第一篇：英漢語在語篇組織上的差異

《英漢語在語篇組織上的差異》讀書筆記

文章：英漢語在語篇組織上的差異 作者：彭宣維（北京大學(xué)）

發(fā)表日期：外語教學(xué)與研究(外國語文雙月刊)2000年 9 月第32卷第5期

一、引言

本文集中從英漢語復(fù)句和語態(tài)體現(xiàn)的角度來觀察英漢語篇組織的同與異,具體討論和對比以下問題: 1主從復(fù)句的先后順序,以便觀察英漢語在組織和發(fā)展過渡中體現(xiàn)出來的平緩性和起伏性

2英語復(fù)句的多層次傾向和漢語復(fù)句的單層次性

3英語被動意義體現(xiàn)的顯性特征以及漢語語態(tài)傾向于隱性被動和中動形式的表達(dá)方式。

二、主從復(fù)句的組織差異

通過廣泛的樣本統(tǒng)計后可以得到以下結(jié)論：

1在英語的正式語體中,主、從句的分布大致相當(dāng),但從句在前、主句在后的布比例偏高；隨著語體地位的下降,主從句的分布基本平衡；而在小說這樣的混合語語類中,主句在前、從句在后就成了主要的分布規(guī)律。如果將漢語中復(fù)句內(nèi)部的分布規(guī)律描述為集中歸一模式 ,那么英語的情況就須分兩類。首先,在正式語體中,英語的復(fù)句內(nèi)部具有上述分布模式,這就與漢語主從復(fù)句內(nèi)部的分布規(guī)律接近；但另一方面,下面的模式則是發(fā)散式的。

2在英語小說這一混合語類中,上述兩種模式都存在,但以后者為主,因而與漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣基本相反,或者說有近三分之二的分布數(shù)量與漢語相反。英漢語復(fù)句的以上分布規(guī)律說明了以下的語言、文化特征：

1英語在這一點上比漢語的表達(dá)手段多出近一倍,對編碼者推進(jìn)語篇發(fā)展來說具有更多的選擇自由。換言之,在較正式的語體表達(dá)中,英語主從復(fù)句的表達(dá)方式一般比漢語靈活。

注意：漢語也有英語常用的α→β表達(dá)方式，我們可以在古漢語中找到同樣語序的實例，因此不能說是與西方語言接觸的異化結(jié)果。

2英語通過復(fù)句組織語篇與漢語復(fù)句的作用存在一些差異。說得具體些,英語的句與句之間更多地表現(xiàn)為一種平緩性:在正式語篇發(fā)展中,主句或是從句在前,兩者機會大致均等；在小說中,這種相對的平緩性就體現(xiàn)得突出一些:其發(fā)展以基本句為基礎(chǔ),通過重復(fù)基本句而連續(xù)提供條件(次要句),并在基本句的基調(diào)上向各個方面推進(jìn)。比較而言,漢語復(fù)句組織和復(fù)句前后與其它句子的連貫,表現(xiàn)出更多的起伏性,因為這些復(fù)句的編碼方式大都是暫時偏離“基本意圖”、從不同側(cè)面或角度確立敘述的出發(fā)點,這樣,言說者的基本意圖就被暫時放到一邊,待原因、時間、方式、條件、讓步等提供完畢以后再回到“基本意圖”上, 如此反復(fù)。

三、復(fù)句的層次關(guān)系差異

從英語的多層次變成漢語的少層次甚至單一層次的體現(xiàn)方式,再一次表明了漢語語篇組織的平面性:一方面將英語中表達(dá)相似語義單位的多層次關(guān)系盡可能在一個或兩個層次上體現(xiàn)出來,以使成分之間的語義關(guān)系明確,另一方面盡量使用聯(lián)合手段體現(xiàn)原先的主從關(guān)系。英語在體現(xiàn)各種復(fù)雜的層次關(guān)系時十分方便,是由英語具有后置關(guān)系從句的表達(dá)手段帶來的,從而使英語的復(fù)句體現(xiàn)為一種關(guān)系明確的立體結(jié)構(gòu),而相對說來,漢語在這一點上就不如英語靈話。

四、語態(tài)體現(xiàn)方式上的差異

1英漢語的語態(tài)體現(xiàn)方式有差異:英語的一些地方用被動,漢語卻可能用中動或主動。2英語的語態(tài)體現(xiàn)明確而清晰,漢語則沒有這個特點,尤其是那些隱性被動形式, 或者那些難以確定究竟是隱性被動還是中動態(tài)的漢語句子,表明漢語試圖回避受事的受動意義。

五、結(jié)語

本文集中從復(fù)句內(nèi)主從句的先后順序、復(fù)句的層次以及語態(tài)的角度,觀察了英漢語在語篇組織上的差異,我們看到,這些差異在一定程度上、從一定角度反映了英漢語所在文化的差異。這一問題的提出,與我們的教學(xué)有關(guān),因為在這之前,我們常常為學(xué)生英語作文中大量出現(xiàn)的近乎漢語的句法結(jié)構(gòu)和語篇組織方式而犯愁；我們的統(tǒng)計工作和詳盡實例分析,表明了我們該如何說出和寫出符合英語本族語習(xí)慣的英語,以別于漢語。（反之對對外漢語教學(xué)也有啟發(fā)）

六、感悟

這篇文章是從英語教學(xué)的角度出發(fā)進(jìn)行研究的，然而對于對外漢語教學(xué)也有很大的啟發(fā)。我們可以通過中英語言語篇的對比，分析差異，總結(jié)規(guī)律，再應(yīng)用到對外漢語教學(xué)中去。通過檢閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)我們可以看到語篇研究的文獻(xiàn)是大大少于詞匯、語法等方面的研究文獻(xiàn)的。對于漢語語篇研究，“目前的研究興趣主要側(cè)重于對語篇(含語段)的銜接與連貫的教學(xué)研究、對留學(xué)生漢語中介語中的語篇現(xiàn)象(尤其是偏誤現(xiàn)象)的研究、以及對漢語書面語篇的教學(xué)與習(xí)得研究”（陳晨《對外漢語語篇教學(xué)研究:回眸與思考》2008）一直以來我們對漢語的詞匯、句法等研究的非常詳細(xì)，對語篇的研究，特別是對外漢語語篇教學(xué)的研究卻亟待加強。

第二篇：中美家庭差異(英)

三 江 學(xué) 院

本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）

題 目中美家庭差異對比

學(xué)院 英語 專業(yè) 學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號 指導(dǎo)教師職稱 指導(dǎo)教師工作單位

起訖日期 2016.11-2017.5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In doing this thesis, I have benefited from the presence of my teachers and my classmates.They generously helped me collect materials I needed and made many invaluable suggestions.I hereby extend my grateful thanks to them for their kind help, without which the thesis would not have been what it is now.Particularly, I am deeply indebted to(自己填老師名字), who guided me throughout the entire process of writing this thesis.Her standards of academic excellence have made my revision an exciting and gratifying experience.Furthermore, none of this would have been possible without the help of thoseindividuals and organizations hereafter mentioned with gratitude:(自己填大學(xué)名字), the university library and its staff.ABSTRACT Family is the basic unit of society, and family members of the rules of conduct, living habits often affect the formation of this family values.Family values are generally recognized, it gradually formed a prototype of the social value system.These national values also represent the image of the people of the country to a certain extent.China and the United States due to cultural traditions, ideas, social customs and other aspects of the differences led to the two countries in the family values of many differences.In the context of cross-cultural communication between China and the United States to compare family ethics, education, marriage, etc., correctly understand and understand the differences between family values between the two countries, to cross-cultural communication to remove obstacles.The core proposition of this paper is family values.It is well known that family values are the core of the cultural value research system, which plays a decisive role in the behavior of family members.And the family is the epitome of the socio-economic form, is the most basic unit of social composition, so the family members of the valuesdirectly affect their words and behavior in society, that is, the values of society as a whole depends largely on the family Values, it can be seen that the role of family values is very important.The impact of family valueson people is important because family values are the starting point for people to accept value education.Second, the family members of the values once formed, it will not easily change, it will exist for a long time, and even affect people's life.Therefore, the impact of family values on people is more far-reaching, broad and lasting.Third, family values are closely related to the development of society.Therefore, the study of family values is necessary and important.Based on the thinking of crossChinese and American family cultures.4.Differences between Chinese and American Families Values 4.1 The Values of Chinese Families

China's history is long, its deep heritage to the Chinese social form is very clear and difficult to change.Chinese society is a collectivist cultural group, the core value of individual behavioral interests must obey the collective interests, therefore, the behavior of family members to meet the collective interests of their loved ones.The most direct manifestation of Chinese family ethics is the strong clan concept.In the context of the ancient agricultural economy and society, most of the rural areas are homed with the same ethnic groups, clan or family organizations have the production, education and even self-defense functions, the family mayor, in accordance with the family management family members.Now, the development of economy and society makes the form of clan change, the clan split into a family, but the clan concept has been inherited, still stressed the harmony between different levels of family members.Strong hierarchical concepts and the traditional moral system makes the clan between the clan to strict compliance, such as the call must be accurate.Respect for the long and young people have been living in the family, the young people must respect the elders, daily life to the elders to please, respect for smoke, seat, let way, eat when sitting is also very particular about the elderly in his later years Need to be supported.Filial piety, raising children and other traditional concepts reflect the characteristics of Chinese families.A child in a family before the general situation is the need to live with their parents, and even after marriage and their parents live together is also affirmed and praised.Life contact in marriage is also very close, often together to eat, meet, in the Spring Festival and other important festivals will meet, greetings.This kind of spiritual contact and concern is a deep-rooted standard of Chinese family clan concept, often not with the social change, the development of the times and change.4.2 The Values of American Families The history of the United States is relatively short, as a new system from the British society split out of the country, it has before the traditional British classical social values, but more of a variety of cultural inclusion and recognition, and gradually formed a large fusion Of the nation.American society advocates the recognition of personal dignity, respect for human personality is the basic composition of its social value.The concept of family gradually formed in the family also makes the recognition of individual rights to the point where nothing is added.In the United States, both economic, political, and cultural are impacted by the principle of personality first, American family values are influenced by this principle.Therefore, in American society, often pay great attention to the cultivation of individual thinking, the collective concept is relatively lacking.From the American society to see the value of the composition of the family, you can understand that this family concept is individual-centered, respect for the individual on the first place.American children in adulthood, with independent ability, the family is independent of the individual, the young people will take the initiative to divorce from the original family, even in the major festivals did not meet the moral requirements, even if not family and Reunion is not condemned, which in a certain sense is respect for the individual's rights.Personal status is protected in a family, and the integrity of the family can not replace personal decisions.And in the family of their own relatives are more general terms, the title of the simplification is also to a certain extent, showing the recognition of social habits.China's respect for the class, the collective sense of identity makes in the decision-making of large things on the more consistent, more efficient transmission of information capabilities, but the personality has been a certain degree of repression;American concept too much respect for individuals, making the United States Collective concept is relatively weak, clan concept is not strong, some collective projects to be successful to do is relatively difficult.5.Differences in Family Education between China and America The family is the most important place for enlightenment education for children, and plays an important role in the development of good habits and the development of intelligence.Family education is the most important part of all the earliest education, it is the child's thinking mode and the formation of the world view of great significance.Deng Xiaoping once said: “The basis of national modernization in the talent, the basis of talent in education, education based on the family.” China is a country that attaches importance to family education, China's deep educational and cultural traditions contain excellent family education components.For thousands of years, many people in the field of family education hard work, accumulated a lot of fruitful results.The difference between Chinese and American educational concepts has always been the focus of discussion.In the family environment, we can significantly feel the impact of family ideas on the growth of children.Social environment mapping in the concept of family education, making the concept of family education in China and China have a huge difference.5.1 Family Education in China

Chinese education, we can see the phenomenon is often the child to comply with the teacher, the parents of the arrangements, conservative and objective accumulation of basic knowledge, divergent thinking is weak, the attitude of learning is also very obedient arrangements for elders, this compromise led to students Of stereotypes, sluggish, lack of creativity.In the family education, parents attach importance to the number of children, moral education, the traditional essence of Chinese culture to the modern society.In the formal education is often very important to the performance of the child, the academic performance as a good identification of a very important measure of the expectations of the child is very high, expect them to succeed, meteoric rise.This leads to the child's daily education is extremely strict, and will not consider the child's nature of the shape, not to find children grow up in line with their personality.Therefore, in China's education can often be extreme phenomena, there can be extreme genius, but also often caused by excessive pressure caused by tragedy.Chinese parents attach great importance to the social adaptability of education, they often in accordance with the established model to develop their children, but often overlooked from the child's physical and mental development characteristics to promote its growth.They look forward to their children have a bright future, more emphasis on academic tendencies, that the child as long as the results are good, what problems can be resolved.Whether the child in the future, whether to find a good career, whether in the good times through life, these are the purpose of parental education.Based on this expectation, many parents believe that the parents of the child's responsibility is to let them live better, parents give them how much happiness to give them how much happiness.If you can give children to create the most favorable living conditions, so hard and willing to.5.2 Family Education in America

American families place children's independence and autonomy in an important position, focusing on the ability of children to adapt to a variety of environments and to survive independently.They argue that the purpose of education is not to prepare a living, but to prepare for survival.What they emphasize is the value of shaping the mind, a value that is unrelated to utilitarian or occupation.Based on this concept, they attach great importance to the child's own exercise, such as labor training, will exercise, but the most fundamental is to adapt to a variety of hardships and training of labor ability.Through the labor, let the children from childhood to develop a sense of independence and love of labor habits.In the labor and hardships to overcome difficulties, temper the will, develop their own strengths, growth and talent, to develop hard, frugal good quality.They generally believe that the growth of children must rely on their own strength, so since childhood to focus on training their self-reliance and independent living ability.American family education is focused on the identity of the child's nature, giving children the freedom to judge the power of things.This psychological buffer makes the child in the learning process can accept a lot of innovative thinking, the child's education is not limited to basic education.Relative to the focus of Chinese education on basic education, the United States is more inclined to practice.American children's freedom of control over the weekend is far greater than the Chinese children.So we can see the Chinese children are in a pressure environment to come out, the United States children in the free and open space to learn things to judge and understanding.This practice of learning is more conducive to their integration into the community, but also give them a wide range of values to choose the face.The development of children in the American family education model is more comprehensive, which makes the children in the American family earlier self-reliance, early contact with the community, the vision is more open.Chinese children in the family, education is more conservative, lack of innovation in thinking, but the basic knowledge is very solid.American education of people-oriented, excessive human indulgence will produce a relatively weak basic education phenomenon.Two kinds of education only learn from each other, to find a suitable fit point in order to achieve the optimization of education.6.Conclusion

Under the influence of different cultural values of the two countries, China and the United States have significant differences in family values.In the traditional culture of China and the United States, Chinese families are mostly used for generations.US President Bill Clinton praised the Chinese family values.Indeed, thousands of years of Confucian culture created the obligations of family members in the Chinese family-a parental responsibility, mutual support and interdependence among family members;parental respect for children in American families , The child is very young to learn for their own American rights and mother fight.There are differences between Chinese and American family values.This kind of difference embodies the nationalities and regionalities.We can not simply summarize them with differences or fusion, but only analyze the commonness and characteristics of family values in different countries in different historical periods.Only by overcoming the prejudice of European and American cultural centers can help to deepen the understanding of the uniqueness and integrity of the national family culture and social culture in order to promote mutual understanding and exchange.Today, the traditional family values of China and the United States have been hit hard by the growing globalization, and have undergone tremendous changes.We can not say which family values are better.However, with the international exchange and cultural integration of the highly developed era, the Chinese family members of the independent consciousness and respect for the independence of the consciousness is strengthened, the US family will also promote family members to each other mutual cooperation and common development.We can not expect the perfect unity of Sino-American family values, and we expect to maximize the cost of integration of different family values.In a variety of different family values set up a bridge between the communication, so that the perception of another family values from unfamiliar to cognitive, but also by the recognition to recognition, and finally slowly blending through.Thus we can see that strengthening the study and research of family values in different cultural backgrounds is of great practical significance for us to engage in cross-cultural communication and build a harmonious society.References [1] Datesman, Maryanne, Joann, American Ways: An Introduction to American Culture ,published by Pearson Education, Inc.2005.[2] Bert N., Adams,Handbook of world families, Stage Publication Inc.2005.[3] Marvin B.Sussman, Handbook of marriage and the family, Plenum Press, 1998.[4] John Locke, Of Civil Government, Second Treatise, Chicago,Henry Regency Company，1999.[5] Schwab J J.Gray-Ice H.M., Family Functioning-The General Living Sytem Research Model, New York 233 Spring: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub1ishers, 2000.[6］孟小佳．論中美家庭在教育方式上的差異［J］．前沿，2010，(11): 193～ 195．

[7］臧蘭．“價值與價值觀”教學(xué)設(shè)計［J］．思想政治課教學(xué)，2010，(3): 55～ 57．

[8］林呂建．“我們的價值觀”筆談——積極開展“我們的價值觀”大討論［J］．觀察與思考，2012，(3):4～6．

[9］郭廣輝．移民、宗族與地域社會［D］．成都:西南民族大學(xué)學(xué)位論文，2012． [10］于薇．全球化視野下當(dāng)代中國文化價值觀的嬗變與重構(gòu)［D］．北京: 北京交通大學(xué)學(xué)位論文，2005．

第三篇：英漢語對比教案

《英漢語言對比研究》0 12年 2 月

---上海外語教育出版社

主講教師

李璐

QQ

1207362216

一、課程的性質(zhì)、目的和要求

《英漢語言比較》是英語專業(yè)本科學(xué)生的一門專業(yè)必修課。通過學(xué)習(xí)，使同學(xué)全面了解英漢語言在詞匯、語法、句型、表達(dá)各方面的異同之處，加強文化差異的意識與交際能力。

為其今后的英語教學(xué)、文化交流、翻譯與寫作等打下一定的語言與技能基礎(chǔ)。

二、參考書目

張維友《英漢語詞語對比研究》上外教育出版社

連淑能《英漢對比研究》

高等教育出版社 冒國安《實用英漢對比教程》 重慶大學(xué)出版社 葉勝年《中西文化比較概論》首經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)出版社3

三、關(guān)于英漢語對比方法

Contrastive analysis on

---詞形、詞義、語法、句子結(jié)構(gòu)

四、教學(xué)日歷

第2周 前言

語言與文化的關(guān)系

P3-24 第3周 綜合語與分析語

P25-51 第4周 剛性與柔性

P51-72 第5周 形合與意合P73-88 第6周 繁復(fù)與簡短

P90-103 第7周 物稱與人稱

P105-118 第8周 被動與主動

P119-132 第9周 靜態(tài)與動態(tài)

P133-159 第10周 抽象與具體

P160-188 第11周 間接與直接

P189-220 第14周 替換與重復(fù)

P222-260 第15周 倫理型與認(rèn)知型

P288-296 第16周 意象性與實證性

P316-319 第17周 歸納性與演繹性

P340-346

Lecture One

前言

（P1-24）

1.英漢語言概說

中英兩種語言作為當(dāng)今使用人數(shù)最多和使用范圍最廣的人類交流工具，對世界文明進(jìn)步起到不可嘀咕的影響。英漢語無論是在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會還是文化精神方面都有關(guān)不同尋常的過去，而且在適應(yīng)外部環(huán)境的巨大變化方面體現(xiàn)了很好的適應(yīng)性。相比之下，英語單詞的字母構(gòu)成和意義之間并無必然聯(lián)系，更顯得客觀和中性；而漢語就其構(gòu)建的筆畫和 1 偏旁，都具有不少涵義，所以顯得主觀，帶有主觀性且容易引發(fā)想象力。典型傳統(tǒng)的民族特色

例如： 漢字： ―日‖ 來源于對于太陽的描繪。因而與太陽相聯(lián)系的字，如：曬、陽、旭、春、明、旱等帶有―日‖字。

漢語的發(fā)音、形狀和構(gòu)架都是世界上獨一無二的。是中國人在數(shù)千年的歷史傳承中打造的一塊人類文明的瑰寶。

漢語以形表意，英語以聲表意。英語有一種比較完整的語言體系，依靠這種相對復(fù)雜的語言規(guī)律。這套規(guī)則包括：發(fā)音、詞匯和語法等方面。這些每個方面都有一套必須遵循的規(guī)則。如： 詞尾的拼寫法、語態(tài)時態(tài)、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、動詞的時態(tài)變化。2.對比方法是什么？從三個層面上進(jìn)行：

1）.表層對比： 分析結(jié)構(gòu)、形式和語義。

2）.中層對比：分析表達(dá)方式，如：修辭法、邏輯性，用詞及銜接篇章。

3）.深層對比：分析中西文化、思維差異是怎樣體現(xiàn)在語言符號上。西方的理性思維與中國的感悟性思維方式體現(xiàn)了不同的哲學(xué)思想。英語常受亞里斯多德的演繹思維模式的影響，用形合法，顯性銜接法，注重形式接應(yīng)，語法、語義的邏輯性。如：This is what he said.I am not what I was.He said he was a boy.漢語常用意合法。意念被動式和形象性語言充分體現(xiàn)了漢語的非演繹、領(lǐng)悟式和漫談式思維模式；強調(diào)語言的?自然‘語序。所以，漢語強調(diào)語言的結(jié)構(gòu)均勻，對仗有整體感。表現(xiàn)為?約定俗成‘ 的語言模式。

如： 白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，綠草萋萋, 微乎其微，呆頭呆腦...氣沖沖，霧蒙蒙...寶寶，星星，老虎，石頭, ―上路‖ 快 漢語中形象化的成語 Feed on fancies畫餅充饑

Make a little contribution添磚加瓦 On the verge of destruction危在旦夕 Await with great anxiety望穿秋水

Lack of perseverance 三天打魚，兩天曬網(wǎng)

3.Contrastive analysis is a diachronic one.We play emphasis on the difference and peculiarity of the two languages.A.Language structural system concerns with phonetics, vocabulary and grammar.a.mophology;the motivation of vocabulary;the collocation of words;syntax;etc.b.grammatic rules, rhetorics...c.thinking modes, cultural connotation External linguistic system B.Language progmmatic rules concern with speech approprietness and the background of speakers.It deals with when and how use what language.長期以來，人們關(guān)注的是語言的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。，忽略了相關(guān)的社會與文化等干擾因素。

母語的干擾常常阻礙了學(xué)生的外語學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度，通過兩語言的特征和文化的對比分析，更有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生用英語進(jìn)行思維和交流的能力。

語言是文化的體現(xiàn)，文化融合在語言之中。因此，語言具有深刻的人文屬性。

語言學(xué)習(xí)者多注重語言的內(nèi)部形式和結(jié)構(gòu)，忽略了與語言密切相關(guān)的社會和文化因素。羅常培先生早在1950年出版了他的《語言與文化》，在他看來，語詞的涵義與文化息息相關(guān)。

羅常培---《語言與文化》

1).從造詞心理看民族的文化程度 2).從借詞看文化的接觸

3).從地名看民族遷徙的遺跡

4).從姓氏別號看民族來源和宗教信仰 5).從親屬稱謂看婚姻制度

3.1 探討如何從中西文化角度研究語言；或從英漢語言角度研究中西文化 表現(xiàn)在英漢詞義的褒貶，涵義的寬窄，民族感情的差異，語用背景...成語諺語，委婉禁忌語，禮貌祝福語，稱謂恭維語等等都是我們探討的話題 3.2中西文化差異還反映在思維模式上。

思維方式和語言表達(dá)方式是密切相關(guān)的；是導(dǎo)致文化差異的另一個重要原因。

思維表現(xiàn)于語言形式中，是語言生成和發(fā)展的深層機制； 語言又促成思維方式得以形成和發(fā)展，語言是思維的主要工具，是思維方式的構(gòu)成要素。語言是文化載體，文化是語言的管軌

3.3語言學(xué)家常常探討：

詞語與文化；語義與文化；語法與文化；修辭與文化；語體與文化；語用與文化 等方面之間的關(guān)系，從而找出目的語的文化特征。所以文化在一定程度上對語言進(jìn)行制約。Eugene A.Nida put in Language &Culture The most misconception about language is the idea that certain language more or less controls the way people think, sometimes expressed as ―We think the way we think because we talk the way we talk.‖ It is true that the particular structures of a language(sound, leximes, syntax, and discourse patterns)may reflect to a certain degree the way people think and they may be said to form ―the Ruts or paths for thinking,‖ but they do not determine what or how people may think.Human imagination is too creative to ever be rigidly ruled by the regulatons of syntax or of any other feature of language.‖---語言與文化（-翻譯中的語境2001）

Language univasals far outweigh the divergencies.All languages employ figuative expressions, have poetry, use language in singing, and have a great number of literary forms or genres.(風(fēng)格）

Changing in culture often give rise to new types of discourse, e.g.Technical prose , financial reports, and news resumes.Telegraphic style is giving way to the fuller statements employed in faxing, and commercial codes for cabling instructions to overseas agents are being dropped in favor of telephonic transfer of comuter messages by means of modems(信息處理調(diào)解器）.Differences lie in culture emphasis Rice---米，稻，谷，米飯

Temple---廟宇，寺院，圣堂，神殿

Cousin---堂兄弟，堂姐妹，表兄弟，表姐妹

會議---meeting, conference, concil, convention 神---god, spirit, deity, divinity 意見---opinion, view, complaint ,objection, criticism 3.4 差異與類同是不可分割的．英漢語的共時對比，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)兩語言同中有異，異中有同，似同實異，似異實同。

Long hair and short wit.頭發(fā)長，見識短． Blood is thicker than water.血濃于水．

諺語，所表達(dá)的含義完全相同，但所隱喻的事物略有文化上的差異． The foremost dog catches the hare（野兔）.早起的鳥兒有蟲吃．笨鳥先飛。

Every potter praises his own pot.老王賣瓜，自賣自夸．

英漢語對比需要我們仔細(xì)比對、思考，勤于收集語言材料。

總之，西方的邏輯理性和抽象性認(rèn)知型文化體現(xiàn)在它的概念名詞化，物稱化和抽象化，表現(xiàn)出它崇尚客觀，間接的，變換, 替代的表達(dá)法。

Eg.The polularity of certain types of discourse may also reflect culture concern.Epic poetry seems to have suffered a severe loss of popularity.4.中國倫理型文化的中庸和諧，陰陽平衡和辯證統(tǒng)一體現(xiàn)在它的語言最求均衡美和對稱美。對偶、排比、重復(fù)和重疊，以及同義詞組和反義合成的四字格都會給聽者帶來美感。無論是現(xiàn)在語言學(xué)奠基人索緒爾，還是美國語言學(xué)家布龍菲爾德，還是結(jié)構(gòu)主義大師喬姆斯基都只能對語言進(jìn)行表層現(xiàn)象研究。語言學(xué)家還應(yīng)該研究―誰在何時用何種語言向誰說話‖（Who speaks what language to whom and when).P9 越來越多的語言學(xué)者深感：只有把語言與文化結(jié)合起來，把語言作為一種社會現(xiàn)象和文化現(xiàn)象來研究，以文化闡釋語言，以語言詮釋文化，才能更加深刻的認(rèn)識語言。打著“中國文化語言學(xué)”旗號的語言學(xué)家以申小龍，游汝杰和陳建民為代表的語言學(xué)家。英漢語對比研究應(yīng)該從中西文化角度來歸納英、漢語言規(guī)律，從英漢語言角度去探究中、西文化內(nèi)涵。以哲學(xué)的高度，歷史的眼光，現(xiàn)在的角度將宏觀和微觀相結(jié)合，從縱橫，虛實、深淺和中外等層面，進(jìn)行發(fā)散性、多學(xué)科、多層次的綜合研究。思考：

1)What‘s the aim of ―Contrast Studies of English and Chinese?

2)Why do we make the contrast between two languages or cultures?

Lecture Two 綜合語與分析語P25-50 目 的 要 求

了解漢英句法的相似性和巨大差異性.強調(diào)漢語句子的“意合”原理和英語句子的“形合”規(guī)律.思考題：

從形態(tài)上來說，英漢語存在哪些異同？ 舉例說明。（參考P34-48）1.從英漢語的語言特征來說：英語是綜合語，漢語是分析語。

英語通過形態(tài)，語序和虛詞來描述； 帶有聲調(diào)的漢語沒有形態(tài)變化，語序相對穩(wěn)定，語句的連接全在詞語的含義之中。

英語綜合語：運用形態(tài)變化來表達(dá)語法關(guān)系。句段嚴(yán)密規(guī)范，以形寓意。―語法生硬，沒有彈性‖，屬于?法治‘語言。漢語分析語：句子以意役形，以神統(tǒng)法，用語序及虛詞來表達(dá)語法關(guān)系。―語法是軟性的，富有靈性‖。屬于?人治―語言。

如：畫餅充饑，添磚加瓦，危在旦夕，望穿秋水，三天打魚，兩天曬網(wǎng)，覆水難收，還有...2.1 Binary Oppositions between English & Chinese 英語：法治，剛性，顯性，語法型，主體性，聚焦型 借助：倒裝，形式主語和賓語，主從復(fù)合句等。There goes the bell.It’s interesting to talk with you.2.2 漢語：人治，柔性，隱性，語用型，平面性，流散型 ―曬太陽，闖紅燈，生怕，生米煮成了熟飯‖。那個拐彎處發(fā)生過多起車禍。好像寫作課你上過。

3.漢語屬于漢藏語系,英語屬于印歐語系。印歐語言重形合(hypotaxis)，語句各成分的相互結(jié)合常用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞語或各種語言連接手段，以表示其結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系。

漢語重意合(parataxis)，句中各成分之間或句子之間的結(jié)合多依靠語義的貫通，少用連接語，所以句法結(jié)構(gòu)形式短小精悍。

Hypotaxis and parataxis are the performance of the language law.The so-called hypotaxis refers to the realization of the connection of the words or phrases, with the help of language forms.The so-called parataxis refers to the realization of the connection of them without the help of the language form but the semantic connection of the words or phrases The former one focus on the language cohesion in form, the latter focus on the significance of the vocabulary.―…so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.‖

---E.A.Nida ―形合‖（syntactic connection）和―意合‖（semantic connection）‖是已故語言學(xué)家王力先生所譯。

A.分析型的語言語序相對穩(wěn)定，綜合型的語言語序相對靈活P26。

eg.a very important question

a question of great importantce

一個非常重要的問題（）一個非常問題重要的 I gave him a book.I gave a book to him.我給了他一本書。我給了一本書他。1)好好學(xué)習(xí)，天天向上。

Study hard, make progress every day.Study hard, and make progress every day.If one studies hard, he will make progress every day.2)他不來，我不走。

He doesn’t come, I won’t go.I won’t go unless he comes.I’ll stay until he comes.More examples 3)去了也白去。

Even if you go there, there won’t be any result.4)天氣寒冷，河水都結(jié)了冰。

It was so cold that the river froze.5)跑得了和尚跑不了廟。

The monk may run away, but the temple can not run away with them.B.英語形態(tài)變化表現(xiàn)在：性、數(shù)、格、時、體、語氣。有了這些變化，一個詞常?？梢员磉_(dá)幾種語法意義。

1）Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year.2)I regret not having taken her adivice 漢語通過借助詞語，安排語序，隱含意義或其他辦法表達(dá)語法意義。3)他被剝奪了權(quán)利之后，只好離職，流落他鄉(xiāng)。

He had to quit the position and went in exile, having been deprived of his power.漢語的定語一般在名詞的前面，英語的定語很多時候放在后面。4）一個可辯論的問題

a debatable subject

a subject which can be debated 5）以空前的速度

at an unecpected speed at a speed unexpected

C.導(dǎo)致靈活語序的–connectives，還有非謂語形式：不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞； 介詞短語及其他的獨立成分。

Connectives(聯(lián)系用語);Relative pronoun（關(guān)系代詞）;Relative adverb（關(guān)系副詞）Coordinator（并列連接詞）;Subordinator（從屬連接詞）;Relative Pronoun(who, whom, which, that, what);Relative Adverb(when, where, why, how)

and, or, but, both ? and ?, either ? or ?, neither ? nor ?, not only ? but also ?, so that, as well as, rather than, when/ as/ while/ every time/ as soon as/ directly/ / no sooner……where/ wherever/ where?there...because of/ as a result of/ for the reason that/ for fear that/ seeing that/ considering/ given that/ as a result/ with the result that/ for this reason/ hence/ so that?

英語由于有眾多的連接方式，這些詞使英語句法結(jié)構(gòu)上可以疊床架屋，盤根錯節(jié)，句式顯得非常復(fù)雜，冗長但卻非常嚴(yán)格、完整。

英語句式有邏輯次序安排、語義重心布置上都比較自由、靈活，形態(tài)上像一串豐滿的葡萄。

1)This is the reason why he is leaving so soon.這就是他匆匆離去的理由。

2)Do you know the way how they solved the problems? 你知道他是怎樣解決這個問題的嗎？

3)question discussed;討論過的問題 question to be discussed有待討論的問題

漢語一般不習(xí)慣太長的句式，行文多用竹竿節(jié)一般的短句，語義信息按照一定的規(guī) 6 律編成竹竿節(jié)，再沿竹竿向前行走。這就決定了漢語的行文安排不如英語那樣自由靈活。P34(定語翻譯）再說也不存在非限定動詞；漢語句子中的語法主要由詞序來決定；詞序的安排主要取決于動詞在句子里的分配位置。

Eg.她心地善良，為人樂觀，性情溫柔，待人和藹，心地寬闊（都是偏正關(guān)系）。D..漢語詞的語調(diào)常常表示一定的字義變化 漢語也有許多助詞，如動態(tài)助詞：―著‖、―了‖、―過‖；結(jié)構(gòu)助詞：―嗎‖、―呢‖、―吧‖、―啊‖、―嘛‖、―呀‖、―啦‖，有些表示語氣，有些左右結(jié)構(gòu)（P41-42)1）今天不會下雨吧（了、嗎）！（推測）2）她來了（啦）?。ㄕZ氣）3）多好的天氣呀！（感嘆）Examples Analysis 1)這些問題已經(jīng)（被）解決了。昨天他很早（就）起床（了）。2)These problem have been solved.3)Yesterday he got up very early.E.英語語調(diào)

P45 英語的語音表意手段主要是語調(diào)和重音。You may not go.You may not go.You said he would come.You said he would come.總結(jié)：

從形態(tài)上來說，英漢語存在哪些異同？ 舉例說明。（參考P34-48）漢語的聲調(diào)起什么作用？ 英語的語調(diào)起什么作用？

第三講：

剛性與柔性

Rigid vs.Supple P51

目 的 要 求

了解英語的剛性體現(xiàn)在什么地方；漢語的柔性體現(xiàn)在什么地方 作

業(yè)

對比分析英漢語句式有哪些的差異。A.英語的剛性： 有嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹髦^結(jié)構(gòu)． Np+Vp English is confined to morphology and grammar.So it is rigid.英語句子主從分明，層次清楚，多層遞進(jìn)，嚴(yán)密規(guī)范，句式呈―聚焦型‖（compactness).基本句型（1）及其變式：sv

The meeting has begun.Has the meeting begun ? 基本句型:There + be + 主語 There wasn‘t a meeting yesterday.There comes a bus.基本句型（2）及其變式：svp We are students.Doesn‘t it sound interesting? 基本句型（3）及其變式：svo Labor created man.Man was created by labor.基本句型（4）及其變式：svoO She gave me a present.She gave a present to me.基本句型（5）及其變式：svoC We called him Lao Li.The change made it impossible to to see what would happen later on.Every language has its peculiarities;they are established by usuage, and whether(they are)right or wrong, they must be complied with.(svo)The greatest truths are the simplest, so are the greastest men.(svp)Neither could theory do without practice, nor(could)practice(do)without theory.(sv)The English sentences must have a subject and a predicate(= substance and attributes).This structure leads itself to the concept of the law of identity , which is the basis of Aristotelian logic.(P56)B.英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，結(jié)構(gòu)形式規(guī)范；簡繁交替，長短交錯，許多聚集句子的手段使形式不致流散。

語法一致；The girl had her lunch at school.意義一致； Two thousand dollars is more than he can afford.Sent to zoos in Tokyo and other cities, the pandas are reported to have settled down very well.就近原則；

Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer.In comparison with other languages, English can be classified as masculine.It is a language caring less for finery and elegance, but more for logical consistency(sytax)and is opposed to any attempt to narrow-in by regulations and strict rules either of grammar or of lexicon.詞組、從句或句型結(jié)構(gòu)的運用可以導(dǎo)致這些基本句型的千變?nèi)f化。P52-55 不管英句型如何變化，都可以從其結(jié)構(gòu)形式中找出一定規(guī)律。S=NP+VP 句與句之間要保持人稱、數(shù)、性和意義方面的協(xié)調(diào)一致。P56 C.漢語的柔性Supple 漢語句子的主語形式多樣化，可有可無。

主語既可以是施事行為；也可以是受事 行為；表主體的既可以是時間、地點，也可以用形容詞、數(shù)量詞等。一切皆在若隱若現(xiàn)中。

凡主語顯然可知時，以不用為常。漢語不受形式的約束，不講究主謂一致；復(fù)雜靈活的句式呈―流散型‖。

1)文章翻譯完了。

The article has been translated.2)到處都在搞建設(shè)。

Construction has been carried out everywhere.3)現(xiàn)在正下著毛毛雨。

It‘s drizzling at the moment.4)累得我站不起來了。

I‘m so exhausted that I can‘t stand up.5)如今沒奈何，把你雇在隔壁人家放牛。

There is no way out but to set you to look for our neighbor‘s buffalo.中國人習(xí)慣把他心中認(rèn)為最重要的一個詞提出來做句子的主語，然后把其余部分按原來（―自然‖）的次序說出來做句子的謂語。---呂叔湘（1979）

Without the law of identity in logic or the concept of substance in philosophy, there could be no idea of causality or science.Instead, the Chinese develop correlational logic, analogical thought, and relational thinking , which though inappropriate to science, are highly useful in sociopolitical theory.P60

The grammatical meaning of subject and predicte in a Chinese sentence is topic and comment, rather than actor and action...Not obligatory from a grammatical standpoint, the sentence starts with context and topic rather than jumping immediately to a subject as it is frenquently the case in English.D.漢語重意合，以功能意義為主。

按照表意功能及表達(dá)形式，漢語大體可以分為七大類： 話題句1.topic +comment 開車她沒有經(jīng)驗。一輛摩托車坐三人。

She is inexperienced in driving.Three people rode on the motorcycle.主謂句 2.（Np)1）有無句： 他有熱情、有朝氣。2）描寫句：這部小車很新。3）說明句：今天星期天。

4）施事句：雨水促使雜草生長。She is passionate and energetic.The car is brand-new.It is Sunday today.The rain stimulates the growth of the weeds.復(fù)句表：并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、假設(shè)、條件、因果、讓步 關(guān)系句3.也就是復(fù)句

解決得當(dāng)?shù)脑?，問題不難解決。

The problem will be easy to solve if properly handled.雞蛋未孵，勿先數(shù)蛋。

Don‘t count your chickens before they are hatched.緊縮句4.形式上的單句，實際上的復(fù)句

不進(jìn)則退。He who doesn‘t advance falls backward.無事不登三寶殿。

I won‘t come to you if I hadn‘t something to ask of you.存現(xiàn)句5：表示人或事物的存在和消失。

前面是一片稻田。

There is a stretch of rice fields ahead.還有許多工作要做。

Much remains to be done.呼嘆句 6：

看她多精神！Look how energetic she is!是呀，她車開的真好！

Yes, she is an excellent drive!祈使句 7：

不要總以為自己是對的。Don‘t think you‘re always right.別管我，救火要緊！Don‘t care about me!Put out the fire first!以上是根據(jù)表意功能和表達(dá)形式進(jìn)行的大致分類。

E.漢語表現(xiàn)形式很復(fù)雜，不求齊整形式，但求表達(dá)意思 Chinese is featured with flexibility of gramatical function.The understanding of it depends on the connotation of words, context,word order, feeling, communicational purpose...Chinese doesn‘t belong to S-V concord ,like English, and is lack of logic, full of illogical expressions.So it‘s very hard to understand and explain from the angle of English logic sense.But it is in conformity with its culture, social psychology and tradition, so it is arbitrary.No language is logic in every respect.—Jesperson（1956）

For example: 曬太陽；烤火；吃食堂；住四人；住旅館；救火；打掃衛(wèi)生；養(yǎng)?。换謴?fù)疲勞...P63 語言是一種社會現(xiàn)象，也是一種心理現(xiàn)象，是人類用來思維的工具。未必如實反映客觀事物。

思考：以下詞語組合表達(dá)一種什么意境或文化心理？ 自行車、自來水、馬路、火車、吃公款，吃官司 F.英語也有―非邏輯‖的表達(dá)方式嗎？

Sweetmeat(蜜餞)，boxing rings(拳擊臺), pineapple(菠蘿);quick sand(流沙);look out(當(dāng)心）...Stars are out vs.Lights are out.Drive on a parkway.a wise man a wise guy G.歧義的產(chǎn)生：脫離語境容易產(chǎn)生歧義。

漢語是儒、道、佛的哲學(xué)；偏重意會，不拘于形式，因而表達(dá)和理解要靠語境、悟性合―約定俗成‖。P65 男： 你還沒有給（書）我呢。女：給你了，我給你了。男： 沒有，你沒有給我。

女： 我給你了，我全都給你了。請翻譯

P65 1)烤羊肉

2)兩個鄉(xiāng)干部 3)雞不吃了。4)神秘的少女的心 5)準(zhǔn)備了兩年的食物 6)找到了孩子的媽媽 7)我差一點沒跟他結(jié)婚。

英語受約于變化規(guī)則，因模棱兩可的修飾關(guān)系而產(chǎn)生歧義。請翻譯： 1)John saw Mary with the binoculars.2)All of the arrows didn‘t hit the target.3)He love the dog more than his wife.4)I knew that you had seen him before I met you.East Asian languages are highly ―contexual‖, because words typically have multiple meanings.While Americans attempt to decontextualize their language.They make it independent of verbal context.H.中國話、中國語法：流瀉鋪排的女性特征

漢語句式中富含有完全句與不完全句，大句和小句混合交錯，似句似段，若斷若連，組成流水句。因表意需要而變通，詞語的分合伸縮比較靈活，一切以雙方意會為依據(jù)。10 P67-69 1)字典來了，趕快去買吧！

2)好不容易才說服她照我的想法辦。3)酒不醉人人自醉。作業(yè)：

思考： 英語或漢語中的歧義句產(chǎn)生的原因？

第四篇：學(xué) 英 語

學(xué) 英 語，動 起 來

-----------談如何讓學(xué)生愛上英語課

青銅峽市第四小學(xué)王芃

中央電視臺第十套節(jié)目有一個欄目叫《希望英語》，其中有一個著名的口號“LearningEnglish ,Let’sgetmoving.”，“學(xué)英語，動起來”我很喜歡這個口號。作為一個小學(xué)英語教師，在日常的教學(xué)過程中，我深感學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣不高，學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)差異大，課堂上老師難為“無米之炊”。老師教的痛苦，學(xué)生學(xué)得也痛苦。針對這種情況，我在平常的教學(xué)活動中，在不斷的摸索如何讓學(xué)生愛上英語課。經(jīng)過十幾年的教學(xué)實踐，我有如下見解。

一、動口、動手、動腦，多種感官配合學(xué)英語。

在課堂上，我盡量運用多種教學(xué)手段充分調(diào)動學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的積極性。例如，在教學(xué)三年級英語第三模塊《Pleasestandup 》時，我讓學(xué)生一邊說單詞一邊做動作，比如教師說“Standup ”師生一起做站起來的動作。教師說“sitdown ”師生一起做坐下的動作。學(xué)生一邊說句子，一邊做動作，不但課堂氣氛較好，而且學(xué)生記憶較深刻。下一堂課反饋的時候，學(xué)生的反應(yīng)說明教學(xué)效果良好。又比如在教學(xué)單詞“one------ten”時，我運用多種方法讓學(xué)生記憶單詞。比如單詞與數(shù)字對應(yīng)連線，比如在左手指肚上依次寫上一至十的數(shù)字，讓學(xué)生依次指著數(shù)字讀單詞，或指到哪個數(shù)字就讀出哪個單詞。如此反復(fù)，運用多種方法讓學(xué)生訓(xùn)練單詞句型，讓學(xué)生通過“動口、動腦、動手”，多種感官充分

參與，達(dá)到學(xué)習(xí)英語的良好效果。

二、運用多種媒體手段調(diào)動學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，讓英語課堂充滿

樂趣。

小學(xué)生活潑好動，對新鮮事物充滿了好奇，課堂上我一教歌或者一上多媒體課，學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣空前高漲，學(xué)習(xí)效果出奇的好。所以，我在課堂上盡量使出渾身解數(shù)，充分運用多種教學(xué)媒體手段，調(diào)動學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的積極性和學(xué)習(xí)熱情。上多媒體課時，當(dāng)屏幕上的flash畫面閃動時，學(xué)生的興奮難以言表，這樣的課教學(xué)效果非常好。所以我再教學(xué)每一模塊時盡量都把課后的英語歌曲或chant 教給學(xué)生，我覺得這樣進(jìn)行教學(xué)，學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)熱情較高，學(xué)習(xí)興趣較高，學(xué)習(xí)效果也較好。

三、教師要充分運用自己的教學(xué)魅力去調(diào)動學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性，通過自己的言傳身教讓學(xué)生愛上英語課。

小學(xué)生具有很強的向師性，他們對老師的模仿和崇拜非常明顯，因此教師在教學(xué)過程中應(yīng)充分運用自己的人格魅力，以親切的教態(tài)，充滿親和力的教學(xué)語言，去感染學(xué)生。尤其在英語課堂上，教師應(yīng)該更多的給學(xué)生帶來一些英語小笑話，通過“課前一句”、“課前幽默一分鐘”“makeajoke ”等教學(xué)資源，對學(xué)生進(jìn)行英語知識的交流和滲透。我認(rèn)為作為一個教師，當(dāng)你進(jìn)到教室里聽到的是一片歡呼聲時，說明你作為教師是成功的，受學(xué)生歡迎的。如果你進(jìn)到教室里，聽到的是一片嘆息聲，說明你是失敗的。

四、將英語課堂延伸到課外，收聽收看英語節(jié)目，建立

第五篇：潮 英 語

潮 英 語

? When a thing is done, it's done.Don't look back.Look forward to your next

objective.如果事情結(jié)束了，那就是結(jié)束了，別回頭，沖著你下一個目標(biāo)去吧

? Sometimes when I say “I'm ok” I just want some one to look me in the eyes,hug me tight, and say, “I know you're not.”

有時候，當(dāng)我說“我很好”的時候，其實我希望有個人能看穿我的眼睛，緊緊的抱著我說：“我知道你并不好。“

? Whatever with the past has gone, the best is always yet to come.無論過去發(fā)生什么，最好的尚未到來。

? Do what makes you happy.Be with who makes you smile.Laugh as much

as you breath.Love as long as you live.做讓你開心的事，交能逗你樂的朋友；像呼吸一樣頻繁地開懷笑，像生命一樣長久地全心愛。

? If you can't understand my silence, you will never understand my words.如果你不懂我的沉默，你也永遠(yuǎn)不會明白我說的話語。

? Silence is a girl's loudest cry.沉默是一個女孩最大的哭聲。

? Keep your face always to the sunshine and the shadows will fall behind

you.-Walt Whitman

永遠(yuǎn)面朝陽光吧，陰影就會被甩到后面。

? When you need someone to listen, When you need a hug, When you need

someone to hold your hand, I'll be there.........當(dāng)你需要有人傾聽的時候，我就在這里；當(dāng)你需要溫暖的懷抱的時候，我就在這里；當(dāng)你需要有人牽你的手，我就在這里。當(dāng)你需要有人為你擦去傷心的淚水，你知道嗎？我就在這里。

? The world makes way for the man who knows where he is going

如果你明確自己的方向，世界也會為你讓路。

? If you have to lose something, the best way to keep it is in your memory.當(dāng)你不可以再擁有的時候,你唯一可以做的，就是令自己不要忘記.? Nobody can go back and start a new begining, but anyone can start now

and make a new ending.沒有人可以回到過去重新開始，但誰都可以從現(xiàn)在開始，書寫一個全然不同的結(jié)局。

? Sometimes, the simplest advice that you give to others is the hardest thing

for you to follow.有時候，你給別人最簡單的建議，卻是自己最難做到的。

? Memories, beautiful very hurt, memories, memories of the past but can not

go back.回憶，很美，卻很傷；回憶，只是回不到過去的記憶。

? 【各種分手】

I think we should be just friends.我想我們應(yīng)該當(dāng)朋友就好了

It's not you, it's me.不是你的問題，而是我自己的問題

I really don't wanna be tied down.我真的不想被綁住

You're really too good for me.我真的配不上你。

? 【耍狠時用到的英語】

Just wait and see.咱們走著瞧；

You’ll be sorry.你會后悔的；

If you’re looking for a fight, you don’t have to look far.如果你想找人打架的話，不用找太遠(yuǎn)；

Watch your mouth.說話客氣一點；

You’d better take that back.你最好收回那句話。

? If we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other, then I

wish we had never encountered.如果只是遇見，不能停留，不如不遇見。

? You are so lucky, because you can choose to love me or not, but myself

only have to choose from loving you or loving you more.你是幸運的，因為你可以選擇愛我或不愛我，而我只能選擇愛你還是更愛你。

? Don't ever let somebody tell you...you can't do something.不要讓別人來告訴你不行。

? You are the reason why I became stronger.But still，you are my weakness.因為你，我學(xué)會了堅強，而你，依舊是我的傷。

? There’s nothing more beautiful than a smile that struggles through tears.世上最美的，莫過于從淚水中掙脫出來的那個微笑。

? 別人說Thank you除了可回答You are welcome(不客氣)，你還可以說：1)

Sure!2)No problem!3)Not at all!4)Don't mention it!5)My pleasure!6)It

was nothing!7)Of course!8)No big deal!9)Any time!10)No worries!11)Never mind!12)It was the least I could do

? Nobody can go back and start a new beginning, but anyone can start now

and make a new ending.沒人能讓時光倒流，然后重新再出發(fā)，但所有人都可以在今天啟程，去創(chuàng)造一個全新的結(jié)局。

? The rain falls because the sky can no longer handle its weight．Just like the

tears fall because the heart can no longer handle the pain．

雨水落下來是因為天空無法承受它的重量，眼淚掉下來是因為心再也無法承受那樣的傷痛.? You can't have a better tomorrow if you're still thinking about yesterday.如果你無法忘掉昨天，就不會有一個更好的明天。

? Sometimes when I say ”I'm ok“ I just want someone to look me in the eyes,hug me tight, and say, ”I know you're not."

?有時候我說“我很好。”，其實我是多希望，有個人能看穿我的偽裝并緊緊抱住我，說：“我知道，你并不好?！?

? You’re the only person you can trust.你能信任的人唯有你自己。

【英語交流中的客套話】

So far so good(目前為止，一切都好)

Be my guest(請便、別客氣)

You're the boss(聽你的)

I've heard so much about you!(久仰大名！)

I'll keep my ears open(我會留意的)

Sorry to bother you(抱歉打擾你。)

That's really something！(真了不起！)

Focus on what you want first, before you think about how to do it.Anything is possible, as long as you set your mind, heart and soul to it.計劃一件事情之前，先要清楚自己到底想得到什么？世界上沒有做不到的事，只要你全心全意去做。

Shut out all of your past except that which will help you weather your tomorrows.放下那些不能幫助你前行的過去

【女生必備 有關(guān)化妝品的常用英文】

Mascara（睫毛膏）；Foundation（粉底）；Blusher（腮紅）；Sunscreen（防

曬霜）；Concealer（遮瑕膏）；Face Powder（散粉）；Eye Shadow（眼影）；Eyeliner（眼線）；Lipstick & Lip Gloss（唇膏唇彩）；Nail Polish（指甲油）

【星座英文表達(dá)】1.白羊Aries 2.金牛Taurus 3.雙子Gemini 4.巨蟹Cancer 5.獅子Leo 6.處女Virgo 7.天秤Libra 8.天蝎Scorpio 9.射手Sagittarius 10.摩羯Capricorn 11.水瓶Aquarius 12.雙魚Pisces

When in doubt, just take the next small step

堅持不下去的時候，再堅持一會兒。

You''re human.Making mistakes is a part of life.It''s how you fix them that counts!

犯錯是人生的一部分，難以避免，重要的是，錯誤出現(xiàn)了之后，你怎樣去面對。

You never feel my lonliness.你從未體會我的孤單。

We’d better struggle for the future rather than regret for the past.后悔過去，不如奮斗將來。

Sometimes words cannot express the burden of our heart

有時候，心中所承受之重是無法用言語來表達(dá)的。

Friends are like stars.They always lighten up your world, even in your darkest hour

朋友就像天上的星星，永遠(yuǎn)照亮著你的世界，即使在你最黑暗的時候。

Every thing is gonna be alright.一切都會好起來的。

Three things in life when gone never come back: time, opportunity, and words.人生有三樣?xùn)|西不可挽回：時間，機遇，以及說出去的話。

Save your heart for someone who cares.為了某個在乎你的人，請節(jié)約你的真心！

I wish I could find someone who would feel my pain even though I'm saying OK with a smile.我希望找到這樣一個人，即使我微笑著說“我還好”的時候，他也能察覺得到我的痛苦。

You cannot appreciate happiness unless you have known sadness too.不知道什么是憂傷，就不會真正感激幸福。

A person might hate you for 3 reasons: 1.They wanna be you.2.They hate themselves.3.They see you as a threat

人們之所以討厭你，可能有以下三個原因：1.他們想成為你；2；他們討厭自己；3.他們覺得你是個威脅。

Enjoy the little things in life,for one day you may look back and realize they were the big things.享受生命中的每一個細(xì)節(jié)，因為當(dāng)你回首往事時可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)原來那些所謂的小事是多么的重要。

Stop saying “I wish”, start saying “I will”.? 別再說“我希望”，開始說“我將要”。

I never stopped loving you, I just stopped showing it.我對你的愛從來沒有停止，只是我不再讓別人知道而已...【英文諺語集錦】

Bad news has wings.壞事傳千里。

Beauty is in the eyes of the gazer.情人眼里出西施。

Behind bad luck comes good luck.塞翁失馬，焉知非福。

Be honest rather than clever.誠實比聰明更要緊。

Being on sea, sail;being on land, settle.隨遇而安。

Make your anger so expensive that no one can afford it and your happiness so cheap that people can almost get it free

讓你的憤怒變得昂貴，沒有人能消費得起，讓你的快樂變得便宜，每個人都可以自由分享。

You are so far away but I feel you’re so near.? 那么遠(yuǎn)，那么近。

I know I’m not perfect, and I don’t live to be.But before you start pointing fingers, make sure your own hands are clean.我知道我并不完美，我活著并不是為了完美，但當(dāng)你用手指向我的時候，先確認(rèn)一下自己的手是不是干凈的。

If someone is strong enough to bring you down, show them you are strong enough to get up.? 如果有人很強把你打敗，讓他們看到你也很強，足夠重新站起來。

There are people who will always hate for who you are not.But there also

people who will always love you for who you are

有人會因為你的缺點而討厭你，但是，也會有人因為你的真實自然而喜歡你。

When a guy can handle your flaws, love you on your moody days & kiss you when you don't look great, he's worth loving

如果一個男人能容忍你的缺點，在你情緒不好的時候依然寵你，在你外表不光鮮的時候依然吻你，這樣的男人值得去愛。

No matter the ending is perfect or not, you cannot disappear from my world 我的世界不允許你的消失，不管結(jié)局是否完美。

Best friends: Cheer you up when you're down, comforts you when you're sad & fight for you when you're hurt!

這就是好朋友：當(dāng)你失落的時候給你鼓勁，在你悲傷的時候給你安慰，在你受傷害的時候為你出氣。

Sometimes you have to show your bad side so that you can sort out who can accept you at your worst

有時候，你要表現(xiàn)自己不好的一面，才能找出誰能接受你最差的你。

Silence is a girl's loudest cry.沉默是一個女孩最大的哭聲。

Make up your mind to act decidedly and take the consequences.No good is ever done in this world by hesitation.下定決心，果斷行動，并承擔(dān)后果。在這世界上猶豫不決成就不了任何事。

Sometimes, the hardest things to say are those that come straight from the heart.有時候，內(nèi)心最直接的感受，往往是最難說出口的。