第一篇：新概念英語第二冊第四課教案

Lesson 4 An exciting trip New Words and Expressions 1.exciting: creating or arousing excitement ；令人興奮的What exciting news this is!這是多么令人興奮的消息！

That is an exciting game.那是一場令人興奮的比賽。

It's such an exciting place.真是一個令人興奮的地方。

This is a very exciting book.這是一本非?？廴诵南业臅?。2.receive: 接受；收到

receive an invitation[a letter]from sb 接到某人的邀請函[信]

receive a sick person into a hospital 把病人收進醫(yī)院

receive guests warmly 熱烈歡迎客人

Did you receive any letters today? 你今天收到信了嗎？

The police received several complaints about the noise from the plant.警察局收到好幾宗投訴, 抱怨工廠的噪音太大。

區(qū)別用法：receive, accept, take這三個詞都有“接受”的意思。receive只表示被動地接受

Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra ￡100 a year!后來他笑了，并且告訴我說，我將一年收到一百英鎊的額外收入！

If you receive a request like this, you cannot fail to obey it!如果你收到這樣的一種請求，你不會不服從的！

A baby can only receive sense impressions, but it can not understand them.嬰兒只能接受感官方面的印象，而不能理解。

She has received his present, but she will not accept it.她收到了他的禮物，但她是不會接受的。

accept總表示主動而且高興地接受

I accepted the invitation.我接受邀請。

The villagers have told him that they will not accept the inn even if he gives it away.村民們告訴他說，即使他把那小酒店白送給人家，也沒有人會接受的。

There is no accepted theory to explain the phenomenon.沒有公認的理論來解釋這種現(xiàn)象。take所表示的接受包含著有人贈給的意思

Did you take his advice? 你接受了他的建議了嗎？ He takes anything he is given.給他什么他就要什么。

Is there nobody to take my instructions? 難到?jīng)]有人接受我的指令嗎？ 3.firm: n.n.商行；公司

trading firms 貿(mào)易行

He has established his own firm.他已建立起自己的公司。adj 堅牢的，堅固的

You must always build on firm ground.你必須始終腳踏實地。

Mother kept a firm hold on her son's hands as he said goodbye to her abroad.兒子向母親告別到國外去時,母親緊緊地拉住他的雙手。(2)穩(wěn)定的；堅定的

a firm belief 堅定的信念

Prices are still firm.物價仍然穩(wěn)定。

The teacher was firm and did not change her mind.老師很堅決，他不改變主意。

The pound stayed firm against dollar in London but fell a little in New York.倫敦英鎊對美元仍堅挺，但在紐約卻跌了一點兒。

Parents must be firm with their children.父母對孩子一定要嚴格。聯(lián)想: company公司，商號

We organized a publishing company.我們組織一出版公司。4.center: n.中心

the center of town 市中心

the center of a stage舞臺中心

a medical center 醫(yī)療中心

a metropolitan center 大都市中心

cultural center 文化中心

The sun is the center of our solar system.太陽是太陽系的中心。

Beijing is the political and financial center of China.北京是中國的政治和金融中心。經(jīng)典用法：in the center of: 在中間, 在中央＝ in the middle of

5.abroad: adv.在國外, 到海外;在室外;廣泛地;遍布;流行;到處傳開;get abroad 出去, 出門;(謠言)傳出去, 傳開 go [travel] abroad 到國外去 live abroad 住在國外

at home and abroad 在國內(nèi)外 agency abroad 國外代辦處

income earned abroad 國外收入 investment abroad 國外投資 market abroad 海外市場

representative abroad 國外代表 student studying abroad 留學生

He lived abroad for many years.他在國外居住了許多年。

She is hungry for news of her husband working abroad.她渴望得到國外工作的丈夫的消息。

Many people would like to take holidays abroad.許多人愿意到國外度假。

He came to miss his homeland when he settled down abroad.當他在國外安定下來時，他開始想念祖國了。

The news spread abroad.消息傳得很廣。A rumour is abroad.謠言在傳開。經(jīng)典用法：from abroad 從國外, 從海外

The conference delegates included representatives from abroad.大會代表中有來自海外的代表。

6.a(great)number of: “許多”，修飾可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)

a great amount of：“許多”修飾不可數(shù)名詞

During the past 20 years, a great number of power stations have been set up.在過去的二十年間, 興建了許多電站。

A number of people complained about the poor lighting in the museum.那群人的人數(shù)并不多。許多人抱怨博物館照明不好。

a great amount of intelligence 非常聰明

A large amount of money is spent on advertisements every year.每年都要花費大量金錢在廣告上。

比較：a number of / the number of

A number of the workers are unskilled.許多工人技術不熟練。

The number of skilled workers is small.熟練工人數(shù)較少。

The amount of unemployed capital is very large.未被利用的資金數(shù)量很大。7.My brother has never been there before, so he is finding this trip very exciting.find:(1)找到

If you find any mistake, please correct it.如發(fā)現(xiàn)有錯, 請你改正。

I think I'm lost;I can't find the bridge.我想我是迷路了，我找不到那座橋了。

The aim is to find meaning and enjoyment in work.其目的是從工作中發(fā)現(xiàn)意義, 找到樂趣。

(2)發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)覺

find it difficult to explain 覺得難以說明

I find Russian grammar very difficult.我發(fā)現(xiàn)俄語語法很難學。I found him at home.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在家。常用詞組：find out 發(fā)現(xiàn)；揭露

I've found you out at last.我終于把你揭露了。

Please find out when the ship sails for New York.請打聽一下那艘船什么時候開往紐約。Please find out what time the delegation will come.請查一查代表團什么時候來。

第二篇：新概念英語第二冊第四課完整版教案

Lesson 4 An exciting trip New Words and Expressions 1.exciting: creating or arousing excitement ；令人興奮的What exciting news this is!這是多么令人興奮的消息！

That is an exciting game.那是一場令人興奮的比賽。

It's such an exciting place.真是一個令人興奮的地方。

This is a very exciting book.這是一本非?？廴诵南业臅?.receive: 接受；收到

receive an invitation[a letter]from sb 接到某人的邀請函[信]

receive a sick person into a hospital 把病人收進醫(yī)院

receive guests warmly 熱烈歡迎客人

Did you receive any letters today? 你今天收到信了嗎？

The police received several complaints about the noise from the plant.警察局收到好幾宗投訴, 抱怨工廠的噪音太大。

區(qū)別用法：receive, accept, take這三個詞都有“接受”的意思。receive只表示被動地接受

Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra ￡100 a year!后來他笑了，并且告訴我說，我將一年收到一百英鎊的額外收入！

If you receive a request like this, you cannot fail to obey it!如果你收到這樣的一種請求，你不會不服從的！

A baby can only receive sense impressions, but it can not understand them.嬰兒只能接受感官方面的印象，而不能理解。

She has received his present, but she will not accept it.她收到了他的禮物，但她是不會接受的。

accept總表示主動而且高興地接受

I accepted the invitation.我接受邀請。

The villagers have told him that they will not accept the inn even if he gives it away.村民們告訴他說，即使他把那小酒店白送給人家，也沒有人會接受的。

There is no accepted theory to explain the phenomenon.沒有公認的理論來解釋這種現(xiàn)象。take所表示的接受包含著有人贈給的意思

Did you take his advice? 你接受了他的建議了嗎？ He takes anything he is given.給他什么他就要什么。

Is there nobody to take my instructions? 難到?jīng)]有人接受我的指令嗎？ 3.firm: n.n.商行；公司

trading firms 貿(mào)易行

He has established his own firm.他已建立起自己的公司。adj 堅牢的，堅固的

You must always build on firm ground.你必須始終腳踏實地。

Mother kept a firm hold on her son's hands as he said goodbye to her abroad.兒子向母親告別到國外去時,母親緊緊地拉住他的雙手。(2)穩(wěn)定的；堅定的

a firm belief 堅定的信念

Prices are still firm.物價仍然穩(wěn)定。

The teacher was firm and did not change her mind.老師很堅決，他不改變主意。

The pound stayed firm against dollar in London but fell a little in New York.倫敦英鎊對美元仍堅挺，但在紐約卻跌了一點兒。

Parents must be firm with their children.父母對孩子一定要嚴格。聯(lián)想: company公司，商號

We organized a publishing company.我們組織一出版公司。4.center: n.中心

the center of town 市中心

the center of a stage舞臺中心

a medical center 醫(yī)療中心

a metropolitan center 大都市中心

cultural center 文化中心

The sun is the center of our solar system.太陽是太陽系的中心。

Beijing is the political and financial center of China.北京是中國的政治和金融中心。經(jīng)典用法：in the center of: 在中間, 在中央＝ in the middle of

5.abroad: adv.在國外, 到海外;在室外;廣泛地;遍布;流行;到處傳開;get abroad 出去, 出門;(謠言)傳出去, 傳開 go [travel] abroad 到國外去 live abroad 住在國外

at home and abroad 在國內(nèi)外 agency abroad 國外代辦處

income earned abroad 國外收入 investment abroad 國外投資 market abroad 海外市場

representative abroad 國外代表 student studying abroad 留學生

He lived abroad for many years.他在國外居住了許多年。

She is hungry for news of her husband working abroad.她渴望得到國外工作的丈夫的消息。

Many people would like to take holidays abroad.許多人愿意到國外度假。

He came to miss his homeland when he settled down abroad.當他在國外安定下來時，他開始想念祖國了。

The news spread abroad.消息傳得很廣。A rumour is abroad.謠言在傳開。經(jīng)典用法：from abroad 從國外, 從海外

The conference delegates included representatives from abroad.大會代表中有來自海外的代表。

6.a(great)number of: “許多”，修飾可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)

a great amount of：“許多”修飾不可數(shù)名詞

During the past 20 years, a great number of power stations have been set up.在過去的二十年間, 興建了許多電站。

A number of people complained about the poor lighting in the museum.那群人的人數(shù)并不多。許多人抱怨博物館照明不好。

a great amount of intelligence 非常聰明

A large amount of money is spent on advertisements every year.每年都要花費大量金錢在廣告上。

比較：a number of / the number of

A number of the workers are unskilled.許多工人技術不熟練。

The number of skilled workers is small.熟練工人數(shù)較少。

The amount of unemployed capital is very large.未被利用的資金數(shù)量很大。7.My brother has never been there before, so he is finding this trip very exciting.find:(1)找到

If you find any mistake, please correct it.如發(fā)現(xiàn)有錯, 請你改正。

I think I'm lost;I can't find the bridge.我想我是迷路了，我找不到那座橋了。

The aim is to find meaning and enjoyment in work.其目的是從工作中發(fā)現(xiàn)意義, 找到樂趣。

(2)發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)覺

find it difficult to explain 覺得難以說明

I find Russian grammar very difficult.我發(fā)現(xiàn)俄語語法很難學。I found him at home.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在家。常用詞組：find out 發(fā)現(xiàn)；揭露

I've found you out at last.我終于把你揭露了。

Please find out when the ship sails for New York.請打聽一下那艘船什么時候開往紐約。Please find out what time the delegation will come.請查一查代表團什么時候來?！綯ext】

I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.He is in Australia.He has been there for six months.Tim is an engineer.He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice springs, a small town in the centre of Australia.He will soon visit Darwin.From there, he will fly to Perth.My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting.參考譯文:我剛剛收到弟弟蒂姆的來信, 他正在澳大利亞.他在那兒已經(jīng)住了6個月了.蒂姆是個工程師, 正在一家大公司工作, 并且已經(jīng)去過澳大利亞的不少地方了.他剛買了一輛澳大利亞小汽車, 現(xiàn)在去了澳大利亞中部的小鎮(zhèn)艾利斯斯普林斯.他不久還將到達達爾文去, 從那里, 他再飛往珀斯.我弟弟以前從未出過國,因此, 他覺得這次旅行非常激動人心.

第三篇：新概念英語第二冊

新概念英語第二冊 第68課詞組(2013-02-20 23:14:19)

轉(zhuǎn)載▼

分類： 新概念英語第2冊輔導

本課重點：在若干動詞及詞組后的動名詞(ing)

一、詞組

no matter how 不管怎樣

wave to＝signal to 打招呼, 招手

just in time 剛好，不遲不早＝only just

insist on 堅持

prevent…form 避免

follow around 跟著轉(zhuǎn)

there(be)plenty 有不少……

二、跟ing的動詞及詞組

avoid meeting him 避開他

come running 跑過來

it was no use pretending 假裝沒有用

enjoy meeting him 喜歡見他

insist on coming 堅持要來

(be)busy doing… 忙著干

(would you)mind opening 你是否介意打開……(請你打開……)finish speaking 講完了

fancy meeting 真想不到見著……

it’s not worth worrying 不值得擔心

I can’t stand shouting 不能容忍大叫大嚷 smell(something)burning 聞到什么燒焦味

go dancing(swimming，shopping)去跳舞(游泳, 購物)forgive(somebody)for being rude 原諒別人鹵莽

三、come和現(xiàn)在分詞連用表示“來”的方式：come十ing wind came blowing 風吹來

letters of thanks came pouring in 感謝信不斷涌來 she came hurrying in 她匆忙趕回來

第四篇：新概念英語第二冊第三課教案

Lesson 3 Please send me a card New Words and Expressions 1.send: 寄，送給，傳

send goods by plane 用飛機運送貨物

send a message by radio 通過無線電發(fā)送消息

sent troops into the Middle East 派遣部隊去中東

sent her children to college 送她的孩子們上大學

Radio Beijing sends the news all over the world.北京廣播電臺向全世界播送新聞。2.spoil: 損壞；使無用；破壞

spoiled the party 破壞了聚會

The rain has spoilt my painting.雨水毀了我的畫。

Mankind is warned to stop spoiling the environment.人類受到警告不能再污染環(huán)境。

Our holidays were spoilt by bad weather.我們假日的樂趣被惡劣天氣所破壞。

The children kept quarreling and spoiled our holiday.孩子們不斷吵架，破壞了我們的假期。

The never-ending quarrel among the visitors certainly spoiled their appetite for the banquet.客人們無休止的爭吵當然破壞了宴會的胃口。

(2)（對小孩）寵壞，慣壞

They spoil their children.他們寵壞了他們的孩子們。

The child was spoilt by his grandfather.這個孩子被他的爺爺給慣壞了。3.friendly: 友好的；朋友般的friendly advice 友好的建議

a friendly warning 忠告

He is friendly to us all.他對我們大家都很友好。

A friendly dog came to meet us.一條友好的狗出來迎接我們。

He spoke in a friendly way.他說話的態(tài)度很親切。

He's a friendly sort of fellow.他是和善的人。

A friendly argument on any disputes is beneficial to the further understanding of the mutual views.對任何爭端進行友好的辯論有助于進一步了解相互的觀點。經(jīng)典用法: a friendly warning 忠告

be on friendly terms with(=have friendly relations with)跟...友好 4.lend: / borrow: lend 指把東西借給別人，而borrow指向別人借東西 While he was eating, I asked him to lend me ￡2.在他進餐的時候，我要求他借給我兩英鎊錢。

Lend me your ears.請聽我說呀。

Can you lend me some money? 你能借我點錢嗎？

He has never borrowed money from me.他從未向我借過錢。

You can borrow this dictionary from the library.你可以從圖書館借到這本字典。Tea is a borrowed word from Chinese.“茶”這個詞是來自漢語的外來語。

I borrowed your good idea.我借用了你的想法。

經(jīng)典用法：lend a helping hand: To be of assistance 有助于

lend itself to 適合于/ The music doesn't lend itself to dancing.這音樂不適宜于跳舞。

borrow trouble:To take an unnecessary action that will probably engender adverse effects自找麻煩，杞人憂天, 庸人自擾 5.decision: 選擇；抉擇；決定 Have they reached a decision yet? 他們是否已有所決定？

She could not make a decision about the dresses.她對（買不買）這衣服下不了決心。

The judge will give his decision tomorrow.法官將于明天做出判決。

Who made the decision to go fishing? 是誰決定去釣魚的？ 經(jīng)典用法：come to a decision 作出決定 arrive at a decision 作出決定 reach a decision作出決定

make a decision 決定下來, 作出決定;下決心

詞性變化：decide: vt.決定, 決心(2)使下決心(3)對...起了決定作用(4)解決, 裁決, 判決

Nothing has been decided.什么也沒有決定下來。He decided to go himself.他決定親自去。

She has decided that she will be a doctor.她已決定將來當個醫(yī)生。The judge decided the case.法官判決了這個案件。

區(qū)別用法：decide 指“經(jīng)過詢問、研討和考慮之后, 在幾種可能的選擇之中作出決定”, 如: She decided to leave here on Sunday instead of Monday.她決定星期日而不是星期一離開這里。

determine指“決心作某一件事而不動搖”, 如: We have determined to get the work done ahead of schedule.我們已經(jīng)決定要提前完成這項工作。

resolve指“打定主意做某事或不做某事”, 如: I resolve to study English.我決定學英語。6.whole: adj.整個的;全部的a whole cake 整個蛋糕

They told me the whole story.他們給我講了整個的故事。

the whole truth 全部真相

whole brothers 同胞兄弟（同父母的）

Whole cities were destroyed by the earthquake.許多城市整個被地震毀了。

I hope you will come back whole.我希望你平安歸來。n.整體；全部

He put the whole of his money into the bank.他把所有的錢都存進了銀行。

Nature is a whole.自然界是一個統(tǒng)一體。

經(jīng)典用法: on the whole 總的來說；從總體上看

The weather this month has been good on the whole.這個月的天氣基本上是好的。a whole day 一整天

three whole years 整整三年 the whole world 全世界

區(qū)別用法：whole與all：① whole 當作“全體的, 整個的, 所有的, 全部的”解時, 只用于單數(shù)名詞之前, 如 the whole house 整個樓房, 不能說 his whole free time(他的全部業(yè)余時間), 應說 all his free time

② whole 不能修飾專有名詞, 如“整個中國, 全中國”不能說 the whole China 應說 all China 或the whole of China。7.visit: 去…游覽；參觀；訪問

visit friends 拜訪朋友

visit a museum 參觀博物館

visited London 游覽倫敦

visit the sick 慰問病人

We visited our friends in town.我們?nèi)タ赐顺抢锏呐笥?。?jīng)典用法: pay a visit 訪問（某人）； 參觀（某地）/ She paid us a visit.她拜訪了我們。

visit with 訪問;看望；[美]找...聊天[閑談] / Stay and visit with me for a while.留下來和我聊一會兒。

8.think:(1)想；思考；思考

Have you thought about what job you are going to do? 你考慮過準備做什么工作了嗎？

I'm thinking what to do next.我在考慮下步怎么辦。

You should think before doing that.做那件事之前你應該考慮一下。(2)以為；覺得；認為；相信

Do you think it will rain? 你認為天會下雨嗎? I don't think his decision is wise in reality.實際上, 我覺得他的決定并不明智。(3)企圖，意料

I didn't think to find you here.我沒想到在這里遇到你。

He thinks to escape punishment.他企圖逃脫懲罰。

習慣用法：；think of 考慮；思考；想起, 記得；想出(主意), 提出(建議)We are thinking of going to France.我們考慮到法國去。

I can't think of his name at the moment.我一時想不起他的名字。

Can you think of a good place for the holidays? 你能想出度假的好地方嗎? I even thought of resigning.我甚至想辭職。

think out 想出；想通；想透；仔細考慮(= think over)

Think out your answer before you start writing.要想好答案再動筆。

Can you think out a good idea? 你能想出一個好主意嗎? not think much of 看輕 / I don't think much of him.不重視他。9.spend: 花錢；付款(2)花時間；度過

How much money do you spend each week? 你每星期花多少錢？

I spent an hour reading.我花了一小時讀書。

Come and spend the weekend with us.來和我們一起度周末吧。

We spent many hours in a pleasant conversation.我們暢談了好幾個小時。

How do you spend your spare time? 你業(yè)余時間怎么打發(fā)？

Now more and more city adults spend their leisure time trying to improve themselves at school or college.現(xiàn)在城市里越來越多的成年人利用業(yè)余時間到學?；虼髮W去深造。區(qū)別用法：pay … for sth.It takes sb.some time to do sth.

第五篇：新概念英語第二冊Lesson4教案

Lesson 4 An exciting trip 生詞和短語

☆exciting adj.令人興奮的

v.excite 激動->adj.excited/exciting-ed:自己感到；-ing：令人感到

如：interesting:令人感到有趣的；interested：感到有意思的

動詞的賓語一定是人，讓后面的人感到?? eg.The news excited me.The book interests me.☆receive v.接受，收到 3個接受：

accept:同意接收，主觀上樂意 receive（與have通用）：客觀的收到 receive/have a letter from sb eg:This morning I received a bunch of flowers from a boy,but I didn't accept it.take:接受，與前兩詞無可比性，只需記住兩個搭配： take the exam;take advice

☆firm n.商行，公司 等同于company

☆abroad adv.在國外

注意是個副詞，直接和動詞連用，不需要介詞 go/live/study abroad

☆have been+in 地點

他已經(jīng)到北京了：He has arrived in Beijing.他到北京一年了，就不能用arrive了。因為arrive是表示點的動詞，不能和段時間連用。所以用我們的新句型：have been in 地點 He has been in Beijing for one year.☆work in 強調(diào)工作的地點

work for 強調(diào)work，不是在游逛，是在工作

☆a great number of后面一定要加可數(shù)名詞復數(shù) a lot of可加可數(shù)名詞也可加不可數(shù)名詞 它們是約等于的關系

I have a lot of/a great number of friends.I have a lot of time.中的a lot of 就不能替換為a great number of了 ☆have gone to :去了某地沒回來

have been to :曾經(jīng)去過某地，現(xiàn)在不在那個地方

☆from there:從那地方起

from既可以加時間又可以加地點

eg.from half past 8 to half past 11 from Beijing to Tianjin

☆fly to Perth=go to Perth by air

☆before用在句子的末尾是副詞，翻譯為“在此之前”，是現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的標志。

☆find+賓語+形容詞做賓補 find trip exciting find the room clean

注意，在本句中用的是find的進行時態(tài)。

在收聽外臺的廣播中經(jīng)常能聽到find不用一般式，而用進行式。eg.We're finding the program very exciting.在寫的時候用一般式，口語就用進行式

下面表示狀態(tài)、感覺、情緒、精神活動的動詞不可用于進行時態(tài)：

believe doubt see hear know understand belong think consider feel look seem show mind have sound taste require possess care like hate love detest desire 課文重點

1．He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.（他）正在為一家大公司工作，并且已經(jīng)去過澳大利亞的不少地方了。

（1）work for指“在??上班／任職”： 表達“上班”這個意思時還可以說work at： Sheworksat a department store.她在一家百貨商店上班。（2）a number of只能接可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式。通常，number前有great, large, good, small, certain等形容詞，數(shù)量大小也隨之改變： A large/ great number of our students are Danish.我們的學生中有許多是丹麥人。

There are a small number of spelling mistakes in your homework.你的家庭作業(yè)里有少數(shù)幾個拼寫錯誤。

2．He will soon visit Darwin.他不久還將到達爾文去。will 表示將來要發(fā)生的事。這句話的時態(tài)是一般將來時。（cf.第12課語法）下一句話From there, he will fly to Perth也是一般將來時。3．My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting.我弟弟以前從未出過國，因此，他覺得這次旅行非常激動人心。（1）這句話由兩個簡單句組成，后一句由連詞so引導，為表示結果的狀語從句。（2）find作“發(fā)現(xiàn)”、“發(fā)覺”講時賓語往往帶補足語（一般為形容詞），說明賓語的狀況、性質(zhì)等：

I find the film very interesting.我覺得這電影很有趣。

She found Ton's room very dirty.她發(fā)現(xiàn)湯姆的房間非常臟。

She has already found herself wrong.她已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己錯了。

需要注意的是，find一詞很少用于進行時態(tài)，一般用于過去時、完成時及一般現(xiàn)在時等。

本課語法

1．現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在進行時

現(xiàn)在完成時的時間概念有時是不確定的。（cf.第1冊第83～88課）我們所關心的是現(xiàn)存的結果，或者過去發(fā)生的事對現(xiàn)在的影響。

現(xiàn)在完成時不能和明確表示過去的副詞（如ago, yesterday等）連用。經(jīng)常和現(xiàn)在完成時連用的副詞和副詞短語有：before（now）（〈在此〉以前）；so far（到目前為止）；up to now（直到現(xiàn)在）；just（剛剛）；already（已經(jīng)）；lately（最近）；now（現(xiàn)在）；疑問句和否定句中常用ever, yet, never, not? ever等?，F(xiàn)在進行時經(jīng)常用于表示在短期內(nèi)正在進行的動作或存在的情況，因此往往不需要和時間狀語連用。

2．同位語(Appositives)一個名詞（或短語等）與另一個名詞（或短語）并列而作為其說明或限定成分時稱為同位語。同位語與它所補充說明的成分之間用逗號隔開。課文中有兩句話含有同位語：

I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.我剛剛收到弟弟蒂姆的來信。（Tim是my brother的同位語。它們指的是同一個人。Tim用來補充說明my brother的名字）He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia.他剛買了一輛澳大利亞小汽車，現(xiàn)在去了澳大利亞中部的小鎮(zhèn)艾利斯斯普林斯。（在這句話中 a small town in the centre of Australia是Alice Springs的同位語，補充說明這是個多大的鎮(zhèn)子，在什么地方）

在譯成漢語時，同位語或者插入主句中，或者另譯為一句，很少像英語中那樣用逗號隔開。請參閱課文中兩個句子的譯文。同位語如果太長，可以另譯為一句。如課文中第二個例句的后半部分可以譯為：“現(xiàn)在去了艾利斯斯普林斯。這是澳大利亞中部的一個小鎮(zhèn)。” 同位語的其他例子如： This is John, one of my best friends.這位是約翰。他是我最好的朋友之一。

Mrs.Smith, my neighbour, has never been abroad.我的鄰居史密斯夫人從來沒有出過國。