第一篇：科技英語——名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯
Characteristics of English for Science and Technology
General Use of Nominalization Nominalization In linguistics, nominalization is the use of a verb or an adjective as a noun, with or without morphological transformation, so that the word can now act as the head of a noun phrase.
名詞化轉(zhuǎn)換形式
1)用名詞替代動詞
例1.The paper analyzes the problem and solves it.在科技英語中則通常說：
The paper gives an analysis of the problem and offers a solution.例2.You can rectify this fault if you insert a slash.插入一條斜線便可以糾正錯(cuò)誤。
在科技英語中則通常說：Rectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a slash.在這組例子中，名詞化發(fā)生在兩個(gè)地方，rectify-rectification, insert-insertion, 經(jīng)過名詞化處理后，含有兩個(gè)諸位結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合句變成了只含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的簡單句，從而使句子的結(jié)構(gòu)更加精煉，也由于使用抽象名詞替代原來的人稱代詞做主語而使句子的語體更加正式。2)用名詞替代形容詞
例3.It is doubtful how accurate the results are.結(jié)果的正確性值得懷疑。也可以表示為：The accuracy of these results is doubtful.3)用名詞替代句子
例4.If the experiment is done by this method, there will be some loss of equipment.用這種方法做實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備會有一些損失。可以表示為：
The doing of the experiment by this method will entail some loss of equipment.使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的動因
1)名詞與動詞相比較，名詞更具有靜態(tài)性，不像動詞那樣生動具體和活躍。假如簡單地述說一個(gè)事實(shí)或概念，僅指出動作和技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)，不需要?jiǎng)釉~那樣生動具體，可用動作名詞來替代動詞?？蒲屑夹g(shù)人員關(guān)心事物的現(xiàn)象、事實(shí)、特點(diǎn)，特別是抽象化的邏輯思維，因而名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的使用，尤其符合科研技術(shù)人員表達(dá) 的需要。比如：
例5.The rate of evaporation of a liquid depends enormously by on temperature.The dependence of the rate of evaporation of a liquid on temperature is enormous.液體的蒸發(fā)速度很大程度上取決于它的溫度。
2)無人稱性(impersonality)
為了客觀地表達(dá)事物的本質(zhì)，科技英語可帶主觀性，這可以避免使用人稱代
詞作主語，稱之為無人稱論述(impersonal statement)。實(shí)現(xiàn)無人稱性的一個(gè)手段是使用被動語態(tài)從而避免使用 “I”等人稱代詞，其另一個(gè)手段是使用名詞詞組。例如：
例6.We can normally regulate the temperature by using a thermo-couple.通?？捎脽狳c(diǎn)偶調(diào)節(jié)溫度。
Regulation of the temperature can normally be effected by the application of a thermo-couple.另外，用名詞替代動詞也可避免了與動詞相關(guān)的人稱和時(shí)態(tài)。例如 ：
例7.While it is being compacted, considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete.在壓實(shí)過程中，混凝土加上了相當(dāng)?shù)膫?cè)壓力。
Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete during compaction.3)前置性(fronting)。主語在英語中所處的位置很重要?？萍加⒄Z把較多的信息置于句首，這是一種語體特征。例如：
例8.Hypersonic speeds are quite commonly attained now.現(xiàn)在達(dá)到超音速相當(dāng)普遍。
The attainment of hypersonic speeds is now quite common.4)文章簡潔明了。名詞詞組替代從屬語句，這樣做使文章更為精練。例如： 例9.If the thickness of the lagging is increased, it will reduce the heat losses.增加隔熱厚度會減低損耗。
An increase in the thickness of the lagging will reduce the heat losses.名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)分類（根據(jù)修飾詞不同）
1)單純名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)（名詞迭加型）
單純名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)指由一個(gè)或多個(gè)名詞修飾一個(gè)中心名詞構(gòu)成的名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)，屬于名詞連用的情況，即在中心名詞之前用一個(gè)或多個(gè)名詞，它們皆是中心詞的前置修辭。
water purification system 凈水系統(tǒng)
laser noise amplitude modulation 激光噪音調(diào)幅 heat treatment process 熱處理過程
illumination intensity determination 照明強(qiáng)度測定
computer programming teaching device manual 計(jì)算機(jī)編程教學(xué)儀器指南 force fit: a fit by means of applying force, 即借外力壓人的一種配合，簡稱壓人配合
depth gage 測量深度的規(guī)或尺；深度規(guī)或尺 漢譯中，名詞迭加型一般采用順譯法。2)復(fù)合名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)（名詞化名詞性詞組）
復(fù)合名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)由一個(gè)中心名詞和形容詞、名詞、副詞、分詞及介詞短語等多個(gè)前置或后置修飾語構(gòu)成。修飾詞相對于中心名詞的位置關(guān)系是漢英名詞性詞組在構(gòu)造上最明顯的差別。漢語修飾都是前置式的，擴(kuò)展必須用RL(從右至左)順序。
英語的修飾語有些前置，有些后置，擴(kuò)展主要有LR(由左往右)語序。多個(gè)漢語修飾位次關(guān)系一般是：緊靠中心名詞的是表示類別、性質(zhì)的名詞、形容詞，其次是動詞或動詞詞組，再是數(shù)量詞或代詞，離中心名詞最遠(yuǎn)的是表示領(lǐng)屬、時(shí)間、地 點(diǎn)的名詞和代詞。而英語修飾語序可前可后，單個(gè)修飾語一般在前，詞組、短語、從句在后。
英語修辭一般來說遵守以下原則：限定詞－描繪性形容詞－表示大小、新舊的形容詞－表示顏色的形容詞－表示類別的形容詞－表示類別的名詞－中心名詞?；菊Z序是：專有性－泛指性－名詞 ；次要意義－重要意義－名詞；程度弱－程度強(qiáng)－名詞；大－小－名詞。意思愈具體、物質(zhì)性愈強(qiáng)，與中心名詞的關(guān)系愈密切的就愈靠近中心名詞。例如：
acute bacterial peritonitis 急性細(xì)菌性腹膜炎
special strengthening filler material特殊的強(qiáng)化用的填料
low average stress values較低的平均應(yīng)力值
a non-uniform temperature field 非均勻的溫度場
a mechanically worked surface layer經(jīng)過機(jī)械加工的表層
a precise differential air pressure meter一只精密的差動氣壓表
a reversing variable-displacement reciprocating pump 可反置的變?nèi)莘e往復(fù)式工作泵
3)由動詞派生的名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)
這類名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)通常是由實(shí)義動詞派生的名詞搭配介詞短語構(gòu)成，在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或介詞短語。一些行為名詞與介詞后面的賓語有時(shí)構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，有時(shí)可構(gòu)成邏輯的主謂關(guān)系。
Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.阿基米德最先發(fā)現(xiàn)了固體排水的原理。
句中的名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)displacement of water by solid bodies由displace的名詞加上兩個(gè)介詞短語構(gòu)成，用來補(bǔ)充說明the principle。一方面簡化了同位語從句，另一方面強(qiáng)調(diào)displacement這一事實(shí)。
The building of these giant iron and steel works will greatly accelerate the development of the iron and steel industry of our country.句中的名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)The building of these giant iron and steel works由build的動名詞加上介詞短語構(gòu)成，充當(dāng)句子的主語，其邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)為動賓結(jié)構(gòu)。
名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯
1.將名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)譯為動詞。許多名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)是由實(shí)義動詞派生的名詞作為中心名詞并搭配介詞短語構(gòu)成，在翻譯時(shí)根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣可以還原成動詞來譯。All substances will permit the passage of some electric current, provided the potential difference is high enough.名詞passage在翻譯時(shí)要譯為動詞“通過”。此句翻譯為：只要有足夠的電位差，電流便可通過任何物體。
Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.句中名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)the transmission and reception應(yīng)翻譯為動詞“發(fā)射和接收”。此句譯為：電視通過無線電波發(fā)射和接收活動物體的圖像。
2.將名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)譯為動賓關(guān)系。大多數(shù)復(fù)合名詞性詞組可以使用這種翻譯方法。As a small-scale illustration of the artificial modification of physical weather processes, take the frost prevention in an orchard.句中名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)the artificial modification of physical weather processes中，physical weather processes是中心名詞the artificial modification的修飾語，根據(jù)中文的特點(diǎn)，將這個(gè)名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)譯為動賓結(jié)構(gòu)“對天氣的物理過程進(jìn)行人工影響”。此句譯為：我們可舉果園中防霜作為說明對天氣的物理過程進(jìn)行小尺度人工影響的例子。
3.將名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)譯為獨(dú)立的從句。這種情況通常出現(xiàn)在名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)較長而且較為復(fù)雜的情況下。
The slightly porous nature of the surface of the oxide film allows it to be colored with either organic or inorganic dyes.氧化膜表面具有輕微的滲透性，因此可以用有機(jī)或無極燃料著色。
This position was completely reversed by Haber’s development of the utilization of nitrogen from the air.由于哈勃發(fā)明了利用空氣中的氮?dú)獾姆椒?，這種局面就完全改觀了。
Translation Practice I.Reference Answers for Exercise I(P.17)1.無線網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)的首次應(yīng)用時(shí)在社區(qū)接入網(wǎng)中，例如在加州的Cerritos社區(qū)、采用Tropos Networks 或Garland得設(shè)備，有NexGen City 建網(wǎng)，所用的專用芯片來自MeshNetworks。
2.變壓器是一種利用互感原理的重要實(shí)用裝置。
3.在19世紀(jì)，潮汐振蕩和聲重力振蕩的理論曾經(jīng)是饒有興趣的課題。4.增加了成本的極小化的刺激，成本更具透明性。5.在蜂窩網(wǎng)中布設(shè)911系統(tǒng)可以分為三個(gè)階段來進(jìn)行。
6.由于已投入使用的或者處于研發(fā)階段的納米制品的范圍極廣，因此確定先測試哪一種材料以及如何進(jìn)行測試是至關(guān)重要。7.但是所有的博弈所具有的共同特征就是互相作用。
8.技術(shù)發(fā)展造成的成本的降低、性能的提高以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)的廣泛應(yīng)用使得建造更大的工程、人工智能（智能代理、知識庫系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)挖掘及職能過濾等等）將愈加可行。
III.Chinese-English Translation(《漢英科技翻譯》，嚴(yán)俊仁，P.36)1.儲箱中裝的東西是用泵排出的。
Discharge of the contents of the tank is effected by a pump.2.人的體溫是靠消耗血液中的糖分來維持的。Our bodies are heated by consuming sugar in the blood.Our bodies are heated by the consumption of sugar in the blood.3.將現(xiàn)代風(fēng)洞設(shè)備同其歷史上的先驅(qū)相比較，很容易對風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn)技術(shù)的進(jìn)展情況作出評價(jià)類。
An appraisal of the advances in wind tunnel test techniques can be readily obtained by comparing the modern wind tunnel facilities with their historical predecessors.4.然而，數(shù)控技術(shù)更靈活，裝配機(jī)床的花費(fèi)更少，更換更快，而且停機(jī)維修時(shí)間更短。
Numerical control, however, offers more flexibility, lower tooling cost, quicker changes and less machine down-time.5.記錄為知識的傳遞提供了條件，并幫助它不斷繼續(xù)發(fā)展下去。Records provide for the transmission of knowledge and aid its continued growth.6.這類預(yù)言要是試驗(yàn)所驗(yàn)證，那么，理論即得到了支持，并可導(dǎo)致形成某個(gè)定律或原理。
Verification of these predictions by experiment supports the theory and may lead to formulation of a law or principle.7.預(yù)言要是得不到試驗(yàn)的驗(yàn)證，也不會推翻理論，而會使該理論得到修正，并使常常會豐富這一理論。
Failure to obtain experimental verification of predictions may not overthrow a theory, but causes its modification and often enriches it.
第二篇：商務(wù)英語信函中名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯
英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文，是近期寫作，公布的題目可以用于免費(fèi)參考
最新英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文，都是近期寫作
電影《蒙娜麗莎的微笑》中女主人公性格淺析 禮貌用語中的語用失誤
淺談中學(xué)生英語口語能力的培養(yǎng)
A Tentative Analysis of the Reasons for McDonald’s Success 從生態(tài)視野解讀狼圖騰
女性主義翻譯研究——《簡?愛》兩種中文譯本的比較 英文征婚廣告和中文征婚廣告所體現(xiàn)的文化差異 從中美文化差異看中國人創(chuàng)新能力的缺失與培養(yǎng) 論《野性的呼喚》中的自然主義
分析女性語言特點(diǎn)在英語委婉語中的體現(xiàn)——以《絕望主婦》為例 《羅密歐與朱麗葉》中雙關(guān)語的研究 論奧斯卡?王爾德的藝術(shù)道德觀
論關(guān)聯(lián)理論在商業(yè)廣告翻譯中的運(yùn)用 漢英諺語的語意對比
對《卡斯特橋市長》主人公亨查德矛盾性格的分析
解讀托尼?莫瑞森小說《所羅門之歌》中黑人身份的迷失與回歸 運(yùn)用言語行為理論分析哈佛校長德魯?福斯特的演說詞 以《老友記》為例淺析美式幽默
Who Is Ishmael: Kantian Philosophy in Moby Dick Application of Constructivism to Task-based Reading Teaching in Senior High School 從女性主義視角看《抽彩》女主角的命運(yùn) 商務(wù)英語中的冗余現(xiàn)象及語用功能
論格列佛人物形象在《格列佛游記》中所起的諷刺效果 文化語境視域下英語習(xí)語的漢譯研究 論《織工馬南》中的象征意義
An Ecocritical Analysis on Lady Chatterley’s Lover 解析《簡愛》的帝國主義意識
Feminism under the Traditional Masculine Standards Comparison between High and Low-context Culture in Language Expression 從后殖民女性主義角度解讀《藻海茫?！?從生態(tài)學(xué)角度解讀《白鯨》 企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)營銷策略分析
English to Chinese Translation Methods 從中西方文化差異看中國式英語
顯現(xiàn)的被動?隱現(xiàn)的自我——《看不見的人》中被動語態(tài)的身份建構(gòu)功能研究 對高中學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī)現(xiàn)狀及激發(fā)策略的調(diào)查分析—以屏邊高級中學(xué)為例 研究交替?zhèn)髯g中的筆記特征以及它對翻譯準(zhǔn)確度的影響 從鹿鼎記和唐吉訶德的主要人物的較對比來比中西方俠文化 On Michael Moore's Fahrenheit / From the Rhetoric Perspective A Naturalistic Approach to Jude’s Tragedy in Jude the Obscure 無臉之殤——《英國病人》的后殖民指控分析 從《老人與海》看海明威的人生觀 英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文，是近期寫作，公布的題目可以用于免費(fèi)參考
《看不見的人》的象征意義
《老人與?！泛汀稛釔凵返纳鷳B(tài)比較
《浮生六記》英譯本文化詞翻譯策略探析(開題報(bào)告+論文)46 英式英語和美式英語中的詞匯差異 47 談呼嘯山莊的復(fù)仇主題
從違反合作原則研究《生活大爆炸》
從沖突到和解—解析《接骨師之女》中的母女關(guān)系 50 試析中文歌曲漢英語碼轉(zhuǎn)換的形式與功能
An Analysis of Hemingway’s Attitude towards War in For Whom the Bell Tolls 52 女性主義視角下《傲慢與偏見》的情態(tài)意義解讀
The Comparison of Word Order between the Report at the th National Congress and Its English Version 54 布什總統(tǒng)演講詞中幽默話語的語用功能分析 55習(xí)語的文化現(xiàn)象及翻譯策略研究 56 錢鐘書翻譯研究
國際貿(mào)易往來電子郵件寫作原則
The Effects of Family Education on Personalities in Little Women 59 《蝴蝶夢》中的女權(quán)主義
《夜色溫柔》男主人公迪克的精神變化研究 61 英語財(cái)經(jīng)報(bào)道中的詞匯銜接研究 62 提高學(xué)生說英語的興趣和能力 63 語結(jié)與英語長句的翻譯 64 論廣告英語的人際溝通功能 65 六種顏色詞語的英漢互譯探索 66 公示語漢英翻譯的問題與對策
Cultivation of Students’ Autonomy in Listening in Junior High School 68 從 “進(jìn)步”話語解讀《苔絲》中環(huán)境因素與人物性格 69 劉易斯小說《巴比特》中的都市景觀和人物描寫分析 70 《道連葛雷的畫像》敘事藝術(shù)的分析 71 模因論視角下的中國網(wǎng)絡(luò)新詞翻譯策略 72 法律語言特征和法律語言翻譯
Study of English Borrowing from Chinese 74 《嘉莉妹妹》中女性自我意識探析
托馬斯哈代與張愛玲作品中女性悲劇命運(yùn)對比研究——以苔絲和顧曼楨為例 76 從生態(tài)批評主義角度看《白鯨》的生態(tài)觀
許淵沖的“三美”原則在國外化妝品品牌名漢譯中的應(yīng)用 78 論《紅字》中的孤獨(dú)因素
解析哈代《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》中的悲劇因素 80 家樂福定價(jià)策略研究
霍桑的罪惡觀在《紅字》中的體現(xiàn)
中醫(yī)在英語世界的翻譯與傳播：過去與現(xiàn)在
On Application of TBLT to Junior High School Oral English Teaching 84 視聽說結(jié)合提高大學(xué)英語聽力教學(xué)效果之設(shè)想 85 論希斯克利夫出走的必然性 英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文，是近期寫作，公布的題目可以用于免費(fèi)參考
透過七夕和情人節(jié)看中西文化差異 87 淺論廣告語漢譯的美學(xué)效果
不倫，還是不朽？－－從柏拉圖的哲學(xué)理論視角解讀《洛麗塔》（開題報(bào)告+論）89 從《了不起的蓋茨比》看菲茨杰拉德的女性觀 90 淺析《傲慢與偏見》中女性人物的認(rèn)知局限 91 An Analysis of Huckleberry Finn’s Personality 92 從心理學(xué)角度看霍爾頓的內(nèi)心世界 93 高中英語聽前活動設(shè)計(jì)探究
淺析《小婦人》中喬的女性意識及其成長過程 95 從目的論角度研究中式菜名英譯(開題報(bào)告+論文)96 論文化背景在高中英語閱讀教學(xué)中的作用 97 高中英語寫作中母語負(fù)遷移現(xiàn)象分析 98 英語中的女性歧視
《紅字》中場景描寫及其象征意義 100 美國夢的文化觀察
從文化差異的角度看習(xí)語的翻譯
On Paul’s Self-development in Sons and Lovers 103 埃德娜的覺醒——對《覺醒》的心理女性主義分析 104 淺談教師與學(xué)生之間的課堂交流
淺析女性主義在薇拉﹒凱瑟作品中的表現(xiàn) 106 論人性自私在《呼嘯山莊》中的體現(xiàn) 107 從關(guān)聯(lián)理論解讀《家庭戰(zhàn)爭》的幽默
Discussion on How to Arouse the Students’Interests in English Learning 109 Study of Translating Skills of Business Correspondence 110 從電影《弱點(diǎn)》看美國的家庭教育
淺析歐洲中世紀(jì)騎士和中國俠士精神的差異─西歐中世紀(jì)初期騎士和中國秦漢游俠 112 A Cross-Cultural Study on Linguistic Taboo 113 語用預(yù)設(shè)視野下的廣告英語分析
建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論在中學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
A Comparative Study of American and Chinese Spatial Language in Business Negotiation 116 外語教學(xué)中的折中主義思想研究 117 初中英語課堂教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查 118 語言遷移在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
《覺醒》女主人公-艾德娜追求自我的過程 120 論《紫色》中的姐妹情誼 121 苔絲女性悲劇的性格因素 122 淺析英語教學(xué)中的情感因素
《名利場》和《嘉莉妹妹》女主角形象對比 124 德國功能目的論指導(dǎo)下廣告口號的漢譯
從女性主義角度看《覺醒》中愛德娜的女性主體意識覺醒
A Study on Strategies of Effective Teaching in the Junior Middle School EFL Classroom 127 試論英語中的歧義與翻譯
從譚恩美小說中“家”的概念看其文化身份認(rèn)定 129 功能對等理論視角下漢語新詞的翻譯 英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文，是近期寫作，公布的題目可以用于免費(fèi)參考
漢英姓氏文化差異
論愛麗絲·沃克《紫色》中西麗女性自我的缺失與重塑 132 《蝴蝶夢》中女主角呂蓓卡的人物形象分析 133 英語詞匯的文化內(nèi)涵及詞匯教學(xué)
English-Chinese Advertisement Translation 135 A Comparative Study on the Protagonists’ Growth in Native Son and Invisible Man 136 阿加莎克里斯蒂偵探小說中的罪犯形象 137 從中西婚禮文化看中西方文化差異
論英語被動語態(tài)的語篇功能及其翻譯策略—以《高級英語》第二冊為例 139 Cultural Connotation and Translation of Animal Words in Chinese and English 140 A Psychological Analysis on Self-identity Loss of Black People in The Bluest Eye 141 由英漢親屬稱謂語看中英文化差異
論《呼嘯山莊》中希斯克里夫性格的雙重性
從跨文化角度對品牌名稱的研究——以化妝品品牌為例 144 美國C標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對中國英語教育的影響
The Painful Growth of Scarlett O’Hara in Her Three Marriages 146 從關(guān)聯(lián)理論看美劇典故的翻譯 147 跨文化商務(wù)談判中的語用原則分析
英漢職業(yè)委婉語中“禮貌原則”之對比分析 149 烏托邦和老子道家思想的比較研究 150 中英委婉語語用功能的對比研究 151 《麥田守望者》成長主題解析
152 從《狼圖騰》和《野性的呼喚》中狼的意象比較中西方生態(tài)意識 153 英語專業(yè)學(xué)生詞匯學(xué)習(xí)策略特點(diǎn)研究 154 英漢恭維語的對比研究
155 生態(tài)視角下解讀《荒野的呼喚》
156 淺析英語語言中的性別歧視及消除語言歧視的策略 157 中英禮貌用語差異
158 論《英國病人》中角色的自我認(rèn)知
159 論《某人住在一個(gè)多美的小城鎮(zhèn)》的語言藝術(shù)(開題報(bào)告+文獻(xiàn)綜述+論文)160 CBI理論詮釋及在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用 161 以學(xué)生為中心的英語詞匯教學(xué)的研究 162 語用預(yù)設(shè)視野下的廣告英語分析
163 從寂寞到超然—索爾?貝婁的《赫索格》中書信體的內(nèi)心獨(dú)白 164 從釋意學(xué)理論看中英口譯
165 從《嘉莉妹妹》看本性與理性的斗爭
166 欲望與命運(yùn)－－《推銷員之死》與《旅行推銷員之死》中主人公的悲劇根源之比較 167 逆世的美麗——分析《飄》中主要人物表現(xiàn)的自我意識 168 英漢綠色詞對比研究
169 A Research of Translation of English Songs into Chinese by Poetic Norms 170 論交際法在初中英語教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用 171 論英語專業(yè)八級口語測試的內(nèi)容效度 172 小學(xué)英語課堂任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)的研究 173 文化差異對英語閱讀的影響 英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文，是近期寫作，公布的題目可以用于免費(fèi)參考
174 功能對等理論視角下李白詩歌中意象的英譯 175 論商務(wù)英語信函寫作的語篇銜接與連貫 176 A Brief Analysis of Political Euphemism 177 英語新聞的互文性研究
178 救贖之旅—淺析《麥田里的守望者》中霍爾頓?考菲爾德的成長經(jīng)歷 179 Cultural Difference between Chinese and American Advertisement 180 跨文化交際中的語用失誤與避免方法 181 談雙關(guān)語的翻譯
182 從《卡斯特橋市長》看哈代作品中的宿命論色彩 183 論《喜福會》中女性的反抗精神
184 從合作原則的違反看小品“賣拐”中的幽默
185 淺析《到燈塔去》中女性主義思想在兩位女主人公身上的體現(xiàn) 186 英文電影對英語學(xué)習(xí)的影響 187 《霧都孤兒》中的反猶主義
188 比較中西方身勢語在溝通中的應(yīng)用 189 霍桑在《紅字》中對人的罪惡的探究
190 從人類文化語言學(xué)的角度分析英語語言中的性別歧視現(xiàn)象 191 完美管家還是他者—淺析《長日留痕》中的管家形象 192 旅游景點(diǎn)標(biāo)志翻譯初探
193 如何激發(fā)初中生的英語學(xué)習(xí)興趣 194 商務(wù)英語函電的語言特征及翻譯策略
195 Who Was to Blame:The Influence of Community on Pecola 196 從彼拉特透視托尼·莫里森的婦女主義
197 從文化差異透視女性的不同命運(yùn)—薛寶釵與韓美蘭對比研究 198 書面語言輸入與輸出對英語詞匯習(xí)得的影響 199 論英語習(xí)語的文化內(nèi)涵及其翻譯策略 200 商務(wù)英語信函中名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯
第三篇：名詞翻譯
Wokers compensation plan 員工補(bǔ)償計(jì)劃
Incontestable provision 不可抗辯條款
Grace period provision 寬限期條款
Reinstatement provision 復(fù)效條款
Misstatement of age provision 年齡誤告條款
Suicide clause 自殺條款
Policy loan provision 貸款條款
Automatic premium loan provisions 自動墊繳保費(fèi)條款
None-forfeiture provision 不喪失的現(xiàn)金價(jià)值條款
Policy assignment clause 保單轉(zhuǎn)讓條款
Beneficiary clause 受益人條款
Non-forfeiture benefits option clause 不喪失權(quán)益選擇權(quán)條款
Cash surrender value non-forfeiture option 退保金不喪失選擇權(quán)
Reduced paid-up insurance non-forfeiture option 減額交清保險(xiǎn)不喪失選擇權(quán) Extended term insurance non-forfeiture option 展期保險(xiǎn)不喪失選擇權(quán) Dividend option clause 紅利選擇權(quán)條款
Cash Dividend option 現(xiàn)金紅利選擇權(quán)
Premium reduction dividend option 抵減保費(fèi)紅利選擇權(quán)
Accumulation at interest dividend option 累積利息紅利選擇權(quán)
Paid-up additional insurance dividend option 增額繳清保險(xiǎn)紅利選擇權(quán) Additional term insurance dividend option 增額定期保險(xiǎn)紅利選擇權(quán) Settlement option provision 保險(xiǎn)金給付選擇權(quán)條款
Premium payment option clause 保費(fèi)交付選擇權(quán)條款
Term life insurance 定期壽險(xiǎn)
Level Term life insurance 定額定期壽險(xiǎn)
Decreasing Term life insurance 減額定期壽險(xiǎn)
Increasing Term life insurance增額定期壽險(xiǎn)
Whole life insurance 終身壽險(xiǎn)
Endowment insurance 兩全保險(xiǎn)
Waiver of premium for disability benefit 殘疾免繳保費(fèi)給付
Waiver of premium for payer benefit 投保人免繳保費(fèi)給付
Disability income benefit 殘疾收入給付
Accelerated death benefit 壽險(xiǎn)提前給付
Terminal illness benefit 終末疾病給付
Dread disease benefit 重大疾病給付
Long-term care benefit 長期護(hù)理給付
Annuity 年金
Single premium Annuity 躉交年金
Periodical premium Annuity 期繳年金
Immediate Annuity 即期年金
Deferred Annuity 延期年金
Life Annuity 終身年金
Straight life Annuity 純粹終身年金
Life income Annuity with period certain 固定期間終身年金
Life income with refund Annuity 全額償還終身年金Annuity certain 確定年金
Temporary life Annuity 限期生存年金
Personal Annuity 個(gè)人年金
Joint Annuity聯(lián)合年金
Fixed benefit Annuity 定額年金
Variable Annuity 變額年金
Participating contracts 分紅保險(xiǎn)
Cash dividend approach 現(xiàn)金紅利法
Additions to benefits approach 增額紅利法 Variable life insurance 變額保險(xiǎn)
Universal life insurance 萬能壽險(xiǎn)
Medical expense coverage 醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)
Disease coverage 疾病保險(xiǎn)
Disability income coverage 殘疾收入保險(xiǎn) Deductible clause 免賠額條款
Coinsurance provision 共保條款
Critical illness insurance 重大疾病保
Long term care insurance 長期護(hù)理保險(xiǎn)
Group insurance 團(tuán)體保險(xiǎn)
Master contract 總保單（團(tuán)體保險(xiǎn)）
Manual rating 手冊費(fèi)率法
Experience rating 經(jīng)驗(yàn)費(fèi)率法
Office premium 營業(yè)保費(fèi)
Gross premium 毛保費(fèi)
Net premium 純保費(fèi)
Loading 附加保費(fèi)
Level premium 均衡保費(fèi)
Mortality table 生命表
Simple interest 單利
Compound interest 復(fù)利
Retrospective method 過去法
Prospective method 未來法
FPT 一年期定期修正法
第四篇：科技英語閱讀翻譯
Before any evidence can be introduced in support of the topic at hand, the definition of invention must be established.Legally, an invention is a new, useful, and non-obvious process, machine, or product.Maurice Fabre, author of A History of Land
Transportation(1963), offered an interesting take on the automobile and its inventor.“who, for that matter ,can say who invented the automobile? Was it Cugnot with his lumbering 'fardier' of 1769? Was it Trevithick with his steam carriage of 1801, or Benz or Daimler with their first successful internal combustion gasoline engine cars of 1886?It depends what you mean by an automobile.” in the year 2001, what do we consider the automobile to be ? I invite the reader to take a minute to look out the window.I see a street lined with cars.Many of these cars possess similar shapes and sizes.In fact, some of them are the same make and model, only different colors.What does this tell us about the modern automobile? The modern automobile is not a single vehicle;it is a collection of millions of cars designed for utilization by a mass market.In fact, we could argue that the modern automobile is a giant technological system that entails a way of life.Entire economies depend on this automobile.Engineers design the components, machinists manufacture the components, assemblers assemble the components into complete systems, truck drivers deliver the assembled product, and salesmen sell the product to the masses.This brief description does not even account for the office
workers who handle logistics and maintain financial accounts, or the separate companies that mine raw materials or design and manufacture the needed machine tools.What would the economy of the United States be like without the modern automobile?
Obviously, the modern automobile and self propelled vehicle are necessarily the same.翻譯：在任何證據(jù)被介紹來支持這個(gè)主題以前，必須建立發(fā)明的定義。從法律意義上來說,一項(xiàng)發(fā)明是一個(gè)新的、有用的創(chuàng)造性工藝、機(jī)器、或產(chǎn)品。Maurice Fabre的《陸運(yùn)的歷史》(1963)提供了一個(gè)有趣的汽車和其發(fā)明者?！瓣P(guān)于那件事,誰可以說是誰發(fā)明了汽車嗎?是1769年笨拙的柯諾特嗎? 這是1801年特里維西克他的蒸汽運(yùn)輸車,或奔馳或戴姆勒的首次成功或1886年克萊斯勒的內(nèi)部燃燒汽油引擎的汽車嗎?那要看你怎么說一輛汽車?！霸?001年,我們認(rèn)為什么是汽車呢?我請讀者花一分鐘的時(shí)間往窗外看。我看到了街兩旁的汽車。這些汽車具有相似的形狀和大小。事實(shí)上,他們中的一些是相同的廠牌和型號,只是不同的顏色。這個(gè)是在告訴我們什么是關(guān)于現(xiàn)代的汽車嗎?現(xiàn)代汽車不是單獨(dú)的車輛,它是一個(gè)收集數(shù)百萬輛汽車設(shè)計(jì)利用的大規(guī)模市場。事實(shí)上,我們可以認(rèn)為在我們的生活方式中現(xiàn)代汽車是一個(gè)巨大的技術(shù)系統(tǒng),整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)依賴這種汽車。工程師設(shè)計(jì)組件,機(jī)械師制造部件,組裝成完整的系統(tǒng)組裝元件,卡車司機(jī)提供產(chǎn)品的組裝、銷售人員賣產(chǎn)品到群眾。這一簡單的描述甚至占用不了上班族們處理物流和維護(hù)金融帳戶或者單獨(dú)的的礦業(yè)公司開采原材料或設(shè)計(jì)和制造所需的工具的時(shí)間。如果沒有現(xiàn)代汽車美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)將會怎么樣呢？顯然，現(xiàn)代汽車和自行式車輛必須是一樣的。
第五篇：英語科技論文翻譯
3G TECHNOLOGY Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the 3G TECHNOLOGY of representative technologies this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study.Therefore, control this technology and then seem to be more to deliver the importance.Now I mainly introduce some knowledge of the 3G TECHNOLOGY.Keywords GPRS, TD-SCDMA，WCDMA , EDGE ,CDMA2000 , WAP , SYMBIAN G, the third Generation, known as the Chinese meaning is refers to the third Generation of digital communication.The growth of the global 3G was rapidly in recent years.From 2002 to 2008, the 3 G operators have been gradually from the original is pale and management to the accelerated development.By June 2008, global 3 G users accumulative total up to 709 million, the total 84 countries and regions issued 3 G licenses, including effective certificate for 249 copies.Our country of 3 G development is relatively later than the advanced countries.In 2009, China was officially forward 3 G time.In the economic crisis of the downturn state，China's ministry of information industry issued three third generation mobile communication(3 G)license for China mobile, China telecom and China Unicom.China Mobile use our country with independent intellectual property rights of the 3 G standard TD-SCDMA , China Telecom get CDMA2000 license and China Unicom WCDMA license.2009 as China 3 G formal first commercial.Although the technology behind 3G may seem complicated, the ways in which 3G will affect all of our lives are easy to imagine.Just imagine having a combined camera, video-camera, computer, stereo, and radio included in your mobile phone.Rich-media information and entertainment will be at your fingertips whenever you want anywhere there is a wireless network.Mobile communication is moving from simple voice to rich media, where we use more of our senses to intensify our experiences.But not all of this will happen at once.3G is an evolution to a communications ideal that no one completely understands yet.What we do know is that mobile multimedia will hit the Japanese markets in 2001, and Europe and North America will follow soon after.3G brings together high-speed radio access and IP-based services into one, powerful environment.The step towards IP is vital.IP is packet-based, which in simple terms, means users can be “on line” at all times, but without having to pay until we actually send or receive data.The connectionless nature of IP also makes access a lot faster: file downloads can take a few seconds and we can be connected to our corporate network with a single click.3G introduces wideband radio communications, with access speeds of up to 2Mbit/s.Compared with today's mobile networks, 3G will significantly boost network capacityAt home 3G is going to affect our home and social lives in many ways.The services that 3G enables will help us to manage our personal information, simplify tasks such as grocery shopping, make better use of our time and offer services that are just fun to use.Operators will be able to develop myriad new service opportunities to attract and retain new customers.Here are some examples:
· You're sitting on a train and use this “dead” time to log on to your bank account, check your balance and pay a few billsAt work
3G will not just support the needs of businesspeople who travel a lot, but will also help new, flexible working practices, such as home-working and remote access to corporate networks outside traditional working hours.Businesspeople are often high-volume airtime users, so they represent a big opportunity for mobile operators.Here are some examples:
·
At work you receive a message from your “smart” refrigerator at home.The message tells you that certain items need restocking and an order has already been prepared for the local grocery store, which you can approve, so that your groceries are ready to collect on the way home.·
You are on the road, and urgently need to discuss a draft presentation with a number of colleagues back in the office.Pulling into a service station, you use your 3G device to hold a telephone conference with your colleagues and, at the same time, you can all view the draft presentation and make changes on line.·
A maintenance engineer is repairing some equipment on a client's premises and hits a problem.Using his 3G device, he contacts his department and downloads a demonstration video that guides him through the repair process.TECHNOLOGY 3G brings together two powerful forces: wideband radio communications and IP-based services.Together, these lay the groundwork for advanced Mobile Internet services, including personalized portals, “infotainment”, mobile commerce and unified messaging-encompassing high-speed data, superior quality voice and video and location-based services.Making 3G a reality depends on technology developments in different areas.These include
amendments to the radio interface to support wideband communications and in the core network.Supporting technologies, such as WAP and Bluetooth, also have an important role to play.This section provides a brief overview of some of the main technologies and developments involved.Ericsson supports all of these technologies and has played an active role in their development.·GPRS General Packet Radio Service(GPRS)is an enhancement to existing GSM and TDMA networks that introduces packet data transmission, enabling “always on” mobility.This means that users can choose to be permanently logged on to e-mail, Internet access and other services, but do not have to pay for these services unless sending or receiving information.When EDGE is added to GPRS, these data rates will increase up to 384kbit/s.GPRS will be implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing nodes to provide a routing path for packet data between the mobile terminal and a gateway node.The gateway node will provide interworking with external packet data networks for access to the Internet and intranets.Benefits:
·Faster data speeds and “always on” mobility ·Almost instantaneous connection set-up
·Connection to an abundance of data sources around the world, through support for multiple protocols, including IP
·A step towards full 3G services.·TD-SCDMA All called Time Division-Synchronous CDMA , this standard is formulated by mainland China alone the 3 G standard.On June 29, 1999, the China telecom science and technology and telecommunications research institute(Datang Telecom)to the ITU, but technical invention father put forward in Siemens AG.TD-SCDMA has the characteristics of low radiation, known as the green 3 G.This standard will intelligent wireless, synchronous CDMA and software radio today the international leading technology into which, in spectrum use efficiency, the business support for flexibility, frequency flexibility and cost, and other aspects of the unique advantages.In addition, because of the huge market in China, the standard by the major telecommunications equipment manufacturer to the attention of the world, more than half of the equipment factory now announced that can support TD-SCDMA standards.This standard is made after 2.5 of the intermediate links, and the generation of directly to the 3 G transition, so it is suitable to GSM system to 3 G to upgrade.Military communication network is the core of TD-SCDMA task.·WCDMA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA)is a wideband radio technique that provides far higher data rates than other radio techniques available today, up to 2Mbit/s, and highly efficient use of radio spectrum.The higher bandwidth that WCDMA provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example，WCDMA allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.WCDMA is fully compliant with IMT-2000 and is the air interface technology for standards in the 2GHz bandwidth(the IMT-2000 core band), known as UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)in Europe and ARIB(Association of Radio Industry Businesses)in Japan.Ericsson has been at the forefront of WCDMA development.The company delivered an experimental WCDMA system to NTT DoCoMo in Japan back in 1998.Ericsson has also set up WCDMA test systems around the world.At 2000, Ericsson announced its first family of WCDMA base stations.·EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution(EDGE)enables GSM and TDMA operators to offer 3G services using existing network frequencies.By making changes and additions to standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·CDMA2000 CDMA2000 is a decidedly efficient 3G standard for the delivery of high bandwidth data and high capacity voice services.The evolution of the cdma2000 standard will enable mobile systems to offer data throughputs of 2 Mbit/sec and beyond.The higher bandwidth that cdma2000 provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example, cdma2000 also allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.CDMA2000 is fully compliant with IMT-2000 requirements for 3G.CDMA2000 will be implemented in the existing frequency bands of CMDA and TDMA at 800 and 1900 MHz, as well as in new spectrum at 2GHz in Japan.Ericsson is a leader in cdma2000 development, and a key driver in the standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·Bluetooth
Bluetooth is an open standard for two-way, short-wave radio communications between different devices.It marks the end of cables and cords between mobile phones, palmtops, portable PCs and printers, for example.Furthermore, Bluetooth enables information between such devices to be synchronized.Diary information held on a PDA can be updated automatically when within range of a Bluetooth-enabled PC.Bluetooth is also going to be important for machine-to-machine communicationshundreds of companies are members of the worldwide WAP Forum。The latest version of the WAP standard, WAP 1.2.1, has recently been launched.Our dedicated WAP consutants are ready to assist operators and service providers sharpen their competitive edge.They help today's businesses adapt to the new economy and create cost-effective, innovative ways to communicate with customers.What will 3G give us
People will enjoy the 3G time what services it provide, the image of that, 3G is video conference on that plane;3G is patients receive timely assistance of medical experts;3G is fans will not miss the NBA basketball game;3G is to share with friends your beautiful vacation in Hawaii.· more and more 3G video phone
All along, we use QQ, MSN chat with friends remotely.As the mobile data transfer rate, image processing, transmission, mainly the acceptance of such display devices makes mobile video chat stranded.3G time to rely on high-speed 3G data transmission network, which 3G mobile phone users can “face to face” conversation.Through mobile video, As far away from the mother via cell phone together, were falling through the mobile phone lovers can meet again.·3G Push into the mobile phone shopping blowout Use the mobile internet shopping is a new way to shop, mobile shopping not only will be able to let consumer buy goods but also makes the satisfaction convenient for consumers to pick and choose goods compared with the constant.With the improvement of China's 3G network , more and more users will choose to phone shopping patterns.China's mobile phone shop will grow rapidly in a period.Online businesses not only include clothing, books, cell phones, toys, audio-visual products and other daily goods put on the network shelf, cars, laptop computers, jewelry and other luxury goods are also options for the list.One need only log out of 3G mobile phone shopping website of product information, we can buy our favorite items.Online shopping is not only cheaper than the mall , better able to send home delivery.If not satisfied can return on schedule, on-line business integrity committed to ensuring that the consumer's shopping safety.·Broadband Internet access to mobile phones to be a “small computer” Although China has just begun the road to 3G, broadband internet access business has been a bright spot, we can send and receive voice messages on the phone, write a blog, chat, search, download and so on, as well as top-notch services such as online games, mobile navigation, online chat and so on.·the key to the Mobile Office-OA system Although compared with traditional office, automation system greatly improves the working efficiency.However, the limitations of the region's OA system is limited to local area network applications, this office brings to enterprises a lot of inconvenience.Mobile office can keep in touch with units and complete work in anytime and at anywhere.3G mobile phones can download and install office, java and other office software, office software and hardware will be the traditional “compression” in the palm of a large mobile phone.·LCD TVs will be included in Mobile TV Mobile TV is to use with the operating system and streaming video-enabled smart phones to watch TV business.It is a multimedia that use CMMB technology, whether it is GPRS mobile phone or CD-MA1X phone, need to be equipped with mobile terminal operating system to install the appropriate player software.TV programs from the corresponding mobile communication company or by the corresponding SP to organize and deliver.Despite the development of a thriving scene 3G, but because mobile streaming media software, smooth video images and other technical aspects of picture quality there are some problems, Mobile TV strides also takes some time.3G技術(shù)
摘要：
21世紀(jì)是信息經(jīng)濟(jì)的時(shí)代，作為這個(gè)時(shí)代的代表技術(shù)，3G技術(shù)將在非常快的速度發(fā)展很快，不斷創(chuàng)造性地將進(jìn)入人們的工作，學(xué)習(xí)和生活中深。因此，控制這種技術(shù)，然后似乎更有重要性?，F(xiàn)在，我主要介紹一些3G技術(shù)的知識。
關(guān)鍵字：探地雷達(dá)，TD-SCDMA，WCDMA，邊緣，CDMA2000，桅索制動器，操作系統(tǒng)使用的手機(jī)設(shè)備
3G，全稱為3rd Generation，中文含義就是指第三代數(shù)字通信。全球3G近年來快速成長，從2002年到2008年，全球3G運(yùn)營商已經(jīng)逐步從最初的慘淡經(jīng)營轉(zhuǎn)為現(xiàn)在的加速發(fā)展，截止2008年6月，全球3G用戶累計(jì)已達(dá)到7.09億，全球共有84個(gè)國家和地區(qū)發(fā)放了3G許可證，其中有效證為249張。
我國3G發(fā)展相對先進(jìn)國家比較晚，2009年我國才正式邁進(jìn)3G時(shí)代，在經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)低迷的狀態(tài)下，2009年1月7日，中國工業(yè)和信息化部為中國移動、中國電信和中國聯(lián)通發(fā)放3張第三代移動通信（3G）牌照。中國移動使用我國具有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的3G標(biāo)準(zhǔn)TD-SCDMA，中國電信獲得CDMA2000牌照，中國聯(lián)通獲得WCDMA牌照。2009年成為中國3G正式商用年。
雖然在 3 G 后面的技術(shù)可能很復(fù)雜, 但是3 G 將會在我們生活中產(chǎn)生的影響是我們可以想象的。僅僅想像在你的行動電話中加入照相機(jī)、攝像機(jī)、計(jì)算機(jī)、音響以及收音機(jī)功能。這樣，無論何時(shí)何地你都將能夠通過無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)獲得大量的媒體信息和娛樂。
移動通信正在由單一的語音通信向多媒體方向發(fā)展,通過此途徑來加深我們對外界的感覺。
但不是這全部都將立刻發(fā)生。至今為止沒有一個(gè)人能夠完全掌握3G的發(fā)展的進(jìn)程。我們唯一確信的是2001年多媒體移動通信將沖擊日本市場，而且歐洲和北美也將很快發(fā)展多媒體通信市場。
3G在帶來高速的語音通路之外還集以IP為基礎(chǔ)的服務(wù)為一身,有強(qiáng)大的發(fā)展環(huán)境。向IP方向發(fā)展是至關(guān)重要的。IP技術(shù)是以簡單的數(shù)據(jù)包傳輸為基礎(chǔ)的, 可以使用戶同時(shí)上網(wǎng)，但是不必花錢除了我們發(fā)送或接收數(shù)據(jù)。IP 的自然無連接性可以大大提高存取速率: 文件下載只需要很短的時(shí)間，而且只需輕輕一點(diǎn)就能和網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接上。
3G采用多頻率通信技術(shù),并且達(dá)到 2 Mbit/s 的通路速度。與現(xiàn)在的移動網(wǎng)絡(luò)相比較,3G將會極大的提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)容量-因此將能夠支持更多的使用者, 同時(shí)能夠提供更多復(fù)雜的服務(wù)。3 GSynchronous CDMA(時(shí)分同步CDMA)，該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是由中國大陸?yīng)氉灾贫ǖ?G標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，1999年6月29日，中國原郵電部電信科學(xué)技術(shù)研究院（大唐電信）向ITU提出，但技術(shù)發(fā)明始祖于西門子公司，TD-SCDMA具有輻射低的特點(diǎn)，被譽(yù)為綠色3G。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將智能無線、同步CDMA和軟件無線電等當(dāng)今國際領(lǐng)先技術(shù)融于其中，在頻譜利用率、對業(yè)務(wù)支持具有靈活性、頻率靈活性及成本等方面的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢。另外，由于中國內(nèi)的龐大的市場，該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)受到各大主要電信設(shè)備廠商的重視，全球一半以上的設(shè)備廠商都宣布可以支持TD—SCDMA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提出不經(jīng)過2.5代的中間環(huán)節(jié)，直接向3G過渡，非常適用于GSM系統(tǒng)向3G升級。軍用通信網(wǎng)也是TD-SCDMA的核心任務(wù)?！?WCDMA
寬帶碼分多址接入技術(shù)(WCDMA)提供的數(shù)據(jù)傳送速率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于現(xiàn)在我們采用的通信方式,提供高達(dá)2Mbit/s的傳輸速率, 大大提高了光纖對語音信號的傳輸率。3G提供更寬的帶寬是3G中存在的巨 大的潛能。例如，WCDMA能夠使語音信號、視頻信號和數(shù)據(jù)同時(shí)進(jìn)行傳輸。
WCDMA完全遵照了IMT-2000提出的2GHz帶寬標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(IMT-2000中心帶寬),就像是在歐洲采用的UMTS(全球的移動傳輸系統(tǒng))和日本采用的ARIB(語音信號工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聯(lián)盟)。
愛立信在WCDMA的研發(fā)方面走在了前列。公司早在1988年就在日本為移動通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)開始了WCDMA的實(shí)驗(yàn)活動。愛立信已經(jīng)在全球建立了WCDMA的測試系統(tǒng)。在2000年，愛立信
宣布了他建立了WCDMA的基站?！DGE 全球革命性的提高傳輸速率將是原來的GSM和TSMA運(yùn)營商利用現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備提供3G服務(wù)。通過制定新的通信附加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來對無線通信和網(wǎng)絡(luò)中樞進(jìn)化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,同時(shí)改革所有的IP業(yè)務(wù)和多媒體網(wǎng)絡(luò)。· cdma2000 cdma2000對于提高寬帶傳輸速率和遞送高質(zhì)量的語音服務(wù)無疑是3G標(biāo)準(zhǔn)最有效率的。cdma2000標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的發(fā)展將會使移動通信系統(tǒng)能夠提供2Mbit/sec的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率甚至超過這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。cdma2000提供的帶寬向我們展示了3G的潛能。舉例來說，cdma2000允許同時(shí)的傳輸多組聲音圖像數(shù)據(jù)。
cdma2000完全融合了IMT-2000標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并且滿足了3G的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。cdma2000可以通過現(xiàn)有的CMDA和TDMA在800到1900 MHz的頻段上實(shí)現(xiàn),就像日本在2GHz的光譜中實(shí)現(xiàn)。
愛立信是cdma2000研發(fā)的先行者,它制定了對無線通信和網(wǎng)絡(luò)中樞進(jìn)行改革的新標(biāo)準(zhǔn),同時(shí)也提出了對IP和多媒體網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行改革的意見?！?藍(lán)牙
藍(lán)牙是在不同的裝置之間進(jìn)行雙通道短波傳輸?shù)墓_標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。舉例來說,它的出現(xiàn)標(biāo)志著通過電纜進(jìn)行移動通信連接掌上電腦或筆記本電腦的時(shí)代已經(jīng)過去。此外，藍(lán)牙能夠說數(shù)據(jù)傳輸同步化。存儲在智能數(shù)字助理上的日程表可以在個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)中藍(lán)牙能夠達(dá)到范圍里面自動更新。藍(lán)牙將成為通信領(lǐng)域中用于不同設(shè)備之間傳輸數(shù)據(jù)最重要的手段，同時(shí)它也將成為發(fā)展最快的發(fā)展領(lǐng)域。
藍(lán)牙技術(shù)是終端和其他設(shè)備使用移動通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的關(guān)鍵。藍(lán)牙即可應(yīng)用到現(xiàn)在的2G網(wǎng)絡(luò)也可以支持3G系統(tǒng),它將會在未來的移動通信中占據(jù)越來越重要的地位。愛立信已經(jīng)研制出了藍(lán)牙裝置,包括T36藍(lán)牙手機(jī)和藍(lán)牙掌上設(shè)備。
藍(lán)牙是由愛立信公司首先研制的,但現(xiàn)在藍(lán)牙主要是由一個(gè)特殊的世界組織來主管。此技術(shù)已在所有電信器械生產(chǎn)商、計(jì)算機(jī)制造商以及芯片制造商中普及?！?Symbian Symbian是一個(gè)被包括愛立信，諾基亞，摩托羅拉和 Psion公司共同投資的項(xiàng)目。Symbian的目標(biāo)是通過以下兩種方式提高其在移動通信市場的份額: · 第一, 通過發(fā)展軟件的核心，優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)，進(jìn)一步的研發(fā)手機(jī)通信設(shè)備工具(例如個(gè)人數(shù)傳助手，小巧的手機(jī)和通信器材)。
· 第二,制定移動設(shè)備傳輸信息的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Symbian的EPOC操作系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)研制成功，而且愛立信已經(jīng)在R380中使用了EPOC操作系統(tǒng)?！?無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定
無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定(無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定)是一個(gè)全球性的協(xié)議，是通過移動設(shè)備訪問英特網(wǎng)的公開標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。它可以使用戶通過移動設(shè)備例如手機(jī)和便攜設(shè)備訪問整個(gè)移動網(wǎng)絡(luò)和受據(jù)庫服務(wù)商,不用用不同的設(shè)備完成這些任務(wù)。
無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定允許統(tǒng)過建立“無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定微型瀏覽器”組織電話信息的方向, 同樣地網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器經(jīng)由英特網(wǎng)-個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)提供在線服務(wù)。典型地，無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定監(jiān)控屏將會顯示各種不同的服務(wù)或數(shù)據(jù)入口的若干超鏈接。
和采用無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定的手機(jī)一樣,愛立信也已經(jīng)宣布研制出一種無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定來服務(wù)開發(fā)者的裝備(WapIDE)和無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定出入口/代理,用移動的網(wǎng)絡(luò)在英特網(wǎng)和局域網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境中來橋接無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定申請和服務(wù)。除此之外，愛立信提供應(yīng)用專利, 像是愛立信本土化了英特網(wǎng)(ELI)給本地服務(wù) , 提供時(shí)間和發(fā)展環(huán)境給無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定申請的無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定應(yīng)用服務(wù)商。
愛立信是無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定論壇的四個(gè)最初成員之一。自從 1997 以后，當(dāng)它成立的時(shí)候, 無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定論壇已經(jīng)得到廣泛的工業(yè)廠商的支持，他們大部分都是是世界無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定論壇的成員。最新版的無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定 1.2.1,剛剛被開發(fā)出來。
我們將盡全力來推進(jìn)無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定，準(zhǔn)備協(xié)助運(yùn)營商和服務(wù)提供商在競爭中處與更有利的地位。這有助于我們調(diào)整現(xiàn)今的業(yè)務(wù)來適應(yīng)新經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，更有效的利用資源，用創(chuàng)新的方法與客戶溝通。
3G能給我們帶來什么
3G時(shí)代人們將會享受到他為我們提供的哪些服務(wù)呢，形象的說，3G就是飛機(jī)上的視頻會議；3G就是病人接受及時(shí)救助的醫(yī)學(xué)專家；3G就是籃球迷不會錯(cuò)過的NBA比賽；3G就是與朋友共享你在夏威夷的美好假期?！?視頻手機(jī)因3G勃興而揚(yáng)帆啟航
一直以來，我們通過QQ、MSN等視頻聊天功能，與親朋好友進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程視頻聊天。由于手機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率、圖像處理傳輸、接受顯示設(shè)備等達(dá)不到要求使得手機(jī)視頻聊天擱淺。3G時(shí)代依靠3G網(wǎng)絡(luò)的數(shù)據(jù)高速傳輸，從而3G手機(jī)用戶可以“面對面”交談。通過手機(jī)視頻，相距萬水千山的母子能夠通過手機(jī)相聚，分別日久的戀人能夠通過手機(jī)重逢?！?３Ｇ推動手機(jī)購物進(jìn)入井噴期
用手機(jī)上網(wǎng)購物是一種新的購物方式，手機(jī)購物不僅讓消費(fèi)者足不出戶就能買到滿意商品 更使得消費(fèi)者能夠方便快捷的對商品進(jìn)行挑選比較，隨著我國3G網(wǎng)絡(luò)的不斷完善，越來越多的用戶將會選擇手機(jī)購物模式。我國的手機(jī)購物將會迎來一個(gè)高速增長期。
網(wǎng)上商家不僅將服裝、圖書、手機(jī)、玩具、音像制品等日常商品擺上網(wǎng)絡(luò)貨架，汽車、筆記本電腦、珠寶等高檔商品也在備選之列。人們只要拿出３Ｇ手機(jī)登陸購物網(wǎng)站查詢商品信息，就能夠買到心儀的物品。網(wǎng)上購物價(jià)格不僅比商場便宜，更能夠送貨到家，如果不滿意可以按期退貨，網(wǎng)上商家誠信承諾保證了消費(fèi)者的購物安全?！?寬帶上網(wǎng)使手機(jī)成為“小電腦”
雖然中國的3G之路剛剛開始，寬帶上網(wǎng)已是亮點(diǎn)業(yè)務(wù)，我們能在手機(jī)上收發(fā)語音郵件、寫博客、聊天、搜索、下載等，還有拔尖業(yè)務(wù)，如網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲、手機(jī)導(dǎo)航、網(wǎng)上聊天等?！?手機(jī)辦公—OA系統(tǒng)桎梏開啟的鑰匙
傳統(tǒng)自動化辦公系統(tǒng)雖然較之從前大大提高了辦公效率，然而區(qū)域的局限使的 OA系統(tǒng)僅限于應(yīng)用局域網(wǎng)，這給企事業(yè)單位辦公帶來了很多的不方便。手機(jī)辦公可以隨時(shí)隨地與單位的信息系統(tǒng)保持聯(lián)系，完成辦公功能越來越受到人們的青睞。３Ｇ手機(jī)可以下載安裝office、java等辦公軟件，將傳統(tǒng)辦公軟硬件“壓縮”在手掌大的手機(jī)上?！?手機(jī)電視將液晶電視收入囊中
手機(jī)電視是利用具有操作系統(tǒng)和流媒體視頻功能的智能手機(jī)觀看電視的業(yè)務(wù)，它是利用CMMB技術(shù)推出的便攜式的移動的多媒體，不管是 GPRS手機(jī)還是CD－
MA1X手機(jī)，都需要在裝有操作系統(tǒng)的手機(jī)終端上安裝相應(yīng)的播放軟件，而相應(yīng)的電視節(jié)目則由移動通信公司或者通過相應(yīng)的SP來組織和提供。盡管３Ｇ發(fā)展一片欣欣向榮的景象，然而由于手機(jī)流媒體軟件，視頻影像的流暢、畫面質(zhì)量等技術(shù)方面存有問題，手機(jī)電視大踏步前進(jìn)還需要時(shí)日。
河南科技學(xué)院
信息工程082班
零三七八作品
點(diǎn)擊咨詢 