第一篇：專業(yè)英語四級(jí)考試寫作

2006年英語專業(yè)八級(jí)滿分作文

Ambition is the decision one makes and the resolution with which he carries out that decision.It provides us with the required driving force to accomplish any undertakings in our life.Just as Joseph Epstein, a famous American writer put it, “And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed.” Indeed, once we make up our minds to choose to do something, then our life becomes meaningful and specifically orientated.This notion of life, as far as I observe, is closest to truth and does apply to almost all aspects of life.First things first, ambition renders us a sense of mission.No matter what decision you make you have to be responsible for your choice.Your choice procures you a sense of orientation, or more specially a sense of mission.And only a strong mission may enable one to accomplish greatness.Caesar of the ancient Roman Empire was urged by his ambition “I came, I saw, I conquered.” And became an unrivaled empire builder in the history of Rome.John Milton, stimulated always by his ambition that aimed at writing some “mighty lines” which England would unwillingly forget, had in due time secured his position as the second Shakespeare in the history of English literature.In the second place, ambition can bring one’s potentials to the full.Ambition may well serve as a catalyst activating one’s dormant potentials.Without ambition one’s potentials will remain slumbering like a dormant volcano.A case in point is Ms Zhang Haidi, a Chinese Helen Keller.It was her ambition to be a useful person has turned the almost paralyzed Zhang Haidi into a well-accomplished figure whose achievements would dwarf those of some normal people aim at the sun, though, at worst, they may probably land on the moon.Influential as it is upon us, however, ambition must be channeled in the right direction.If wrongly directed, one’s ambition may bring havoc on him and others.Hitler, whose ambition was to conquer Europe by whatever evil means, finally turned him into a demon.It was this demon that almost cast Europe into an unfathomable abyss of anguish and suffering.Another case is Macbeth whose ambition was to become the king of Scotland.However, his ambition was materialized by the murder of King Duncan.Consequently, unbearable guilt and psychological agony drove him to his tragic doom.To sum up, ambition can benefit us tremendously if wisely and correctly channeled, otherwise it may ruin others and ourselves.A poet says: life can be bad;life can be good;life can be dirty;life can be sad,;life can even be painful.In my mind’s eye, a person can make his life beautiful, meaningful and rewarding and stand out as a respectable personage if he is motivated by a well-orientated ambition

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考研英語小作文和大作文備考經(jīng)驗(yàn)談

作文歷來是研究生入學(xué)考試的重中之重，每年都有無數(shù)考研英豪難過英語關(guān)，從而與成功一步之遙，失之交臂。在名目繁多的輔導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)的海報(bào)滿天飛與媒體炒作日漸升溫時(shí)，如何一方面保持清醒的頭腦，一方面找到適合自己并且針對(duì)行之有效的學(xué)習(xí)方法，才是真正關(guān)鍵的問題。本文將重點(diǎn)給各位網(wǎng)友講講考研英語小作文、大作文的備考技巧經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

一、應(yīng)用文（小作文）

應(yīng)用文寫作要求考生在三個(gè)方面完成要求：一要注意把握信息點(diǎn)；第二是把握語言點(diǎn)，內(nèi)容要十分明確，不要出現(xiàn)過多的錯(cuò)誤；第三是要注意格式和語言。一是掌握格式的線條，主要是掌握兩種大的文類，一個(gè)是正式文體，一個(gè)是非正式文體。如果應(yīng)用文涉及的是商務(wù)或者公務(wù)之類較正式的東西，那么語言表達(dá)的時(shí)候也得注意格式和書面化、規(guī)范化；如果要求寫便條給朋友的話，就應(yīng)當(dāng)用主語化的表達(dá)方式。

這幾個(gè)方面注意了，就可以很大地緩解難度。應(yīng)用文的字?jǐn)?shù)要求是100個(gè)字，大概8句話，8句話怎么分配呢？第一段就寫一句話，第一句話表明你寫信的基本內(nèi)容：如果是詢問信息的話，就說你寫這封信要詢問以下幾個(gè)問題；如果是投訴，就說寫這封信是要表達(dá)對(duì)什么東西的不滿；如果是請(qǐng)求信，就說寫這封信想要請(qǐng)求什么東西就可以了。總之，就一句話，簡(jiǎn)明扼要。然后，用簡(jiǎn)練的語言表達(dá)清楚題目要求表達(dá)的內(nèi)容和信息。最后一句話，就是一個(gè)禮貌的結(jié)尾。

二、大作文

大作文的寫作一般會(huì)給考生寫作提綱，或圖表、圖畫，或圖文并茂。命題方式雖然多樣，但題目涉及面往往是考生比較熟悉的內(nèi)容，目的是測(cè)定考生語言的實(shí)際應(yīng)用能力。要求表達(dá)清楚，文字連貫，中心突出，內(nèi)容豐富，句式多變，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確。

語言的應(yīng)用能力不可能一蹴而就，必須厚積薄發(fā)，必須經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)期的實(shí)踐鍛煉。如何提高英語寫作能力呢？一是要背大量的優(yōu)秀范文，整段整篇地背，并轉(zhuǎn)換為自己的語言，寫作時(shí)才能隨心所欲地支配?？荚嚂r(shí)避免套用以前死記硬背的幾個(gè)范文，把一些詞不達(dá)意的詞堆積在一起，沒有統(tǒng)一性，無法很好地表現(xiàn)主題。

二是要多動(dòng)手。包括對(duì)背過的文章進(jìn)行詞語替換、句式轉(zhuǎn)換、句子重組等，以及對(duì)某一主題展開寫作。多動(dòng)手才能提高筆下功夫，才能保證在考場(chǎng)上順利寫作?？梢哉f背誦范文是培養(yǎng)語感、積累素材、掌握寫作方法的途徑，動(dòng)手寫作則是實(shí)踐，是最終目的，這兩者結(jié)合起來，就是“理論聯(lián)系了實(shí)際”。另外，背誦范文應(yīng)有針對(duì)性，寫作訓(xùn)練也是一樣，在訓(xùn)練中要掌握每一類型作文的寫作規(guī)律，根據(jù)其寫作特點(diǎn)(如提綱式作文就要求考生根據(jù)提綱提示的思路和規(guī)定的要點(diǎn)展開段落)進(jìn)行全面訓(xùn)練。但是，注意不要帶有押題的心理，靠背幾篇范文就能應(yīng)付考試的心態(tài)是不可取的。很多高分考生認(rèn)為，背誦《新概念英語》第三冊(cè)，熟練掌握其中的各種表達(dá)方式，并堅(jiān)持每天進(jìn)行英語隨筆練習(xí)，對(duì)于提高英語寫作能力十分有益。

三、應(yīng)試技巧

1、認(rèn)真審題

作文第一步是仔細(xì)審題，考生要仔細(xì)閱讀試題要求及相關(guān)信息，如圖表、圖畫、數(shù)字等，準(zhǔn)確把握出題者意圖?？佳凶魑募尚攀帜閬?，提筆就寫，根本不審題，想到哪兒就寫到哪兒，或完全憑自己想象編故事，置考試要求于不顧，“下筆千言，離題萬里”。比如1998年考研作文是一幅卡通畫，老母雞申明外加一首打油詩，諷刺一些企業(yè)把該盡職之事作為推銷產(chǎn)品的承諾。2000年的作文“a brief history of world commercial fishing”，它給出了兩張圖，從1900年的漁船和魚量之比到1995年的漁船和魚量之比的變化談如何保護(hù)漁業(yè)資源，應(yīng)從商業(yè)性濫捕魚這一主題展開話題，有的考生卻大談環(huán)境污染。這就偏離了主題，因?yàn)轭}中自始至終都沒有談到環(huán)境污染問題。

有的同學(xué)沒有審題習(xí)慣，或擔(dān)心時(shí)間不夠草草審題，最后文不對(duì)題，草草收?qǐng)?，這必然會(huì)影響英語成績(jī)，同時(shí)也會(huì)影響后兩門考試的心情。

2、列出提綱

考試規(guī)定的時(shí)間是很有限的，所以不能花太多時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)詳細(xì)的提綱，但關(guān)鍵詞提綱或粗略提綱還是非常有必要的。對(duì)原始材料分析歸納后要形成一個(gè)基本的框架。文章打算分幾段寫，每段大概怎樣寫，字?jǐn)?shù)控制在多少，開頭段落是道破主題、點(diǎn)明要旨、引人入勝還是先給出主題一般的背景情況和對(duì)主題進(jìn)行濃縮的陳述，中間段落和結(jié)尾又怎樣寫，等等，這些都要心中有數(shù)。有的考生習(xí)慣用漢語構(gòu)思文章，逐句翻譯提綱，當(dāng)碰到某個(gè)詞卡住時(shí)就翻譯不下去，僵在那里。要注意列提綱是為了更好更全面地表達(dá)主題。主題的表達(dá)可有多種形式，不一定非要尋找一個(gè)特定的詞或句子?？荚嚂r(shí)考生要充分調(diào)動(dòng)大腦，靈活運(yùn)用以前所學(xué)知識(shí)。

3、開始寫作

一篇文章往往由四部分組成：標(biāo)題(title)，首段(opening paragraph),主體(body paragraph),結(jié)尾段(concluding paragraph)。標(biāo)題要新穎，能引起讀者興趣。首段的內(nèi)容根據(jù)文章的體裁而變化：比如議論文可以從一種現(xiàn)象、一種觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)引出作者的觀點(diǎn)，記敘文往往交代人物和故事背景。主體是文章的主要部分，通過合適的語篇模式表達(dá)一定的觀點(diǎn)，考生要圍繞中心按一定順序分層次有重點(diǎn)地展開敘述、描寫和議論。結(jié)尾段是對(duì)全文的總結(jié)，論點(diǎn)上要與前面的敘述保持一致

寫好英語文章的20字訣

Agreement: 主語和謂語在人稱、數(shù)上的一致，關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的一致。Ambiguity: 盡量不去使用可能引起歧義的詞語或句子。Brief: 文章“簡(jiǎn)為貴”，要抓住要點(diǎn)，簡(jiǎn)明扼要。Coherence: 文理通順，前后連貫。

Development: 主題的發(fā)揮應(yīng)當(dāng)充分、合理、正確。

Division: 詞匯、句子、段落要分配使用得當(dāng)，劃分要清楚，避免使用重復(fù)字句和種子片段。Figures: 正確合理使用各類修辭格式。Inflated diction: 不使用做作的語言。Key: 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)鍵詞突出主題，每段都應(yīng)有主題句。Logical: 內(nèi)容要符合邏輯。

Message: 信息要新鮮、確實(shí)、可信。Omit: 合理刪除多余的不必要部分。

Proposition: 主張、觀點(diǎn)、論述要清楚肯切、合情入理。Punctuation: 正確適時(shí)使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。Relevant: 文章一定要要題。

Sentence pattern: 句型要盡量多樣化。Strait: 開門見山，直來直去。

Style: 文體恰切，適合內(nèi)容要求。

Tense: 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)要正確、一致、變化合理。Theme: 選題得當(dāng)，主題突出

堅(jiān)持八條英文寫作守則

1.Organize your thoughts before writing: brainstorm、make an outline、etc.下筆前整合思緒：腦力激蕩，寫出綱要等。

2.Write clearly.Be concise.Avoid wordiness.寫作清晰，務(wù)必精簡(jiǎn)，避免贅言。

3.Use good grammar and write complete sentences.使用好的文法，寫出完整句子。

4.Write simple sentences.Avoid a fancy style.嘗試簡(jiǎn)單句，避免花俏的句法。

5.Avoid slang、cliche and informal words.避免俚語、陳腔濫調(diào)和非正式用字。

6.Avoid use of the first person(i.e.I/me/my)unless necessary to specific piece.除非必要，避免使用第一人稱：如“我/我的”。

7.Writing naturally.Read it aloud.Does it sound natural? Does it flow? 自然揮灑，大聲朗誦。整篇文章聽起來自然嗎？通順嗎？

8.Move logically from one idea to the next.Don't skip steps.上下句意要合乎邏輯。別毫無章法亂跳。

談?dòng)⒄Z作文的“寫”與“作”

絕大多數(shù)的英語學(xué)習(xí)者，一想到寫英語作文，就會(huì)頭“大”。他們常?？嗨稼は?，然后草草而就，只求按時(shí)“交差”，別的就顧不上了。這種狀態(tài)下炮制出來的“大作”，其質(zhì)量可想而知。

對(duì)初學(xué)者而言，一篇英語作文的過程，至少應(yīng)該包括兩個(gè)階段，“寫”與“作”。

所謂“寫”的過程應(yīng)該與中文寫作沒有很大區(qū)別，無非是扣題，構(gòu)思，表述。惟一要特別注意的是，我們寫英語作文時(shí)，一般要求的字?jǐn)?shù)比較少，所以我們?cè)谖恼碌慕Y(jié)構(gòu)上更須注意突出重點(diǎn)，集中火力。在非重點(diǎn)部分，不要隨便發(fā)揮，而應(yīng)該盡量直奔主題。以本次征文比賽為例，題目是The English Teacher I Admire Most，那么文章的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是講述why I admire him/her，what is so special about him/her，what I see in him/her，what has made him/her such a wonderful teacher等等，你可以狀貌，但主要應(yīng)該是“寫神”，狀貌應(yīng)該簡(jiǎn)短，應(yīng)該只起鋪墊的作用。寫這篇文章當(dāng)然離不開敘事，全文可能敘述一件或多件事，那么這一件或多件事各自所占的分量應(yīng)該有分寸，使整篇文章保持平衡。敘事時(shí)應(yīng)該直奔主旨。英語寫作的傳統(tǒng)非常注重所謂的topic sentence——能夠統(tǒng)攝全文或者全段的句子。這個(gè)句子最好出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭，然后在文章的結(jié)尾處用不同的表述呼應(yīng)這個(gè)句子。例如，有一篇應(yīng)征例文的第一句是這樣的：She takes us into the magical English world。這就是一個(gè)非常有力的topic sentence。這一個(gè)句子就足可吸引讀者，讓讀者相信作者心中對(duì)她確實(shí)有一種毫無保留甚或“五體投地”的admiration，接下來就會(huì)有興趣了解她究竟有怎樣的magic power，讓學(xué)生如此著迷。這篇文章的結(jié)句是her charisma(魅力)is unbelievable，非常有力度，charisma與unbelievable兩個(gè)詞巧妙地呼應(yīng)了magic這個(gè)詞。文章需要topic sentence，每個(gè)段落最好也要有這樣非常powerful的topic sentence。構(gòu)思完成以后，就是落筆表述的過程。這個(gè)過程應(yīng)該迅速，最好能夠一氣呼成，不要過多地顧忌是否犯了語法錯(cuò)誤，或者表述是否清楚。不要猶猶豫豫，一步三回頭，因?yàn)樵谕瓿闪?/p>

“寫”以后，你還有一個(gè)“作”的過程。所謂“作”，就是“精雕細(xì)作”。英語初學(xué)者常常覺得自己“眼高手低”，想表述的意思難以成文，本來很精致的“意”卻表現(xiàn)為頗為笨拙的“文”。這當(dāng)然與我們掌握的詞匯有限相關(guān)。但是，我們有限的詞匯與表達(dá)，經(jīng)過適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)度與搭配，還是可以“作”出好文章來的。

我們?cè)趯懲瓿醺逡院螅环磷屪约旱暮糜炎x一下，看看他是否明白文章的每一個(gè)句子。因?yàn)樽髡咦约撼３０严氲蕉鴽]有表述出來的信息也read into the article，因此不容易發(fā)現(xiàn)表述不清的問題。

處理完了表述問題以后，就進(jìn)入“深加工”階段。英語寫作最強(qiáng)調(diào)韻律感，即使是高深的學(xué)術(shù)文章，讀起來常常也會(huì)很有“樂感”。這種“樂感”主要來自于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化與組合。簡(jiǎn)而言之，就是長(zhǎng)短結(jié)合，錯(cuò)落有致。英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)變化比較多，但我們?cè)趯懽鲿r(shí)受漢語的影響很深，寫出的句子常常整齊劃一，缺少變化。我們?cè)诩庸r(shí)，就要有意地想：某幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句能加工成一個(gè)復(fù)合句或者復(fù)雜句；我們的每一個(gè)句子的主語是否都是“人”(從頭到尾都是he或者we)，是否可以用一個(gè)抽象名詞或者一個(gè)ing結(jié)構(gòu)來充當(dāng)其中某些句子的主語，以此構(gòu)成主語的變化；在一個(gè)“意群”中，是否每個(gè)句子都是以主語開始；是否每個(gè)句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都是簡(jiǎn)單的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，能否把其中的某一個(gè)或幾個(gè)改成詞組；能否構(gòu)成一個(gè)又一個(gè)“短句+長(zhǎng)句+短句”的意群組合；對(duì)于每一個(gè)表述，都可以想一下，這種表述是否太中文化，英語是否有更簡(jiǎn)單的表達(dá)。

某個(gè)大詩人曾經(jīng)說過：詩是“寫”出來的，而不應(yīng)該是“作”出來的。但對(duì)我們英語初學(xué)者而言，在練習(xí)時(shí)，還是應(yīng)該一次又一次地、有意識(shí)地經(jīng)歷這樣的“作”的過程。“作”多了，方能在“臨戰(zhàn)”時(shí)瀟灑地“寫”。(作者:梁凱文,華東師大英語系副教授)

英語寫作中的“結(jié)構(gòu)重組”問題 各類考試中英語寫作雖有模板可循，究其實(shí)質(zhì)，仍是漢譯英。任何一名考生在英語寫作中，難逃“漢譯英”的邏輯套路，所走思路一般為先胸中形成漢語意思，再將漢語意思轉(zhuǎn)換為英文，即便英語素養(yǎng)較高的考生，在兩者轉(zhuǎn)換過程中沒有時(shí)間差，出手即英文也是不太可能的。就在這一轉(zhuǎn)換過程中，盡顯英雄本色，英語英雄者，妙筆生花，出手不凡；英語笨拙者，最后只能造出個(gè)不中不洋的拙劣句子。我們可以給漢譯英一個(gè)重新定位：包含所有語言信息的一種結(jié)構(gòu)再造。具體說來就是面對(duì)一句中文，翻譯時(shí)要打亂原有語序和結(jié)構(gòu)，自行設(shè)計(jì)，重組語言信息，無限靠近原汁原味的英語，姑且將這種方法稱之為“結(jié)構(gòu)重組”。這一點(diǎn)是基于這么一個(gè)事實(shí)：英語跟中文的語序和結(jié)構(gòu)不盡一樣。下面舉例說明：

（1）簡(jiǎn)單句類（所謂簡(jiǎn)單句，即是含有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的句子）

看一例：他嗓門大。最容易翻譯成：His voice is loud.評(píng)語：超級(jí)直白

而更好的翻譯是：He has a loud voice.其實(shí)就成了 他有一個(gè)大嗓門。如果第一步便翻譯成he has a loud voice，恭喜，你就被歸入少數(shù)具備英語思維的高手類了，就這么簡(jiǎn)單。

對(duì)策：多多積攢類似例句，然后多多模仿。

試一個(gè)：她身材好，便可翻譯成：She has a good figure.（2）復(fù)雜句類

看一例：我抬頭一看，只見一群衣衫襤褸的孩子，默默無聲得站于四周，觀看著我倆進(jìn)餐。

按照原文語序很容易翻成：I looked up and saw that a group of children in rags surrounding us silently and seeing us eating dinner.評(píng)語：直白，動(dòng)詞堆砌，不流暢。

先準(zhǔn)備語言信息：抬頭一看：look up；衣衫襤褸的孩子：children in rags；默默：silently；觀看：look at。最后范文是：Looking up, I saw that we were surrounded by children in rags who were looking at us as we ate.（新概念3 第48課line35-36）

分析：范文用到了現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語（looking up,），主動(dòng)意思由被動(dòng)形式表達(dá)，（were surrounded by）并設(shè)計(jì)出一個(gè)定語從句來（who were looking at us as we ate）原文中看不出來定語（….的）痕跡。

對(duì)策，含有多個(gè)動(dòng)詞的句子，將動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行主次區(qū)分，次要?jiǎng)釉~非謂語化，主要?jiǎng)釉~謂語化，附帶從句設(shè)計(jì)，定語從句首當(dāng)其沖現(xiàn)行被考慮。

總之，寫句子時(shí)，不要立馬下手，凝神定氣，多三思，在結(jié)構(gòu)安排上有所建樹和創(chuàng)新，大膽

將信息重組，結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化，力圖寫出地道的英文句子，這是個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的功夫。

最后建議學(xué)員可將新概念2，3 冊(cè)拿來做漢譯英的練習(xí)，將每篇課文的中文譯文試著翻譯成英文，再與原文對(duì)照，個(gè)中差距，一對(duì)照即曉個(gè)清楚。

怎樣獲得英語專業(yè)四級(jí)考試寫作高分

(一)寫作題的性質(zhì)

寫作是人們表達(dá)思想的一種重要手段，我們稱之為comprehensive test的綜合測(cè)試，體現(xiàn)的是學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用語言的能力。因?yàn)樗粌H考核考生對(duì)詞匯的掌握、對(duì)語法的應(yīng)用，同時(shí)也考查了學(xué)生的表達(dá)能力、思維的邏輯性和條理性。我們知道，學(xué)習(xí)英語需掌握四種技能：聽、說、讀、寫。聽和讀是語言的input(輸入)過程，因而對(duì)于聽力和閱讀的測(cè)試是考查學(xué)習(xí)者的被動(dòng)英文技能；說和寫是語言的output(輸出)過程，對(duì)于口語和寫作的測(cè)試則是考查學(xué)習(xí)者的主動(dòng)英文技能。學(xué)習(xí)者的被動(dòng)英文水平往往高于主動(dòng)英文水平，因此聽力理解材料的難度往往大于口語的內(nèi)容，閱讀理解材料的難度往往要大于寫作。由此可見，在經(jīng)過兩年基礎(chǔ)專業(yè)課的學(xué)習(xí)后，學(xué)習(xí)者應(yīng)該將重點(diǎn)放在把被動(dòng)英文水平轉(zhuǎn)化成主動(dòng)英文水平上。一旦我們的大腦有了大量的語言輸出之后，就能達(dá)到出口成章、下筆有神的境界。

(二)英語專業(yè)四級(jí)寫作要求

(1)能根據(jù)各種不同的聽讀材料筆頭回答問題，復(fù)述內(nèi)容寫摘要、寫提綱和記筆記。

(2)能根據(jù)題目列出寫作提綱，在一小時(shí)內(nèi)寫出200～250詞的短文。

以上均要求做到內(nèi)容完整、條理清楚，語法基本正確，語言通順恰當(dāng)。

(3)能寫一般的書信、通知、便條、請(qǐng)?zhí)?，填寫?jiǎn)單的表格，格式正確，語言得體。

寫作課培養(yǎng)學(xué)生初步寫作能力，包括提綱、文章摘要、短文以及最簡(jiǎn)單的常用應(yīng)用文。

(三)考試大綱對(duì)英語專業(yè)寫作的要求和規(guī)定

(1)測(cè)試目的：按照英語專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)階段英語教學(xué)大綱的要求，檢查學(xué)生在基礎(chǔ)階 段末期的英語寫作能力。

(2)題型：主觀試題，分為Section A和Section B兩個(gè)部分。

Section A: Composition寫作文

Section B: Note-writing寫便條

(3)測(cè)試要求：

a)作文。要求根據(jù)所給的題目和列出的寫作提綱或圖表、數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì)表等(也附有寫作提綱)寫一篇150詞的短文，能做到內(nèi)容切題、完整，條理清楚，文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語法正確，語言通順恰當(dāng)。作文的類別有說明文、議論文或記敘文?？荚嚂r(shí)間為35分鐘。

b)便條。要求根據(jù)提示寫大約50～60詞的便條、通知、請(qǐng)?zhí)?。要求做到格式正確，語言得體。考試時(shí)間為10分鐘。

(四)英語專業(yè)四級(jí)寫作的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1.作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

(1)文章內(nèi)容切題、豐富，文章通順，表達(dá)清楚。

(2)行文流暢。

(3)組織嚴(yán)密，邏輯性強(qiáng)。

(4)句型多樣化，句法結(jié)構(gòu)正確。

(5)用詞得體、恰當(dāng)、豐富。

(6)語法正確。

(7)拼寫及標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確，書寫整潔。

(五)高分密招

很多學(xué)習(xí)者翻開作文書籍，就如同想打開一本武功秘籍，只希望看到5個(gè)字母trick(技巧)。技巧固然十分重要，但在應(yīng)試準(zhǔn)備中，常常需要70%的基礎(chǔ)和30%的技巧。這里要提醒 大家的是，不可高估技巧的作用，猶如在武打片中，要想得到某某寶典和劍法，是需要付出慘痛的代價(jià)的。

1.在考場(chǎng)中，常常感到無話可說，該怎么辦? 的確，在考場(chǎng)中有些考生由于緊張，常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)大腦一片空白，在10分鐘之內(nèi)動(dòng)不了筆。對(duì)于這種在考場(chǎng)中思維短路的現(xiàn)象，有兩種對(duì)策。

對(duì)策一：逆向思維法?？忌谀玫揭粋€(gè)作文話題、但不知該如何動(dòng)筆時(shí)，可以去聯(lián)想有關(guān)該 話題的具體事件，從具體事件中提煉出觀點(diǎn)，再將觀點(diǎn)反彈回去，即topic具體事件觀點(diǎn)。例如看到The Advantage and Disadvantage of TV這個(gè)文章題目時(shí)，如果不知如何下筆，可以去聯(lián)想一些具體的電視節(jié)目。一提到電視節(jié)目，就會(huì)自然而然地想到《新聞聯(lián)播》?！缎侣劼?lián)播》有哪些好處呢?當(dāng)然是開拓視野，了解世界。同時(shí)，還會(huì)聯(lián)想到一些暴力片和色情片，它們對(duì)兒童的身心健康發(fā)展不利。

對(duì)策二：正說反說法?？忌趯懽髦懈械接^點(diǎn)空洞茫然，不易理論清楚，甚至不知從何談起時(shí)，可以從正、反兩個(gè)方面對(duì)議題進(jìn)行“擺事實(shí)，講道理”，即“如果這樣，就會(huì)怎么樣； 如果不這樣，又會(huì)怎么樣”。

2.在寫作中，遇到不會(huì)表達(dá)的詞語該怎么辦?

對(duì)于母語是中文的學(xué)習(xí)者，其中文詞匯量往往大于英文詞匯量，在英文寫作中遇到不能表 達(dá)的詞語是最正常不過的事情了。但有的考生在遇到不會(huì)拼寫的單詞時(shí)，往往絞盡腦汁，冥思苦想，結(jié)果造成思維短路，得不償失。其實(shí)，對(duì)于這種情況，也有兩種對(duì)策。

對(duì)策一：用其近義詞代替。

如在寫Student Use of Computer這篇作文時(shí)，很多同學(xué)以“在 最近10年里，學(xué)生使用電腦的小時(shí)數(shù)一直在增加”這句話來開頭?！?0年”可以用decade表 示，“增加”可以用ascend表示。但是不知道這兩個(gè)詞或?qū)τ谒鼈兊钠磳憶]有把握時(shí)，可用 其近義詞表示，如“10年”直接用ten years就可以，“增加”還可用increase, go up, rise, grow, jump, climb等。在這個(gè)時(shí)候，考生必須遵守“寧為瓦全，不可玉碎”的原則。這就要求在平時(shí)注意多收集一些同義詞。如在每一篇作文中都會(huì)用到的一個(gè)單詞“認(rèn)為”，英文中有很多單詞來表達(dá)此義，如think, agree, claim, maintain, argue, believe, h old, suggest, view…as, regard…as, consider…(as)。又如另一個(gè)單詞“目前，最近”，可用nowadays, these years, recently, lately, currently, at present。此外，同義詞的收集與運(yùn)用有助于考生在寫作中用詞多樣化。

對(duì)策二：當(dāng)考生在寫作中，既找不到該詞 的近義詞，又不能用解釋性的語言進(jìn)行闡述時(shí)，考生可以考慮用其上義詞或下義詞來代替。

上義詞是對(duì)事物的概括性、抽象性說明；下義詞是事物的具體表現(xiàn)形式。如Owing a Car這 篇文章談到擁有汽車的弊端，其中有一點(diǎn)是汽車會(huì)排放出一氧化碳(carbon oxide)和二氧化 碳(carbon dioxide),對(duì)空氣造成污染。當(dāng)然，如果不知道如何拼寫，更不知該如何去 釋義一氧化碳和二氧化碳時(shí)，可以用它們的上義詞poisonous gases來表示，因?yàn)椴?論是一氧化碳還是二氧化碳都是有毒氣體。又如Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus(大學(xué)生該如何走出校園了解世界)，提綱的第二點(diǎn)要求是大學(xué)生了解社會(huì)的途徑(大眾媒體、社會(huì)服務(wù)等)?！按蟊娒襟w”為mass media，“社會(huì)服務(wù)”為social service。如果考生不會(huì)表達(dá)，但是在提綱里又明確規(guī)定不能不寫時(shí)，可以用其下義詞來代替。大眾媒 體的具體表現(xiàn)形式是TV，radio, newspaper, internet；社會(huì)服務(wù)的具體表現(xiàn)形式則為par t|time job, tutoring等。因而，考生在寫作中遇到不會(huì)表達(dá)的單詞時(shí)，應(yīng)該沉著冷靜，考慮用其近義詞、上義詞或下義詞來代替。

如何給閱卷老師留下美好的第一印象

要想作文獲得高分，顯而易見就是要給閱卷老師留下美好的印象。老師們的閱卷過程是郁悶枯燥的。使自己的文章在大約1分鐘的閱讀時(shí)間內(nèi)，迅速地在他們的腦海中形成較多的興奮點(diǎn)，是至關(guān)重要的。

首先，作文的寫作時(shí)間為35分鐘，合理的時(shí)間安排為10+20+5，前面的10分鐘用來讀題審題，構(gòu)思并列提綱，接著的20分鐘用來按照提綱寫作，最后5分鐘用來檢查及潤(rùn)色。合理的時(shí) 間安排是寫出優(yōu)秀 作文的必不可少的第一步。

其次，卷面的設(shè)置。要想讓閱卷老師對(duì)你的作文試卷有一種賞心悅目的感覺，作文的排版應(yīng)該不多于2/3，不少于1/3，要留有余地，不要將卷面寫得密密麻麻。字體不要過大或過小。字跡要工整。段落方面，英語專業(yè)四級(jí)考試作文的特點(diǎn)決定了作文寫法的基本框架為三段論。俗話說，事不過三，超過了三段后就會(huì)讓人感到過于繁瑣。并且應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是，每段開頭都應(yīng)該有縮進(jìn)，留有兩個(gè)單詞的位置。

再次，除了形式之外，作文 的內(nèi)容也尤其重要。閱卷老師閱卷一般是從第一段看語言，從第二段看結(jié)構(gòu)。這就要求考生 的作文開頭部分以及每一段的第一句一定要寫得像英文，不要出現(xiàn)任何的拼寫或語法錯(cuò)誤。除了語言的地道外，還要求作文有層次感?？梢杂靡幌盗斜硎具壿嬯P(guān)系的連詞，即路標(biāo) 詞來表示思路的清晰，如and, however, furthermore,also, what"s more等。此外，還可 以用對(duì)等的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，如for one thing, for another； On the one hand, on the other hand等來增加文章的層次感?？傊h論文對(duì)語言的要求主要體現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面：①用 恰當(dāng)?shù)倪壿嬙~表現(xiàn)文章的邏輯性。②要注意自然段與主題句的運(yùn)用，即用自然段表現(xiàn)出文章 的邏輯性，并在每段中用主題句說明要點(diǎn)，給人一目了然的感覺。③要注意句型結(jié)構(gòu)，注意 每句的重心和句與句之間的銜接，使句意一環(huán)扣一環(huán)，避免松散。

便條的寫作

便條是一種簡(jiǎn)單的書信形式。要求學(xué)生仔細(xì)閱讀和分析所給的情景，確定便條所涉及的內(nèi)容，如寫便條者與便條接收者的身份、兩者之間的關(guān)系及情景的正式程度等。便條的特點(diǎn)在于內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)短，大多是臨時(shí)性的詢問、留言、通知、要求等。與正規(guī)書信相比，便條的語言更為口語化。有急事需告訴別人而又不能面談時(shí)，就可以寫便條，如請(qǐng)假條、留言條等。一般不寫地址，與普通書信基本相同。結(jié)尾時(shí)也無需要結(jié)尾禮詞，只需要寫上便條者姓名。便條的日期一般只要寫上星期幾，也可以寫明上午、下午的具體時(shí)間。便條具有用途廣泛、形式簡(jiǎn)單、文字要求不十分嚴(yán)格的特點(diǎn)。

Should higher education be available to all students or only to good students? TOPIC:

Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students.Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students.Discuss these views.Which view do you agree with? Explain why.Some people believe that only good students should have access to a university education.Others posit that higher education should be open to everyone, regardless of their academic abilities.I agree with the former opinion.Universities should only allow good students into their programs because these students value the importance of a good education and are interested in furthering their education.Furthermore, if all students were allowed into universities, the schools would quickly become saturated, and the quality of education received would diminish.A university education is very important to a good student.This type of student has set his/her sights on a university education from early on, and has put in the necessary work to earn a place in a good university.Poor students who did not try to achieve good grades in high school obviously do not care about their education, and therefore, do not deserve to go to university.However, if these poor students go back to school and improve their grades, they should also be allowed to go to university.Good students are very interested in furthering their education.They have put copious amounts of work into their education, and are interested in learning more.Poor students are usually not as interested in furthering their education.If they were interested in this, they would have tried harder to begin with.With that said, let us suppose for a moment that universities did allow all students, regardless of their grades, into university.The school would quickly become overfull, and good students, who really care about their education, would suffer because of it.They might not be able to get into the classes they want, and if they do get in, there might be so many students in the class that it is impossible to learn.In conclusion, I think that it is important to save a university education for those who really want it-good students.If a poor student wishes to go to university, then he/she will have to return to high school and improve his/her grades.TOPIC: [命題作文欣賞] Should schools ask students to evaluate their teachers?

Schools should ask students to evaluate their teachers.Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Teachers have a very difficult job in society.They not only have to learn how to teach material effectively, but also must learn how to deal with a wide variety of personalities.While teaching is a difficult job, I think it is important for schools to ask students to evaluate their teachers.I think this is the right thing to do because it encourages teachers to try their best, it gives students the opportunity to choose effective teachers, and it allows the schools to have the best teachers possible teaching.If a teacher knows that at the end of the term, the students will be evaluating his/her work, then the teacher will be driven to do a very good job.If there is no pressure from evaluation, a teacher might be prone to doing a less than perfect job.I believe that everyone needs an occasional evaluation to ensure they are doing their job correctly.In the case of a teacher, the students will give the most important evaluations.If there was a public summary of which teacher scored the highest on his/her evaluations, then students would be able to take courses based on which teacher was the best at the job.This would allow students to excel in their studies, and achieve better grades.Finally, if schools ask students to evaluate their teachers, the schools themselves would be able to have the best teachers working on campus.If a teacher scored too low on an evaluation, a replacement could be found.This is a much better method than waiting for students to complain about a teacher.Teachers do have a difficult job, but regardless of this, they must excel at it.If a person is a particularly poor teacher, the students will not learn the required material, and suffer for it.

第二篇：2014年專業(yè)英語四級(jí)寫作過關(guān)全攻略

2013 年專業(yè)英語四級(jí)寫作過關(guān)全攻略

寫作： 第一步 審題：是討論型(discussion)還是辯論型(argumentation)(確定其一)第二步 構(gòu)思：確定觀點(diǎn)，以及拓展觀點(diǎn)(一分為三)第三步 提綱：經(jīng)典三段式(磨刀不誤砍柴工)引言段(50 字)話題引入 + 眾說紛紜 + 我方觀點(diǎn) 主體段(100 字)一分為三 + 邏輯順序 + 事實(shí)說話 結(jié)論段(50 字)重申主體 + 順帶提醒 + 提出展望 說明：(1)話題引入兩種方式：宏觀背景;突發(fā)事件;(2)事實(shí)說話多種方式：統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)、正反對(duì)比、名人名言、親身經(jīng)歷、趣聞逸事、調(diào)查結(jié)果等等 第四步 寫作：嚴(yán)格按照提綱結(jié)構(gòu)行文，寫的時(shí)候注意(1)多使用同義詞或同義表達(dá)方式替換避免詞匯的過度重復(fù);(2)如何使句子結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化(簡(jiǎn)單句，并列句和復(fù)雜句的交替使用，適當(dāng)將句中非謂語結(jié) 構(gòu)、介詞短語、從句等位置多樣;插入語、同位語的運(yùn)用等等);(3)句子與句子之間銜接詞的運(yùn)用，表示上下文邏輯關(guān)系表達(dá)方式的使用。周玉亮經(jīng)典語錄：想的時(shí)候不寫，寫的時(shí)候不想。換句話說：構(gòu)思和提綱階段想好寫什么，具體寫作過程中只想如何做到詞匯豐富、句式 多樣、銜接自然。嚴(yán)格按照構(gòu)思和提綱階段確定的內(nèi)容來寫。中途冒出的想法再妙也不要采 用以保證整個(gè)文章思路是一致的。第五步 校對(duì)：只對(duì)拼寫錯(cuò)誤和低級(jí)的語法錯(cuò)誤做修改，保持卷面整潔。補(bǔ)充說明： 時(shí)間分配： 10 分鐘審題構(gòu)思提綱 +30 分鐘寫作 +5 分鐘校對(duì) 高分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：書寫工整 語法規(guī)范 詞匯豐富 句式多變 銜接自然 結(jié)構(gòu)完整

真題 SAMPLE 2005 TEM-4 WRITING The students' Union of your university is planning to hold an arts festival next semester, and they are inviting students to contribute their ideas and suggestions as to how it should be organized or what should be included.My Idea of a University Arts Festival(典型討論型)2007 TEM-4 WRITING Nowadays the Internet has become part of people's life, and million of young people have made friends online.Is It Wise to Make Friends Online(典型辯論型)啟發(fā)思考題： How to stay healthy The best way to stay healthy How to solve the problem of envrironment pollution The Most Effective way to solve the problem of environment pollution What I have learned from College The most important thing I have learned from College

真題 SAMPLE

2005 TEM-4 WRITING

The students' Union of your university is planning to hold an arts festival next semester, and they are inviting students to contribute their ideas and suggestions as to how it should be organized or what should be included.My Idea of a University Arts Festival(典型討論型)

2007 TEM-4 WRITING

Nowadays the Internet has become part of people's life, and million of young people have made friends online.Is It Wise to Make Friends Online(典型辯論型)

啟發(fā)思考題：

How to stay healthy

The best way to stay healthy

How to solve the problem of envrironment pollution

The Most Effective way to solve the problem of environment pollution

What I have learned from College

The most important thing I have learned from College

第三篇：2014年專業(yè)英語四級(jí)最全考試答案之一

2014年專業(yè)英語四級(jí)最全考試答案之一

2014年，4月，19日，那個(gè)完形，你做得怎樣？？？看看就知道?。?/p>

2014年英語專業(yè)四級(jí)考試的最標(biāo)準(zhǔn)最完整的答案之一：：完形！敢去考專四，是勇氣；考完了之后敢對(duì)完形填空的答案，才是霸氣！

The Victorians had become addicted to speed and, like all speed crazy kids, they wanted to go ever faster.Time was money and efficiency became increasingly important.Although division of labour had been conceived by Adam Smith and illustrated by a pin factory in The Wealth of Nations in 1776, it could now become fully realised.This specialisation andindividualisation of labour was in marked contrast to the rural means of production, in which the family was the means of production, consumption and socialisation.With greater speed came a greater need for industries and businesses to make more and make it quicker.Steam made this possible and changed working life forever.Gone were the days when work was dictated by natural forces: steam engines were servant to neither season nor sunshine.Factories had

foremen and life became correspondingly more regimented.The clocking-on machine was invented in 1885 and time and motion studies to increase efficiency would be introduced only some twenty years later.But it was not all bad news.Agricultural incomes depended on variable harvests and weather.Factories provided secure and predictable income, but long hours.Working life was becoming increasingly regulated, and the working week was reorganised to promote ever-greater

efficiency.The old custom of St.Mondaywas gradually phased out and to compensate, work stopped around midday on Saturday and did not resume until Monday morning.A new division between 'work' and 'leisure' emerged, and this new block of weekend leisure time

coincided with the development of spectator sports like cricket and football, and the rise of music hall entertainment for the new working classes.

第四篇：四級(jí)考試作文寫作常識(shí)

四級(jí)考試作文寫作常識(shí)

一、基本的寫作步驟

許多考生在拿到作文題后，就雷厲風(fēng)行地動(dòng)手寫了起來，結(jié)果不是寫的一塌糊涂就是改得亂七八糟。在四級(jí)考試（包括其它水平考試）的寫作中，通常進(jìn)行以下五個(gè)步驟：審題、選材、腹稿（包括提綱和正文）、書寫、修改。

1． 審題

審題是寫作的第一步,也是最關(guān)鍵的一步。因?yàn)槿绻茴}了的話，就幾乎不得分了。所以在拿到題后，一定要冷靜地弄清題目要求；然后確定文章的文體以及主題思想。

通常在四、六級(jí)的作文中，有兩種形式。一種是給出題目和提綱（中文或英文），另一種是給出題目和每一段的段首句（段首句大多是該段的主題句，其實(shí)相當(dāng)于提綱）。我們應(yīng)該充分利用這些信息，才不至于跑題。以2001年1月份的試題為例，它的題目是“How to Succeed in a Job Interview?”，給出了兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)（提綱）：

（1）面試在求職過程中的作用

（2）取得面試因素：儀表，舉止談吐，能力，專業(yè)知識(shí)，自信，實(shí)事求是......從這些信息來看，這篇文章應(yīng)該是一篇議論加說明的文章，要求寫的是如何在找工作時(shí)順利（成功）通過面試。兩個(gè)提綱告訴我們，文章至少要分兩個(gè)部分，第一個(gè)部分是議論，說明面試是重要的；第二個(gè)部分要從第二點(diǎn)中給出的幾個(gè)方面挑幾點(diǎn)說明怎樣去做。

但是這兩個(gè)部分在文章中的比重應(yīng)該如何？是否要平均？

此時(shí)應(yīng)該看到，標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞是HOW，因此文章的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該在第二點(diǎn)，而第一點(diǎn)只是作為引言。

那么文章要分為幾段呢？

在英語文章中，每一段只討論一個(gè)問題。所以第（1）點(diǎn)顯然要獨(dú)立成段，第（2）點(diǎn)因?yàn)槭俏恼碌闹攸c(diǎn)所在，可以是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)一點(diǎn)的段或分為幾段。但要注意的是，既然第一段是一個(gè)引言，那么文章就應(yīng)該還有一個(gè)總結(jié)的段落，這是原提綱中沒給出來的。

2．選材

確定了文章的主題和輪廓之后，我們就開始考慮要選擇哪些要點(diǎn)來闡明主題。選材一定要圍繞主題句進(jìn)行，同時(shí)要考慮到全面性。

比如在考慮上面第一點(diǎn)時(shí)，我們要想到面試對(duì)雙方都是重要的。對(duì)于interviewer來說，通過面試他能對(duì)applicant有更好的了解，能通過面試挑到合適的人選等；而對(duì)于interviewee來說，他能通過面試更好地了解所申請(qǐng)的工作、薪水、待遇等信息，還能更好地展示自己，還能增強(qiáng)自己的社會(huì)知識(shí)，能練習(xí)與人打交道等。

但這些是否都要寫進(jìn)文章中去呢？或者比重是否都應(yīng)該一樣呢？

當(dāng)然不。就面試的作用來說，因?yàn)闃?biāo)題是站在求職者的角度來說的，因此面試對(duì)于求職者的作用就顯得比它對(duì)招聘者的作用更為重要。而在后者中增強(qiáng)自己的社會(huì)知識(shí)、練習(xí)與人打交道等方面，并不是面試最重要的方面，就可以舍去。就第二點(diǎn)來說，提綱中給出了許多方面，但這些方面也不能一一都寫進(jìn)作文中去，否則就不是一篇考試作文，而要寫一本求職大全了。應(yīng)該挑最重要的和最好寫的去說，別的可以一帶而過甚至不提。

3.打腹稿

打腹稿是不可省略的一步，但卻為許多人所忽視。其實(shí)打腹稿就相當(dāng)于我們平時(shí)寫作時(shí)打草稿，只是考試時(shí)沒有時(shí)間，也沒有紙用來打草稿。建議平時(shí)寫作時(shí)，要養(yǎng)成良好的習(xí)慣，即使在打草稿時(shí)也要仔細(xì)想一想要怎么寫，在腦子中先將文章“讀”一篇。

打腹稿時(shí)，首先要考慮文章的開頭和結(jié)尾，然后是各個(gè)段落間的銜接和過渡，然后是各個(gè)句子怎樣寫，要注意用自己熟悉的、有把握的句子，同時(shí)也要注意句子之間的銜接與連貫。4.抄寫

嚴(yán)格地說，第四步僅僅是將前面三步的結(jié)果用筆寫到試卷上。這部分不應(yīng)占用太多的時(shí)間，真正需要時(shí)間的是前面的三步。

5.修改

修改的主要任務(wù)是檢查一下有無拼寫和語法方面的錯(cuò)誤，同時(shí)注意是否用詞有過多的重復(fù)。

總之，在寫作時(shí)切忌一邊想一邊寫。

二、文章的銜接與連貫

在評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，同是否扣題同樣重要的是文章的連貫性。往往有的文章扣題倒也扣題了，但還是得不了幾分，這其中的原因恐怕與連貫性有很大的關(guān)系。這里所說的連貫有兩兩層含義。一是指文章在內(nèi)容上是連貫、統(tǒng)一的，文章中所有的句子都是為全文的中心服務(wù)的。就各段而言，其中的每一句話都要緊緊圍繞著該段的主題句進(jìn)行，不能說與主題句無關(guān)的東西。有人也將其稱為統(tǒng)一性。請(qǐng)看一例：

The weather has been changeable.On Sunday we had a high wind that blew down some trees.Monday was so cold that we had to turn on the heat and wear out winter coats.On Tuesday we formed a group to go roller skating.By Wednesday the weather cleared and the sun came out.Thursday was as hot and humid as an August day.Friday morning it began to rain, and it looks as if we’ll have a cold, steady wind for a few days.這一段寫“最近天氣多變”，首句為主題句。擴(kuò)展句敘述了星期日、星期

一、星期

三、星期四和星期五的天氣情況，用以展開關(guān)鍵詞changeable。但星期二沒有提天氣，而是說當(dāng)天的活動(dòng)安排，偏離了主題，打斷了段落敘述的連貫性，破壞了段落邏輯意義的統(tǒng)一性，應(yīng)刪去或改為與天氣有關(guān)的話。

再如：

Sports benefit us in many respects.When taking part in sports, we get the chance to train almost all parts of our body.There is no doubt that properly balanced physical activities keep us physically fit.Furthermore, sports can enrich our life and maintain our psychological health.Through participation, everyone can learn that on the playing field he not only competes for himself but also for his team.Sports teach us about consideration, cooperation and optimism, and how to cope with difficulties.第一句是本段的主題句，接下來作者從體育運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)身體的好處說了兩句，第四句講述體育運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)心理方面的益處，第五句從團(tuán)隊(duì)的方面加以論述，最后一句既是論據(jù)，同時(shí)也是對(duì)前面三點(diǎn)的概括。全段沒有一句話脫離主題句。

連貫的第二層含義指的是表達(dá)上的連貫。文章的段落之間、段落中各句子之間要有一定的銜接。

段落結(jié)構(gòu)和句與句之間的銜接應(yīng)遵照一定的順序。段落之間的連接也應(yīng)符合邏輯。這樣使文章連貫緊湊，自然流暢，層次分明，脈絡(luò)清晰。段落只有在具有含義一致性的同時(shí)又具有表達(dá)的連貫性才能充分有效地傳達(dá)信息，真正實(shí)現(xiàn)寫作目的。

這兩層意義的連貫性是相輔相成的。內(nèi)容的連貫性是表達(dá)連貫性的前提，一組互不相干的句子放在一起，無法取得表達(dá)的連貫性；一致性有賴于連貫性，只有把一組意義緊密相關(guān)的句子有機(jī)地組合起來，才能真正充分有效地闡述其主題思想。就上面的例一來說，雖然它是以時(shí)間為線索將這幾天串在一起，但仍讓人感覺太亂。每個(gè)句子都是以星期某一天的名子開頭，太單調(diào)了。各個(gè)句子之間似乎沒有什么關(guān)系，應(yīng)該說是一篇連貫性較差的文章。下面讓我們對(duì)它稍加修改一下：

The weather has been changeable.On Sunday we had a high wind that blew down some trees.Monday was so cold that we had to turn on the heat and wear out winter coats.And it remained gloomy the next day.To our pleasure, by Wednesday the weather cleared and the sun came out.But Thursday tuned out to be as hot and humid as an August day.Worse still, it began to rain this morning, and it looks as if we’ll have a cold, steady wind for a few days.那么，如何使文章連貫?zāi)兀?/p>

就議論文而言，獲取連貫主要有三種方法：一是內(nèi)容上的連貫，二是使用代詞或有意地重復(fù)一些詞，三是使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞語。

內(nèi)容上的連貫如前所述。

代詞和有意的重復(fù)可起到銜接的作用。例如在上面的例子中，在提到星期二時(shí)，沒有用Tuesday，而是用了the next day，避免重復(fù)，并把這兩天連在一起，讓人感覺到了前后的承接。再如最后一句中原文用的是Friday morning，改為this morning后，意義并沒有改變，但一下子把距離拉近了，既承接起前面的五天，又能與后一分句中的將來時(shí)有效的結(jié)合。

關(guān)聯(lián)詞和插入語的使用是四級(jí)考試作文中最明顯的連接手段，如上例中的and，to our pleasure，but，worse still。

需要注意的是，關(guān)聯(lián)詞的使用是與段落（文章）的展開方法密切相關(guān)的，不要為了使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞而使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞。下面結(jié)合段落的展開方法具體加以說明。

1.列舉法

列舉的模式通常是

主題句----example

1----example

2----example

3列舉時(shí)常用for example, for instance, such as, like, as proof, thus, take…as an example, to illustrate 等詞語.Nonverbal communication, or “body language.” is communication by facial expressions, head or eye movements, hand signals, and body postures.It can be just as important to understanding as words are.Misunderstandings often amusing but sometimes serious-can arise between people from different culture if they misinterpret nonverbal signals.Take for example, the differences in meaning of gesture very common in the United States: a circle made with the thumb and index finger.To an American, it means that everything is ok.To a Japanese, it means that you are talking about money.In France,“ it means that something is worthless, and in Greece, it is an obscene gesture.Therefore, an American could unknowingly offend a Greek by using that particular hand signal.2.分類法

一般是在主題句之后，依次羅列段落指示詞所表達(dá)的幾個(gè)部分或幾個(gè)方面。然后，選用豐富的事例對(duì)所羅列的各個(gè)部分或各個(gè)方面進(jìn)行具體地說明或解釋。

There are three basic kinds of materials that can” be found in any good library.First, there are books on all subjects, both in English and in many other languages.These books are organized according to subject, title, and author in a central file caned the card catalog.Books can generally be checked out of the library and taken home for a period of two to four weeks.Second, there are reference works.which include encyclopedias, dictionaries, bibliography, atlases, etc., and which generally must be used in the library itself.Third, there are periodicals-magazines, newspapers, pamphlets-which are flied alphabetically in racks, or which have been filmed to conserve space.Like reference works, periodicals cannot usually be removed from the library.分類時(shí)常用：most of all，next，moreover，in addition，besides，furthermore，to begin with，to start with，first of all，first，second，third…

3.因果關(guān)系

在段落一開頭，就用主題句點(diǎn)明其因果關(guān)系，然后選用有關(guān)材料，客觀的羅列某些原因或結(jié)果，以證闡述的中心思想。

Growing numbers of well-to-do Americans are making the decision to move abroad.They find it impossible in America to walk the streets at night without fear of being raped, mugged, or murdered, nor do they see a way to escape the poisonous air of the cities.They maintain that even American food has become increasingly dangerous to eat.Last but not least, they insist that they are sick of the pace of American life, a pace that leaves no time for relaxation or pleasure.因果關(guān)系常用語匯: because of, so, owing to, thanks to, thus, as a result of, hence, for this reason, consequently, is caused by, lead to, result in

4．比較法

主題句必須明確表明所要比較的對(duì)象和所要比較的范圍，實(shí)際上就是羅列兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上比較對(duì)象的相同點(diǎn)。

Learning English is like building a house.Laying a solid foundation is the first and most important step.In other words, you should reads, you should read and speak English every day.Memorizing new words and phrases is also helpful.Like building a house, learning English takes some time.So don’t be impatient.Remember, Rome wasn’t built in a day.常用語匯：at the same time, similar to, accordingly, both, show a degree of similarity, similarly, lie and so , the same as, and… too, in the same way, in a like manner

5．舉例法

列舉事實(shí)或舉出實(shí)例來說明中心思想, 是簡(jiǎn)單易行、具有說服力的寫作方法。

Communicating with other people by telephone is very convenient, especially when you have something urgent.For example, if one of your family members is seriously ill at right, and you don’t know how to deal with it and where to find a doctor, what can you do? A telephone is the answer.Dial 120 and you will get services from the hospital very soon.

第五篇：專業(yè)英語寫作小抄

(1)It allows developers to write managed code in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.(1)它允許開發(fā)者用Java語言編寫托管代碼，通過谷歌開發(fā)的Java庫來控制設(shè)備。

(2)The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 47

hardware, software, andtelecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.（2）2007年11月5日Android發(fā)布的揭幕宣布了開放手機(jī)聯(lián)盟的成立，這是一個(gè)由47個(gè)硬件、軟件以及電信公司組成的致力于推動(dòng)開放手持設(shè)備標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的組織。

(3)In July 2005, Google acquired Android, Inc., a small startup company based in Palo Alto, California, USA.（3）2005年7月谷歌收購了Android公司，一個(gè)總部坐落于美國加州帕洛阿爾托的剛剛起步的小公司。

(2)At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel which they marketed to handset makers

and carriers on the premise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system.（4）在谷歌，由Rubin領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的小組開發(fā)出一款基于Linux內(nèi)核的移動(dòng)設(shè)備平臺(tái)，在基于提供靈活可更新的系統(tǒng)的前提下，他們將之銷售給手

機(jī)制造商和運(yùn)營(yíng)商。

(3)It was reported that Google had already lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was

open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.（5）據(jù)報(bào)道，谷歌已經(jīng)將硬件和軟件方面的合作伙伴分門別類并且示意運(yùn)營(yíng)商會(huì)基于對(duì)方開放不同程度的合作。

(6)Reports from the BBC and The Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working

hard to deliver that.（6）據(jù)BBC和《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》報(bào)道谷歌想將它的搜索以及應(yīng)用植入手機(jī)并正在努力的為之付諸實(shí)踐。

(7)Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was developing a Google-branded handset.（7）報(bào)紙和網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體很快報(bào)道了谷歌正在開發(fā)自有品牌手機(jī)的傳言。

(8)More speculation followed reporting that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers

and network operators.（8）更多的猜測(cè)緊隨報(bào)道，谷歌正在定義技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并且正在向手機(jī)制造商和網(wǎng)絡(luò)運(yùn)營(yíng)商展示的手機(jī)原型。

(1)As long as the deleted data has not been overwritten by new data, it can be found, reconstituted and recovered.Therefore the quicker you can get the

affected hard disk or partition, the higher your possibility of retrieving 100% of your deleted data back is.As the advancement of technology, the volume of storage device has markedly expanded, as a result leading to correspondingly higher risks of losing more

precious and valuable data and files in circumstance partition in which you store data and files is damaged.MiniTool Solution Ltd., producer of MiniTool Power Data Recovery, has dedicated to provide affordable, easy-to-use software and support to allow users

to recover their lost data without sending their media to expensive data recovery service.（1）只要被刪除的數(shù)據(jù)沒有被新的數(shù)據(jù)所覆蓋，它就可以被找到，重建并恢復(fù)。因此越是盡快的找到受影響的硬盤或者分區(qū)，完全恢復(fù)你被刪除的數(shù)據(jù)的可能性就越大。

隨著科技的發(fā)展，存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備的容量顯著增加，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致當(dāng)你分區(qū)存儲(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)或文件受損時(shí)，丟失更多寶貴且有價(jià)值數(shù)據(jù)的可能性相應(yīng)的更

高。

MiniTool Solution有限公司是MiniTool Power Data Recover的生產(chǎn)者，它一直致力于提供價(jià)廉、易用的軟件并且支持允許用戶不用將設(shè)備送至昂貴的數(shù)據(jù)恢復(fù)機(jī)構(gòu)就可以進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)恢復(fù)。

(2)Like other similar software, MiniTool Power Data Recovery, enjoying a size of less than 5MB, is veritably a MiniTool.（2）向其他小軟件一樣，MiniTool Power Data Recovery只有不到5MB大小，是一款貨真價(jià)實(shí)的小工具。

RIAs generally split the processing across the Internet/network divide by locating the user interface and related activity and capability on the client

side, and the data manipulation and operation on the application server side.（1）富互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用通常通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)或者網(wǎng)絡(luò)來進(jìn)行處理，它分為位于用戶交互界面用于處理用戶活動(dòng)的客戶端，以及數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算程序操作的服

務(wù)器端。

The sandbox limits visibility and access to the file and operating system on the client to the application server on the other side of the connection.This approach allows the client system to handle local activities, calculations, reformatting and so forth, thereby lowering the amount and frequency of

client-server traffic, especially as compared to the client-server implementations built around so-called thin clients.沙箱技術(shù)能夠限制客戶端文件以及操作系統(tǒng)對(duì)與之相連的服務(wù)器端的可見可接入性，這種處理方式能夠允許客戶端獨(dú)自處理本地活動(dòng)，計(jì)算，格

式修改等，因此減少了客戶端與服務(wù)器端的通信頻率以及總量。尤其是與所謂的基于c/s技術(shù)部署的精簡(jiǎn)型客戶端相比。

One distinguishing feature of an RIA(in contrast to other Web-based applications)is the client engine that intermediates between the user and the

application server.The client engine downloads when the RIA launches.The engine can be augmented during subsequent operation with additional

downloads in which the engine acts as a browser extension to handle the user interface and server communications.RIA一個(gè)明顯的特點(diǎn)（與其他基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的應(yīng)用相比）是在用戶端以及客戶端交互協(xié)調(diào)的客戶端引擎，當(dāng)RIA啟用時(shí)客戶端引擎就會(huì)開始下載數(shù)

據(jù)，隨著用戶隨后的操作，客戶端引擎會(huì)下載更多的數(shù)據(jù)，并以此擴(kuò)展，扮演負(fù)責(zé)客戶端和服務(wù)器端的通信瀏覽器擴(kuò)展組件的角色。

The iPad is Apple’s new tablet computer.Steven P.Jobs positioned the iPad as a device that sits between the laptop and the smart phone-and which does certain things better than both

of them, like browsing the Web, reading e-books and playing video.There was enormous anticipation leading up to its release on Jan.27, 2010.Media

companies hoped that the device would finally lead to a viable way for them to charge for news, books and other material.The iPad’s features and specifications, once the stuff of Internet myth, are now sharply in focus: The half-inch thick, 1.5-pound device will

feature a 9.7-inch multi-touch screen and is powered by a customized Apple microchip, which it has dubbed A4.The iPad will have the same

operating system as the iPhone and access to its 140,000 applications.The price of the device will start at $499 for the most basic model, with a Wi-Fi wireless connection.More expensive models will be offered with

more memory and with 3G wireless access from AT&T, which will charge up to $30 for an unlimited monthly data plan.The device lacks a camera, the ability to make phone calls and does not work with the ubiquitous Flash software that runs many Web sites.Apple

is selling accessories like a stand and a keyboard.The iPad puts Apple on a direct collision course with Amazon.Mr.Jobs credited Amazon with pioneering the category with the Kindle, but said

“we are going to stand on their shoulders and go a little bit farther.”

iPad是蘋果的新款平板電腦。

喬布斯將iPad定位于一款介于筆記本電腦和智能手機(jī)之間并且在網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽，電子書閱讀以及視頻播放等方面明顯優(yōu)于二者的設(shè)備。眾多的期望致使其2010年1月27日的發(fā)布。傳媒公司希望這款設(shè)備能夠最終為他們對(duì)新聞，書籍以及其他材料進(jìn)行收費(fèi)提供可行的途徑。

iPad的功能與規(guī)格曾經(jīng)是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上虛構(gòu)的東西，而現(xiàn)在成為萬眾矚目的焦點(diǎn):這款半英寸厚1.5英鎊重的設(shè)備配置一塊9.7英寸的多點(diǎn)觸控屏幕，使用一塊被稱作A4的定制蘋果芯片。iPad將會(huì)采用與iPhone相同的操作系統(tǒng)，能夠適用iPhone的140000個(gè)應(yīng)用程序。

這款設(shè)備的價(jià)格將會(huì)499美元起，基本機(jī)型配有Wi-Fi無線連接。更貴的機(jī)型將會(huì)提供更多的儲(chǔ)存空間以及AT&T的3G無線接入，這將會(huì)每月

收取高達(dá)30美元的不限流量套餐費(fèi)用。

這款設(shè)備沒有配備照相，打電話的功能，并且不能與運(yùn)行于許多網(wǎng)站隨處可見的Flash軟件兼容。蘋果公司同時(shí)銷售配件像支架，鍵盤。

iPad將蘋果公司置于與亞馬遜公司正面競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的的局面。喬布斯先生肯定了亞馬遜公司Kidle的先驅(qū)作用，同時(shí)說：“我們將會(huì)站在他們的肩膀，并且走得更遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn)。”

Web services(sometimes called application services)are services(usually including some combination of programming and data, but possibly including human resourcesas well)that are made available from a business's Web server for Web users or other Web-connected programs.Web services range from such major services as

storage management and customer relationship management(CRM)down to much more limited services such as the furnishing of a stock quote and the checking of bidsfor an auction item

Users can access some Web services through a peer-to-peer arrangement rather than by going to a central server.Some services can communicate

with other services and this exchange of procedures and data is generally enabled by a class of software known as middleware.(1)網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)（有時(shí)稱作應(yīng)用服務(wù)）是由商業(yè)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器向網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶或者網(wǎng)絡(luò)接入的程序提供的服務(wù)（通常包含一些程序或數(shù)據(jù)的接入，但是也可

能包含人力資源）。

(2)網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)的范圍從存儲(chǔ)管理和客戶關(guān)系管理這樣一些主要的服務(wù)到限制性更多的服務(wù)，如提供股票報(bào)價(jià)以及查詢拍賣物品的競(jìng)拍情況。

(3)用戶可以通過端到端的方式獲取一些網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)而不必接入中心服務(wù)器。一些服務(wù)可以和其他服務(wù)進(jìn)行交互，這些程序和數(shù)據(jù)的交互通常

是由一類叫做中間件的軟件來實(shí)現(xiàn)