第一篇：英語(yǔ)網(wǎng)絡(luò)專業(yè)論文 翻譯

湘南學(xué)院計(jì)算機(jī)系08級(jí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程二班

計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)考查試卷及答案

姓名:楊劍學(xué)號(hào):200814160237

試卷說明：本次考查的內(nèi)容是翻譯專業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)論文（A Scalable

Peer-to-PeerWebServices Overlay for Semantic Discovery）的一部分

Abstract

The growing number of web services advocates（提倡/主張）distributed discovery infrastructures（基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）which are semantics-enabled.We introduce a novel approach for semantic discovery of web services in structured P2P-based(Peer-to-Peer)registries.We partition concepts into different CGs(Concept groups)and index these ordered concept sets in a two-phase semantic routing mechanism.Each node and query has one concept set as its unique ID.For each concept in the query, current node first route the query to a node with nodeID that shares a prefix as long as with the query, but a longer CG.Second, the query will be routed to a node sharing a longer prefix than that of the current node.Combining with semantic similarity calculation, our proposal guarantees that most existing services matching a query will be found with bounded costs in terms of number of nodes involved.The scalability and reliability of our approach are also confirmed through emulation tests..摘要

越來越多的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)提倡語(yǔ)義學(xué)已經(jīng)定義了的分布式的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施搜索。我們引入了一種基于點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)通過語(yǔ)義發(fā)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)的新方法。把這些概念分成不同的組并且給這些有序的兩個(gè)字母語(yǔ)義所代表的路由機(jī)制做索引。每一節(jié)點(diǎn)或者查詢有唯一標(biāo)識(shí)概念作為其獨(dú)特ID。首先對(duì)每一個(gè)查詢的語(yǔ)義在當(dāng)前節(jié)點(diǎn)查詢，查詢節(jié)點(diǎn)的路線與節(jié)點(diǎn)ID有相同長(zhǎng)的前綴，而并不是更加長(zhǎng)的組。第二，該查詢將會(huì)被傳送到另一個(gè)擁有更長(zhǎng)前綴的節(jié)點(diǎn)。結(jié)合語(yǔ)義相似度的計(jì)算，我們的建議是保證大部分存在的服務(wù)在有限的節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)目?jī)?nèi)相匹配。我們的可擴(kuò)性和可靠性也同時(shí)通過仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法得到了證實(shí)。

Introduction

Webservicesenable access to resources and software over the Internet．The increasing number ofweb services demands foran accurate，scalable，effective and reliablesolution to1

look up the mostappropriate services for the requirements of the users．This is specifically complicated jf numerous services fromvarious providersexist．All claiming to fulfill users’needs。

引言

網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)使得通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)存取資源和軟件成為可能。正在不斷增長(zhǎng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)量需求一個(gè)更為精確的、可擴(kuò)展的、有效的途徑去尋找更合適的服務(wù)以滿足用戶的需求。這是現(xiàn)有的不同的服務(wù)商提供的大量的特別復(fù)雜要求的消費(fèi)服務(wù)。這些都是為了滿足用戶的需求。

The mechanisms of service discoveryinclude centralized registry and decentralized approach．As the number of web services grows，the centralized registries，which lead to a single pointfailure and performance bottleneck，quickly become impractica1．However，the decentralized approaches．which based on Distributed hash table(DHT)，are extremely scalable and lookups can be resolvedin log n overlay routing hops for a network of size n nodes[1—41 ． These systerns are structured because the construction of the overlay network and the location of data within the system are controlled．However current DHT overlays use keyword to search for services and support only “exact match”lookups which will encounter difficulties in complex queries．

服務(wù)發(fā)現(xiàn)機(jī)制包括集中注冊(cè)和分散注冊(cè)的方法。隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)的數(shù)量增長(zhǎng),集中登記處的數(shù)據(jù),這將導(dǎo)致一個(gè)作為性能瓶頸單一的點(diǎn)失敗。然而，基于分散式哈希表的分散方法極其有效并且期望登陸到覆蓋路由能夠解決我們期望的網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)的規(guī)模問題。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)是非常有組織性的，這是因?yàn)楦采w網(wǎng)絡(luò)的建造和系統(tǒng)里面的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)被控制了。然而當(dāng)前的分散式哈希表包含用關(guān)鍵在查詢服務(wù)并且僅支持在復(fù)雜的查詢中遇到的精確地查找匹配。

In this paper，we present a structured peer-to-peer semanticrouting architecture，a scalable，se1f-organlzing and decentralizedsemantic overlay network which could efficiently route and locate the semantic service request to service registration node．The web services can be described in semantic method and Can be characterized bv a set of ontological concepts．W e use these ontology concept sets to index the web services and store the service information at peers in the P2Psystem using a DHTapproach．The presented system extends the Plaxtonmesh[5J to dynamic semantic overlaynetwork to manage service advertisements．With the use of structured peer-to-peer overlay as the service repository network，the system is highly scalable in terms of number of registries and services．The remained characteristic of Plaxton mesh guarantees that most existing services matching a query will be found with bounded costs in terms of number of messages and number of nodes involved。

在這里，我們提出摘要提出了一種點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)的語(yǔ)義路由體系結(jié)構(gòu)，一個(gè)可擴(kuò)展的、自主的和分散的語(yǔ)義覆蓋網(wǎng)絡(luò)，它能有效地查找和定位語(yǔ)義服務(wù)請(qǐng)求并且服務(wù)登記節(jié)點(diǎn)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)可以被語(yǔ)義方法描述并且可以被一系列的邏輯概念所描繪。我們使用這些邏輯概念去索引網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)。并儲(chǔ)存服務(wù)的信息在這個(gè)使用分散式哈希表的方法的點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)點(diǎn)上。這個(gè)被提出的系統(tǒng)拓展了Plaxton mesh的動(dòng)態(tài)語(yǔ)義覆蓋網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理服務(wù)。在點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)注冊(cè)表的結(jié)構(gòu)作為服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)倉(cāng)庫(kù)的使用下這個(gè)系統(tǒng)很值得作為寄存器和服務(wù)而研究。Plaxton mesh的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是

確保了大部分存在的服務(wù)與有限的節(jié)點(diǎn)中所保存的信息相匹配。

Relatedwork

Some semantic based service matching approaches have been proposed to improve the capabilities of UDDI respectively．However，those approaches have the limitation of extensibility and endangered by single point failure mentioned above．To achieve the high scalability and improve the efficiencyand accuracy．DHTbased structured P2P network technology and ontology are proposed in many approaches，including our work．Kunalet and Liueta1 base their work on a classification system expressed in service or registry ontologies．In these approaches，the choosing ofa specific registry to store and search for a service advertisement depend on the type of the service，e．g．，business registry is used for storing information of business—related services．In fact these proposals are good in terms of organizing registries to benefit service management rather than for the service discoveryitself．Although publishing and updating service descriptioninformation based on their categories is relatively simple．It would be difficult for users to search for certain services without knowing details of this c1assificationandlt would be hard to come up with such a common service or registry ontology．HyperCup project explores the idea of using P2P for the discovery of web services and aims at developing an overlaying structure on the P2P network that allows efficient discovery while reducing the overhead of Gnutella．Unfortunately，HyperCup reduces the P2P graph to a tree which introduces weaknesses that P2P wants to remove：the failure of one node prevents the visibility of the rest of the tree．Massimo eta1．a(chǎn)meliorate Gnutella by combining DAML-sand addresses scalability of the discovery process．But because of the limitation of Gnutella．This method still lacks capability of locatingservices inalarge scale network

相關(guān)工作：

一些語(yǔ)義定義的基本服務(wù)匹配方法被建議各自去提高UDDI的能力。然而，這些方法有可延長(zhǎng)并且被上面提到的單個(gè)的點(diǎn)威脅的缺陷。為了擴(kuò)大規(guī)模和提高效率和精確度?；邳c(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)和理論結(jié)構(gòu)的哈希表被很多方法所提到，包括我們的著作。Kunalet和Liuetal把他們的工作建立在表示服務(wù)和注冊(cè)的分類系統(tǒng)之上。在這個(gè)方法中，選擇一個(gè)特別的存儲(chǔ)器去存和查詢服務(wù)項(xiàng)目是據(jù)服務(wù)的類型而定的，就像商業(yè)寄存器是用于存儲(chǔ)商業(yè)有關(guān)的信息的相關(guān)服務(wù)。事實(shí)上，這些建議取決于組織寄存器是為了便于服務(wù)管理而不是服務(wù)發(fā)現(xiàn)本身。盡管出版和更新服務(wù)描述信息是基于他們的相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的分類。但是一定會(huì)給不知道詳細(xì)分類并且很難提出那樣普通的服務(wù)卻要尋找具體服務(wù)的用戶或者邏輯實(shí)體帶來困難。HyperCup 計(jì)劃探索正在使用點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)的想法是為了發(fā)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)和發(fā)展中的允許在減小施工花費(fèi)的情況下高效查找到目標(biāo)的基于P2P網(wǎng)絡(luò)的覆蓋網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)。不幸的是，HyperCup 減小了樹中P2P的圖之后P2P想退出的削弱——一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的問題阻止了它以下子節(jié)點(diǎn)。Massimo eta1．a(chǎn)meliorate Gnutella通過結(jié)合DAML-sand 的地址規(guī)模的形成過程。但是由于Guntella的能力有限這個(gè)方法仍然缺乏能力定位服務(wù)于一體的大型網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

。Fatihetal suggest to search services based on their execution paths expressed as finite path automata which is different from other approaches where only the input and output parameters of a service are used.We also agree on the opinion that other information ,e,g.process structure of the service invocation are less important since they are difficult to use in queries and unlikely to be the primary selection condition in searches as user would need to know and describe the execution

flow of their required services and thus not critical in terms of indexing.We may expect that the input and output parameters of a service will be ususlly used as a search condition with good selectivity among a large number of web services.Fatihetal建議搜索服務(wù)根據(jù)他們的執(zhí)行路徑表示為有限自動(dòng)機(jī)的路徑,它不同于其他的方法只要輸入和輸出參數(shù)服務(wù)被使用。我們同意這樣的觀點(diǎn),其他的,譬如，服務(wù)進(jìn)程結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)用不太重要,因?yàn)樗麄冸y以使用在查詢和不太可能變成主要的選擇與用戶的需要知道并描述執(zhí)行所需要的服務(wù)的進(jìn)程并且對(duì)于索引來說這不是很挑剔的行為這類的搜索條件。我們期望輸入輸出服務(wù)的參數(shù)常被當(dāng)做在大量網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)中的好的選擇的搜索條件。

There are also some other proposed methods,such as Refs.[13，14]。Although so many P2P based approaches have been proposed ,the efficiency and precision of decentralized service discovery methods still be left behind.當(dāng)然這里也有一些合適的方法,如參考文獻(xiàn)[13，14]。雖然如此多的P2P基礎(chǔ)方法已經(jīng)被提出來了，但是高精度和高效率分散管理的服務(wù)發(fā)現(xiàn)方法仍然沒找到。

后記：由于鄙人才疏學(xué)淺，有不少地方翻譯的不到位，還望讀者見諒??！

第二篇：翻譯專業(yè)論文標(biāo)題（推薦）

應(yīng)用翻譯專業(yè)論文標(biāo)題

1、進(jìn)口商標(biāo)的翻譯方法及原則淺談

2、淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)幽默的翻譯

3、小議英語(yǔ)顏色詞的翻譯及方法

4、淺析英語(yǔ)新聞標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)及翻譯方法

5、淺議科技英語(yǔ)翻譯的技巧與教學(xué)

6、城市公示語(yǔ)的漢英翻譯

7、中英文基本顏色詞的文化差異及其翻譯

8、長(zhǎng)沙市公示語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)翻譯問題

9、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)及翻譯原則

10、淺談新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)及翻譯技巧

11、經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)的詞匯特點(diǎn)及翻譯

12、略談定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法與技巧

13、中英文商標(biāo)名稱的構(gòu)成方法及翻譯原則

14、英漢習(xí)語(yǔ)的文化差異及翻譯

15、漫談動(dòng)物成語(yǔ)的翻譯

16、淺談中國(guó)景點(diǎn)名稱的翻譯

17、淺談漢英翻譯中習(xí)語(yǔ)的譯法

18、淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)新聞標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)及翻譯

19、淺談?dòng)h習(xí)語(yǔ)的翻譯 20、中文菜肴名稱的漢英翻譯

21、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)及其翻譯

22、英語(yǔ)科技術(shù)語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞特點(diǎn)及其翻譯

23、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)及其翻譯

24、英漢專業(yè)翻譯軟件翻譯質(zhì)量的人工測(cè)評(píng)

25、外貿(mào)函電的特點(diǎn)及翻譯問題

26、旅游翻譯:定義、地位與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

27、廣告英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言特色及翻譯策略探討

28、科技英語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特點(diǎn)及翻譯方法

29、淺析英語(yǔ)廣告的修辭特點(diǎn)及翻譯 30、長(zhǎng)沙市旅游公示語(yǔ)翻譯現(xiàn)狀及對(duì)策

31、商標(biāo)及廣告詞的翻譯原則與策略

32、廣告英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言特色、翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及策略

33、淺談因特網(wǎng)輔助翻譯的若干方法和技巧

34、如何看待翻譯中否定句式及其漢譯問題

35、英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句的翻譯

36、簡(jiǎn)議科技英語(yǔ)翻譯長(zhǎng)句的處理

37、淺談?dòng)h成語(yǔ)及俗語(yǔ)翻譯

38、英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的翻譯研究

39、淺析英語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)及翻譯技巧 40、淺議英語(yǔ)新聞標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)和翻譯技巧

41、英語(yǔ)定冠詞的用法與翻譯

42、口譯中數(shù)字的翻譯

43、試論英語(yǔ)口譯中數(shù)字的譯法

44、漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)否定之翻譯

45、中英文電影名翻譯及其比較

46、淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)的翻譯

47、淺談法律英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)及翻譯

48、淺析英語(yǔ)專有名詞的翻譯

49、淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)否定句型及其翻譯 50、英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的翻譯技巧

51、英語(yǔ)否定結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)及翻譯

52、論英漢典故的翻譯

53、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)翻譯教學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀及改進(jìn)方法

54、信息社會(huì)對(duì)翻譯教學(xué)的影響

55、國(guó)內(nèi)翻譯軟件的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展方向

56、淺議中外典故習(xí)語(yǔ)的翻譯

57、涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的特點(diǎn)和翻譯

58、論即席翻譯過程中的口譯記錄

59、英語(yǔ)倍數(shù)的句型及翻譯

60、科技英語(yǔ)詞匯的特點(diǎn)、構(gòu)成及其翻譯 61、談商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)和翻譯 62、淺析中式菜譜的文化和翻譯 63、漢英公示語(yǔ)的翻譯 64、英語(yǔ)商品名稱的翻譯

65、商務(wù)廣告英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)及其翻譯技巧 66、委婉語(yǔ)的翻譯 67、英漢翻譯中隱喻的處理 68、英漢翻譯中的直譯與意譯 69、英漢諺語(yǔ)的特色與翻譯

70、淺析直譯與意譯在英語(yǔ)廣告漢譯中的運(yùn)用 71、合同的語(yǔ)篇特點(diǎn)及翻譯 72、顏色詞的翻譯

第三篇：英語(yǔ)科技論文翻譯

3G TECHNOLOGY Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the 3G TECHNOLOGY of representative technologies this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study.Therefore, control this technology and then seem to be more to deliver the importance.Now I mainly introduce some knowledge of the 3G TECHNOLOGY.Keywords GPRS, TD-SCDMA，WCDMA , EDGE ,CDMA2000 , WAP , SYMBIAN G, the third Generation, known as the Chinese meaning is refers to the third Generation of digital communication.The growth of the global 3G was rapidly in recent years.From 2002 to 2008, the 3 G operators have been gradually from the original is pale and management to the accelerated development.By June 2008, global 3 G users accumulative total up to 709 million, the total 84 countries and regions issued 3 G licenses, including effective certificate for 249 copies.Our country of 3 G development is relatively later than the advanced countries.In 2009, China was officially forward 3 G time.In the economic crisis of the downturn state，China's ministry of information industry issued three third generation mobile communication(3 G)license for China mobile, China telecom and China Unicom.China Mobile use our country with independent intellectual property rights of the 3 G standard TD-SCDMA , China Telecom get CDMA2000 license and China Unicom WCDMA license.2009 as China 3 G formal first commercial.Although the technology behind 3G may seem complicated, the ways in which 3G will affect all of our lives are easy to imagine.Just imagine having a combined camera, video-camera, computer, stereo, and radio included in your mobile phone.Rich-media information and entertainment will be at your fingertips whenever you want anywhere there is a wireless network.Mobile communication is moving from simple voice to rich media, where we use more of our senses to intensify our experiences.But not all of this will happen at once.3G is an evolution to a communications ideal that no one completely understands yet.What we do know is that mobile multimedia will hit the Japanese markets in 2001, and Europe and North America will follow soon after.3G brings together high-speed radio access and IP-based services into one, powerful environment.The step towards IP is vital.IP is packet-based, which in simple terms, means users can be “on line” at all times, but without having to pay until we actually send or receive data.The connectionless nature of IP also makes access a lot faster: file downloads can take a few seconds and we can be connected to our corporate network with a single click.3G introduces wideband radio communications, with access speeds of up to 2Mbit/s.Compared with today's mobile networks, 3G will significantly boost network capacityAt home 3G is going to affect our home and social lives in many ways.The services that 3G enables will help us to manage our personal information, simplify tasks such as grocery shopping, make better use of our time and offer services that are just fun to use.Operators will be able to develop myriad new service opportunities to attract and retain new customers.Here are some examples:

· You're sitting on a train and use this “dead” time to log on to your bank account, check your balance and pay a few billsAt work

3G will not just support the needs of businesspeople who travel a lot, but will also help new, flexible working practices, such as home-working and remote access to corporate networks outside traditional working hours.Businesspeople are often high-volume airtime users, so they represent a big opportunity for mobile operators.Here are some examples:

·

At work you receive a message from your “smart” refrigerator at home.The message tells you that certain items need restocking and an order has already been prepared for the local grocery store, which you can approve, so that your groceries are ready to collect on the way home.·

You are on the road, and urgently need to discuss a draft presentation with a number of colleagues back in the office.Pulling into a service station, you use your 3G device to hold a telephone conference with your colleagues and, at the same time, you can all view the draft presentation and make changes on line.·

A maintenance engineer is repairing some equipment on a client's premises and hits a problem.Using his 3G device, he contacts his department and downloads a demonstration video that guides him through the repair process.TECHNOLOGY 3G brings together two powerful forces: wideband radio communications and IP-based services.Together, these lay the groundwork for advanced Mobile Internet services, including personalized portals, “infotainment”, mobile commerce and unified messaging-encompassing high-speed data, superior quality voice and video and location-based services.Making 3G a reality depends on technology developments in different areas.These include

amendments to the radio interface to support wideband communications and in the core network.Supporting technologies, such as WAP and Bluetooth, also have an important role to play.This section provides a brief overview of some of the main technologies and developments involved.Ericsson supports all of these technologies and has played an active role in their development.·GPRS General Packet Radio Service(GPRS)is an enhancement to existing GSM and TDMA networks that introduces packet data transmission, enabling “always on” mobility.This means that users can choose to be permanently logged on to e-mail, Internet access and other services, but do not have to pay for these services unless sending or receiving information.When EDGE is added to GPRS, these data rates will increase up to 384kbit/s.GPRS will be implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing nodes to provide a routing path for packet data between the mobile terminal and a gateway node.The gateway node will provide interworking with external packet data networks for access to the Internet and intranets.Benefits:

·Faster data speeds and “always on” mobility ·Almost instantaneous connection set-up

·Connection to an abundance of data sources around the world, through support for multiple protocols, including IP

·A step towards full 3G services.·TD-SCDMA All called Time Division-Synchronous CDMA , this standard is formulated by mainland China alone the 3 G standard.On June 29, 1999, the China telecom science and technology and telecommunications research institute(Datang Telecom)to the ITU, but technical invention father put forward in Siemens AG.TD-SCDMA has the characteristics of low radiation, known as the green 3 G.This standard will intelligent wireless, synchronous CDMA and software radio today the international leading technology into which, in spectrum use efficiency, the business support for flexibility, frequency flexibility and cost, and other aspects of the unique advantages.In addition, because of the huge market in China, the standard by the major telecommunications equipment manufacturer to the attention of the world, more than half of the equipment factory now announced that can support TD-SCDMA standards.This standard is made after 2.5 of the intermediate links, and the generation of directly to the 3 G transition, so it is suitable to GSM system to 3 G to upgrade.Military communication network is the core of TD-SCDMA task.·WCDMA

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA)is a wideband radio technique that provides far higher data rates than other radio techniques available today, up to 2Mbit/s, and highly efficient use of radio spectrum.The higher bandwidth that WCDMA provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example，WCDMA allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.WCDMA is fully compliant with IMT-2000 and is the air interface technology for standards in the 2GHz bandwidth(the IMT-2000 core band), known as UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)in Europe and ARIB(Association of Radio Industry Businesses)in Japan.Ericsson has been at the forefront of WCDMA development.The company delivered an experimental WCDMA system to NTT DoCoMo in Japan back in 1998.Ericsson has also set up WCDMA test systems around the world.At 2000, Ericsson announced its first family of WCDMA base stations.·EDGE

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution(EDGE)enables GSM and TDMA operators to offer 3G services using existing network frequencies.By making changes and additions to standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·CDMA2000 CDMA2000 is a decidedly efficient 3G standard for the delivery of high bandwidth data and high capacity voice services.The evolution of the cdma2000 standard will enable mobile systems to offer data throughputs of 2 Mbit/sec and beyond.The higher bandwidth that cdma2000 provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example, cdma2000 also allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.CDMA2000 is fully compliant with IMT-2000 requirements for 3G.CDMA2000 will be implemented in the existing frequency bands of CMDA and TDMA at 800 and 1900 MHz, as well as in new spectrum at 2GHz in Japan.Ericsson is a leader in cdma2000 development, and a key driver in the standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·Bluetooth

Bluetooth is an open standard for two-way, short-wave radio communications between different devices.It marks the end of cables and cords between mobile phones, palmtops, portable PCs and printers, for example.Furthermore, Bluetooth enables information between such devices to be synchronized.Diary information held on a PDA can be updated automatically when within range of a Bluetooth-enabled PC.Bluetooth is also going to be important for machine-to-machine communicationshundreds of companies are members of the worldwide WAP Forum。The latest version of the WAP standard, WAP 1.2.1, has recently been launched.Our dedicated WAP consutants are ready to assist operators and service providers sharpen their competitive edge.They help today's businesses adapt to the new economy and create cost-effective, innovative ways to communicate with customers.What will 3G give us

People will enjoy the 3G time what services it provide, the image of that, 3G is video conference on that plane;3G is patients receive timely assistance of medical experts;3G is fans will not miss the NBA basketball game;3G is to share with friends your beautiful vacation in Hawaii.· more and more 3G video phone

All along, we use QQ, MSN chat with friends remotely.As the mobile data transfer rate, image processing, transmission, mainly the acceptance of such display devices makes mobile video chat stranded.3G time to rely on high-speed 3G data transmission network, which 3G mobile phone users can “face to face” conversation.Through mobile video, As far away from the mother via cell phone together, were falling through the mobile phone lovers can meet again.·3G Push into the mobile phone shopping blowout Use the mobile internet shopping is a new way to shop, mobile shopping not only will be able to let consumer buy goods but also makes the satisfaction convenient for consumers to pick and choose goods compared with the constant.With the improvement of China's 3G network , more and more users will choose to phone shopping patterns.China's mobile phone shop will grow rapidly in a period.Online businesses not only include clothing, books, cell phones, toys, audio-visual products and other daily goods put on the network shelf, cars, laptop computers, jewelry and other luxury goods are also options for the list.One need only log out of 3G mobile phone shopping website of product information, we can buy our favorite items.Online shopping is not only cheaper than the mall , better able to send home delivery.If not satisfied can return on schedule, on-line business integrity committed to ensuring that the consumer's shopping safety.·Broadband Internet access to mobile phones to be a “small computer” Although China has just begun the road to 3G, broadband internet access business has been a bright spot, we can send and receive voice messages on the phone, write a blog, chat, search, download and so on, as well as top-notch services such as online games, mobile navigation, online chat and so on.·the key to the Mobile Office-OA system Although compared with traditional office, automation system greatly improves the working efficiency.However, the limitations of the region's OA system is limited to local area network applications, this office brings to enterprises a lot of inconvenience.Mobile office can keep in touch with units and complete work in anytime and at anywhere.3G mobile phones can download and install office, java and other office software, office software and hardware will be the traditional “compression” in the palm of a large mobile phone.·LCD TVs will be included in Mobile TV Mobile TV is to use with the operating system and streaming video-enabled smart phones to watch TV business.It is a multimedia that use CMMB technology, whether it is GPRS mobile phone or CD-MA1X phone, need to be equipped with mobile terminal operating system to install the appropriate player software.TV programs from the corresponding mobile communication company or by the corresponding SP to organize and deliver.Despite the development of a thriving scene 3G, but because mobile streaming media software, smooth video images and other technical aspects of picture quality there are some problems, Mobile TV strides also takes some time.3G技術(shù)

摘要：

21世紀(jì)是信息經(jīng)濟(jì)的時(shí)代，作為這個(gè)時(shí)代的代表技術(shù)，3G技術(shù)將在非?？斓乃俣劝l(fā)展很快，不斷創(chuàng)造性地將進(jìn)入人們的工作，學(xué)習(xí)和生活中深。因此，控制這種技術(shù)，然后似乎更有重要性?，F(xiàn)在，我主要介紹一些3G技術(shù)的知識(shí)。

關(guān)鍵字：探地雷達(dá)，TD-SCDMA，WCDMA，邊緣，CDMA2000，桅索制動(dòng)器，操作系統(tǒng)使用的手機(jī)設(shè)備

3G，全稱為3rd Generation，中文含義就是指第三代數(shù)字通信。全球3G近年來快速成長(zhǎng)，從2002年到2008年，全球3G運(yùn)營(yíng)商已經(jīng)逐步從最初的慘淡經(jīng)營(yíng)轉(zhuǎn)為現(xiàn)在的加速發(fā)展，截止2008年6月，全球3G用戶累計(jì)已達(dá)到7.09億，全球共有84個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)發(fā)放了3G許可證，其中有效證為249張。

我國(guó)3G發(fā)展相對(duì)先進(jìn)國(guó)家比較晚，2009年我國(guó)才正式邁進(jìn)3G時(shí)代，在經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)低迷的狀態(tài)下，2009年1月7日，中國(guó)工業(yè)和信息化部為中國(guó)移動(dòng)、中國(guó)電信和中國(guó)聯(lián)通發(fā)放3張第三代移動(dòng)通信（3G）牌照。中國(guó)移動(dòng)使用我國(guó)具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的3G標(biāo)準(zhǔn)TD-SCDMA，中國(guó)電信獲得CDMA2000牌照，中國(guó)聯(lián)通獲得WCDMA牌照。2009年成為中國(guó)3G正式商用年。

雖然在 3 G 后面的技術(shù)可能很復(fù)雜, 但是3 G 將會(huì)在我們生活中產(chǎn)生的影響是我們可以想象的。僅僅想像在你的行動(dòng)電話中加入照相機(jī)、攝像機(jī)、計(jì)算機(jī)、音響以及收音機(jī)功能。這樣，無論何時(shí)何地你都將能夠通過無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)獲得大量的媒體信息和娛樂。

移動(dòng)通信正在由單一的語(yǔ)音通信向多媒體方向發(fā)展,通過此途徑來加深我們對(duì)外界的感覺。

但不是這全部都將立刻發(fā)生。至今為止沒有一個(gè)人能夠完全掌握3G的發(fā)展的進(jìn)程。我們唯一確信的是2001年多媒體移動(dòng)通信將沖擊日本市場(chǎng)，而且歐洲和北美也將很快發(fā)展多媒體通信市場(chǎng)。

3G在帶來高速的語(yǔ)音通路之外還集以IP為基礎(chǔ)的服務(wù)為一身,有強(qiáng)大的發(fā)展環(huán)境。向IP方向發(fā)展是至關(guān)重要的。IP技術(shù)是以簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)據(jù)包傳輸為基礎(chǔ)的, 可以使用戶同時(shí)上網(wǎng)，但是不必花錢除了我們發(fā)送或接收數(shù)據(jù)。IP 的自然無連接性可以大大提高存取速率: 文件下載只需要很短的時(shí)間，而且只需輕輕一點(diǎn)就能和網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接上。

3G采用多頻率通信技術(shù),并且達(dá)到 2 Mbit/s 的通路速度。與現(xiàn)在的移動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)相比較,3G將會(huì)極大的提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)容量-因此將能夠支持更多的使用者, 同時(shí)能夠提供更多復(fù)雜的服務(wù)。3 GSynchronous CDMA(時(shí)分同步CDMA)，該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是由中國(guó)大陸?yīng)氉灾贫ǖ?G標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，1999年6月29日，中國(guó)原郵電部電信科學(xué)技術(shù)研究院（大唐電信）向ITU提出，但技術(shù)發(fā)明始祖于西門子公司，TD-SCDMA具有輻射低的特點(diǎn)，被譽(yù)為綠色3G。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將智能無線、同步CDMA和軟件無線電等當(dāng)今國(guó)際領(lǐng)先技術(shù)融于其中，在頻譜利用率、對(duì)業(yè)務(wù)支持具有靈活性、頻率靈活性及成本等方面的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)。另外，由于中國(guó)內(nèi)的龐大的市場(chǎng)，該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)受到各大主要電信設(shè)備廠商的重視，全球一半以上的設(shè)備廠商都宣布可以支持TD—SCDMA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提出不經(jīng)過2.5代的中間環(huán)節(jié)，直接向3G過渡，非常適用于GSM系統(tǒng)向3G升級(jí)。軍用通信網(wǎng)也是TD-SCDMA的核心任務(wù)?！?WCDMA

寬帶碼分多址接入技術(shù)(WCDMA)提供的數(shù)據(jù)傳送速率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于現(xiàn)在我們采用的通信方式,提供高達(dá)2Mbit/s的傳輸速率, 大大提高了光纖對(duì)語(yǔ)音信號(hào)的傳輸率。3G提供更寬的帶寬是3G中存在的巨 大的潛能。例如，WCDMA能夠使語(yǔ)音信號(hào)、視頻信號(hào)和數(shù)據(jù)同時(shí)進(jìn)行傳輸。

WCDMA完全遵照了IMT-2000提出的2GHz帶寬標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(IMT-2000中心帶寬),就像是在歐洲采用的UMTS(全球的移動(dòng)傳輸系統(tǒng))和日本采用的ARIB(語(yǔ)音信號(hào)工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聯(lián)盟)。

愛立信在WCDMA的研發(fā)方面走在了前列。公司早在1988年就在日本為移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)開始了WCDMA的實(shí)驗(yàn)活動(dòng)。愛立信已經(jīng)在全球建立了WCDMA的測(cè)試系統(tǒng)。在2000年，愛立信

宣布了他建立了WCDMA的基站?！DGE 全球革命性的提高傳輸速率將是原來的GSM和TSMA運(yùn)營(yíng)商利用現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備提供3G服務(wù)。通過制定新的通信附加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來對(duì)無線通信和網(wǎng)絡(luò)中樞進(jìn)化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,同時(shí)改革所有的IP業(yè)務(wù)和多媒體網(wǎng)絡(luò)。· cdma2000 cdma2000對(duì)于提高寬帶傳輸速率和遞送高質(zhì)量的語(yǔ)音服務(wù)無疑是3G標(biāo)準(zhǔn)最有效率的。cdma2000標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的發(fā)展將會(huì)使移動(dòng)通信系統(tǒng)能夠提供2Mbit/sec的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率甚至超過這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。cdma2000提供的帶寬向我們展示了3G的潛能。舉例來說，cdma2000允許同時(shí)的傳輸多組聲音圖像數(shù)據(jù)。

cdma2000完全融合了IMT-2000標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并且滿足了3G的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。cdma2000可以通過現(xiàn)有的CMDA和TDMA在800到1900 MHz的頻段上實(shí)現(xiàn),就像日本在2GHz的光譜中實(shí)現(xiàn)。

愛立信是cdma2000研發(fā)的先行者,它制定了對(duì)無線通信和網(wǎng)絡(luò)中樞進(jìn)行改革的新標(biāo)準(zhǔn),同時(shí)也提出了對(duì)IP和多媒體網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行改革的意見?！?藍(lán)牙

藍(lán)牙是在不同的裝置之間進(jìn)行雙通道短波傳輸?shù)墓_標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。舉例來說,它的出現(xiàn)標(biāo)志著通過電纜進(jìn)行移動(dòng)通信連接掌上電腦或筆記本電腦的時(shí)代已經(jīng)過去。此外，藍(lán)牙能夠說數(shù)據(jù)傳輸同步化。存儲(chǔ)在智能數(shù)字助理上的日程表可以在個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)中藍(lán)牙能夠達(dá)到范圍里面自動(dòng)更新。藍(lán)牙將成為通信領(lǐng)域中用于不同設(shè)備之間傳輸數(shù)據(jù)最重要的手段，同時(shí)它也將成為發(fā)展最快的發(fā)展領(lǐng)域。

藍(lán)牙技術(shù)是終端和其他設(shè)備使用移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的關(guān)鍵。藍(lán)牙即可應(yīng)用到現(xiàn)在的2G網(wǎng)絡(luò)也可以支持3G系統(tǒng),它將會(huì)在未來的移動(dòng)通信中占據(jù)越來越重要的地位。愛立信已經(jīng)研制出了藍(lán)牙裝置,包括T36藍(lán)牙手機(jī)和藍(lán)牙掌上設(shè)備。

藍(lán)牙是由愛立信公司首先研制的,但現(xiàn)在藍(lán)牙主要是由一個(gè)特殊的世界組織來主管。此技術(shù)已在所有電信器械生產(chǎn)商、計(jì)算機(jī)制造商以及芯片制造商中普及?！?Symbian Symbian是一個(gè)被包括愛立信，諾基亞，摩托羅拉和 Psion公司共同投資的項(xiàng)目。Symbian的目標(biāo)是通過以下兩種方式提高其在移動(dòng)通信市場(chǎng)的份額: · 第一, 通過發(fā)展軟件的核心，優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)，進(jìn)一步的研發(fā)手機(jī)通信設(shè)備工具(例如個(gè)人數(shù)傳助手，小巧的手機(jī)和通信器材)。

· 第二,制定移動(dòng)設(shè)備傳輸信息的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Symbian的EPOC操作系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)研制成功，而且愛立信已經(jīng)在R380中使用了EPOC操作系統(tǒng)?！?無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定

無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定(無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定)是一個(gè)全球性的協(xié)議，是通過移動(dòng)設(shè)備訪問英特網(wǎng)的公開標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。它可以使用戶通過移動(dòng)設(shè)備例如手機(jī)和便攜設(shè)備訪問整個(gè)移動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和受據(jù)庫(kù)服務(wù)商,不用用不同的設(shè)備完成這些任務(wù)。

無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定允許統(tǒng)過建立“無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定微型瀏覽器”組織電話信息的方向, 同樣地網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器經(jīng)由英特網(wǎng)-個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)提供在線服務(wù)。典型地，無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定監(jiān)控屏將會(huì)顯示各種不同的服務(wù)或數(shù)據(jù)入口的若干超鏈接。

和采用無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定的手機(jī)一樣,愛立信也已經(jīng)宣布研制出一種無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定來服務(wù)開發(fā)者的裝備(WapIDE)和無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定出入口/代理,用移動(dòng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)在英特網(wǎng)和局域網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境中來橋接無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定申請(qǐng)和服務(wù)。除此之外，愛立信提供應(yīng)用專利, 像是愛立信本土化了英特網(wǎng)(ELI)給本地服務(wù) , 提供時(shí)間和發(fā)展環(huán)境給無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定申請(qǐng)的無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定應(yīng)用服務(wù)商。

愛立信是無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定論壇的四個(gè)最初成員之一。自從 1997 以后，當(dāng)它成立的時(shí)候, 無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定論壇已經(jīng)得到廣泛的工業(yè)廠商的支持，他們大部分都是是世界無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定論壇的成員。最新版的無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定 1.2.1,剛剛被開發(fā)出來。

我們將盡全力來推進(jìn)無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定，準(zhǔn)備協(xié)助運(yùn)營(yíng)商和服務(wù)提供商在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中處與更有利的地位。這有助于我們調(diào)整現(xiàn)今的業(yè)務(wù)來適應(yīng)新經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，更有效的利用資源，用創(chuàng)新的方法與客戶溝通。

3G能給我們帶來什么

3G時(shí)代人們將會(huì)享受到他為我們提供的哪些服務(wù)呢，形象的說，3G就是飛機(jī)上的視頻會(huì)議；3G就是病人接受及時(shí)救助的醫(yī)學(xué)專家；3G就是籃球迷不會(huì)錯(cuò)過的NBA比賽；3G就是與朋友共享你在夏威夷的美好假期?！?視頻手機(jī)因3G勃興而揚(yáng)帆啟航

一直以來，我們通過QQ、MSN等視頻聊天功能，與親朋好友進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程視頻聊天。由于手機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率、圖像處理傳輸、接受顯示設(shè)備等達(dá)不到要求使得手機(jī)視頻聊天擱淺。3G時(shí)代依靠3G網(wǎng)絡(luò)的數(shù)據(jù)高速傳輸，從而3G手機(jī)用戶可以“面對(duì)面”交談。通過手機(jī)視頻，相距萬水千山的母子能夠通過手機(jī)相聚，分別日久的戀人能夠通過手機(jī)重逢?！?３Ｇ推動(dòng)手機(jī)購(gòu)物進(jìn)入井噴期

用手機(jī)上網(wǎng)購(gòu)物是一種新的購(gòu)物方式，手機(jī)購(gòu)物不僅讓消費(fèi)者足不出戶就能買到滿意商品 更使得消費(fèi)者能夠方便快捷的對(duì)商品進(jìn)行挑選比較，隨著我國(guó)3G網(wǎng)絡(luò)的不斷完善，越來越多的用戶將會(huì)選擇手機(jī)購(gòu)物模式。我國(guó)的手機(jī)購(gòu)物將會(huì)迎來一個(gè)高速增長(zhǎng)期。

網(wǎng)上商家不僅將服裝、圖書、手機(jī)、玩具、音像制品等日常商品擺上網(wǎng)絡(luò)貨架，汽車、筆記本電腦、珠寶等高檔商品也在備選之列。人們只要拿出３Ｇ手機(jī)登陸購(gòu)物網(wǎng)站查詢商品信息，就能夠買到心儀的物品。網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物價(jià)格不僅比商場(chǎng)便宜，更能夠送貨到家，如果不滿意可以按期退貨，網(wǎng)上商家誠(chéng)信承諾保證了消費(fèi)者的購(gòu)物安全?！?寬帶上網(wǎng)使手機(jī)成為“小電腦”

雖然中國(guó)的3G之路剛剛開始，寬帶上網(wǎng)已是亮點(diǎn)業(yè)務(wù)，我們能在手機(jī)上收發(fā)語(yǔ)音郵件、寫博客、聊天、搜索、下載等，還有拔尖業(yè)務(wù)，如網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲、手機(jī)導(dǎo)航、網(wǎng)上聊天等。· 手機(jī)辦公—OA系統(tǒng)桎梏開啟的鑰匙

傳統(tǒng)自動(dòng)化辦公系統(tǒng)雖然較之從前大大提高了辦公效率，然而區(qū)域的局限使的 OA系統(tǒng)僅限于應(yīng)用局域網(wǎng)，這給企事業(yè)單位辦公帶來了很多的不方便。手機(jī)辦公可以隨時(shí)隨地與單位的信息系統(tǒng)保持聯(lián)系，完成辦公功能越來越受到人們的青睞。３Ｇ手機(jī)可以下載安裝office、java等辦公軟件，將傳統(tǒng)辦公軟硬件“壓縮”在手掌大的手機(jī)上?！?手機(jī)電視將液晶電視收入囊中

手機(jī)電視是利用具有操作系統(tǒng)和流媒體視頻功能的智能手機(jī)觀看電視的業(yè)務(wù)，它是利用CMMB技術(shù)推出的便攜式的移動(dòng)的多媒體，不管是 GPRS手機(jī)還是CD－

MA1X手機(jī)，都需要在裝有操作系統(tǒng)的手機(jī)終端上安裝相應(yīng)的播放軟件，而相應(yīng)的電視節(jié)目則由移動(dòng)通信公司或者通過相應(yīng)的SP來組織和提供。盡管３Ｇ發(fā)展一片欣欣向榮的景象，然而由于手機(jī)流媒體軟件，視頻影像的流暢、畫面質(zhì)量等技術(shù)方面存有問題，手機(jī)電視大踏步前進(jìn)還需要時(shí)日。

河南科技學(xué)院

信息工程082班

零三七八作品

第四篇：財(cái)務(wù)管理專業(yè)論文翻譯

財(cái)務(wù)管理概述

據(jù)我們大家所知，財(cái)務(wù)管理專業(yè)培養(yǎng)具備財(cái)務(wù)管理及相關(guān)金融、會(huì)計(jì)、法律等方面的知識(shí)和能力，具備會(huì)計(jì)手工核算能力、會(huì)計(jì)信息系統(tǒng)軟件應(yīng)用能力、資金籌集能力、財(cái)務(wù)可行性評(píng)價(jià)能力、財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析能力、稅務(wù)籌劃能力，具備突出的財(cái)富管理的金融專業(yè)技能，能為公司和個(gè)人財(cái)務(wù)決策提供方向性指導(dǎo)及具體方法。能在工商、金融企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位及政府部門從事財(cái)務(wù)、理財(cái)管理的應(yīng)用型專門人才。

財(cái)務(wù)管理專業(yè)主要包括以下主干課程。管理學(xué)、微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)、中級(jí)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)、初級(jí)財(cái)務(wù)管理、經(jīng)濟(jì)法、中級(jí)財(cái)務(wù)管理、市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)、證券投資與期貨、高級(jí)財(cái)務(wù)管理、成本管理、公司財(cái)務(wù)案例分析、國(guó)際財(cái)務(wù)管理、商業(yè)銀行經(jīng)營(yíng)管理、審計(jì)學(xué)、項(xiàng)目評(píng)估、稅法等。

為了學(xué)好這個(gè)專業(yè)，我們必須擁有以下專業(yè)核心能力：掌握憑證填制、登記賬簿、編制報(bào)表等基本技能；熟悉企業(yè)管理的一般流程和財(cái)務(wù)管理的基本理論，掌握財(cái)務(wù)管理的原理與基本方法；熟悉統(tǒng)計(jì)分析基本理論，掌握管理學(xué)、組織行為學(xué)、市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)、成本管理學(xué)的原理與基本方法。掌握會(huì)計(jì)信息的生成過程、會(huì)計(jì)電算化軟件操作，能對(duì)企事業(yè)單位、不同行業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)實(shí)務(wù)進(jìn)行處理；熟悉經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行的宏微觀環(huán)境，掌握投資的基本理論，掌握證券投資的理論和應(yīng)用技巧；熟悉并掌握企業(yè)資產(chǎn)評(píng)估、項(xiàng)目評(píng)估和審計(jì)理論和方法的應(yīng)用；熟悉并掌握企業(yè)內(nèi)部控制和公司治理、企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的基本理論；熟悉并掌握金融市場(chǎng)的運(yùn)作及對(duì)金融產(chǎn)品分析等能力；提高金融企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)分析能力。

企業(yè)現(xiàn)代財(cái)務(wù)管理制度是發(fā)展社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的必然要求，也是我國(guó)加入WTO 后企業(yè)發(fā)展的必經(jīng)之路。在當(dāng)前企業(yè)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中，財(cái)務(wù)管理是企業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵。構(gòu)建現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度，要把財(cái)務(wù)管理作為企業(yè)管理的中心，提高財(cái)務(wù)管理水平，建立現(xiàn)代財(cái)務(wù)管理體系，把企業(yè)價(jià)值最大化作為目標(biāo)并滲透到企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)全過程的財(cái)務(wù)管理機(jī)制。但企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)管理創(chuàng)新不足問題已成為其進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的障礙。企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)管理的創(chuàng)新應(yīng)當(dāng)結(jié)合自身的經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況從管理觀念、管理目標(biāo)、管理手段、管理方法、管理內(nèi)容、信息披露的創(chuàng)新、財(cái)務(wù)監(jiān)管活動(dòng)的創(chuàng)新等多方面進(jìn)行全方位創(chuàng)新，從而更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)中小企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo)。

所以這個(gè)專業(yè)有高的素質(zhì)要求，例如：具有較高的政治理論素養(yǎng)、高度的民族自豪感和社會(huì)責(zé)任感，具有較強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)新意識(shí)和良好的身體心理素質(zhì)，具備良好的專業(yè)品質(zhì)和與主要面向工作崗位相適應(yīng)的踏實(shí)敬業(yè)、吃苦耐勞、團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作的職業(yè)素養(yǎng)。

為了適應(yīng)財(cái)務(wù)管理專業(yè)的素質(zhì)要求，我們應(yīng)該掌握以下相關(guān)知識(shí)。掌握企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)信息系統(tǒng)與設(shè)計(jì)的基本原理、電算化會(huì)計(jì)軟件初始化的設(shè)置、總帳系統(tǒng)、報(bào)表系統(tǒng)以及工資核算、固定資產(chǎn)核算等業(yè)務(wù)核算子系統(tǒng)的操作方法；理解會(huì)計(jì)信息系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)流程、模塊構(gòu)建，會(huì)計(jì)電算化對(duì)傳統(tǒng)手工會(huì)計(jì)方式的影響；了解企業(yè)實(shí)行會(huì)計(jì)電算化的管理要求與制度規(guī)范、購(gòu)銷存業(yè)務(wù)核算子系統(tǒng)、基于商業(yè)化會(huì)計(jì)軟件的數(shù)據(jù)整理與加工。

實(shí)際上會(huì)計(jì)專業(yè)與財(cái)務(wù)管理專業(yè)有很多區(qū)別。會(huì)計(jì)專業(yè)要學(xué)的是把企業(yè)的發(fā)票等票據(jù)做成會(huì)計(jì)憑證，再登記入賬，然后編制報(bào)表！目的是把已經(jīng)發(fā)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)核算一遍，以便報(bào)表使用者可以很清晰的看到企業(yè)的各項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)，資產(chǎn)負(fù)債，以及實(shí)現(xiàn)收益等。而財(cái)務(wù)管理更傾向于對(duì)資金在使用前和使用中的管理，包括企業(yè)如何籌集資金、如何使用資金，以及資金使用后的效果評(píng)估等。從書面的定義來看，財(cái)務(wù)管理是研究如何通過計(jì)劃、決策、控制、考核、監(jiān)督等管理活動(dòng)對(duì)資金運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行管理，以提高資金效益的一門經(jīng)營(yíng)管理學(xué)科。在財(cái)務(wù)管理專業(yè)的課程中，會(huì)學(xué)到一些會(huì)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)，公司財(cái)務(wù)資金的流轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)作。相對(duì)于會(huì)計(jì)，財(cái)務(wù)管理提出了更高的要求：能夠運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)企業(yè)資金的流動(dòng)，使企業(yè)能夠正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。[1]

然而，我們也有更多的就業(yè)選擇。首先，進(jìn)企業(yè)做會(huì)計(jì)或財(cái)務(wù)，選擇這條路的話最好找個(gè)暑假的時(shí)間去企業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)，現(xiàn)在用人單位很看重這方面。其次，進(jìn)會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所做審計(jì)，選擇這條路的話最好大學(xué)期間注會(huì)考出幾門。再次，進(jìn)銀行業(yè)也是比較好的選擇，這個(gè)最好有關(guān)系。最后，進(jìn)專門的金融，貨幣，經(jīng)濟(jì)，調(diào)研機(jī)構(gòu)；不過概率比較小。此外，進(jìn)入大學(xué)任教也是一個(gè)好出路。

第五篇：專業(yè)自動(dòng)化英語(yǔ)句子翻譯

專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯

1.In the case of a resistor(電阻), the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance.就電阻而言，電壓—電流的關(guān)系由歐姆定律決定，歐姆定律指出：電阻兩端的電壓等于電阻上流過的電流乘以電阻值。

2.the fundamental law that is applied in（被應(yīng)用）this method is Kirchhoff’s first law, which states that the algebraic sum of the voltages（電壓的代數(shù)和）around a closed loop is 0,or ,in any closed loop, the sum of the voltage rises must equal the sum of the voltage drops.這里用到的基本定理是基爾霍夫第一定理，這一定理指出：閉合回路電壓代數(shù)和為0，在任何閉合回路中，電壓增加總量與電壓下降的總量相同。

3.Mesh analysis consists of assuming that currents—termed loop（回路）currents— flow in each loop of a network, algebraically summing（代數(shù)和）the voltage drops around each loop, and setting each sum equal to 0.網(wǎng)孔分析指的是：假設(shè)有一個(gè)電流—即所謂的回路電流—流過電路中的每一個(gè)回路，求每一個(gè)回路電壓降的代數(shù)和，并令其為零。

4．One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains ,Au or Ai, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system.對(duì)應(yīng)于像廣義放大器這樣的電子器件存在一個(gè)問題就是他們的增益Au or Ai取決于雙端口系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)部特征。

5.The operational amplifier, or Op-Amp, is designed to minimize this dependence and to maximize the ease of design.運(yùn)算放大器被設(shè)計(jì)的使它盡可能的減少對(duì)其內(nèi)部參數(shù)的依賴性，最大程度地簡(jiǎn)化設(shè)計(jì)工作。

6．The transistor amplifiers, which are the building blocks from which Op-Amp integrated circuits are constructed , will be discussed.作為構(gòu)建運(yùn)算放大器集成電路的基本模塊，晶體管放電器，將會(huì)被討論。

7.Integrated circuit technology allows construction of many amplifier circuits on a single composite “chip” of semiconductor material（半導(dǎo)體材料）.集成電路技術(shù)使得在非常小的一塊半導(dǎo)體材料的復(fù)合“芯片”上可以安裝許多放大器電路。

8.One key to the success of an operational amplifier is the “cascading”(串聯(lián))of a number of transistor amplifiers to create a very large total gain.運(yùn)算放大器的成功的關(guān)鍵是串聯(lián)許多個(gè)晶體管放電器以產(chǎn)生非常大的總增益。

9.A second important factor is that these circuit can be built in such a way that the current flow into each of the inputs is very small.第二個(gè)重要因素是這些回路是按照流入的每一個(gè)輸入電流都很小的原則來設(shè)計(jì)制作的。

10.This is one of the features of Op-Amp design –the action of the circuit on signals depends only upon the external element which can be easily varied by the designer and which do not depend upon the detailed character of the Op-Amp itself.這是運(yùn)算放大器設(shè)計(jì)的重要特征之一—在信號(hào)作用下，電路的動(dòng)作僅取決于能夠容易被設(shè)計(jì)者改變的外部元件，而不取決于運(yùn)算放大器本身的微觀特性。

11.Note that if A=100000 and(R1 +R2)/R1=10, the prize we have paid for this advantage is that we have used a device with a voltage gain of 100000 to produce an amplifier with a gain of 10.注意，如果A=100000 而(R1 +R2)/R1=10，那么為此優(yōu)點(diǎn)而付出的代價(jià)是用一個(gè)具有100000倍電壓增益的器件產(chǎn)生一個(gè)具有10倍增益的放大器。

12.we shall now briefly discuss the relevance of such terminology（術(shù)語(yǔ)）,and in so doing we shall bring out the special aptness of the designation “true” and “false” to identify the possible values of a variable.現(xiàn)在我們將簡(jiǎn)要討論一下這些術(shù)語(yǔ)之間的聯(lián)系，并在此過程中我們應(yīng)該闡明用特殊標(biāo)示“真”和“假”來識(shí)別一個(gè)可能值的變量。

13.Finally let us connect the inputs to the devices on the chairs of pilots A and B and arrange that an alarm bell, connected to the output Z, respond when the output is V2(“true”)and not otherwise.最后，讓我們把輸入和 飛行員A和B座位下的裝置聯(lián)接起來，并安裝一個(gè)與輸入Z相連的警鈴，當(dāng)輸出是V2（”真“）時(shí)響應(yīng)，否則不響應(yīng)。

14.Just as other algebras deal with variable which have a numerical significance, Boolean algebra deal with proposition and is an effective tool for analyzing the relationships between propositions which allow only two mutually exclusive alternative.和其他處理有數(shù)字意義變量的代數(shù)一樣，布爾代數(shù)處理的是命題，而且布爾代數(shù)對(duì)于分析僅有兩個(gè)互反變量的命題之間的關(guān)系是一種有效的工具。

15.Similarly, if an effective is to be produced by a change in a logical variable , it is preferred that the logical variable so involved（有關(guān)的邏輯變量）be defined in such manner that the effect is achieved when the logical variable goes to logic 1.類似的，如果效果將通過邏輯變量的變化而產(chǎn)生的，那么最理想的是以這樣的方式定義有關(guān)的邏輯變量，即當(dāng)邏輯變量轉(zhuǎn)到邏輯1時(shí)達(dá)到此效果。

16.control systems designed by humans are used to extend their physical capabilities, compensate for their physical limitations, to relieve them of routine or tedious tasks, or to save money.控制系統(tǒng)被人們用來擴(kuò)展自己的能力，補(bǔ)償生理上的限制，或把他們從規(guī)矩，單調(diào)的工作中解脫出來，或者用來節(jié)省開支。

17.The analysis phase is concerned with determination of the response of a plantthe controlled object）to commands, disturbances, and changes in the plant parameters.系統(tǒng)分析關(guān)注的是命令，擾動(dòng)和系統(tǒng)參數(shù)的變化在被控對(duì)象響應(yīng)中的決定性作用。

18.If the response is unsatisfactory and modification of the plant is unacceptable, a design phase is necessary to select the control elements(the controller)needed to improve the dynamic performance to acceptable levels.如果響應(yīng)不滿足要求且修改的參數(shù)不被接受，就需要進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，來選擇使動(dòng)態(tài)性能達(dá)到接受要求的控制元件。

19.In those more complex cases where it is not adequate, the classical approach solution may aid in applying the modern approach and may provide a check on the more complete and exact design.在那些更復(fù)雜的情況中，經(jīng)典方法雖不能滿足，但解決方法可以對(duì)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代方法起輔助作用，而且可以對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行更完整和準(zhǔn)確的檢查。

20.Modern control theory has arisen with the advent of high-speed digital computers and can be characterized by the states variable concept（狀態(tài)變量的概念）with emphasis on matrix algebra and with analysis and design principally in the time domain.現(xiàn)代控制理論是隨著高速數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)而發(fā)展起來的，它以狀態(tài)變量的概念為特征，重點(diǎn)在于矩陣代數(shù)，分析和設(shè)計(jì)主要是在實(shí)域中。

21.Intuitively, a stable system is one that remains at rest(or in equilibrium)unless excited by an external source and returns to rest if all excitation are removed.直觀地說，一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的系統(tǒng)是保持穩(wěn)定的（或平衡）,除非受到外部激勵(lì)，并且如果所有的外部激勵(lì)去除后回到穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)。

22.So, a necessary and sufficient conduction for the system to be stable is that the roots of the characteristic equation have negative real parts.This ensures that the impulse response will decay exponentially with time.所有說，一個(gè)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定的充要條件是特征方程有負(fù)實(shí)根。這確保脈沖響應(yīng)隨時(shí)間呈指數(shù)衰減。

23.The Routh criterion: All the roots of the characteristic equation have negative real parts if and only if the elements of the first column（列）of the Routh table have the same sign.Otherwise, the number of roots with positive real parts is equal to the number of changes of sign.勞斯判據(jù)表明：特征方程的所有根有負(fù)實(shí)部，當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)勞斯表中第一列元素有相同符號(hào)。否則，正實(shí)部根的數(shù)量等于符號(hào)改變的數(shù)量。

24.time constant時(shí)間常數(shù)

Dominating pole主極點(diǎn)

Settling time調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)間

Maximum percentage overshoot最大超調(diào)量

Peak time峰值時(shí)間

Rise time上升時(shí)間

25.the section introduces the internal architecture of a computer and describes how instructions are stored and interpreted and explain how the instruction execution cycle is broken down into its various components.這個(gè)部分介紹了電腦內(nèi)部的體系結(jié)構(gòu)，描述指令是如何被儲(chǔ)存，編譯和解釋指令執(zhí)行周期怎么分解成幾個(gè)部分。

26.For the Intel 8086/87 and Motorola MC68000 microprocessors, a word is 16 bits long, but each memory location has only 8-bit locations and thus two 8-bit locations must be accessed to obtain each data word.對(duì)于Intel 8086/87或者M(jìn)otorola MC68000 微處理器，一個(gè)字節(jié)的長(zhǎng)度為16位，但每一個(gè)內(nèi)存單元只有8位，因此，兩個(gè)8位單元必須被訪問為得到每個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)字節(jié)。

27.Instruction stored in memory stored in memory are fetched by the CPU and unless program branches occur ,they are executed In the sequence they appear in memory.存儲(chǔ)在存儲(chǔ)器中的指令由CPU獲取的并且除非程序跳轉(zhuǎn)，它們?nèi)匀粫?huì)按內(nèi)存中出現(xiàn)的順序被執(zhí)行。

28.In order to increase the number of memory location , the address fields and hence the instructions must be longer than 16 bits if we use the same approach.為了增加內(nèi)存的內(nèi)容，如果我們用相同的方法，地址段及指令必須比16位更長(zhǎng)。

29.For efficient use ofthe memory space and processing time, most computers provide the capability of manipulating data of different lengths and representationin memory.為了有效的使用內(nèi)存空間和處理時(shí)間，許多電腦提供了不同的長(zhǎng)度和表示在內(nèi)存中的數(shù)據(jù)操作的能力。

30.Decording means that the operation code is examined and used to determine the steps of the execution sequence.譯碼意味著操作碼被檢查和用于確定執(zhí)行序列的步驟。

31.A total program cycle comprises（包含）many instruction cycles, each institution cycle can be divided into its component machine cycles, and each machine cycle comprises a number of clock cycles.一個(gè)程序包含許多指令周期，每一個(gè)指令周期分解為機(jī)器周期，并且每個(gè)機(jī)器周期包含許多時(shí)鐘周期。

32.The third type of input is the bus request ,or direct memory access(DMA)request.It is possible to have a terminal interface that stores up all the characters in a line of text until it receives a “carriage return”.第三種類型的輸入是總線請(qǐng)求，或直接存儲(chǔ)器尋址請(qǐng)求。一個(gè)終端接口有可能用來儲(chǔ)存正文的所有特征，直達(dá)接到一個(gè)“回車”。

33.Automation of many different processes, such as controlling machines or factory assembly lines, is done through the use of small computers called a programmable logic controller.自動(dòng)化有許多過程，例如控制機(jī)器或工廠裝配線，是通過用叫PLC的小型電腦控制的。

34.custom hardware can hardly be connected directly the PLC internal bus.A solution consists in integrating the custom hardware with a standard fieldbus interface by means of specific cards.自定義硬件很難直接連接到PLC總線內(nèi)部。解決方案在于通過特定的卡來整合自定義硬件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線接口。

35.the hardware configuration describes the modules and the order in which they are installed in the PLC, the address of the I/O are automatically generated according to this order.硬件配置描述了（輸入/輸出和通信）模塊和他們安裝在PLC中的順序，輸入/輸出的地址是按照這個(gè)順序自動(dòng)生成的。

36.By using modularization and declaration of variables, each program is structured and simplified, increasing its reusability.采用模塊化和聲明的變量，每個(gè)程序被結(jié)構(gòu)化和簡(jiǎn)化，增加重復(fù)性。

37.Today’s PLCs offer faster scan times, space efficient high-density input/output systems, and special interfaces to allow non-traditional devices to be attached directly to the PLC.現(xiàn)代的PLC提供更快的掃描時(shí)間，空間高效高密度輸入/輸出系統(tǒng)，和特殊接口允許非傳統(tǒng)設(shè)備直接連接到PLC。

Network 網(wǎng)絡(luò)，電路amplifier放大器

Resistor 電阻器integratedcircuit 集成電路 Inductor 電感器potential電勢(shì)

Capacitor 電容器circuitry電路

flip-flop觸發(fā)器= triggerloop current 回路電流 Boolean algebra 布爾代數(shù)voltage drop 電壓降 Differential 微分的或微分variable 變量

Gate 門電路，門abound 大量存在Damp 阻尼，減幅，衰減dynamic response 動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)‘ Disturbance擾動(dòng)

Transfer function 傳遞函數(shù)

Open-loop 開環(huán)

Discrete離散的Resistance 阻抗

Probability theory 概率論

Hardware 硬件

Oscillation 震蕩

Characteristic equation 特征方程

Overshoot超調(diào)

Rise time 上升時(shí)間

Processer 處理器

Central processing unit(CPU)中央處理器

Operand 操作數(shù)

I/O-mapped 輸入/輸出映射的Electric charge 電荷

parameter參數(shù)state variable 狀態(tài)變量closed-loop 閉環(huán)lead 導(dǎo)線 uniform 一致的model 模型phase 狀態(tài)，相位amplitude 振幅decay 衰減peak time 峰值時(shí)間 Instruction set 指令集 binary-coded 二進(jìn)制 編碼 opcode 操作碼 decode 解碼，譯碼 memory-mapped 存儲(chǔ)器映射的