第一篇：新概念英語第二冊第18課

Lesson 18 He often does this!他經常干這種事！

After I had had lunch at a village pub, I looked for my bag.I had left it on a chair beside the door and now it wasn't there!As I was looking for it, the landlord came in.'Did you have a good meal?? he asked.'Yes, thank you,' I answered, 'but I can't pay the bill.I haven't got my bag.'

The landlord smiled and immediately went out.In a few minutes he returned with my bag and gave it back to me.'I'm very sorry,' he said.'My dog had taken it into the garden.He often does this!' New words and expressions 生詞和短語

pub n.小酒店 landlord n.店主 bill n.帳單 參考譯文

我在一家鄉(xiāng)村小酒店吃過午飯后，就找我的提包。我曾把它放在門邊的椅子上，可這會兒不見了！當我正在尋找時，酒店老板走了進來。

“您吃得好嗎？”他問。

“很好，謝謝。”我回答，“但我付不了帳，我的提包沒有了?！?/p>

酒店老板笑了笑，馬上走了出去。一會兒工夫他拿著我的提包回來了，把它還給了我。

“實在抱歉，”他說，“我的狗把它弄到花園里去了，他常干這種事！” 1.He often does this!他經常干這種事！

he 在這里指代的是狗。動物通常用it來代表，即被看成像東西一樣。但是，指寵物、家畜或民間故事中的動物時，我們經常也用he, she, who等，即使得它們“人格化”并具有性別。用陰性代詞指某個動物或東西時尤其有一種親切的含義：

e.g.我有一只小貓。她每天早上喝牛奶。I have a little cat.She drinks milk every morning.喬治的鸚鵡亨利能說幾個單詞。只要有燈光他就叫。George?s parrot ['p?r?t], Henry, can speak a few words.He always calls when there are lights.2.After I had had lunch at a village pub, I looked for my bag.我在一家鄉(xiāng)村小酒店吃過午飯后，就找我的提包。

1)after

過去完成時態(tài)常同表示時間狀語的從屬連詞after 一同使用，如：

e.g.他把信全寫完后干了些家務活。After he?d written all her letters, she did some housework.假如從句中先于主句謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的那個動詞動作很短暫，?？捎靡话氵^去時來代替過去完成時態(tài)，如：e.g.他把貓放出去后，它就跑開鉆進了灌木叢。

After she put the cat out, it ran off into the bushes.但是，當兩個分句為同一主語時，更早發(fā)生的那個動作通常用過去完成時態(tài)來表示。如： e.g.他送走她后就鎖上門，睡覺去了。(see sb.off 1.為?送行；送別2.(BrE)趕走，驅逐(某人))After he had seen her off, he locked the door and went to bed.2)have在have lunch這個詞組中是完全動詞而不是助動詞，因此，像其他完全動詞一樣，它的過去完成時要加助動詞had.3)pub [p?b] n.(also formal public house)(both BrE)a building where people go to drink and meet their friends.Pubs serve alcoholic [??lk??h?lik] and other drinks, and often also food.酒吧；酒館(在英國英語的口語中較常見)e.g.咱們去酒吧喝杯酒吧。Let?s go to the pub for a drink.他們下酒館喝酒去了。They?ve gone down the pub for a drink.去酒吧喝酒 go round to the pub for a drink 1 酒館供的午餐 a pub lunch 當?shù)鼐起^的老板 the landlord of the local pub bar

n.a place where you can buy and drink alcoholic and other drinks酒吧

wine bar n.a bar or small restaurant where wine is the main drink available(主要供應葡萄酒的)酒吧；小酒館

inn n.1.(old-fashioned BrE)a pub, usually in the country and often one where people can stay the night(通常指鄉(xiāng)村的，?？梢顾薜?小酒店

2.(AmE)a small hotel, usually in the country(通常指鄉(xiāng)村的)小旅館；客棧

e.g.住客棧 stay at an inn 4)look for(sb./sth)to try to findsb./sth.尋找；尋求 look for強調“尋找”這個動作或過程，而不涉及結果。

e.g.我到處尋找我的鑰匙，但還是沒找到。

I looked for my key everywhere, but I couldn?t find it.我正在找我的包。I am looking for my bag.找工作 to look for a job find v.~sth(for sb.)/~(sb.)sth.to get back sth./sb.that was lost after searching for it/them找到；找回(強調結果，不能用于進行時態(tài))e.g.你能幫我找我的包嗎？Can you find my bag for me?/Can you find me my bag? find v.to discover sb./sth.unexpectedly or by chance(意外或偶然地)發(fā)現(xiàn)，碰到

e.g.我們在辦公室附近發(fā)現(xiàn)了一家挺好的新餐館。

We?ve found a great new restaurant near the office.他醒來后發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在醫(yī)院里。When he woke up, he found himself in hospital.find out(about sth./sb.)/find out sth.(about sth./sb.)to get some information about sth./sb.by asking, reading, etc.查明，弄清(情況)強調經過研究努力之后發(fā)現(xiàn)、找出、搜出結果。e.g.我還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)有關他的什么情況。I haven?t found anything out about him yet.你能查清楚會議什么時候開始嗎？Can you find out what time the meeting starts? 后來我們才弄清楚我們是校友。We found out later that we had been at the same school.3.I had left it on a chair beside the door and now it wasn't there!我曾把它放在門邊的椅子上，可這會兒不見了！

1)leave [li:v] v., n.v.(left, left)1.vi.& vt.to go away from a person or a place離開(某人或某處)e.g.離開某地 to leave some place 離開去某地 to leave for some place [v] 飛機于12：00起飛前往北京。The plane leaves for Beijing at 12:00.[vn] 飛機于8：00在希思羅機場起飛。The plane leaves Heathrow at 8:00.2.to make or allow sb./sth.to remain in a particular condition, place, etc.使保留，讓?處于(某種狀態(tài)、某地等)e.g.[vn-adj.] 請把門開著吧。Leave the door open, please.[vn-ing] 別讓她在外邊雨里等著。Don?t leave her waiting outside in the rain.[vn to inf] 把米飯煮20分鐘。Leave the rice to cook for 20 minutes.讓他們保持原樣。Leave them as they are.3.vt.~sth./sb.(behind)to go away from a place without taking sb./sth.with you忘了帶；丟下： e.g.我把包丟在公共汽車上了。I?ve left my bag on the bus.別忘了帶上自己的隨身物品。Don?t leave any of your belongings behind.他身體不適，因此我們只好把他留下。He wasn?t well, so we had to leave him behind.4.vt.to not do sth.or deal with sth.immediately不立刻做；不馬上處理： e.g.你怎么什么事都留到最后一刻才處理？

Why do you always leave everything until the last moment? 5.(be left)vt.to remain to be used, sold, etc.留下備用(或銷售等)e.g.還有咖啡剩下嗎？Is there any coffee left? 6.to make sth.happen or remain as a result使發(fā)生；造成，使留下為(某種結果)： e.g.她給我的印象是她不滿意自己的工作。

She left me with the impression that she was unhappy with her job.IDM: leave go(of sth.)(BrE, informal)to stop holding on to sth.松手；撒手；放開： e.g.放開我的手臂-你把我弄痛了。Leave go of my arm-you?re hurting me!對比：let sb./sth.go / let go(of sb./sth.)放開；松手 Phr.v.1.leave sth.aside to not consider sth.不予考慮；擱置一邊 e.g.且不說費用多少，我們真的還需要一輛汽車嗎？

Leaving the expense aside, do we actually need a second car? 對比：set sth.aside 1.把?放到一旁(或擱到一邊)2.暫時不考慮(或放一放)2.leave sb./sth.off(sth.)to not include sb./sth.on a list, etc.不把?列入；不包括；不含： e.g.我們未把他列入名單。We left him off the list.3.be left over(from sth.)to remain when all that is needed has been used剩下；殘留： e.g.飯菜剩下了不少。There was lots of food left over.n.[u]

1.a period of time when you are allowed to be away from work for a holiday/vacation or for a special reason假期；休假：

e.g.帶薪/不帶薪休假一個月 to take a month?s paid/unpaid leave on leave休假中

to be on maternity/study leave 休產假；脫產進修(maternity [m??t?:n?ti:] n.[u] 母親身份；懷孕)你們的年假有多長？How much annual [??nju?l] leave do you get? 2.~(to do sth.)(formal)official permission to do sth.準許；許可： e.g.未經許可擅離職守 to be absent without leave 2)beside [bi'said] prep.1.next to or at the side of sb./sth.在旁邊(或附近)：

e.g.整個晚上他都坐在她的身邊。He sat beside her all night.過來坐在我們旁邊吧。Come and sit beside us.門旁邊有一把椅子。There is a chair beside the door.2.compared with sb./sth.與?相比：

e.g.同你的相比，我的畫顯得很幼稚。My painting looks childish beside yours.(childish ['t?a?ld??] adj.1.孩子的；孩子氣的；稚嫩的 2.(成人)幼稚的；天真的)IDM: beside yourself(with sth.)unable to control yourself because of the strength of emotion you are feeling(情緒上)失去自制力；失常：

e.g.我告訴他我做了什么事，他就勃然大怒。

He was beside himself with rage when I told him what I had done.(rage [reid?] n.[u, c] 暴怒；狂怒)besides [bi'saidz] prep., adv.prep.in addition to sb./sth.;apart from sb./sth.除?之外(還)：

e.g.除了音樂，我們還有很多共通點。We have lots of things in common besides music.(have sth.in common(with sb.)(人)(想法、興趣等方面)相同

have sth.in common(with sth.)(東西、地方等)有相同的特征(或特點等))

除了當醫(yī)生之外，他在業(yè)余時間還寫小說。

Besides working as a doctor, he also writes novels ['n?vl](n.(長篇)小說)in his spare time.除了我的父母，我沒有其他親人。I?ve got no family besides my parents.除了我們以外，晚會上還有許多(其他)人。There were a lot of people at the party besides us.adv.1.used for making an extra comment that adds to what you have just said 而且；再說：

e.g.我并不真的想去。而且現(xiàn)在太晚了。I don?t really want to go.Besides, it?s too late now.我今天很忙，而且我還感冒得厲害。I?m quite busy today.Besides, I?ve got a bad cold.2.in addition;also此外；以及；也：

e.g.此外，她還有許多其他事要做。She has so much else to do besides.besides / apart from / except besides 作介詞表示除?之外(還)e.g.除足球外你還喜歡哪些運動？What other sports do you like besides football? 指僅有某事物不包括在內用except: e.g.除足球外我喜歡所有的運動。I like all sports except football.上述兩種含義均可用apart from: e.g.除足球外你還喜歡哪些運動？What other sports do you like apart from football? 除足球外我喜歡所有的運動。I like all sports apart from football.except, except for與apart from 三者都表示“除?以外”，有時可以互相代替使用： e.g.每個人都幫了點忙，只有你沒有。

Everyone has helped in some way apart from/except for/except you.除了這些書以外我再沒有其他書了。I have no other books except/except for these.但是except不用于句首，except for/apart from則可以：

e.g.除了你，每個人都幫了點忙。Apart from/Except for you, everyone has helped in some way.4.As I was looking for it, the landlord came in.當我正在尋找時，酒店老板走了進來。landlord ['l?ndl?:d] n.1.a man from whom you rent a room, a house, etc.房東；地主

2.(BrE)a man who owns or manages a pub or a guest house(酒吧或招待所的)店主；老板(guest house n.1.(BrE)a small hotel小旅館 2.(AmE)(大房子旁供客人居住的)客房)landlady ['l?ndle?di] n.(pl.--ies)1.a woman from whom you rent a room, a house, etc.女房東；女地主

2.(BrE)a woman who owns or manages a pub or a guest house(酒吧或招待所的)女店主；老板娘

復合名詞的多種構成方式：

1)n.+ n.構成復合名詞

e.g.silk((蠶)絲)+ worm(蠕蟲，蟲子)構成復合名詞 silkworm(蠶)

blood + test 構成復合名詞 blood-test(驗血)2)adj.+ n.構成復合名詞

e.g.double-dealer n.(informal)a dishonest person who deceives other people兩面派；口是心非者(dealer n.1.~(in sth.)交易商；貿易商 2.販毒者；毒品販子)shorthand

n.1.[u] 速記(法)2.[u, c] ~(for sth.)(對某事)簡略的表達方式 3)v.+ n.構成復合名詞 e.g.pickpocket 扒手；小偷

breakwater a wall built out into the sea to protect the shore or harbour from the force of the waves防波堤

4)n.+ 現(xiàn)在分詞(v-ing)構成復合名詞

e.g.handwriting n.[u] 1.手寫；書寫 2.筆跡；書法

sun-bathing

[bɑ:θ??] 日光浴

5)v.+ adv.構成復合名詞

e.g.get-together n.(informal)an informal meeting;a party(非正式的)會議；聚會；聯(lián)歡會 e.g.家庭圣誕聚會 a family get-together at Christmas

breakthrough n.重大進展；突破 e.g.作出/取得突破性進展 to make/achieve a breakthrough 6)adv.+ v.構成復合名詞

e.g.downfall 衰落；衰??；垮臺

outbreak(暴力、疾病等壞事的)爆發(fā)，突然發(fā)生 e.g.戰(zhàn)爭的爆發(fā) the outbreak of war lord [l?:d] n.(in Britain)貴族；勛爵(統(tǒng)稱)；(usually the Lord)主；上帝 e.g.as drunk as a lord酩酊大醉

IDM:(good)Lord！oh Lord!(表示驚訝、討厭或憂慮)主啊，天哪！

duke [dju:k] 公爵 marquis [?mɑ:kw?s] 侯爵 earl [?:l] 伯爵 viscount [?va??ka?nt]子爵 baron [?b?r?n] 男爵sir統(tǒng)稱爵士

Sir n.(a title used before the first name of a knight or baronet 用于男爵或從男爵名字之前的尊稱)爵士(baronet ['b?r?nit] n.從男爵)（knight n.(近代英國的)爵士）

e.g.詹姆斯·威爾遜爵士

Sir James Wilson 詹姆斯爵士

Sir James（不能稱Sir Wilson）5.'Did you have a good meal?’ he asked.您吃得好嗎？”他問。

6.'Yes, thank you,' I answered, 'but I can't pay the bill.I haven't got my bag.'“很好，謝謝?！蔽一卮?，“但我付不了帳，我的提包沒有了?！?bill [bil] n., v.n.1.a piece of paper that shows how much you owe [?u] sb.for goods or services賬單 e.g.電話費/電費/煤氣費賬單 the telephone/electricity/gas bill 她總是按時支付賬單。She always pays her bills on time.pay the bill付賬單

2.(esp.BrE)(AmE usually check)a piece of paper that shows how much you have to pay for the food and drinks that you have had in a restaurant(餐館的)賬單： e.g.買單！Bill, please!

我們結賬吧。Let?s ask for the bill.3.(AmE)=note 紙幣： e.g.一張十美元的鈔票 a ten-dollar bill 4.a written suggestion for a new law that is presented to a country?s parliament so that its members can discuss it(提交議會討論的)議案，法案： e.g.提出/通過/否決一項議案 to introduce/approve/reject a bill(introduce v.將(法案)提交討論

approve v.1.[v] ~(of sb./sth.)贊成；同意 2.[vn] 批準，通過(計劃、提案、要求等)reject v.拒絕接受；不予考慮)教育改革法案 the Education Reform Bill

5.a programme of entertainment at a theatre, etc.(劇院等的)節(jié)目單： e.g.head the bill / top the bill 領銜主演，掛頭牌

領銜演出的是湯姆.漢克斯。Topping the bill(=the most important performer)is Tom Hanks.5(top v.1.居?之首；為?之冠 2.高于，超過(某一數(shù)量))6.a notice in a public place to advertise [??dv?taiz] an event 海報；招貼；廣告synonym: poster e.g.電影海報 a movie bill

禁止張貼！No bills!IDM: fill/fit the bill to be what is needed in a particular situation or for a particular purpose符合要求；合格：(fill v.1.~(sth)(with sth)(使)充滿，裝滿，注滿，填滿 2.vt.滿足

fit v.1.(形狀和尺寸)適合；合身2.vt.安置，安裝 3.(使)與?一致，和?相稱，符合)e.g.從書面材料看，有幾位申請人符合條件。On paper, several of the applicants fit the bill.(applicant [??plik?nt] n.~(for sth.)申請人(尤指求職、進高等學校等))v.1.vt.~sb.(for sth.)to send sb.a bill for sth.開賬單，發(fā)賬單(要求付款)： e.g.請將所購的書開列賬單。Please bill me for the books.2.vt.[usually passive]~sb./sth.as sth.to advertise or describe sb./sth.in a particular way把(某人或事物)宣傳為?

e.g.他被宣傳為新湯姆.克魯斯。He was billed as the new Tom Cruise.3.[vn to inf] [usually passive] to advertise that sb./sth.will do sth.宣布?將做某事： e.g.海報上說她要發(fā)表題為“中國----昨天和今天”的演講。

She was billed to speak on ?China---Yesterday and Today.?

bill of exchange n.(pl.bills of exchange)(business商)a written order to pay a sum of money to a particular person on a particular date 匯票

bill of rights n.[sing] a written statement of the basic rights of the citizens(n.[?sitiz?n] 公民)of a country權利宣言；人權宣言

bill of sale n.(pl.bills of sale)(business商)an official document showing that sth.has been bought轉讓契據(jù)；賣據(jù)

7.The landlord smiled and immediately went out.酒店老板笑了笑，馬上走了出去。immediately adv.=at once, right away 立刻，馬上

8.In a few minutes he returned with my bag and gave it back to me.一會兒工夫他拿著我的提包回來了，把它還給了我。

give it back to me=return it to me 及物動詞give常用的含義是“給予”、“交給”： e.g.請給我一些水。Give me some water, please.我上個月曾借給他一些書。他今天上午都還給我了。

I lent him some books last month and he has given them back to me this morning.可以看出，give與back連用時，它的意義并沒有發(fā)生太大的變化。但是，當它與其他副詞連用時，意義往往會有變化，有時變化非常大： 1.give sb.back sth./give sth.back(to sb.)1)to return sth.to its owner還；歸還；送回：

e.g.把鋼筆還給我好嗎？Could you give me back my pen? / Could you give me my pen back? 把它還給我！Give it me back!我把它撿起來還給了他。I picked it up and gave it back to him.2)to allow sb.to have sth.again使恢復；使重新獲得：

e.g.手術使他的雙腿恢復了功能。The operation gave him back the use of his legs.2.give sth away

1)to give sth.as a gift贈送；捐贈：

e.g.他把他的大部分錢都捐贈給了慈善事業(yè)。He gave away most of his money to charity.(charity n.(pl.-ies)1.[c] 慈善機構(或組織)2.[u] 慈善；賑濟；施舍 3.[u] 慈善；仁愛；寬容；寬厚)

他把所有的書都贈給了這家圖書館。He gave away all his books to the library.2)to present sth.頒發(fā)；分發(fā)：

e.g.市長在學校運動會那天頒發(fā)了獎項。

The mayor gave away the prizes at the school sports day.(mayor [m??] n.市長，鎮(zhèn)長)3)to carelessly allow sb.to have an advantage失去，喪失，錯失(優(yōu)勢)： e.g.他們已白送對手兩分了。They?ve given away two goals already.(goal n.1.(足球、曲棍球等)球門 2.射門；進球得分 3.目標；目的)give sth./sb.away to make known sth.that sb.wants to keep secret泄露；暴露 e.g.有人向警方告發(fā)了他。Someone gave him away to the police.她把機密泄露給了敵人。She gave away the secrets to the enemy.[?enimi] 3.give in(to sb./sth.)

1)to admit that you have been defeated by sb./sth.屈服；認輸；投降： e.g.他們被迫投降了。They were forced to give in.2)to agree to do sth.that you do not want to do讓步；勉強同意：

e.g.你想干什么就干什么。我決不屈服。You can do what you like.I will never give in.give sth.in(to sb.)to hand over sth.to sb.in authority呈上；交上：

e.g.考卷做好后就交上來。Give in your examination papers after you?ve finished.把練習冊交給我。Give in your exercise books to me.4.give up to stop trying to do sth.投降；認輸；放棄： e.g.他們不戰(zhàn)而降。They gave up without a fight.她決不輕易認輸。She doesn?t give up easily.我猜不著了，把答案告訴我吧。I give up---tell me the answer.give sth.up [no passive] to stop doing or having sth.放棄，拋棄，終止，停止，辭去 e.g.(1)醫(yī)生讓他戒煙。The doctor told him to give up smoking.(2)婚后她就辭去了工作。After she got married she gave up her job.give sth.up(to sb.)to hand sth.over to sb.else交出，讓出

e.g.他們勇敢地戰(zhàn)斗了近一周，可是最后不得不向敵人繳械投降。

They fought bravely for about a week, but they had to give up their arms to the enemy at last.他把座位讓給了一位老婦人。He gave up his seat to an old lady(=stood up to allow her to sit down).give yourself/sb.up(to sb.)to offer yourself/sb.to be captured 自首；投案；投降

(capture [?k?pt??] vt.1.俘虜；俘獲；捕獲 2.用武力奪?。还ト?；攻占3.奪得；贏得；爭得)e.g.他逃跑一周后向警方投案自首了。After a week on the run he gave himself up to the police.give yourself up to sth.= give yourself over to sth.to spend all your time doing sth.or thinking about sth.;to allow sth.to completely control your life致力于；沉溺于： e.g.當他還是個小男孩的時候，他就決定把一生獻給足球事業(yè)。

When he was only a small boy, he decided to give himself up to football.5.give off sth.to produce sth.such as a smell, heat, light, etc.發(fā)出，放出(氣味、熱、光等)： e.g.花兒散發(fā)著芳香。The flowers gave off a fragrant perfume.(fragrant [?fre?gr?nt] adj.香的；芳香的 perfume [?p?:fju:m] n.[c, u] 香水；香料；香味，香氣)6.give out

1)to come to an end;to be completely used up用完；耗盡：

e.g.一個月以后他們的食物儲備消耗殆盡。After a month their food supplies gave out.她最終忍無可忍了。Her patience finally gave out.2)to stop working 停止運行；停止運轉： e.g.飛機飛到大西洋中部時一個發(fā)動機失靈了。

One of the plane?s engines gave out in mid-Atlantic.give sth.out to give sth.to a lot of people分發(fā)；散發(fā)：

e.g.老師分發(fā)了試卷。The teacher gave out the exam papers.give out sth.1)to produce sth.such as heat, light, etc.發(fā)出，放出(熱、光等)2)[often passive](esp.BrE)to tell people about sth.or broadcast sth.公布；宣布；播放 9.'I'm very sorry,' he said.'My dog had taken it into the garden.He often does this!'“實在抱歉，”他說，“我的狗把它弄到花園里去了，他常干這種事！” take 帶走(把某人/物帶到某地)~sth.(with you)/ ~sth.(to sb.)/ ~(sb.)sth.to carry or move sth.from one place to another 攜帶；拿走；取走；運走

e.g.請?zhí)嫖野堰@送到銀行去好嗎？Take this to the bank for me, would you? bring 帶來(為某人帶去某物)~sb./sth.(with you)/ ~sth.(for sb.)/ ~(sb.)sth.to come to a place with sb./sth.帶?到某處；帶來；取來

e.g.別忘了把書帶來。Don?t forget to bring your books with you.fetch “去拿(某物)來”的動作(去取)是雙向動作。(esp.BrE)to go to where sb./sth.is and bring them/it back(去)拿來；(去)請來

e.g.她去學校接孩子了。She?s gone to fetch the kids from school.你能幫我去取我的包嗎？Could you fetch me my bag?

have的用法小結

一、have作為助動詞構成各種完成時(包括過去、現(xiàn)在、將來)和完成進行時：

e.g.我今天上午沒見過他。I haven?t seen him this morning.我打電話的時候，杰克已經走了。When I rang, Jack had already left.二、have與to一起構成情態(tài)動詞 have to，表示“不得不”、“必須”, 它比must更含有“客觀條件使得必須如此做”的意思，可用于各種時態(tài)。如：

e.g.格林先生為了謀生不得不拼命干活。Mr.Green has to work very hard to earn a living.昨晚我只得早點離開晚會，我不大舒服。

I had to leave the party early last night.I wasn?t very well.我們明天必須起得很早。We will have to get up very early tomorrow.我咳嗽的厲害，今天必須去診所看看。

I shall have to go to the clinic ['klinik] today for my bad cough.[k?f] [注]口語中的I have got to, you have got to 等=I have to, you have to.Have I got to? 和 Do I have to?這兩種疑問形式均可用。

三、have用于“情態(tài)動詞＋have＋過去分詞”的結構，有推測、假設之意。

1.must＋have＋過去分詞，表示對過去時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的情況的推測，表示“一定”、“準是”的意思。一般用于肯定句。如：

e.g.你一定是誤會了我的意圖。You must have mistaken my intention.She must have been very young when she got married.她結婚時一定很年輕。

你肯定把你的包落在劇院了。You must have left your bag in the theatre.2.can(could)＋have＋過去分詞，常用于否定句和疑問句。表示對過去發(fā)生事情的“可能性”。而could較can更加表示說話人的“不肯定的”語氣。如：

e.g.他會是走了嗎？Can he have left already? 她會把我的地址忘記了嗎？Could she have forgotten my address? 不可能是亨利，他已經去工廠了。It couldn?t have been Henry.He has gone to the factory.8 他當然不可能這么早到這里的。Surely he can not have arrived so early.He can?t have been to your home, he doesn't know your address.3.should＋have＋過去分詞，這時句子指的是過去的事情。如果是肯定句，常說明某件事本應完成而未完成；如果是否定句，表示發(fā)生了不應當發(fā)生的事情。如： e.g.他應早一點來。He should have come earlier.你見了紅燈本應該停車。You should have stopped at the red light.你不應當未經醫(yī)生許可就回去工作。

You should not have gone back to work without the doctor?s permission.四、have作實意動詞。

1.have作狀態(tài)動詞，不用于進行時：

1)(also have got)vt.(not used in the progressive tenses不用于進行時)to own, hold or possess sth.表示“具有”、“擁有”講時(相當于own, possess)，它和have got通常可以互換。

e.g.他有一棟房子。

He owns a house./ He has a house./ He has got a house./ He possesses a house.在英國英語中，疑問句和否定句中have(具有)的用法與be相同，即可以不用助動詞do(或did)。

e.g.---你有郵票嗎？Have you got the stamps?

----天哪，它們在哪兒呢？我剛才還有的。

Good heavens, where are they? I had them a minute ago!我沒有鉛筆。I haven?t got any pencils.在美國英語中，常用do, did等與have一起構成疑問句和否定句：

e.g.–你有鉛筆嗎？Do you have a pencil?---我沒有鉛筆。I don?t have any pencils.這種形式在英國英語中現(xiàn)在也常見了。have作“具有”、“擁有”講時是狀態(tài)動詞，不能用于進行時態(tài)或被動語態(tài)，它通常用于一般現(xiàn)在時：

e.g.如果你想要這些蘋果你可以把它們拿走。我還有很多。

You can have these apples if you want them.I?ve got a lot more.---那位是格林先生，他就是那位有5條狗的人。

That?s Mr.Green.He?s the man who has five dogs.---他一定非常喜歡動物，才會養(yǎng)5條狗。He must be very fond of animals to have five dogs.他有一輛福特牌汽車。He has(got)a Ford.在其他時態(tài)中，一般用have而不用have got: e.g.去年他有過一輛福特牌汽車。He had a Ford last year.這輛汽車我已用了3年了。I have had this car for three years.上星期吉米得了重感冒。Last week, Jimmy had a bad cold.2)(also have got)vt.(not used in the progressive tenses不用于進行時)be made up of由?組成： e.g.這個黨在1999年時擁有1萬名黨員。In 1999 the party had 10,000 members.3)(also have got)(not used in the progressive tenses不用于進行時)to show a quality or feature顯示出，帶有(性質、特征)：

e.g.[vn] 他們勇氣十足。They have a lot of courage.[vn-adj.] 他有一顆門牙掉了。He?s got a front tooth missing.4)(also have got)vt.(not used in the progressive tenses不用于進行時)to suffer from an illness or a disease患??；得病；染?。篹.g.我頭疼。I?ve got a headache.5)(also have got)[vn+adv./prep.](not used in the progressive tenses不用于進行時)to place or keep sth.in a particular position 使放在；使保持(在)：

e.g.瑪麗背對著我。Mary had her back to me.我不一會兒就網住了那條魚。I soon had the fish in a net.2.have作實意動詞時，還可以表示eat, drink, enjoy, take等意思，這時它是行為動詞，可以用于包括進行時的各種時態(tài)；當have用于表示這些含義時，它必須與do和did等連用以構成疑問句和否定句。

1)Vt.to experience sth.經受；經歷；經驗：

e.g.我參加了幾次聚會，過得很愉快。I went to a few parties and had a good time.他總有一天會出事的。She?ll have an accident one day.2)Vt.to organize or hold an event組織；舉辦： e.g.我們來一次聚會吧。Let?s have a party.3)Vt.to eat, drink or smoke sth.吃；喝；吸(煙等)e.g.I want to have a cup of tea and some eggs.我想喝杯茶，吃幾個雞蛋。

Does she have lunch at home? 她在家吃午飯嗎？ 我等候的時候抽了一支煙。I had a cigarette while I was waiting.4)Vt.to perform a particular action進行(活動)

e.g.游泳 to have a swim(BrE)洗一下；沖淋??；洗澡 to have a wash/shower/bath 5)vt.to give birth to sb./sth.生；生產：

e.g.她快生孩子了。She?s going to have a baby.6)Vt.to produce a particular effect產生(效果)e.g.我當學生時，他的畫對我產生過強烈的影響。

His paintings had a strong influence on me as a student 7)Vt.to be given sth.;to have sth.done to you得到；接受；受到

e.g.我正接受背部疾患的治療。I?m having treatment for my back problem.你到目前為止上過多少次駕駛課了？How many driving lessons have you had so far? 8)to cause sb./sth.to be in a particular state;to make sb.react in a particular way使處于(某狀態(tài))；使作出(某種反應)：

e.g.[vn-adj.] 我要求一切都得準時備妥。I want to have everything ready in good time.[vn-ing] 他抓住了聽眾的注意力。He had his audience listening attentively.(attentively [??tent?vl?] adv.注意地；專心地；留心地；聚精會神地；周到地)9)Vt.(not usually used in the progressive tenses通常不用于進行時)to receive sth.from sb.收到；接到

e.g.我今天早晨收到了弟弟的一封信。I had a letter from my brother this morning.請給我賬單。Can I have the bill, please? 3.have on sth.或have sth.on，表示“穿著”、“戴著”(=to be wearing)。e.g.I noticed he had on slippers.我注意到他穿著拖鞋。4.組成復合結構即“have＋賓語＋賓語補足語”。

1)不加to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語(have sb.do sth.)，表示讓、叫某人做某事。

e.g.The soldier had him stand with his back to his father.這個士兵讓他背對著他父親站著。

〔注〕：否定結構表示“不能讓…”或“從未有人…”.e.g.我們不能讓你把它歸咎于他人。We won?t have you blame it on others.She had never had anybody speak to her that way before.從未有人用那種方式跟她說過話。2)現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語(have sb.(sth.)doing)，表示讓（使）某人做某事。

e.g.They had the children playing in the street all day.他們讓孩子們一整天都在街上玩。3)過去分詞作賓語補足語(have sb.(sth.)done)，表示：

(1)Vt.(used with a past participle與過去分詞連用)~sth done to suffer the effects of what sb.else does to you蒙受(他人所為的后果)：

e.g.她的包被偷了。She had her bag stolen.(2)Vt.(used with a past participle與過去分詞連用)~sth done to cause sth.to be done for you by sb.else讓(他人)為你做(某事)：

e.g.你理發(fā)了！You?ve had your hair cut!我們的車正在修理。We?re having our car repaired.11

第二篇：新概念英語第二冊

新概念英語第二冊 第68課詞組(2013-02-20 23:14:19)

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分類： 新概念英語第2冊輔導

本課重點：在若干動詞及詞組后的動名詞(ing)

一、詞組

no matter how 不管怎樣

wave to＝signal to 打招呼, 招手

just in time 剛好，不遲不早＝only just

insist on 堅持

prevent…form 避免

follow around 跟著轉

there(be)plenty 有不少……

二、跟ing的動詞及詞組

avoid meeting him 避開他

come running 跑過來

it was no use pretending 假裝沒有用

enjoy meeting him 喜歡見他

insist on coming 堅持要來

(be)busy doing… 忙著干

(would you)mind opening 你是否介意打開……(請你打開……)finish speaking 講完了

fancy meeting 真想不到見著……

it’s not worth worrying 不值得擔心

I can’t stand shouting 不能容忍大叫大嚷 smell(something)burning 聞到什么燒焦味

go dancing(swimming，shopping)去跳舞(游泳, 購物)forgive(somebody)for being rude 原諒別人鹵莽

三、come和現(xiàn)在分詞連用表示“來”的方式：come十ing wind came blowing 風吹來

letters of thanks came pouring in 感謝信不斷涌來 she came hurrying in 她匆忙趕回來

第三篇：新概念英語第二冊 (72)

Lesson 72

A car called bluebird

“藍鳥”汽車

First listen and then answer the question.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。

What mistake was made?

The great racing driver, Sir Malcolm Campbell, was the first man to drive at over 300 miles per hour.He set up a new world record in September 1935 at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah.Bluebird, the car he was driving, had been specially built for him.It was over 30 feet in length and had a 2,500-horsepower engine.Although Campbell reached a speed of over 304 miles per hour, he had great difficulty in controlling the car because a tyre burst during the first run.After his attempt, Campbell was disappointed to learn that his average speed had been 299 miles per hour.However, a few days later, he was told that a mistake had been made.His average speed had been 301 miles per hour.Since that time, racing drivers have reached speeds over 600 miles an hour.Following in his father's footsteps many years later, Sir Malcolm's son, Donald, also set up a world record.Like his father, he was driving a car called Bluebird.New words and expressions 生詞和短語

racingn.競賽

perprep.每Utahn.猶他（美國州名）

horsepowern.馬力

burstv.爆裂

averageadj.平均的footstepn.足跡

參考譯文

杰出的賽車選手馬爾科姆.坎貝爾爵士是第一個以每小時超過300英里的速度駕車的人。他于1935年9月在猶他州的邦納維爾鹽灘創(chuàng)造了一項新的世界紀錄。他駕駛的“藍鳥”牌汽車是專門為他制造的。它的車身長30英尺，有一個2,500 馬力的發(fā)動機。盡管坎貝爾達到了每小時超過304英里的速度，但他很難把汽車控制住，因為在開始的行程中爆了一只輪胎。比賽結束后，坎貝爾非常失望地得知他的平均時速是299英里。然而，幾天之后，有人告訴他說弄錯了。他的平均時速實際是301英里。從那時以來，賽車選手已達到每小時600英里的速度。很多年之后，馬爾科姆爵士的兒子唐納德踏著父親的足跡，也創(chuàng)造了一項世界紀錄。同他父親一樣，他也駕駛著一輛名叫“藍鳥”的汽車。

第四篇：新概念英語第二冊教學大綱

新概念第二冊教學大綱

第一課時：Lesson1&Lesson2 知識點1.基本語法時態(tài)

知識點2.三大句型轉換(陳述句、感嘆句、疑問句)第二課時：Lesson3&Lesson4 知識點1.一般過去式 知識點2.現(xiàn)在完成時

知識點3.動詞規(guī)則變化及動詞不規(guī)則變化表 第三課時：Lesson5&Lesson6 知識點1.一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的差異 知識點2.冠詞與限定詞 第四課時：Lesson7&Lesson8 知識點1．過去進行時與連詞（when,while）知識點2.形容詞與副詞的比較級和最高級 第五課時：Lesson9&Lesson10 知識點1.表示時間的介詞 知識點2.被動語態(tài)

第六課時：Lesson1-10綜合復習1 注意點1.綜合復習1-10出現(xiàn)的語法知識點 注意點2.通過測試卷進行綜合測試，查漏補缺 第七課時：Lesson11&Lesson12 知識點1.復習前6課的語法，知識點2.學習一般將來時 第八課時：Lesson13&Lesson14 知識點1.將來進行時 知識點2.過去完成時

第九課時：Lesson15&Lesson16 知識點1.間接引語 知識點2.條件從句

第十課時：Lesson17&Lesson18 知識點1.情態(tài)動詞 MUST 知識點2.助動詞/動詞HAVE 第十一課時：Lesson19&Lesson20 知識點1.情態(tài)動詞CAN MAY 知識點2.動名詞解析

第十二課時：Lesson11-20綜合復習注意點1.綜合復習11-20出現(xiàn)的語法知識點 注意點2.通過測試卷進行綜合測試，查漏補缺 第十三課時：Lesson21&Lesson22 知識點1.各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài) 知識點2.常見動詞搭配的介詞 第十四課時：Lesson23&Lesson24 知識點: 復習前二十二的語法及難點部分 第十五課時：Lesson25&Lesson26 知識點1.并列句 知識點2.常見連詞

第十六課時：Lesson27&Lesson28 知識點1.一般過去時 知識點2.現(xiàn)在完成時精講 知識點3.從句中的關系代詞 第十七課時：Lesson29&30 知識點1.對比一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時 知識點2.定冠詞與各種限定詞 第十八課時：Lesson31&Lesson32 知識點1 掌握 “used to do” 及 “use”的短語;知識點 2比較狀語從句總結 第十九課時：Lesson33&Lesson34 知識點1 復習一般過去時；

知識點2 復習before引導的時間狀語從句。第二十課時：Lesson35&Lesson36 知識點1.總結結果狀語從句 知識點2.一般將來時總結 第二十一課時：Lesson37&38 知識點1.虛擬語氣之一 知識點2.將來完成時 第二十二課時：Lesson37&38

第五篇：新概念英語第二冊語法總結

新概念英語二冊語法詳解和總結

《

一、學習前的準備

《新概念英語第二冊》旨在全面訓練學生的4項技能、理解、口語、閱讀、寫作。使學生具有使用語言的能力。一般來說，具有以下知識便可進入《新概念英語第二冊》的學習：

1、動詞be與have現(xiàn)在時與過去時的基本用法。

2、現(xiàn)在進行時，能夠識別并懂得如何構成。

3、一般現(xiàn)在時：能夠識別；懂得動詞第3人稱單數(shù)上添加-s,-es, 或-ies后綴。

4、一般過去時：能夠識別并會運用常見的規(guī)劃動詞與不規(guī)則動詞的一般過去時形態(tài)。

5、過去進行時：能夠識別。

6、現(xiàn)在完成時（一般）：能夠識別。

7、過去完成時：能夠識別。

8、將來時：能夠認識并運用going to, shall與will構成將來時。

9、助動詞：can, may與must的基本用法；能夠識別could, might與would的形式。

10、能夠用do/does/did等助動詞造疑問句與否定句；能運用疑問代詞與副詞。

11、能夠回答以助動詞與疑問詞開頭的問句。

12、副詞：能夠用-ly與-ily后綴組成副詞；能夠識別well, hard, fast等特例。

13、冠詞：定冠詞與不定冠詞。懂得a/an/the的基本用法；some, any, no, much, many, a lot of 接可數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞的用法。

14、名詞：能夠用-s,-es，-ves后綴組成名詞復數(shù)形式；會用常見的不規(guī)則復數(shù)形式：men, women, children, teeth r等形式。

15、代詞：人稱代詞、所有格代詞、反身代詞；所有符號“'”加s('s)。

16、形容詞：基本用法；規(guī)則的比較級；不規(guī)則的比較級：good, bad, much與little.17、介詞：常見的地點、時間、方位介詞的用法。

18、關系代詞：能夠識別并使用who/whom, which/that。

19、this/that;these/those。

20、省略形式：it's, I'm, isn't, didn't等。

21、There is/it is;there are/they are。

22、祈使句。

23、一周7天的名稱、日期、季節(jié)、數(shù)字、時辰（今天、昨天、明天等）。

24、報時。

二、新概念英語第二冊語法知識總結和詳解

1.簡單句的結構:

主語+謂語+賓語+狀語（地點狀語+方式狀語+時間狀語）時間狀語還可以放在句首

2.一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在進行時

感嘆句：what+名詞+主語+謂語，how+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語

頻度副詞：位于主語和謂語之間，常見頻度副詞及其程度的深淺： always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, hardly, rarely, seldom, never I always buy CDs on Sundays.3.一般過去時

直接賓語和間接賓語：

主語＋及物動詞＋間接賓語＋直接賓語

直接賓語是及物動詞的直接對象，間接賓語是及物動詞的動作所涉及的人或事務，也可以說間接賓語表示動作是對誰做的，或者是為誰做的。所以間接賓語要用名詞或者賓格代詞來擔當。

He gives me a book.me間接賓語, a book直接賓語

直接賓語和間接賓語的位置調換時要加一個介詞to或for，to表示動作對誰而做，for表示動作為誰而做。

主語＋及物動詞＋直接賓語＋介詞+間接賓語 Give the book to me.Send a letter to him.I bought a coat for my mother.4.現(xiàn)在完成時，注意頻度及時間副詞的位置 receive/take

5.復習：一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別

in the way/on the way/in this way/by the way/in a way/get out of my way/Don’t stand in my way./by the way/no way

spare/to spare

6.冠詞用法

（一）1．不定冠詞用于修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當一個單詞的第一個發(fā)音為元音時要用冠詞an, 如果是輔音用a即可。

2．不定冠詞還可以用來修飾一類事物，有時候也可以省略： A cat is a lovely animal.Cat is a lovely animal.3．不可數(shù)名詞加冠詞表示一類事物：Apple is a fruit.4．如果特制某人,某物或上文提過的人或物時要用定冠詞the 5．Some表示一些，可以修飾可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞。

6．在姓名，城市，地名，過名，月份，節(jié)日，星期前不加冠詞，季節(jié)前也一般不加，特指時加。

put on/take off/look for/look after/knock at/knock sth.off/knock off/knock %off/knock over/knock out

7.過去進行時，時間狀語 短語：在短語中動詞后面的介詞或副詞叫小品詞，有些小品詞既可以緊跟在動詞后面也可以跟在動詞的賓語后面，而有些則只能緊跟著動詞使用。

8.形容詞的比較級與最高級

單音節(jié)詞的比較級最高級：

?直接加-er,-est: small-smaller, smallest ?以e結尾的加-r,-st: large-larger, largest

?以輔音字母加y結尾的詞變y為i加-er,-est: busy-busier, busiest

?重讀閉音節(jié)結尾的詞，雙寫最后一個輔音字母再加-er,-est：big-bigger, biggest

以ow, er, le結尾的雙音節(jié)詞和個別單音節(jié)詞也直接加-er,-est：narrow, common, clever, simple，polite, quiet…

多音節(jié)詞及雙音節(jié)詞：more/less, most/lest

不規(guī)則變化：good/bad/many/little/far…

少數(shù)單音節(jié)詞也要通過加more/less, most/lest構成比較級和最高級：pleased, glad, tired, fond，注意：形容詞最高級前面要加定冠詞the 不定代詞的用法，如果不定代詞做主語，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)：Everyone is here.enter/enter for

9.介詞（表示時間）?in:

表示一天中的某段時間：in the morning/afternoon/evening 表示月份/年份：in March, in 1990 表示季節(jié)：in spring/winter

in+一段時間可以表示在一段時間之內也可以表示在一段時間之后，可以與現(xiàn)在時，過去時和將來時連用。

?on:

表示星期：on Monday 表示具體日期：on June 1st

表示具體時間：on that day/that evening/on that night ?at:

表示確切時間：at 10 o’clock

表示用餐時間：at lunch time/teatime

表示其他時刻：at noon/night/midnight, at this time ?during+一段時間 ?from…till ?till/untill直到

not any=no，語氣更強 10.被動語態(tài)：

結構：be+過去分詞 用法：

?主語不清或不需要提及時

I was born in 1999.The apple was eaten.?強調不同的主語時，為了說明動作是誰做的，用by+動作執(zhí)行者 The policeman caught the thief.The thief was caught by the policeman.Be made in/be made of/be made from/be made by 雙重名詞所有格：

one of +形容詞性物主代詞/名詞所有格+名詞復數(shù) 單數(shù)名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞/名詞所有格

one of my father’s friends/a friend of my father’s one of my friends/a friend of mine one of your records/a record of yours 1.復習

動詞不定式做賓補的用法：

want/help/ask/teach/advise sb.to do, 代詞要用賓格形式 borrow/lend, salary/wages 2.一般將來時：

be going to結構的用法 be+副詞詞組：

be away/be back/be out/be in/be over/be on/be up to sb./sth.set out=set off, set up=create 3.將來進行時： 名詞所有格：

如果名詞復數(shù)以S結尾一般只加‘，如果名詞是以S結尾的專有名詞如人名，可以加’S, 也可以直接加‘，如：Keats’ work, the Johns’ house

名詞所有格也可以用來表示無生命的 1． 時間：today’s, new centry’s

2． 國家，城市名詞：the country’s, the city’s

3． 機構組織：the station’s waiting room, the university’s library 4． 車，船，用具: the car’s wheel, the computer’s harddisk 5． 專有結構：at one’s wit’s end, 6． 價值：ten pound’s worth of meat, 7． 時間：in twenty minutes’ time 4.過去完成時： ask/ask for

except/except for/apart from

which of/neither of/both of/neither of 5.直接引語/間接引語

（一）如果引語的主句所用動詞為過去時，那么間接引語要做相應變化：時態(tài)，人稱，時間地點及指示詞

?時態(tài)變化：

一般現(xiàn)在時——一般過去時 現(xiàn)在進行時——過去進行時 一般過去時——過去完成時 現(xiàn)在完成時——過去完成時 一般將來時——過去將來時

be going to——was/were going to/would can----------------could may---------------might

?時間地點及指示詞的變化：

here—there, tomorrow—the next day, the following day, this—that… ?人稱變化：根據(jù)句意改變人稱。Nervous/irritable

Office/study/desk afford

6.條件狀語從句：主句用將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時，有時為了強調“能夠”，“必須”還可以用情態(tài)動詞

police/policeman

pay attention to/care for/take care of remind/remember

one/you可以指任何人：

One must never tell lies.You must never tell lies.7.情態(tài)動詞： must/have to

as作為介詞，以…身份，與like相同

as作為連詞，因為，正當。。時候，以。。方式，如同。。那樣 dress/suit/costume grow/grow up 8.have用法

give in, give away, give up, give up beside/besides

9.can/could/may/might

might as well表示“還是。。的好”，“還不如。?！?He will never pass.He might as well give up.10.動名詞： 動名詞 1． 動詞的-ing形式在起名詞作用時稱為動名詞。動名詞可以做主語，標語，賓語，介詞賓語定語（即復合名詞）

2． 動名詞的幾種形式：

主動形式 被動形式

一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done

3.做主語：

Finding work is difficult now.Watching TV is my favorite pastime.4.做表語：

My main hobby is reading.One of her duties is growing roses.My job is teaching.5.做賓語：

I like taking with famous people.We enjoy learning English.The flowers need watering.6.介詞賓語：

He is fond of watching football matches.He went away without saying a word.常用的一些加動名詞的動詞詞組（注意總結）：take part in, look forward to , insist on, be interested in，7.做定語：

waiting room, swimming pool, washing machine, reading room, living room, drinking fountain(引水機)，parking slot…

8.動名詞的否定： 在動名詞前面加not，I am sorry for not asking you.Interested/interesting, excited/exciting, amused/amusing 1.被動語態(tài)

（二）will/must/can/would/could/have to be done have/has been done must have been done drive 用法 home/house

2.介詞用法：見書 3.復習

there be句型

it做為虛主語可以用來表示時間，天氣，溫度，距離，人或指代一個句子或不定式。

4.Summary of Unit two 5.并列句

我們可以將幾個簡單句連在一起,組成并列句,常用以下連詞:

and, but, so, yet, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but …as well, not only…but also

主謂一致:

?當主語由and , both…and 連接時,通常用復數(shù)謂語.Both the girls and the boy are his friends.?當主語由neither… nor, either…or, not only…but also或or 連接時,謂語動詞與 nor, or, but also后面的一致,在英語語法中，這被稱為就近一致.Neither he nor I am going to the airport.Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad.6.一般現(xiàn)在時的復習,狀態(tài)動詞,標點符號的使用.以下一些動詞很少用與進行時態(tài):

appear(看起來), appreciate(鑒賞), believe(相信), feel(感覺到), forget(忘記), hear(聽見), know(知道), like(喜歡), look like(看起來像), notice(注意到), remember(記得), resemble(形似), see(看到), think(認為), understand(理解), have(擁有),love(愛), seem(看起來), show(顯示), mind(介意), sound(聽起來), hate(討厭), detest(憎恨), desire(意欲)，引號:

?引號位于一行之上,應該在句尾其他標點符號, 如逗號,句號,問好之外.?引語的第一個詞以大寫字母開頭.?在said, asked, 等詞后面用逗號,只有當它們位于句尾時才在它們后面用句號.?當said, asked等詞置于引語之間時,句子的后半部分以小寫開頭.?當一個新的說話人開始講話時, 要另起一個段落.7.復習一般過去時/不規(guī)則過去式和過去分詞

常用不規(guī)則動詞過去式和過去分詞在英語里約有300多個

put up(搭建), put out(撲滅), put on(穿上), put sb.up(為某人安排住宿), put up with(容忍), put down(抄寫), put off(推遲), put away(放好，放到一邊去)

8.現(xiàn)在完成時復習/定語從句(見復合句部分)?與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間副詞:

yet, just, before, recently, lately, ever, never，so far(迄今為止), up till now(直到現(xiàn)在), up to now(直到現(xiàn)在), since(自從), for a long time(很長時間), in the past/in the last few years(在過去的幾年里), these days(目前)，?某些非延續(xù)性動詞(動作開始變終止的動詞), 在現(xiàn)在完成時中不

能與表示一段時間狀語搭配:

例如:die, arrive, join, leave, go, refuse , fail, finish, buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borrow, lend, 這些動詞并非不能用在現(xiàn)在完成時,而是不能接由for引導的時間狀語.但是用在否定句中，非延續(xù)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用.Jane has gone away for a month.(wrong)Jane has been away for a month.(right)His father has died for two years.(wrong)His father has been dead for two years.(right)

has gone to(去了某地,指人還在那里), have been to(去過某地, 人已經不在那里了)。

9.一般過去時對比過去完成時,現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞 refuse/deny, bring/take/fetch, very/too 10.冠詞用法 定冠詞用法(1)特指

(2)地理名詞前加定冠詞 ?河流the yellow river ?山脈

the Alps, the Himalayas

?海峽海灣the Taiwan Straits, the English Channel(3)由普通名詞構成的專有名詞前要加定冠詞

?國名及政治組織名the United States, the United Kingdom ?某些機構學校及建筑名

the British Museum

?由普通名詞構成的報刊雜志名

the New York Times, the Times 零冠詞 1.街名

2.廣場名

3.車站, 機場, 公園, 橋梁名: Kennedy Airport, Beijing Railway Station, London Bridge

4.大學名

Yale University, Cambridge University

5.節(jié)日名National Day, May Day, News Years’ Day 6.多數(shù)雜志名

Time, Reader’s Digest 7.物質名詞一般意義

Water boils at 100 degrees.We can not live without air.8.抽象名詞Life is short.Art is difficult to appreciate.1.used to do 用法

Used to do 表示過去常常做某事現(xiàn)在不做了 I used to get up at seven o’clock.Experience, save, very/too

2.比較級/最高級, 比較狀語從句（見復合句-比較狀語從句）A/one的區(qū)別 3.介詞用法

Passed/past, next/other 4.被動語態(tài)總結

一般現(xiàn)在時: is/am/are done 一般過去時: was/were done

現(xiàn)在進行時: is/am/are being done 現(xiàn)在完成時: have/has been done 過去完成時: had been done 一般將來時: will be done 過去將來時: would be done

過去進行時: was/were being done

情態(tài)動詞: can be done, must be done, could be done, may be done, might be done，情態(tài)動詞完成式: can have been done, must have been done, could have been done, may have been done, might have been done，Call at(拜訪某地), call out at(大聲喊), call on(拜訪某人), call sb up(給某人打電話), call off(取消)

5.主語+謂語(感官動詞)+doing表示正在發(fā)生的事情,+do 表示已經完成的動作.So/such

So+adj./adv.such+n.固定用法：so many

6.一般將來時will/be going to do

will/be going to do一般情況下可以相互替換,但是要表示說話人決定做某事或者表示建議,請求, 肯定或不肯定等含義時只能用will.Watch/look at/follow, solid/firm/stable

7.將來完成時

Hold/look, look forward to(期望), look out(當心), look up(查詢,), look sb.up(拜訪某人)

8.as if /though+虛擬語氣, 過去完成時總結 as if /though 常在描述行為的動詞后面使用, 如act/look/feel/appear/smell/sound, 后面要用虛擬語氣

He looks as if he were a king.Her skin feels as if it were silk.The song sounds as if it were a sad story.He looked as if he had never lived in England.No sooner…than, hardly…when, country/countryside, continuously, continually, No sooner…than 一…就… 與過去完成時連用

I had no sooner come into the room than it began to rain.The bell had no sooner rung than the game began.如果no sooner 放在句首, 主句的主謂結構倒裝

No sooner had I come into the room than it began to rain.No sooner had the bell rung than it began to rain.Hardly…when 幾乎沒來得及…就… 與過去完成時連用

He had hardly got the money when the policeman caught him.I had hardly finished the last question when the exam ended.如果hardly…when放在句首, 主句的主謂結構倒裝

Hardly had he got the money when the policeman caught him.Hardly had I finished the last question when the exam ended.9.直接引語變間接引語

1.引語前用that, 口語中可以省略 2.根據(jù)句意改變人稱

3.時態(tài)變化: 一般現(xiàn)在時-一般過去時, 一般過去時-過去完成時, 一般將來時-過去將來時, 現(xiàn)在進行時-過去進行時, 現(xiàn)在完成時-過去完成時, can-could, may-might, must-had to，4.一些指示代詞及表示地點及時間的詞

this-that, these-those, now-then, today, tonight-that day, that night, this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, the previous day, last week-the week before, two days ago-two days before(earlier), tomorrow-the next(following)day, next week-the following week, here-there, come, bring-go, take

如果意思上沒有必要改變就不用變了，比如在同一天說的話.She said she would come again tonight.He said he arrived yesterday morning.幾種特殊的間接引語

?特殊疑問句, 語序要變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序 “Where are you going?” he asked.He asked me where I was going.?一般疑問句, 要加if/whether

“Will you come tomorrow?” he asked.He asked if I would come the next day.?祈使句要變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ? 所使用的謂語要根據(jù)語氣來選擇 “Stay here,” the policeman said.The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window.常用的動詞: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid

10.虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法, make/do

對現(xiàn)在事實的虛擬, if從句中談論的是想象的情況,主句則推測想象的結果 結構: 主句用過去時, 從句用過去將來時

If you came here earlier, you would catch the train.If you spent more time on studying, you would get better result.If I were you, I would accept this offer.注意: 如果if從句中的動詞是be, 那么應該在第一和第三人稱單數(shù)名詞后用

were.Make/do用法

make conversation(聊天), make the bed(鋪床), make a promise(許諾), make trouble(找麻煩), make progress(取得進步), make money(賺錢), make a speech(演講,講話), make mistakes(犯錯誤), make up one’s mind(下定決心)

do one’s best(盡最大努力), do one’s homework(做家庭作業(yè)), do a few jobs(做家務), do sb.a favour(幫忙), do work(工作), do exercise(做練習), do shopping(購物), do business(做生意)

1.情態(tài)動詞need, must, have to 1.need 一般作為實義動詞使用

?需要某物He needs a hat.Does he need a hat? ?需要做某事need to do

I need to have a rest.You need to finish your work.?需要被…,主語與need 后的動詞為被動關系:need doing=need to be done The flowers need watering.=The flowers need to be watered.2.need用做情態(tài)動詞時一般為否定形式needn’t(不必要), 可以用來回答含有must, have to 的一般疑問句, 與don’t have to 同義

Must I wash the dishes? No, you needn’t.3.need 完成式needn’t have done

4.mustn’t 表示不應該,一般口氣比較強硬,沒有商量.You mustn’t get up late.Remark/observe, notice 2.have 用法總結

have a ride(騎), have a look(看), have a wash(洗), have a swim(游泳), have a fight(打架), have quarrel(吵架), have a try(嘗試), have a rest(休息), have a smoke(吸煙), have a good sleep(睡覺)

Pick sb up(接), pick up(拿出,學習,找到), pick out(挑出), 3.情態(tài)動詞can/could/be able to do

1.can 表示可能性

If you want, I can go with you.2.表示天生或學到的能力, 可以用can/could/be able to do, 三者都可以用在現(xiàn)在時和過去時中，在將來時中要用will be able to

3.表示現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事要用can Look!He can stand on his head.4.表示成果的完成某個具體動作時通常不用could而用be able to, 表示某動作沒有成功用couldn’t

Can he borrow a book successfully?

Yes, he was able to borrow a book from his sister.No, he couldn’t.At 詞組

At first(開始), at once(立即), at present(目前), at last(最后), at any rate(無論如何), at heart(本質上), at least(至少), at times(不時), at a loss(不知所措)

4.復習動名詞用法

1.動名詞可以做句子的主語,表語,賓語,介詞賓語

2.在含有介詞的動詞短語后面要用動名詞, 如: look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, be tired of , be thirsty of, go on, insist on etc.3.有些動詞后面既可用動名詞也可以用不定式,所表達的意思沒有區(qū)別,常見的詞: start, begin, continue, delay, mean，4.有些動詞后面加不定式表示一件具體的事情，加動名詞表示一種習慣.I like drinking coffee, but today, I like to drink some tea.5.復習

Steal/rob, pay back

Steal表示偷偷摸摸的偷, 其賓語一般為物品 rob表示搶劫,其賓語一般是人或者某個處所 pay back 還錢, 報復 6.介詞用法 7.復習

suggest 用法, 當建議用時后面加虛擬should +動詞原形, should 可以省略.8.復習

Summary of Unit 39.復合句的構成： ?用現(xiàn)在分詞構成復合句：

現(xiàn)在分詞的動作的主語需與主句的主語一致。

?用過去分詞構成復合句，用語較正式的文體，代替被動語態(tài)，Wounded in the war, his are can not move freely.Born in a happy family, he has never tasted the bitterness of life.?不定式構成復合句，不定式表示目的：

To buy a new car, the young man saved up for years.I went into the garden to pick some flowers.?通過從句構成復合句：名詞性從句（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同謂語從句），關系從句（定語從句），狀語從句（時間，地點，原因，條件，方式，目的，結果，比較，讓步）10.復合句： lose/loose/miss expect/wait for

1.一般過去時復習： raise/rise, lay/lie, beat/win 2.現(xiàn)在完成進行時 形容詞變副詞： 1．

直接在形容詞后加-ly，careful-carefully, slow-slowly，2． 以輔音字母加y結尾的形容詞，把y變I, 加-ly, happy-happily, lucky-luckily

3． 有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同，不需要做任何變化 fast, hard, late

4． 有些詞加上-ly后意思與原詞相差很遠： near-nearly, high-highly, late-lately，3.時態(tài)對比：一般過去時，現(xiàn)在完成時，現(xiàn)在完成進行時 throw to,/throw at/throw away quite/quiet cause/reason drop/fall

4.Some, any的用法

?some, any 修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑問句，注意，當期待對方的答案為肯定回答時用some

?many修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，在口語中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money.I don’t have much money.??當一個名詞在詞組中表示主要目的時不要定冠詞：

in bed, at church, at class, college, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, university，go to school/church/work/ go to the cinema/theatre

?most表示大多數(shù)或非常：

Most students came to class today.We are most excited.The most是many/much的比較級，或者構成形容詞副詞的比較級，只能表示最多或用在形容詞或副詞前面，This is the most interesting book I have ever seen.I have the most books in my class.5.Would/used to do

would do 表示過去習慣的動作，也可以用來表示過去經常性的行為，與used to do有時可以替換。不能替換的情況：

?used to do表示與現(xiàn)在強烈對照時，不可以用would I used to get up early every day, but I get up very late now.?used to do描寫過去狀態(tài)，would只表示過去特有的習慣和行為。I used to be a teacher.I used to have a company.I would walk along the river everyday after dinner.?一個故事的開頭不能用would表示過去習慣的動作，只能用used to do或者一般過去時：

When I was a little girl, I always went to the cinema(I used to go to the cinema).I would sit there for hours.used to do(過去常常做某事)/be used to doing（習慣做某事）6.比較級最高級復習：

很多：many/much/a great deal of/a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a large sum of/a large amount of/a great many

handsome/beautiful/pretty/good-looking reach/arrive

take part in/take place 7.介詞用法：

at表示某個具體的位置 in表示在。。里面 off表示離開

in/with還可以表示穿戴,with可以表示帶有或長有：a woman in a blue dress, a girl with a hat, a man with a beard

?make sb.do迫使某人做某事，變被動時要加to

His father made to quit his job.He was made to quit the job.?Let sb.do表示允許某人做某事 Let’s表示建議：

Let’s go out for a walk.Let us go out please.否定：Don’t let us…/Let’s don’t… 8.被動語態(tài)/強調句型：

據(jù)說：it is said/ it was said that

強調：It is/was+ 被強調部分+that/who從句 I ate the apple two hours ago.It was I who ate the apple two hours ago.It was the apple that I ate two hours ago.I was tow hours ago that I ate the apple.強調謂語用do+動詞原型

I did eat the apple two hours ago.Increase/grow Gain/earn Pick/cut

9.表示目的的幾種方式：

?帶to的不定式及其變體：in order to, so as to

I came to this school to/in order to/so as to learn English.I came here not to study Chinese but to study English

So as not to/in order not to

Every morning I got up very early in order not to be late.Want/bring/buy/need/take/use常用賓語+不定式，不定式常表示賓語的目的： I want something to drink.I need a pen to write.Bring me a chair to sit.?So that/in order that 引導的目的狀語從句，主句一般用現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在完成時或一般將來時時，從句要用shall, may, can, will

He speaks very loudly in order that his grandpa can hear him.She studies very hard so that she can enter university.主句是一般過去時，過去進行時，過去完成時時，從句要用should, could, might, would

The teacher wrote the excerises on the blackboard so that the students would see them when they came in.He sent a letter to his mother so that she could learn the good news.如主句主語和從句主語不同時還可以用不定式+for+名詞/代詞 He sent a letter for his mother to learn the good news.10.現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來發(fā)生的動作：

arrive, come, go, leave用在現(xiàn)在進行時句子里可以表示不遠的將來發(fā)生的事情。

Spring is coming.I am leaving Beijing in two days.I’m meeting a guest this evening.名詞修飾名詞：

car key, world record, flower shop, fur coat, gold watch, cigarette ends, horror film, chair leg

1.時態(tài)對比：將來完成時，將來進行時，將來完成時 cost/price/value

2.時態(tài)對比：過去完成時/過去完成進行時 check/control great/big soil/ground

3.間接引語（祈使句）

祈使句要變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ? 所使用的謂語要根據(jù)語氣來選擇 “Stay here,” the policeman said.The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window.常用的動詞: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid

insist/suggest/order/demand后要用虛擬語態(tài)should+do，should 可以省略 He insisted that we should stay for dinner.4.虛擬語態(tài)（過去條件句的虛擬）（見虛擬語態(tài)總結）draw in/draw back/draw up/draw off

5.情態(tài)動詞：

1． Must/have to do表示必須做某事，must表示現(xiàn)在和將來，have to do 可以用在任何時態(tài)

2． Should do/ought to do都可以表示應該做某事，ought to do語氣更強，一般用在肯定句。

3． Had to do 表示過去必須做某事，should have done, ought to have done表示過去本應該做某事而沒做。

I should have told you the news earlier.He ought to have known the rules.4． Could have done表示本能夠做某事而沒做。I could have saved more people.5． Might/must have done表示對過去事實的推測

6． Couldn’t have done表示對過去事實的否定推測，表示不可能 He couldn’t have stolen the wallet.Let sb.down, let sb.off, let sb.out, let sb.in Agree/accept Dress up/dress 6.Have用法： have sth.done:

?使別人為我們做某事

I have the car repaired.He has his hair cut.The officer had the clock checked.?表示某種遭遇：

I have my wallet stolen.He had his teeth knocked out.My sister has her bike stolen.集合名詞：

當這個名詞作為一個整體使用時動詞用單數(shù)，當這個名詞作為一個組成整體的若干人時動詞用復數(shù)。常見的有：family, crew, government, staff, class

7.表示成功的做成某事：

managed to do, was able to do, succeeded in doing 表示沒成功做某事：

did not manage to do, wasn’t able to do, didn’t succeed in doing couldn’t do, tried to do could do表示可能做某事 ?say:

表示說，講時，后面不能跟間接賓語，如果加用間接賓語加to，say sth.to sb.表示道別，背誦 表達思想，意見 表示據(jù)說

詞組：say a good word, say a prayer ?tell:

表示說，講后面可跟雙賓語, tell sb.sth.常用于講（實話，謊話，秘密）辨別，分辨

說出時間 8.動名詞：

有些動詞和形容詞詞組后要加動名詞：

?admit, appreciated, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, excuse, feel, keep, like, forgive, mention, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest

?look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, give up, can’t help, can’t stand, take to, object to, keep on, put off, burst out

?opposed to, consent to ,dedicate to, devote to, admit to, confess to, fall to, in addition to, stick to, lead to, attribute to, get to

?be busy/worth/no good/use doing, have trouble/difficulty/problem/, spend time or money doing, have difficult time doing

動名詞完成式的被動結構：having been done 當一個行為動作由另一個行為動作緊跟著時，第一個動作可以用after doing,來表達，動名詞完成式強調第一個行為動作在第二個行為動作開始之前完成。

After he had been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After having been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After I had been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After having been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.practise/advise, pratice/advice enjoy/entertain/amuse 9.licence/license 10.介詞用法： 1.復習：

official/employee/shop assistant/clerk/officer hang/hung, hang/hanged 2.復習：summary of unit 4

74.get out(滾出去，出去)/get into（進去）/get on（進展）/get on with（繼續(xù)，相處）/get off（逃脫）/get sth.off（取下）/get over（恢復，結束）/get though（通過考試，吃完）

變成：

grow: 漸漸變成，強調過程，比get更正式 get: 口語中最常用，同grow

turn: 變得和以往完全不同，往往是變壞，變色，變聲，變質，turn red/pale/sour

go: 進入某種狀態(tài)，不好的狀態(tài)，go bad ,go sour come: 強調結果，come real, come true, come loose，fall: 陷入，變成某種狀態(tài)，后面不能加形容詞比較級，fall asleep, fall ill As usual/than usual between/among

manager/director/headmaster/headmistress/principal/president 75.非限定性定語從句

1． 用who, which引導，前面用逗號隔開，起補充說明的意思，如去掉不影響整個句子的意思。

The managers, who knew the event, held an emergent meeting.2． Which可以指代前面的一句話

He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like.3． 與限定性定語從句的區(qū)別，限定性定語從句是對先行詞修飾限定，如果沒有定語從句整個句子的意思就會改變，而非限定性從句只是起補充說明的作用，去掉以后不影響句意。例：

The visitors who knew the danger could not go any further.那些知道危險的游客們不敢再往前走，（一部分人）

The visitors, who knew the danger, could not go any further.游客們知道了危險不敢再往前走。（所有人）B.C., A.D.skin/leather/complexion wax/candle

78.keep on/keep off/ keep away from/ keep up/ keep up with/ keep out/ keep sb.in

79.倒裝句：

1． 條件句中的倒裝,（見虛擬語態(tài)）

2． 否定意義的副詞放在句首，整個句子要倒裝：never, seldom, little, not only, scarely, hardly, no sooner, on no occasion

Hardly had he stolen the wallet when he was caught by the police man.No sooner had he arrived the cinema than the film began.3． Only+ 狀語，only after, only then

Only in this way could I finish the work timely.Only after he had taken off his hat did I recognize him.take off/take after/take up/take to/take in/take down/take over

80.on display/on show/on business/on foot/on duty/on the whole/on fire/on purpose/on the average/on any account/on second thoughts 80.Cloth, clothing, clothes，salute, greet, clear/clean

81.形容詞修飾名詞順序：

特性——形狀，大小，長短——顏色——名詞 a beautiful broad red carpet a small blue case an ugly long face laugh/laugh at wash/wash up

82.在主句用though, if, although, until, when, while引導，可以省略主語和系動詞

Though(he is)poor, he is satisfied with his conditions.Until(you are)invited, you should not come.If she(is in need), she will borrow money from her parents.Temper/mood

83.當賓語是不定式短語，動名詞或從句時如果后面有賓語補語，必須用it做形式主語，think, find, feel, consider, make

He thought it easy to pass the examination.I feel if right that he should be punished.I think it wrong for people to behave like that.84.Too…to的用法 to/enough的區(qū)別 85.Out of

1． Out of the way/fashion/order/sight/danger/sight（與in介詞相反）2． Out of breath/work/pring/cash/stock（沒有，不足）3． Out of politeness/kindness/pity/curiosity(出于)Enough/fairly

Enough: 修飾形容詞或副詞/修飾名詞/做代詞使用 88.Run out of/run after/run over/run in/run into 89.free/single queue/row funny-amusing

90.And 連接的兩個名詞如果作為一個整體出現(xiàn)則用單數(shù)謂語動詞

needle and thread, bacon and eggs, bread and butter, cheese and wine, fish and chips, a knife and fork, sausage and mash

91.Make for/make out/make up/make up for 92.So/neither的倒裝句 so/neither+be+ 主語

so/neither+助動詞+ 主語 so/neither+情態(tài)動詞+ 主語 一般現(xiàn)在時, do, does/am, is, are 現(xiàn)在進行時, am, is, are 一般過去時, did

現(xiàn)在完成時, have, has 一般將來時, will, shall, 過去進行時，was, were 過去完成時，had 過去將來時, would 93.重音：

重音在第一個音節(jié)上為名詞，重音在第二個音節(jié)為動詞：

present, insult, produce, record, process, protest, contrast, contest, rebel, conduct, export, import, increase, permit

94.介詞：

appear:強調觀察者的主觀看法 He appears to want to go.It appears as if she would win.He appears like a king.(別人覺得他像)seem：根據(jù)某種跡象得出一種結論或看法 It seems to rain.He seems like a king.(他的外表舉止給人感覺像)look：根據(jù)外表推斷

He looks like a king.（他看起來像，但實際不是。）