》中女主人公斯佳麗的傳統(tǒng)意識

The Influences of Electronic Commerce on International Trade 33 論《格列佛游記》的社會意義 34 愛與正義：《殺死一只知更鳥》主人公阿提克斯?芬奇形象解讀 35 論馬可?吐溫小說中的諷刺技巧

對《傲慢與偏見》中的婚姻觀重新解讀

Are Indians Prisoners of Their Race?-An Analysis of the Sources and Rise of National Awareness 38 淺談禮貌策略在商務談判中的應用

是什么在作祟？—論保羅愛情失敗的原因 40 電影名稱的翻譯特點 英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文，是近期寫作，公布的題目可以用于免費參考

習語及習語的漢英翻譯

女性主義視角下《傲慢與偏見》的情態(tài)意義解讀

女性的自我迷失與回歸—從女性主義視角解讀《蒂凡尼的早餐》(開題報告+論文)44 威廉?麥克佩斯?薩克雷《名利場》的道德研究

淺析英詩翻譯的原則和方法 ——丁尼生《鷹》的不同譯文比較 46 合作原則視角下探析廣告語篇中省略的會話含意 47 淺談中西方非言語交際中身勢語差異 48 淺論《湯姆瓊斯》的現(xiàn)實主義特征

Communicative Functions of Silence in Conversations 50 小說《飄》中斯嘉麗的人物性格分析

The Temptation and Disillusionment of Gatsby’s Pursuit of Dream 52 《白鯨》的象征意義和悲劇內(nèi)涵分析

A Comparison between Jane Eyre and Elizabeth—Two Female characters in Jane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice 54 An Analysis of Hamlet’s Delay of Revenge in Hamlet 55

關聯(lián)理論視角下幽默的英漢翻譯 57 從傳統(tǒng)消費觀念看中美文化差異 58 透過七夕和情人節(jié)看中西文化差異

探析《越獄》中Michael的性格特征及成因 60 英漢同義詞對比及翻譯

On Symbolism in Fitzgerald’s “Winter Dreams”（開題報告+論文+文獻綜述）62 《基督山伯爵》與亞歷山大?大仲馬的金錢觀 63 從好萊塢電影看美國的文化霸權 64 從跨文化角度看文化空缺翻譯

幸?；橐鲋袗矍榕c金錢并重——論《傲慢與偏見》中的婚姻觀 66 中西方飲食文化的比較研究

A Study of Cohesion in English Trade Correspondences 68 美國電影所體現(xiàn)的時代精神——以《阿凡達》為例 69 模糊語言在商務英語溝通中的語用功能

“It be adj for sb to do sth”中形容詞制約研究 71 淺析《紅字》中的女性意識

Application of Communicative Language Teaching Method to Middle School English Teaching in China 73 靈魂的真實——《達洛衛(wèi)夫人》意識流剖析 74 試論班揚《天路歷程》中基督徒的精神歷程 75 商務英語合同的詞匯特征

《尤利西斯》與《春之聲》中意識流手法的不同 77 從《阿Q正傳》譯本看民族文化的可譯性

English Teaching and Learning in China's Middle School 79 《論語》中“孝”的英譯——基于《論語》兩個英譯本的對比研究 80 情景法在新概念英語教學中的應用——以杭州新東方為例

How Chinese Culture Affects the Translation of the Terms Of Martial Arts 82 論《愛瑪》中的反諷 英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文，是近期寫作，公布的題目可以用于免費參考

回譯在翻譯教學中的作用

《都柏林人》——一座城市的精神癱瘓 85 淺談中式菜名英譯方法

A Study on the Role of Parents in Primary School English Learning 87 合作學習在英語口語教學中的應用 88 《呼嘯山莊》愛情悲劇根源分析

文化視角下的英漢習語對譯（開題報告+論文+）90 美劇網(wǎng)絡字幕翻譯研究

永不凋落的玫瑰—從女性主義分析《紅字》中的海斯特 92 從讀者接受理論看《達?芬奇密碼》的成功 93 論例句在中學英語課堂中的應用

莎士比亞悲劇人物的海明威式英雄特征——以《哈姆雷特》與《奧賽羅》為例 95 商務英語書面語語言特色的語用分析

The Application and Value of Formative Assessment to English Teaching and Learning(ETL)in Middle Schools 97 試析《道連?格雷的畫像》中的倫理沖突 98 從文化差異角度看中式菜單英譯 99 淺析奧斯丁的女性意識

企業(yè)英文簡介中的概念語法隱喻分析 101 論矛盾修辭法在英語廣告中的語用功能 102 《收藏家》中空間與人物心理關系的解讀 103 狄金森、席慕蓉愛情詩中隱喻現(xiàn)象對比研究 104 訣別武器之緣由——再讀《永別了，武器》

An Analysis of Jude’s Pursuit of Love in Jude the Obscure 106 商務電子郵件中禮貌用語的運用 107 小說《面紗》中的中國形象分析 108 英漢植物文化詞匯的差異及翻譯研究 109 Naturalism in Sister Carrie 110 Symbolism in The Catcher in the Rye 111 《愛瑪》的婚姻觀分析

中西文化差異在家庭教育中的體現(xiàn)

適者生存—解讀《野性的呼喚》中的“生命的法則” 114 中英身份名詞翻譯中的不對等性 115 論英語稱謂語中的性別歧視現(xiàn)象 116 《永別了，武器》的意象分析

淺析《湯姆索亞歷險記》的藝術特色 118 從功能對等理論看漢語文化負載詞的英譯 119 從文化差異角度看諺語的英漢互譯：動態(tài)對等 120 情態(tài)人際意義的跨文化研究

論《弗蘭肯斯坦》中怪物悲劇的必然性 122 談電影片名漢譯的不忠

《一位女士的畫像》伊莎貝爾婚姻悲劇的原因分析 124 意象圖式研究

淺析《蠅王》的人物及其象征意義 英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文，是近期寫作，公布的題目可以用于免費參考

功能文體學視角下的商務合同文體分析及翻譯

The differences on advertising translations under the Chinese and Western cultures 128 論《海狼》中拉爾森船長本性的雙重性 129 分析法律英語的特點

中英習語文化異同及其翻譯

從目的論的角度談商標翻譯的原則及技巧 132 解析《喜福會》中的母女關系 133 《紫色》所體現(xiàn)的“黑人性”

On Children’s Psychological Needs from Harry Potter

愛情，悲劇和戰(zhàn)爭——《永別了武器》關鍵元素的分析 136 英漢動物習語內(nèi)涵意義的文化差異

The Tragedy of Emma In Madame Bovary 138 商務談判口譯的語用失誤的成因及負面影響對學習的啟示 139 試析英語廣告中雙關語的翻譯

由《紅樓夢》中人名的英譯看中西文化差異 141 湯姆索亞歷險記中湯姆的成長

通過苔絲透析托馬斯哈代的現(xiàn)代女性意識

解讀艾麗斯沃克的《日常用品》中的黑人女性文化 144 從伊登和蓋茨比之死探析美國夢破滅的必然性 145 從生態(tài)主義觀解讀《憤怒的葡萄》

從美國刑偵劇《犯罪現(xiàn)場調(diào)查》看訊問過程中合作原則的違反 147 論《遠離塵囂》中女主人公的悲劇原因 148 《布羅迪小姐的青春》中的人物沖突分析 149 《蝴蝶夢》中的女權主義

論小學英語教學中的詞匯教學策略

151 比較《簡?愛》中女性“陳規(guī)形象”與《飄》中女性“新形象” 152 薩克雷眼中的女性－－-文本分析名利場中的女性 153 漢譯英語足球新聞中修辭手法的策略 154

155 探析《紅字》中齊靈渥斯的惡中之善 156 從感觀的角度看漢語外來詞的翻譯 157 高中英語閱讀課教學策略

158 Translation of Tourism English in a Cross-Cultral Perspective 159 試析翻譯中的“假朋友”

160 英語詞匯學習存在的問題及對策研究 161 A Study of the Causes of Tess's Tragedy 162 《喜宴》中反映出的中西文化差異

163 哥特電影的黑暗之美-市場與文化的交接

164 從沖突到融合——從文化的角度看《喜福會》

165 簡?奧斯汀《諾桑覺寺》中人物對愛情和婚姻的不同態(tài)度

166 中國英語與中式英語的對比研究——從英漢民族思維差異的角度 167 從精神分析學的角度論勞倫斯小說《查泰萊夫人的情人》

168 戰(zhàn)爭時期墜入凡間的天使——通過《永別了，武器》分析海明威眼中的理想女性 169 合作性學習在高中英語寫作教學中的應用 英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文，是近期寫作，公布的題目可以用于免費參考

170 英文電影對英語專業(yè)學生詞匯附帶習得的影響

171 《愛瑪》中女性主義的雙重復寫——論個人意識與階級意識的沖突 172 英語專業(yè)聽力課程教學效率的調(diào)查與分析 173 我看《了不起的蓋茨比》中的美國夢

174 邊緣人群的孤獨與無奈——對《夜訪吸血鬼》中路易斯的研究 175 設計中國際主義風格與民族主義風格的平衡

176 從女性主義視角淺析《純真年代》中兩位女主人公愛情觀的不同 177 論旅游廣告的顯影性

178 商標的特征及其翻譯的分析

179 A Brief Analysis of the Differences and Similarities of Chinese and British Wedding Culture 180 語碼轉(zhuǎn)換———從正式場合到非正式場合 181 從概念隱喻看寓言的語篇連貫 182 英語詞匯學習策略

183 國際商務合同的用詞特點及翻譯 184 《無名的裘德》主人公人物形象淺析 185 淺析哈利波特中的女巫形象 186 職場女性的言語行為的禮貌原則

187 從敘事結構分析電影《撞車》中對種族歧視問題的詮釋 188 初中英語口語教學的課堂管理 189 詩歌《飛鳥集》的意象評析

190 寂靜的聲音——《送菜升降機》中的沉默 191 杰克的悲劇與海明威的世界觀 192 中西文化中婚禮的對比研究 193 文化差異對英語閱讀的影響

194 《無名的裘德》主人公人物形象淺析

195 沖破人生的枷鎖——試析毛姆《人生的枷鎖》中的七個枷鎖 196 中美大學生道歉策略對比研究

197 談商務英語信函的語言特點及其翻譯

198 An Analysis of Two Main Characters in Moby Dick 199 《麥田里的守望者》中霍爾頓的成長三部曲 200 沃爾瑪策略研究

第五篇：科技英語閱讀翻譯

Before any evidence can be introduced in support of the topic at hand, the definition of invention must be established.Legally, an invention is a new, useful, and non-obvious process, machine, or product.Maurice Fabre, author of A History of Land

Transportation(1963), offered an interesting take on the automobile and its inventor.“who, for that matter ,can say who invented the automobile? Was it Cugnot with his lumbering 'fardier' of 1769? Was it Trevithick with his steam carriage of 1801, or Benz or Daimler with their first successful internal combustion gasoline engine cars of 1886?It depends what you mean by an automobile.” in the year 2001, what do we consider the automobile to be ? I invite the reader to take a minute to look out the window.I see a street lined with cars.Many of these cars possess similar shapes and sizes.In fact, some of them are the same make and model, only different colors.What does this tell us about the modern automobile? The modern automobile is not a single vehicle;it is a collection of millions of cars designed for utilization by a mass market.In fact, we could argue that the modern automobile is a giant technological system that entails a way of life.Entire economies depend on this automobile.Engineers design the components, machinists manufacture the components, assemblers assemble the components into complete systems, truck drivers deliver the assembled product, and salesmen sell the product to the masses.This brief description does not even account for the office

workers who handle logistics and maintain financial accounts, or the separate companies that mine raw materials or design and manufacture the needed machine tools.What would the economy of the United States be like without the modern automobile?

Obviously, the modern automobile and self propelled vehicle are necessarily the same.翻譯：在任何證據(jù)被介紹來支持這個主題以前，必須建立發(fā)明的定義。從法律意義上來說,一項發(fā)明是一個新的、有用的創(chuàng)造性工藝、機器、或產(chǎn)品。Maurice Fabre的《陸運的歷史》(1963)提供了一個有趣的汽車和其發(fā)明者?！瓣P于那件事,誰可以說是誰發(fā)明了汽車嗎?是1769年笨拙的柯諾特嗎? 這是1801年特里維西克他的蒸汽運輸車,或奔馳或戴姆勒的首次成功或1886年克萊斯勒的內(nèi)部燃燒汽油引擎的汽車嗎?那要看你怎么說一輛汽車?！霸?001年,我們認為什么是汽車呢?我請讀者花一分鐘的時間往窗外看。我看到了街兩旁的汽車。這些汽車具有相似的形狀和大小。事實上,他們中的一些是相同的廠牌和型號,只是不同的顏色。這個是在告訴我們什么是關于現(xiàn)代的汽車嗎?現(xiàn)代汽車不是單獨的車輛,它是一個收集數(shù)百萬輛汽車設計利用的大規(guī)模市場。事實上,我們可以認為在我們的生活方式中現(xiàn)代汽車是一個巨大的技術系統(tǒng),整個經(jīng)濟依賴這種汽車。工程師設計組件,機械師制造部件,組裝成完整的系統(tǒng)組裝元件,卡車司機提供產(chǎn)品的組裝、銷售人員賣產(chǎn)品到群眾。這一簡單的描述甚至占用不了上班族們處理物流和維護金融帳戶或者單獨的的礦業(yè)公司開采原材料或設計和制造所需的工具的時間。如果沒有現(xiàn)代汽車美國的經(jīng)濟將會怎么樣呢？顯然，現(xiàn)代汽車和自行式車輛必須是一樣的。