第一篇:TPR教學(xué)法在小學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用與研究
學(xué)科代碼:520101 學(xué) 號(hào):050501060019
貴 州 師 范 大 學(xué)(本 科)
題 目:
畢 業(yè) 論 文
A Study of the Application of TPR Teaching Method in English Classroom of Primary School
TPR教學(xué)法在小學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用與研究
學(xué) 院:外國(guó)語學(xué)院 專 業(yè):英語教育 年 級(jí):2005級(jí)3班 姓 名:令狐X 指導(dǎo)教師:鄭XX(教授)完成時(shí)間:2009年4月
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the encouragement, the guidance, and the support of many other people.First of all, I would extend my sincere and heartfelt thanks to my supervisor Professor Zheng zhijin, who has given me valuable suggestions and insightful comments in the thesis writing.He has also spent much time going through brainstorming with me, put my work on the right track, read in great details every draft of every section of this thesis, and helped improve the appropriateness of English used.My gratitude to Professor Zheng knows no bound.Special thanks also go to my family for their unfailing support and love throughout my university study.CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Abstract(in English)………………………………………………………….5 Abstract(in Chinese)…....................................................................................5 I Introduction….................................................................................................5 1.1 The Definition of TPR....................................................................................6 1.2 Background of the Study……………………………………………………7 1.3 Significance of the Thesis…………………………………………………..7 1.4 Organization of the Thesis…………………………………………………..8 II Literature Review……………………………………………………………..9 2.1 The Benefits of TPR………………………………………………………....9 2.1.1 Success with Children?s English Learning……………………………9 2.1.2 Three Obvious Features………………………………………………11 2.1.2.1 High-speed Understanding of Any Target Language………..11 2.1.2.2 Long-term Retention………………………………………....12 2.1.2.3 Zero Stress…………………………………………………...13 III Psychology of Children?s Learning State………………………………..….14 3.1 Distraction of Children?s Attention………………………………………....14 3.2 Use TPR to Solve the Problem of Distraction………………………………14 IV The Application of TPR Methods in Classroom…………………………….17 4.1 The Activities of TPR……………………………………………………….17 4.1.1 The Pointing Game…………………………………………………....18 4.1.2 Identifying Emotions………………………………………………….19 4.1.3 Following Recipes…………………………………………………….19 4.1.4 Information Gaps……………………………………………………...20 V Conclusion……………………………………………………………………21 5.1 Major Findings………………………………………………………….…...21 5.2 Implications………………………………………………………………….21 5.3 Limitations…………………………………………………………………22 5.4 Future Studies……………………………………………………………...23 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………..24
DECLARATION
A Study of the Application of TPR Teaching Method in English
Classroom of Primary School
令狐敬
Abstract:This study based on the conclusion demonstrated in Asher's studies that display oral practice with actions brings considerable effectiveness.TPR would be an appropriate and effective teaching method that will promote acquisition of comprehensible input in a natural way;it is a good way to learn a second language, not just for children, but also for adults as well.At the same time, it?s a great helper to the teachers, who can use it in their classes to make the studying environment active and dynamic.Thus it can help teachers solve many problems in English class.Help young children learning English, make them found English learning very interesting.They love English class.It?s a good beginning to learn English in their future.Key Words:TPR(Total Physical Response);Long-term Memory;zero stress;developing interests.摘要:本文建立于美國(guó)著名心理學(xué)家詹姆斯·阿士爾(Dr.James J.Asher)提出的通過口語實(shí)施最有效的伴隨肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)的全身學(xué)習(xí)法理論上。TPR是一種有效的教學(xué)方法,在自然的情況下通過可理解性輸入習(xí)得語言。此方法,不僅適合于孩子同樣適合成年人學(xué)習(xí)語言。同時(shí)對(duì)于老師的課堂教學(xué)起著很重要的作用,能使課堂更加生動(dòng)活躍,從而使學(xué)生喜愛英語學(xué)習(xí),有一個(gè)良好的開端,為今后的英語學(xué)習(xí)打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
關(guān)鍵詞:TPR全身直接式溝通教學(xué)法;長(zhǎng)期記憶; 零壓力;激發(fā)興趣。
I Introduction TPR(Total Physical Response)is an effective and helpful method being used in primary school.It can be developed to reduce children? stress when they are studying foreign languages.Also it can arouse students? interests of learning English, and develop their intelligence.Meanwhile, TPR is an efficient and appropriate way that is a great helper for teachers in organizing classes, using TPR will make classes active and dynamic.In this article, the author will present advantages of TPR methods to readers, and then the author will demonstrate some effective teaching activities to them, and also illustrates how to use them in English classes.Following, the author analyzes children?s learning psychology on children?s learning English, which might help teachers understand what things influence children? studying are and improve the teaching quality.Finally, it will display some limitations in conclusion part.1.1 The Definition of TPR Total Physical Response(TPR)is a language teaching method built around the coordination of speech and action;it attempts to teach language through physical(motor)activities.(Asher, 1966;79-84)Developed by James Asher, a professor of psychology at San Jose State University, California, people can acquire a foreign language by acquisition of comprehensible input through reacting imperative drills and other activities in classes, which is just like babies learn their first language.(Asher, 1996)
In a developmental sense, Asher sees that this is almost the same thing between successful adults? second language learning and children first language acquisition.(Asher)He claims that speech directed to young children consists primarily of commands, which children respond to physically before they begin to produce verbal responses.Asher feels adults should repeat this processes by which children acquire their mother tongue.It is a very effective way to aid learning second language.………The method relies on the assumption that when learning a second or additional language that is internalized through a process of code breaking similar to first language development and that the process allows for a long period of listening and developing comprehension before production.……(Asher, 1969;13-17)
TPR is primarily intended for ESL(English as a Second Language)teacher, although the method is used in teaching other languages as well.(Asher)
……..TPR is when students initially hear commands in their second language, respond physically to the commands(like raising their hands, jumping in place, or walking to the door)and then later produce these commands orally and in writing.TPR lessons have student?s complete activities by using physical motions or visual aids.They practice new material by seeing, touching, or performing the concepts taught.It seemed like a really fun way to learn English…….(Degregori and Trithart, 2004)
1.2 Background of the Study
Some educators believe that one of the most important aspects of foreign language acquisition depends on listening comprehension first.The importance of the language learning order was emphasized by Harold E.Palmer.He suggested that in order to acquire main speech skills, listening and speaking, learners should study step by step through the four phases: perception, recognition, imitation and reproduction.(Palmer, 1925)He further claimed that perception and recognition should come before imitation and reproduction.Imperative drills he proposed aimed at establishing the foundation for internalizing a foreign language through the first two phases.In this sense, some similarities can be found between imperative drills and TPR.(WATANABE and KAWABUCHI;p53-54)
Palmer also referred, such as subconscious comprehension, which is defined as 'the art of understanding connected speech(spoken or written)without conscious effort, analysis or translation' and 'the incubation period', during which time 'a vast number of units are cognized in all their aspects: sounds, combinations, and successions of sounds, and the semantic values represented by all of these.(Palmer, 1917)
More recently, Krashen could be seen to have agreed Palmer in proposing similar constructs: the input hypothesis and the silent period.Krashen assumed that learners can acquire the target language through large quantities of comprehensible input, which is slightly above the learner's present level of competence.(Krashen, 1982)
1.3 Significance of the Thesis 7 At first, the general objective of TPR is to teach oral competency at a beginning level, however after this method has been in practical for a long period time, many educators claimed that the most important thing of TPR is that a TPR course aims to produce learners who feel relaxed and pleasure when they are obtaining English, thereby they can become confident and relaxed communication with native speakers.TPR method can be developed to reduce peoples? stress when studying foreign languages and thereby encourage pupils to persist in their study beyond a beginning level of proficiency, and more effective in developing pupils? interest of learning English.In this thesis, the author tries to present how teachers use TPR method to help children in primary school classes.Many teaching activities are based on imperative drills.Teachers will set lots of task to let children finish, some of them look like sports? goals, arts? task.Whatever goals are set, it can be achievable through the use of action-based drills in the imperative forms, which always make students are very exciting in class.In another place, it can also help teachers make classes vivid and dynamic.Total Physical Response techniques are very useful for young children particularly before they begin to read and write.Helping young children learning English by making them found learning English is very appealing, and then loving their English classes.It?s a good beginning to learn English in future studies.1.4 Organization of the Thesis In this thesis, the author tries to manage to illustrate a variety of teaching drills of TPR in details, which include types of TPR activities.The whole thesis includes four important parts, which are the definition of TPR,the literature review of TPR studies, psychology of children?s learning state, and the application of TPR methods in classroom.At the end of the thesis, the writer makes a conclusion from the study of TPR teaching method, trying to reveal lots of advantages in using this pedagogy, the author also wants to show some disadvantages to the readers.II.Literature Review The previous researchers considered that TPR research opened up the concept for children and adults acquiring another foreign language, and comprehension is a key point to learn a new second foreign language and it? s also one of the most important things concluded from TPR method.Success can be assured if comprehension is developed before speaking.……One important reason: Everywhere on earth in all languages throughout history, there is no instance of infants acquiring speaking before comprehension.Comprehension always comes first with speaking following perhaps a year later……..(Asher, 1983)
TPR was developed to teach foreign languages for people of any and all age groups.With TPR students hear commands in their second language, respond physically to the commands(for example, raising their hands, jumping in place, or walking to the door)and then later produce the commands orally and in writing.It is linked to the theory of memory, which will form a long-term retention, if something is always repeating all the time.(Degregori and Trithart, 2004)
2.1 The Benefits of TPR
In the following context, many benefits of TPR will be shown in the three obvious features and some experiments, which will explain how students have accomplished in English study through using TPR method.2.1.1 Success with Children’s English Learning
Dr.James J.Asher first described the TPR method in his book “Learning Another Language through Actions”.He and other linguists observed the following Characteristics about successful language learners: 1.……Good language learners achieve fluency faster when they are immersed in activities that involve them in situational language use …
2.……Good language learners often start their language learning with a period of silence as they watch the effect of language on others……..3……Good language learners show comprehension by successfully accomplishing language-generated tasks……
4…… Good language learners focus on overall sentence meaning rather than a sentence?s grammatical parts……
5…….Good language learners make faster progress when the language of instruction is consistent(though limited)on a daily basis, and……
6.......Good language learners make faster progress when the content involves language that is clearly usable or valuable outside the classroom…………….(Asher, 1977;117)
He also considered that these are similar things between the success of the Foreign Language Acquisition and children whose mother tongue is the process of acquisition.For children to learn in their native language when they initially through the actions of parents said that the response instructions, such as “Pick it up” and “Put it down”, children learn to speak before they understand the instruction from the adults, therefore, there has a long time called silence period, a language acquisition time, children just listening but not speaking during this time.And when children get through the period, and it is easy to learn the new target language.Believe that students who begin to learn using TPR do have better listening comprehension.(Asher, 1966)
……..One study by David Wolfe and Gwendolyn Jones(1982)fulfilled the same research the benefit of TPR has.Wolfe and Jones integrated the TPR strategy in a Level I Spanish class.For their experiment they divided the students into two groups to use this method.For one group was taught using the TPR strategy twenty minutes a day, while the other group was taught the usual traditional manner.Results showed that significant educational differences on the unit tests provided by the publisher.Experimental subjects also expressed greater satisfaction with their Spanish course and their Spanish teacher…….(Wolfe and Jones, 1982)
2.1.2 Three Obvious Features It is one of the main aims of English teaching in primary schools to stimulate pupils' interests in English and to develop their enthusiasm for learning English.TPR has three strong features for English learning, which are high-speed understanding of target language, long term retention, and zero stress, testifying TPR help students learn English successfully.2.1.2.1 High-speed Understanding of Any Target Language Some former experts claimed that talking and comprehension are located in different parts of the brain.TPR will input some new information into people?s brain and then have reaction out immediately.Students understand what their teachers are saying by doing physical actions, which is a high-speed understanding of acquiring their target language.It?s just like infants understanding their parents? imperative tasks.For instance, “baby, look at mom,” “baby, say mom, dad”.etc, which are real situation in people?s life, so TPR aims to create classes that looks like in real life, thus it could accomplish high-speed understanding of English.Here is an example of how students? brains are processing information at lightning speed: [1] “Stand” means to rise up from their chairs;their bodies immediately go from sitting to standing when they heard the instructor say, “Stand”.Also, “walk” means to move forward, their bodies walk forward when the teacher said, “Walk.”.These strange utterances must be valid.11 Once they understand, they can use this skill to move over into the left brain with traditional exercises in speaking, reading, and writing.Then return to the right brain with more TPR to understand another sample.Then use that understanding to switch to speaking, reading, and writing.2.1.2.2 Long-term Retention This method claims to guarantee the long-term retention of English, since the use of physical actions while or after listening helps to gain sound and meaning most effectively.This study reveals that TPR is an effective method to promote long-term retention of the target language in Japanese 7th graders.TPR creates facts which make for long-term comprehension.At lightning pace, the student's brains process information like this: “I actually stood up when the teacher uttered the alien direction: 'Stand.' It is a fact.It is true.It actually happened;therefore, I can store this in long-term memory.” The result is TPR can achieve long-term retention.It can be found that some evidences are some former researcher?s experiments from the following thesis.One study by Valerie Marsh described TPR as “the most effective method for teaching long-term retention of vocabulary”(Marsh, 1997;25).According to Marsh, one of the key components of TPR is “the low level of stress which enhances fluency, invites participation and increases motivation”(Marsh, 1997;25)
…..At Stockdale High School in Bakersfield, California over the past three years, 100 of the students learning through TPR have scored 3 or higher on the A.P.exam.Of these students, seventeen were true beginners who took the test in their third year of Spanish, and four were true beginners who took the test in their second year of 12 Spanish.Although formal grammar instruction in TPR is delayed, test results show that grammar was nevertheless successfully acquired early on in the program.……
In another place, the powerful feature about vocabulary retention, one of the reasons TPR interests so many researchers are because they had observed many students struggling with vocabulary retention.This is not good in any foreign language classroom because in order to complete lessons and move forward with subject material, students need to retain vocabulary.It just like as the author had mentioned, when a teacher said “stand” , students will raise their bodies from their chairs, thus they will probably understand and remember what “stand” means and know how to use this word in the same conditions.2.1.2.3 Zero Stress Dr.Asher believed that carrying out the activities of the body language teaching is a good way to make students acquire a new language in a harmonious atmosphere.Students respond to commands that require physical movement.It is also very efficient and quickly pedagogy.The aim is make learners first start hearing before speaking, and meanwhile reduce students? pressure in learning a second language.(Asher, 1974)
In TPR class, Student will find it is funny and easy, and then they will enjoy getting up out of their chairs and moving around.Simple TPR activities do not require a great number of preparations on the part of the teacher.“TPR is aptitude-free.”,according to Asher.It is inclusive working well with a mixed ability class.It is common that people probably can do a good job in a no stress atmosphere, so even are children when they are learning a new language.Fortunately, TPR make it come true.Students may acquire words, phrases, even sentences through physical actions, playing games, and storytelling.All in all, they feel happy when they are learning English;therefore they will become centered roles in classes.13
III Psychology of Children’s Learning State
Students who are at the age of 5 to 12 are very lively and vigorous;they never stop to listen to an English grammar class, because they are very easy to distract.If teachers still use a grammar teaching method in a primary school, they must be very difficult to complete lessons and move forward with subject material, and the worst thing is students will lose their interests in learning English, some of them even hate the English classes.However, if a teacher uses TPR in his or her classes, the problem must be solved.3.1 Distraction of Children’s Attention
It is easy to everyone to lose their attention in a boring lesson, especially children.Classroom distraction is a very ancient problem for many teachers.Students whispered, passed notes, and daydreamed during class;however whether teachers should think about why children are always like that, what can change this situation, how solve this problem.If they access TPR in the classroom, distraction problem must be getting far away from it.3.2 Use TPR to Solve the Problem of Distraction If teachers use activities of TPR in their classes, like this kind of problem may be solved easily.They can use the main theme is “Listen and Act”,that is imperative drills.Here some examples:
[2] Method one: Listen and act Procedure:
Target Language: stand up, sit down, warming up Target Grade: Kindergarten to Junior High 1
Have students do the following actions.Commands supporting vocabulary …Stand up, sit down.Hands up, hands down.Stand up, and bow.Sit down, sit down.And clap.Stand up, sit down.Hands up, hands down.Stand up, and bow.Sit down.Sit down.And cheer!
Come on, louder!
Stand up, sit down.Hands up, hands down.Stand up, and bow.Sit down, sit down.And cheer...(Graham)
Method two: Touch
Choose two students and add more vocabulary that are in the classroom---such as book, pencil, paper, desk, floor, teacher—and add to the commands put, place, scratch.Use the following type of commands repeatedly in arbitrary order, alternating pairs of students from time to time until all the students clearly understand what these commands and actions mean.For example: [3] Put the pencil on the desk.Scratch your head.Scratch your arm.Put the paper in the box.Put your hands on your head.Place the box on the teacher?s desk.Scratch your head and arm.”
(Ren, 2001;11)
From these TPR methods, we can see that teachers will draw students? attention in classes.Because in order to finish their teachers? commands, students have to concentrate their attention on the command words, thus they are likely to remember those words by behaving them repeatedly.In the meanwhile, students probably think that learning English is such an easy and cheerful task, and they must be fond of English classes.Method three: Listen and draw
It is similar to acting out physically, but in this type, the students are drawing picture, diagrams on paper.“This sort of activity works is very well as an information gap activity between pairs of students.”(Wang, 2002;90)Here is an example:
[4] One student draws a simple picture and then tells his/her partner how to draw it in English.Neither partner can look at each other?s drawing during the task.After they have completed the task, they can compare their pictures to see how similar they are.Other way: according to last example.“Introduce the word draw.This opens up a rich network of things a teachers can ask their students to do.Start very simply with the familiar words that the students have already internalized through TPR.For example:
[5] Draw a book
Draw a ball
Draw a hand
Draw a box
Draw a hand on a desk.Draw a window and a hand and book.”
The concrete staff is much easier to understand and remember than abstract staff for people, in particular, primary school students.The more detailed staff is, the easier students can memorize.So if teachers ask them to draw something, they are likely to have a brainstorm to figure out some interesting pictures, which may develop their imagination.After students finished their works, teachers may award some special works, which can raise students? interests of English Classes, and then they probably acquire English in nature way.In another place, it is a good start to students, enhancing their listening skill.It is very important of students to have a good state while listening.Students should get clear that listening is the first step of any language acquisition;they should pay more attention to learn it well at the very beginning.Listen carefully also can solve the problem of distraction.…“Psychological linguistics regards listening is involved with the perception of a language: Perception is to turn the voice into meanings,and it is an analysis of the language signal perception.The process of the language perception is an activity of the short--time memorization.”…(Zhang, 1996;1)
IV the Application of TPR Methods in Classroom 4.1 The Activities of TPR-Physical response Everyone learns to comprehend much faster than they learn to produce.At any stage in the learning process, comprehension is always the most significant in foreign languages acquisition.Children may not be able to give a linguistic response to teachers? instructions but they can give a physical response.For this reason, a teaching technique based on commands is often used with young children.4.1.1 The Pointing Game With a small group of students, use a collection of pictures(such as those one might find in a mail order catalog)to instruct concepts that have been taught.Ask students to point to various specific body parts, colors, clothing items, etc.now let?s look at some examples.[6] Point to the window!Point to the book!Show me the book!Put the book on the desk!Put the blue book on the desk and the red book on the chair!Draw a cat under the tree!
Children will be willing to present their comprehension through a physical action long before they are willing to give a linguistic response.Moreover, the use of real objects in the classroom and the use of picture flashcards allow the teacher and children to respond to language long before they can respond linguistically.This method also can improve students? capability of response and develop their left brain, becoming more intelligent.Certainly, the most important thing is enhance those words teachers command repeatedly.Teachers can use this game in classes;first of all, they should tell their students some supporting words in this game.For instance, “point” means use your finger direct the staff that instructs commands, and “show” means have something a look at to everyone, etc.Tell students to give actions to their teachers when hearing commands.If they want to finish the tasks, they have to concentrate and listen carefully.4.1.2 Identifying Emotions
After students have acquired simple commands such as “cry” or “l(fā)augh,” pictures can be placed across the front of the room that clearly demonstrate such emotional reactions.Students can be asked to take the picture of a person displaying a specific reaction.Later, this same procedure can be extended to other kinds of descriptions of emotions.(Someone crying, someone laughing).Later this same procedure can be extended to other kinds of descriptions of emotions, perhaps more subtle ones(someone who is sad, someone who is angry).This game is like a role play some times, being difficult to understand emotional words which are too abstract;teacher will use this action game to give their students hand to grasp these untouched words.When students acting trainers? orders, they may comprehend what feelings are like.4.1.3 Following Recipes At much later stages, making birthday cakes, baking cookies, or preparing dishes can provide a TPR experience, and it can also involve students in the cultures of other countries and those within the United States.First of all, display all the ingredients for any given recipe and introduce each item, one by one.And then, show each student with a written recipe.An extra large version to which you and the students can refer can be placed at the front of the room.While you or a student reads the recipe, other students can measure, mix the ingredients, and so on.As a follow-up, students can bring in favorite recipes to share.These can be put together to form a class recipe book to which others can be added.TPR is a pedagogy applying to bring in a real English environment to ESL.In this game, students will pick up a great many of cooking technique, making cakes, baking cookies.They must have a wonderful time in English classes.In the meantime, they probably obtain the target language in the classes.However, the instructor maybe more hard-working, they have to organize students to tidy up the classroom after classes.4.1.4 Information Gaps Information gaps can be created in which one student has information that another does not have but needs.One student may give a set of directions or commands to another student, who will carry them out to meet some stated goal(e.g.making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich).There are many kinds of information gaps, which include shopping information gaps, direction information gaps, puzzle information gaps, etc.for example:
[7] Shopping Information Gaps: Step 1: Teachers let students make two sheets, one of is A sheet, the other one is B sheet.Step 2:
Giving them the supporting words and sentences:
What did he buy in the supermarket? He bought a box of chocolate.How much was it? It was 50yuan.Etc.Step3: Ask students to finish the sheets in pair.In this activity, students can practice capability of question arising.(Wh-questions...)They have to finish the two sheets by asking their partner many questions.Also, it trains them how to acquire information in their lives, and it reaches the main target of learning a foreign language-communication.V Conclusion TPR is an effective way to learn English for ESL, especially primary school students.It based that the first thing to learn a foreign language is comprehensible input, and then have a respond to do teachers? commands.And why this teaching pedagogy is so popular and successful? Because it will bring a zero stress atmosphere to children to learn English, they will not be afraid of speaking English, and then they are likely to be cheerful when they are in English classes.Nevertheless, the method also has some limitation in the process of teaching.5.1 Major Findings TPR(Total physical response)is a language teaching strategy which uses commands, either written or verbal, to introduce new language and concepts to students.Imperative drills are a typical method is in TPR lesson, a teacher will give a command and the student must follow the command with a physical response.For example, if the teacher says, “stand up and down three times” the students after hearing the command, they will raise their bodies from their chairs and down three times.Children will train listening skills and how to respond to directions given orally or visually through the Total Physical Response(TPR)method.It can also reach this end through teaching some songs, for instance, which is about human being?s body 'Head, shoulders, knees and toes' children will learn the parts of the body.TPR strategy has a large number of activities may be used in English classes of primary school, which can make students pleasure and fun in classes, consequently they have an interest in learning English and to be a leader and center role in training English.5.2 Implications TPR is totally physical.According to many former studies, it is a right-brain approach.And the key point is Comprehensible Input.TPR is not a complete method.According to current theory, TPR works because it is an excellent way of providing students with comprehensible input;the teacher's movement provides the background knowledge that makes the command more comprehensible.ESL students acquire the second language as they acquire their native language, which are almost like infants study how to speak their mother tongue.TPR also can provide a low-anxiety environment to the students through lots of comprehensible input in.Students will produce language when they are ready.It is a direct method for teaching language with real-life situations.It gives instant feed-back to the teacher.TPR is an astoundingly successful beginning language teaching method.TPR students have outperformed comparison students convincingly in method comparison studies, both in those done by Asher and his associates as well as those done by other scholars(Wolfe & Jones, 1982).It has been shown to be effective for both children and adults, and has been used for a variety of languages.5.3 Limitations The TPR method applies to the nature of children and matches the principle of happy-learning, which enables children to learn easily, to learn fast and finally to feel the happiness of English study.But its disadvantages are as follow:
1.This method just suits for the first period of language learning, especially beginners.Because most of its contents are gestures, through which children may not get further knowledge, and it has to be carried out with some other approaches.2.The TPR method contains of lots of game activities, role-playing and group competitions.But children will easily get excited when they are happy so it will be hard to accomplish the expected results even if they have good control of class, , in another place, it becomes a annoy to some shy students.Students are not generally given the opportunity to express their own thoughts in a creative way.The teacher may find that it is limited in terms of language scope.Certain target languages may not be suited to this method.5.4 Future Studies Many scholars determined that TPR can be used with a person of any age, TPR works with all levels of language learners.The author also has coincidence with them, if teachers combine TPR with other teaching pedagogies, such as interactive teaching methods, it will be more effective to make TPR work very well in a language classroom.Experienced teachers have the ability to cope when things go wrong.It?s useful when planning to build in some extra and alternative tasks and exercises.Also teachers need to be aware of what is happening in the classroom.Students may raise an interesting point and discussions could provide unexpected opportunities for language work and practice.In these cases, teachers should combine TPR with other teaching strategies to make TPR work very well in a language classroom.From studies such as these, the author concluded that the TPR method to teaching foreign languages is both beneficial and effective.Teachers can use both traditional method and TPR strategy in classes;they should try to have a good preparation and organize their classes, which is the most effective way.Giving them examples when instruct students to finish targets, which will not make the classes become noisy.Students can concentrate their attention while listening to English.BIBLIOGRAPH Danny, Brassell,(2007).Enhancing ESL Students’ Literacy Skills.DE Wolfe.(1982).Integrating Total Physical Response Strategy in a Level I Spanish Class, G JonesTPRS Publications Inc-ERIC EJ586008 Zink de Diaz, Laura.(2005).”TPR Foreign Language Instruction and Dyslexia".Retrieved on 2007-05-23.Ren Xiaoping.Listening Barriers Among Chinese Students And Training Tactics [J].延安教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2001 Zhang Qi.Psychological analysis in listening teaching and radio programs teaching [J].云南教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),1996.10.p1 王薔 A course in English language teaching [M].上海:高等教育出版社,2002.5.DECLARATION
Linghu jing, the undersigned, hereby declare that this thesis does not contain any material which has been accepted for the award of any other higher degree or graduate diploma in any tertiary institution and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis does not contain any material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in the text of the thesis.Signed: Dated:
第二篇:淺析TPR教學(xué)法在小學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
學(xué)號(hào):***040 成績(jī):
西安翻譯學(xué)院
高職高專畢業(yè)論文
題目:淺析TPR教學(xué)法在小學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
作
者:
曾彤
指導(dǎo)教師
朱廣珍
專業(yè)班級(jí)
08級(jí)商務(wù)英語4班 院
系
外國(guó)語學(xué)院
完成日期
2011年3月
淺析TPR教學(xué)法在小學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
曾彤
外國(guó)語學(xué)院08級(jí)商務(wù)英語4班(西安翻譯學(xué)院,陜西 西安 710105)
Analysis on the Application of TPR in English Teaching
in Primary School
Zeng Tong Business English, Class 4, Foreign Language College(Xi’an Fanyi University, Xi’an 710105)
摘要:近幾年,英語教學(xué)法已經(jīng)取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)展,一些新型的小學(xué)英語教學(xué)方法應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,TPR教學(xué)法是小學(xué)英語教學(xué)法中一種常見的教學(xué)方式。本文旨在通過TPR教學(xué)法與傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)法的對(duì)比來分析TPR教學(xué)法的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì),并具體探討TPR教學(xué)法在小學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)。論文最后提出TPR在小學(xué)英語教學(xué)中出現(xiàn)的一些誤區(qū)和建議。
關(guān)鍵詞:TPR教學(xué)法;小學(xué)英語教學(xué);應(yīng)用
Abstract: In recent years, English teaching methodology has made a lot improvement.And some new methods of English teaching in primary school has appeared.TPR is one of the common methods of children English teaching.This paper aims to analyse the characteristics and advantages of TPR though the comparing analysis of traditional teaching methodology and TPR.It also explores the applications of TPR in primary school English teaching.Finally this paper points out some misunderstandings of the application of TPR in primary school and provides some suggestions.Key words: TPR methodology;English teaching in primary school;application
引言
TPR教學(xué)法(Total Physical Response全身肢體反應(yīng)教學(xué)法)。創(chuàng)立于20世紀(jì)60年代初,其創(chuàng)始人是美國(guó)加州的心理學(xué)和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)教授James Asher,力圖通過身體的活動(dòng)來進(jìn)行語言教學(xué),是一種建立在語言和行動(dòng)和諧一致基礎(chǔ)上的語言快速教學(xué)法。目的是在開口前培養(yǎng)聽力能力,言行協(xié)調(diào)一致,減少語言學(xué)習(xí)中的心理壓力。他認(rèn)為成功的外語習(xí)得和少兒習(xí)得母語的過程有一個(gè)相似的地方,在少兒學(xué)習(xí)母語時(shí),他們最初是通過動(dòng)作對(duì)父母的指令表示反應(yīng),如“Pick it up”和“Put it down”,少兒學(xué)會(huì)說話之前已經(jīng)聽懂大人的指令,所以語言習(xí)得存在一個(gè)只聽不說的沉默期。既silent period.久了以后,就很容易學(xué)會(huì)說新的語言,由于學(xué)習(xí)母語的過程是理解先于表達(dá),所以學(xué)習(xí)第二語言也應(yīng)先聽,然后再學(xué)會(huì)說,而且語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯也可以通過熟練運(yùn)用老師的指令來掌握。
帕爾默六十年前就指出:“在英語學(xué)習(xí)的初始階段,教學(xué)方法如果不包含大量的學(xué)生執(zhí)行教師的課堂活動(dòng)是不可能成功的。”通過近些年來各個(gè)教學(xué)工作者的親身實(shí)踐,TPR教學(xué)法已作為一種非常行之有效的語言學(xué)習(xí)法應(yīng)用到許多小學(xué)外語教材中。
TPR教學(xué)法是一種獨(dú)特的語言教學(xué)法,與傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)法相比有所不同,TPR教學(xué)法有其自身的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)。這篇論文主要論述了TPR教學(xué)法的教學(xué)特點(diǎn)和教學(xué)意義,體現(xiàn)了TPR教學(xué)法的優(yōu)勢(shì)。其次,論述了在小學(xué)英語教學(xué)課堂中,TPR教學(xué)法的具體實(shí)施和教學(xué)方法可以更好的培養(yǎng)小學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣。但是,TPR教學(xué)法也有許多不足之處,在小學(xué)英語教學(xué)中我們需要對(duì)TPR教學(xué)法有更多的改進(jìn)和思考。
一、傳統(tǒng)英語教學(xué)與TPR教學(xué)法
TPR教學(xué)法的主要特點(diǎn)是:1.強(qiáng)調(diào)聽力理解領(lǐng)先;2.學(xué)生需要通過身體對(duì)語
【1】
言的反應(yīng)動(dòng)作來提高理解力;3.允許學(xué)生在做好準(zhǔn)備的情況下參與活動(dòng);4.教師的教學(xué)應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)意義而不是形式。
相比之下,我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的英語教學(xué)法是語法教學(xué),即通過傳授英語的語法結(jié)構(gòu),培養(yǎng)初學(xué)者的語法結(jié)構(gòu)意識(shí)來掌握語言。如,“There is a book on the table.” “It is not a dog”,傳統(tǒng)法講解“Therebe”句型、動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)、冠詞的用法、介賓結(jié)構(gòu)、“It”句型及否定結(jié)構(gòu)。簡(jiǎn)單的兩個(gè)句子,涉及到了這么多基本的語法知識(shí),即使弄懂了,但學(xué)生一開口,還是單復(fù)數(shù)不分,肯定與否定混淆,甚至于大學(xué)的學(xué)生會(huì)話中還犯“he she”不分的毛玻同時(shí),類似的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語法”句型在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中極少接觸到。因此傳統(tǒng)的語法教學(xué)教的不是生動(dòng)的口頭語言,而是書面語,即“死的語言”,小學(xué)生極難掌握。
TPR英語教學(xué)法是教師根據(jù)學(xué)生愛動(dòng),注意力難以持久等心理特征,讓小學(xué)生通過跑、跳、做游戲?qū)W英語,而不是規(guī)規(guī)矩矩地坐在凳子上聽講,這樣課堂氣氛活躍,學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)情緒主動(dòng),注意力持久。如果小學(xué)生發(fā)音不準(zhǔn),老師就要自然狀態(tài)下不停重復(fù),直到發(fā)準(zhǔn)為止,學(xué)生也不必重復(fù)老師的話,但要按老師語言的涵義反應(yīng)。學(xué)生對(duì)老師發(fā)出信息的反饋越正確,表明對(duì)老師信息的理解越準(zhǔn)確。心理學(xué)家證實(shí),強(qiáng)迫學(xué)生重復(fù)老師的話會(huì)引起學(xué)生心理壓力和緊張情緒,限制學(xué)生語言學(xué)習(xí)技能的發(fā)展和提高。
二、TPR教學(xué)法的意義
2.1活躍課堂氣氛 培養(yǎng)學(xué)生興趣
瑞士著名教育家皮杰士說過:“所有智力方面的活動(dòng)都要依賴于興趣?!蔽覀円渤Uf“興趣是最好的老師”,可見興趣對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的重要性。在英語教學(xué)中,要想使學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)得積極主動(dòng),并取得好的學(xué)習(xí)效果,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的興趣至關(guān)重要,甚至可以說這是學(xué)習(xí)英語的前提和保證。而TPR教學(xué)法取代傳統(tǒng)地學(xué)生一
味地坐在那里聽老師講,毫無生氣,而是學(xué)生動(dòng)起來,將動(dòng)作與語言相結(jié)合,使學(xué)生能夠邊說邊做,這極大地提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。2.2重聽力訓(xùn)練 提高口語表達(dá)
TPR教學(xué)法首先培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的聽力理解能力,然后再要求學(xué)生用口語表達(dá)。就是通過教師邊說邊用動(dòng)作示范,學(xué)生靜聽,再教師發(fā)指令學(xué)生做動(dòng)作,直至學(xué)生能說,而在學(xué)生會(huì)說之前,已聽過教師說過數(shù)十遍,就相當(dāng)于接受聽力訓(xùn)練,從而在教師直接發(fā)出命令時(shí),學(xué)生能馬上做出動(dòng)作,如此不斷地重復(fù),學(xué)生的聽力能力不斷提高。教學(xué)“Open the penci-case”這個(gè)詞組時(shí),教師邊打開某一學(xué)生的文具盒邊說“Open the pencil-case”,然后教師走到其他學(xué)生的身旁再做示范,學(xué)生在聽了看了后完全明白該句的意思,此時(shí)教師再發(fā)出“Open the pencil-case”,學(xué)生能很快地做出動(dòng)作。在接受聽的訓(xùn)練后,學(xué)生能模仿教師的語音,語調(diào)說出句子,能很自然地說出“Open the pencil-case”,長(zhǎng)此不斷,學(xué)生的聽力和口語表達(dá)會(huì)提高不少,對(duì)將來的學(xué)習(xí)也受益匪淺。2.3幫助理解課堂用語 提高教學(xué)效果
教師用語雖不能說是一節(jié)課的精髓之處,但也可以說是一節(jié)課的關(guān)鍵所在,尤其是對(duì)外語來講,聽不懂教師用語,就不明白老師到底要講什么,要我們干什么,而“TPR”教學(xué)法能夠很容易地解決這一問題,“Come in, please.” “Open your book,please.” “Sit down”.“Give me your pen.” “Great!”等等這些課堂上隨時(shí)用到的教師用語在學(xué)生第一次聽到教師只須一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)作,幫助學(xué)生理解教師用語,學(xué)生就能很快領(lǐng)會(huì)其意思,不需要大費(fèi)口舌。第二,第三次學(xué)生再聽到時(shí),他們就能立即明白,由此就能大大地提高教學(xué)效果,師生都能受益。
2.4操作簡(jiǎn)單方便 易于學(xué)生理解
教師讓學(xué)生明白自己所說的內(nèi)容可以有多種方法:優(yōu)生幫助,圖片輔助,畫畫演示等等,但實(shí)施起來皆有其不便之處,相比較而言,“TPR”教學(xué)法省事且易懂,如教師教“hand”時(shí)說“hand hand clap your hands”,并且做拍手動(dòng)作,學(xué)生一看就知道“clap your hands”是“拍手”的意思,不需要圖片,也不需要畫畫,更不需要優(yōu)生幫助,而且還易于學(xué)生理解。
三、TPR教學(xué)法在小學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
3.1TPR教學(xué)法的具體實(shí)施 3.1.1熱身活動(dòng)
Warming up 相當(dāng)于英語課堂中的熱身和啟動(dòng),它是一節(jié)課的序幕,是教師講授每一節(jié)課時(shí)給予學(xué)生的第一感知,是優(yōu)化學(xué)生學(xué)生心境和語言學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境的重要手段。其目的在于激活學(xué)生思維、吸引學(xué)生注意、調(diào)控學(xué)生情緒,為開展語言學(xué)習(xí)作好知識(shí)、技能、心理和環(huán)境上的準(zhǔn)備。而意識(shí)到這以前,教師經(jīng)常讓學(xué)生唱一首歌,再讀一下chant就草草了事,結(jié)果是學(xué)生唱歌不會(huì)唱,東張西望,chant不會(huì)讀,東瞅西橋,可見學(xué)生的注意力十分分散,那又如何開始一堂新課!在熱身活動(dòng)中也可以應(yīng)用TPR教學(xué)法。最初的常識(shí)就是我讀一些單詞或短語,讓學(xué)生邊做動(dòng)作邊玩,或者我做動(dòng)作,讓學(xué)生說等,學(xué)生的興趣極高,參與性很強(qiáng)。有了這次經(jīng)驗(yàn),我以后常常自編一些歌謠并配上相應(yīng)的動(dòng)作作為熱身活動(dòng)。大受學(xué)生歡迎。如:clap、clap、clap your hands(拍手)shake、shake、shake your head(搖頭)
wave、wave、wave your arms(揮手)...再如:cat、cat、cat give me your hat
dog、dog、dog give me your doll
duck、duck、duck give me your cake...學(xué)生既能說又能動(dòng),不亦樂乎,從而起到了醞釀情緒、滲透主題和帶入清凈的作用,保證學(xué)生課始就能積極主動(dòng)并始終有效地與課堂學(xué)習(xí)。3.1.2單詞教學(xué)
小學(xué)英語教學(xué)中,單詞教學(xué)是必不可少的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié),由于小學(xué)生年齡小,好玩,不愿把更多的精力花費(fèi)在記單詞上。因此,幾乎所有的小學(xué)生一提起英語單詞,就感到很頭痛,一節(jié)單詞課堂教學(xué)中,無非是傳授新單詞,練習(xí)鞏固單詞而已,沒有什么創(chuàng)新,對(duì)學(xué)生,對(duì)教師都是極其厭煩的事情,尤其是操練過程中,只是教師一味地機(jī)械地領(lǐng)讀,讓學(xué)生死記硬背,課堂就變得死氣沉沉,學(xué)生也會(huì)口干舌燥,昏昏欲睡,這樣的教學(xué)即費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力,效果也差,因此,這就要求教師注意教學(xué)方法,充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性,把單詞教學(xué)貫穿到娛樂之中,使學(xué)生學(xué)起來不感到枯燥,乏味,激發(fā)他們的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,使他們每個(gè)人的學(xué)習(xí)才能得以發(fā)揮,而經(jīng)過實(shí)踐,TPR教學(xué)法的應(yīng)用,可以調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的各個(gè)感官,讓單詞教學(xué)生輝不少,就如PEP1中動(dòng)作單詞教學(xué)dog cat elephant duck mouse等,可以通過教師念,學(xué)生做動(dòng)作,教師做動(dòng)作,學(xué)生說,一生念,另一生做等,一輪下去,學(xué)生不但能說能做,而且在學(xué)的過程中,知道各種動(dòng)物的走路跑步習(xí)慣,可謂是兩全其美,再如贊嘆詞:Cool!Great!Super!等,教師在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中經(jīng)常應(yīng)用并伴以動(dòng)作出現(xiàn),學(xué)生聽多了看多了,也會(huì)自己說這些單詞了,也讓學(xué)生感覺到學(xué)習(xí)英語是一件很快樂的事情。3.1.3短語教學(xué)
在短語教學(xué)中,也可以應(yīng)用TPR教學(xué)法,而且小學(xué)英語課本中出現(xiàn)的基本
上是動(dòng)詞短語,那用起TPR教學(xué)法更是得心應(yīng)手了,教師教得輕松,學(xué)生也學(xué)得輕松,如在PEP1Unit2PartB中學(xué)習(xí)“Turn left”,“Turn right”,“Go straight”這三個(gè)表示方向的短語時(shí),為了降低學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)難度,集中他們的注意力,教師先示范給學(xué)生看,一邊做動(dòng)作,一邊說英語,接著讓學(xué)生跟著老師做動(dòng)作,然后,老師喊口令,學(xué)生做出相應(yīng)的動(dòng)作,最后同桌再進(jìn)行練習(xí)。這樣,學(xué)生就在動(dòng)一動(dòng),說一說的實(shí)踐中較快地掌握了這幾個(gè)英語句子,并且記得也比較牢。此外在課余練習(xí)中,應(yīng)用TPR教學(xué)法,老師完全可以放手讓學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí),偶爾做適當(dāng)?shù)狞c(diǎn)撥,每周利用早讀時(shí)間以小組為單位,以短語為內(nèi)容做TPR練習(xí),而每小組輪流有一小老師,他首先要選好練習(xí)的內(nèi)容,并做出表格,利用該表格由領(lǐng)讀人發(fā)指令,其他學(xué)生邊說邊做動(dòng)作,或者對(duì)換角色,并對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的效果做好記錄,如此不僅提高學(xué)生的積極性,也提高了學(xué)習(xí)效率。3.1.4句子教學(xué)
假如你碰到一個(gè)小學(xué)生,你問他“蘋果”用英語怎么說,他會(huì)很快給你一個(gè)滿意的答案 “apple”,假如你再問他“紅蘋果”怎么說,他遲疑地告訴你“red apple”,假如你再問他“這是一個(gè)紅蘋果”怎么說,他遲疑了半天也支不出半句,可見,學(xué)習(xí)英語句子對(duì)小學(xué)生來說是非常難的一件事。而在小學(xué)英語教學(xué)中,句子教學(xué)卻是一項(xiàng)重要的內(nèi)容,它貫穿整個(gè)小學(xué)英語教學(xué)的始終。應(yīng)而如何上好句子教學(xué),是每一位英語教師思索的焦點(diǎn)。在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,運(yùn)用TPR教學(xué)法,發(fā)現(xiàn)這能使句子變得形象化,簡(jiǎn)單化,學(xué)生易懂易學(xué),興趣也大增。3.2TPR的教學(xué)方法 3.2.1演示教學(xué)法
教師通過生動(dòng)的表演,即運(yùn)用身體語言來闡明口中不斷重復(fù)的語言信息。比如教“point to the window, point to the door , touch your nose , touch your ears.”
時(shí),教師輔以本身的動(dòng)作示范,再要求學(xué)生們重復(fù)同樣的動(dòng)作,五分鐘內(nèi)學(xué)生就可以自如地對(duì)指令做出完全正確的反應(yīng)。
3.2.2卡片教學(xué)法
教師把一些學(xué)過的單詞寫在不同的卡片上,每一個(gè)學(xué)生手持一卡片,教師不斷重復(fù)單詞的發(fā)音,學(xué)生記住后教師便念單詞點(diǎn)名,持相應(yīng)卡片的學(xué)生可以舉起卡片以示理解。然后學(xué)生們交換卡片,再用同樣的方法訓(xùn)練,這樣,學(xué)生在輕松愉快中掌握了發(fā)音,同時(shí)注意力也容易專注。但這種方法使用久了便覺得枯燥,無趣。所以應(yīng)結(jié)合其他教學(xué)法共同進(jìn)行。3.3.3圖畫教學(xué)法
小學(xué)生對(duì)直觀的圖畫很感興趣,因此教師要充分利用圖畫來講授內(nèi)容。出示圖畫,讓學(xué)生說出單詞,或讓學(xué)生說出單詞,并出示相應(yīng)的圖畫。小學(xué)生通常對(duì)具體而直觀的東西比較感興趣,因此老師可以盡量教小學(xué)生們生活中常見的事物單詞,用實(shí)物圖片代替簡(jiǎn)單文字,例如教“bird”可以讓小朋友看到鳥的圖片,并播放鳥叫聲,教“dog”可以讓小朋友聽聽“汪汪”的狗叫聲。最好是把圖畫制成卡片的形式,這樣可以結(jié)合很多游戲來進(jìn)行教學(xué)活動(dòng)。3.3.4整體教學(xué)法
老師通過把句子或單詞設(shè)定在特定的故事情節(jié)或場(chǎng)景中,教小朋友從整體把握意思,例如“Yesterday I ate a piece of bread.”老師可以將a piece of bread替換為a piece of cake或者a bowl of dumplings.這樣的教學(xué)能起到事半功倍的效果,有助于小學(xué)生們英語學(xué)習(xí)中舉一反三。3.3.5游戲教學(xué)法
小學(xué)生的特點(diǎn)之一就是喜歡游戲,在游戲中學(xué)習(xí),小學(xué)生會(huì)倍感興趣,比如操練句型“What’s this?”時(shí),可以做猜東西的游戲,就是把圖畫制成的卡片蓋
起來,或露出圖畫的一角。然后問“What’s this?”讓學(xué)生猜,直到猜對(duì)為止。這樣做會(huì)讓學(xué)生盡情盡量的說學(xué)過的英語,猜錯(cuò)了也沒有關(guān)系,因?yàn)槲覀兊哪康木褪菫榱俗寣W(xué)生開口說英語。再如教duck, cat, dog等動(dòng)物名稱時(shí)教師可模仿其形態(tài)或叫聲,或者讓學(xué)生自己模仿,通過模仿其滑稽的樣子,發(fā)出惟妙惟肖的叫聲,學(xué)生自然就聯(lián)想到該動(dòng)物,英語名稱自然就記住了。但是使用游戲教學(xué)法最大的問題就是紀(jì)律問題了。因此教師在學(xué)生做游戲前要將組織游戲的步驟計(jì)劃好,而且要將如何做游戲示范給學(xué)生看,這樣學(xué)生明確他們要干的事情,就不會(huì)混亂了,另外要選擇一些簡(jiǎn)單易操作的游戲。游戲雖然有趣,但一節(jié)課不可過多使用,要注意在課堂上使用游戲的理由只有一個(gè)——幫助學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語。
3.3.6比賽教學(xué)法
教師設(shè)計(jì)與內(nèi)容相關(guān)的比賽,在學(xué)習(xí)比賽活動(dòng)過程中,學(xué)生的成就動(dòng)機(jī)更強(qiáng)烈,學(xué)習(xí)興趣和克服困難的毅力增強(qiáng),學(xué)習(xí)和工作效率一般都有很大的提高。因此,適當(dāng)?shù)谋荣惛?jìng)爭(zhēng)可以激勵(lì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí),比如在教授新課Module 4 Unit 1 Robots(新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第二冊(cè))時(shí),我就采用了男女比賽的方法。在比賽之前,我先在黑板的一邊畫上兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的代表男孩和女孩的圖像,然后說出比賽規(guī)則:?jiǎn)栴}回答正確加一分;回答錯(cuò)了不加分也不扣分;亂說話或做小動(dòng)作扣一分,一節(jié)課結(jié)束后,評(píng)出勝利者,然后在勝利者的圖像上畫上笑臉,輸了的則畫上哭臉。結(jié)果表明這節(jié)課上的非常成功,不但提高了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的積極性,而且他們都自覺的維護(hù)紀(jì)律,達(dá)到了很好的學(xué)習(xí)效果。這不失為一種好方法,但用久了或不適當(dāng)?shù)氖褂?,也?huì)使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生反感情緒。所以教師必須適當(dāng)運(yùn)用這個(gè)方法,還要注意合理的引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)待輸贏的結(jié)果。
四、對(duì)TPR教學(xué)法的幾點(diǎn)思考
4.1切忌強(qiáng)迫學(xué)生
《教學(xué)原理》中提到TPR教學(xué)法教學(xué)原則是學(xué)生理解口語的能力要在說話之前發(fā)展,只有進(jìn)行充分的理解性和聽,才能自然地轉(zhuǎn)移到說。同時(shí)進(jìn)行聽說兩種技能的訓(xùn)練,只會(huì)給學(xué)生造成壓力,因?yàn)槿狈斫獾穆?,學(xué)生沒有做好說話的準(zhǔn)備,很容易說錯(cuò),因此教師不要一開口就強(qiáng)迫學(xué)生去說,不可強(qiáng)迫學(xué)生說,而應(yīng)在學(xué)生大量地聽老師發(fā)音,看老師做動(dòng)作,理解后再要求學(xué)生說。這時(shí),學(xué)生能極其自然地說英語,否則給學(xué)生以壓力,強(qiáng)迫學(xué)生說,學(xué)生就會(huì)產(chǎn)生緊張情緒,不僅影響這次說英語,也將影響他們以后的英語學(xué)習(xí)。因此,在運(yùn)用TPR教學(xué)法中,切忌強(qiáng)迫學(xué)生開口說英語,要讓學(xué)理解的基礎(chǔ)上自然流利地說出英語。4.2切忌嘩眾取寵
聽有些老師上英語課,熱熱鬧鬧,有唱歌,有跳舞,有表演等等,但總感覺華而不實(shí),沒有把教學(xué)目標(biāo)落到實(shí)處,反倒是一場(chǎng)精彩的表演秀,又像在嘩眾取寵。而應(yīng)在TPR教學(xué)法也應(yīng)注意到這一方面。記得在PEP3Unit5PartBLet’s talk中,目標(biāo)中提出要學(xué)生能聽懂會(huì)說“Let me try!”于是上公開課的老師做好精心準(zhǔn)備,設(shè)計(jì)好各項(xiàng)比賽,有跳繩比賽,打乒乓球比賽,拍籃球比賽等,意圖是學(xué)生想要參加比賽,要做拍胸的動(dòng)作,并大聲說“Let me try!”(老師會(huì)先做好示范)結(jié)果課堂上很熱鬧,學(xué)生也很積極,大拍胸脯大叫“Let me try!”但沒想到的是學(xué)生都是跳繩高手,一跳都一兩百下,結(jié)果大部分時(shí)間花在這輔助環(huán)節(jié)上,一節(jié)課時(shí)間到也只有個(gè)別會(huì)說“Let me try!”,而該課時(shí)的其他教學(xué)目標(biāo)都沒能夠完成,可見在運(yùn)用TPR教學(xué)法要恰到好處,不可嘩眾取寵。
4.3忌喧賓奪主
TPR教學(xué)法的步驟是先由教師說出指令并示范動(dòng)作,然后請(qǐng)學(xué)生跟著做,再教師說出指令,不示范動(dòng)作,請(qǐng)學(xué)生按照老師的指令去做,最后教師說出指令,不示范動(dòng)作,要求學(xué)生復(fù)述指令,完成動(dòng)作,需要時(shí)也可請(qǐng)一位學(xué)生說出指令,教師和其他學(xué)生一起執(zhí)行指令,他的主要部分應(yīng)該后兩個(gè),但有一些教師為了迎合學(xué)生的要求,往往把過多的放在第三步上,即教師說出指令,學(xué)生做動(dòng)作,如此以來,學(xué)生產(chǎn)生慣性,教師發(fā)一指令,學(xué)生就做一動(dòng)作,而且做對(duì)做錯(cuò)也無關(guān)緊要,但一旦反過來,學(xué)生就不知所措,這主要是因?yàn)榻處熜e奪主,從而忽視了學(xué)生說的能力的訓(xùn)練,只停留在表層上。4.4切忌牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)
有些比較抽象的單詞和句子很難用TPR來表達(dá),教師在向?qū)W生解釋一些抽象的事物的時(shí)候會(huì)比較困難,這時(shí)候教師完全可以不用TPR教學(xué),但有些教師仍固執(zhí)地使用TPR教學(xué),動(dòng)作模棱兩可,弄得學(xué)生也迷迷糊糊,不知教師到底想說什么,記得有一老師在公開課講天氣情況的四個(gè)單詞rainny,sunny,windy,cloudy,snowy時(shí),在教學(xué)sunny時(shí),教師為了使學(xué)生明白,又不能用中文解釋,就用手指頭旁畫一個(gè)圓圈,臉上顯出高興的表情,他的意圖是讓學(xué)生明白有太陽,又很高興,說明不太熱,可說是晴朗的,但學(xué)生不明就里,又不好出聲,只好依樣畫葫蘆,教師讀這單詞,他們就做這動(dòng)作,全班學(xué)生也都互相這樣做,但問起他們這是什么意思,他們卻只是搖搖頭,可見這樣的解釋是牽強(qiáng)附會(huì),還不如不要。
結(jié)語
TPR教學(xué)法是全身肢體反應(yīng)教學(xué)法,教師通過自身語言將教學(xué)中的單詞,句型及兒歌,游戲等表達(dá)出來,使學(xué)生不通過母語翻譯便能夠理解教師的語言,從而完全實(shí)施了母語教學(xué)法。
《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中明確提出基礎(chǔ)教育階段要激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣,使學(xué)生樹立自信心,因此小學(xué)低年級(jí)英語教學(xué)的關(guān)鍵不是把語言知識(shí)灌輸給學(xué)生,而是通過聽,說,唱,游等活動(dòng)著激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)英語的興趣,同時(shí)養(yǎng)成良好的英語學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,為高年級(jí)學(xué)習(xí)英語打好基礎(chǔ)。從這個(gè)目標(biāo)出發(fā),在英語課堂中,采用以TPR教學(xué)法為主的各種方法進(jìn)行英語口語教學(xué),借助動(dòng)作,讓學(xué)生感受意義,產(chǎn)生興趣,積極參與,把課堂上所學(xué)的內(nèi)容充分地“動(dòng)”起來,把靜態(tài)的詞,句變成學(xué)生的動(dòng)態(tài)。
總之,TPR教學(xué)法具有很強(qiáng)的兼容性和靈活性,小學(xué)英語教學(xué)是一門科學(xué),更是一門藝術(shù),任何一種教學(xué)法的功能都是有限的,應(yīng)當(dāng)合理地運(yùn)用TPR教學(xué)法,探索其中的奧妙,摒棄其不足之處,充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性,使小學(xué)生英語課堂煥發(fā)精彩!
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]張志遠(yuǎn).兒童英語教學(xué)法[M].北京:外語教學(xué)研究出版社,2002 [2]沈亞平.淺談“全身反應(yīng)法”在小學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用[J].http:///050801/200603/20060315 100522.html,2006 [4]王陽.英語基礎(chǔ)課程的教與學(xué)[M].西安:陜西科技出版社,1997
第三篇:淺析TPR教學(xué)法在幼兒英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
淺析TPR教學(xué)法在幼兒英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用 論文關(guān)鍵詞:“TPR”理論 TPR教學(xué)法 教學(xué)模式
論文摘要:近幾年,英語教學(xué)法已經(jīng)取得了長(zhǎng)足進(jìn)展,一些新型的幼兒英語教學(xué)法應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。TPR教學(xué)法是幼兒英語教學(xué)法中一種常見的教學(xué)方法。本文旨在通過闡述TPR教學(xué)法與傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)法的對(duì)比,來分析TPR教學(xué)法的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)以及對(duì)幼兒英語學(xué)習(xí)興趣的培養(yǎng),并具體探討其在幼兒英語實(shí)踐教學(xué)過程中與其它教學(xué)法的運(yùn)用,最后提出在該領(lǐng)域中出現(xiàn)的一些誤區(qū)和注意問題。
一、什么是TPR教學(xué)法
TPR,是TotalPhysicalResponse的縮寫,指全身反應(yīng)教學(xué)法,是美國(guó)加州圣約瑟大學(xué)心理學(xué)教授詹姆士·阿歇爾(James Asher)于20世紀(jì)60年代提出的。這種方法倡導(dǎo)把言語和行為聯(lián)系在一起,通過身體動(dòng)作教授外語。教師先把教學(xué)內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì)成一系列指令式語言項(xiàng)目,然后讓學(xué)生對(duì)這些項(xiàng)目用身體做出反應(yīng)。
全身反應(yīng)教學(xué)法注重語言學(xué)習(xí)中的互動(dòng)模式。全身反應(yīng)法吸取了心理學(xué)中“記憶痕跡”理論的觀點(diǎn)。該理論認(rèn)為,記憶聯(lián)系越是經(jīng)常和強(qiáng)烈,該記憶的聯(lián)想和回憶越容易,運(yùn)用全身反應(yīng)法學(xué)英語,小孩一般先用身體反應(yīng),而后再學(xué)會(huì)用語言進(jìn)行反應(yīng),使身體反應(yīng)與語言反應(yīng)聯(lián)系起來,就容易形成記憶。此外,由于這種方法對(duì)學(xué)生的言語輸出不作嚴(yán)格要求并總與游戲同行,可以減少學(xué)生的心理負(fù)擔(dān),培養(yǎng)愉快的學(xué)習(xí)情緒,提高學(xué)習(xí)的效率。
全身反應(yīng)教學(xué)法的優(yōu)勢(shì)是強(qiáng)調(diào)身體的互動(dòng)性、教學(xué)的生動(dòng)性,以便讓孩子更直觀地了解在游戲中學(xué)習(xí)、英語生活化,同時(shí)也可以更好地激發(fā)孩子對(duì)英語學(xué)習(xí)的濃厚興趣。
TPR教學(xué)法的基本原則
一)讓第二語言進(jìn)入學(xué)生的右半腦
James Asher認(rèn)為,右腦是緘默的,非語言性的,但是它可以通過指令做出適應(yīng)動(dòng)作來表達(dá)自己。通過讓語言進(jìn)入右半腦引起行為變化,學(xué)生很快就可以理解語言代碼,當(dāng)學(xué)生能夠理解目標(biāo)語的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及其表示的含義時(shí),他就作好了說的準(zhǔn)備。
(二)以“聽——做動(dòng)作”為主要教學(xué)組織形式
這是TPR教學(xué)法最明顯的特征。在學(xué)習(xí)過程中,教師用目標(biāo)語發(fā)出指令,先自己做,等學(xué)生能理解后,讓學(xué)生完成動(dòng)作,然后邊說邊做。開始,教師通過說跟我做游戲,讓學(xué)生一起做動(dòng)作,這樣可以使學(xué)生理解指令與被期望的動(dòng)作之間的關(guān)系,并準(zhǔn)確作出相應(yīng)的動(dòng)作。然后,學(xué)生兩人一組,先由一名學(xué)生模仿教師發(fā)布指令,另一名學(xué)生根據(jù)他的指令做出相應(yīng)的動(dòng)作。之后,兩人調(diào)換角色,繼續(xù)做練習(xí)。起初,指令較簡(jiǎn)單,往往是單一動(dòng)作,然后,很快發(fā)出幾個(gè)連續(xù)的動(dòng)作指令(這時(shí)調(diào)動(dòng)初學(xué)者的學(xué)習(xí)興趣非常重要。)如:Point to the door , stand up , sit down.逐漸過渡到比較復(fù)雜的指令,有時(shí)還包括一些想象的情節(jié),如:now you are Amy, please introduce yourself , OK?
(三)教授的語言形式以祈使句為主,帶動(dòng)其它句型
指令型語言其形式只能是祈使句,其它句型的出現(xiàn)只能服從于祈使句的使用,不僅新授動(dòng)詞如此,新授名詞、形容詞、介詞等也是如此。在輕松教授完新詞匯之后,再讓學(xué)生相互發(fā)出指令,如:“Lingling, get up, It’s late.”O(jiān)h,what’s the time?” “It’s half past seven.”從而實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)英語的快速理解和長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶,使學(xué)生在毫無壓力的情況下學(xué)習(xí)英語。
(四)對(duì)學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤采取寬容的態(tài)度
在傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)法過程中,教師對(duì)待學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤都是有錯(cuò)必改,精益求精,至使學(xué)生總怕出錯(cuò),怕出丑而不敢大膽開口說,只是機(jī)械地跟讀,而且小心翼翼。而TPR教學(xué)法對(duì)待學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤則采取寬容的態(tài)度,只糾正一些較大的錯(cuò)誤,在糾正時(shí)也注意方法,不使學(xué)生感到壓力。
二、傳統(tǒng)英語教學(xué)與TPR教學(xué)法
TPR教學(xué)法的主要特點(diǎn)是:①?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)聽力理解領(lǐng)先;②學(xué)生需要通過身體對(duì)語言的反應(yīng)動(dòng)作來提高理解力;③允許學(xué)生在做好準(zhǔn)備的情況下參與活動(dòng);④教師的教學(xué)應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)意義而不是形式。
相比之下,我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的英語教學(xué)法是語法教學(xué),即通過傳授英語的語法結(jié)構(gòu),培養(yǎng)初學(xué)者的語法結(jié)構(gòu)意識(shí)來掌握語言。如,“There is a book on the table”“,It is not a dog”,傳統(tǒng)法講解“Therebe”句型、動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)、冠詞的用法、介賓結(jié)構(gòu)“、It”句型及否定結(jié)構(gòu)。簡(jiǎn)單的兩個(gè)句子,涉及到了這么多基本的語法知識(shí),即使弄懂了,但學(xué)生一開口,還是單復(fù)數(shù)不分,肯定與否定混淆,甚至于大學(xué)的學(xué)生會(huì)話中還犯“he she”不分的毛玻同時(shí),類似的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語法”句型在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中極少接觸到。因此傳統(tǒng)的語法教學(xué)教的不是生動(dòng)的口頭語言,而是書面語,即“死的語言”,幼兒極難掌握。TPR幼兒英語教學(xué)法是教師根據(jù)幼兒愛動(dòng),注意力難以持久等心理特征,讓孩子通過跑、跳、做游戲?qū)W英語,而不是規(guī)規(guī)矩矩地坐在凳子上聽講,這樣課堂氣氛活躍,幼兒學(xué)習(xí)情緒主動(dòng),注意力持久。如果幼兒發(fā)音不準(zhǔn),老師就要自然狀態(tài)下不停重復(fù),直到發(fā)準(zhǔn)為止,幼兒也不必重復(fù)老師的話,但要按老師語言的涵義反應(yīng)。幼兒對(duì)老師發(fā)出信息的反饋越正確,表明對(duì)老師信息的理解越準(zhǔn)確。心理學(xué)家證實(shí),強(qiáng)迫幼兒重復(fù)老師的話會(huì)引起幼兒心理壓力和緊張情緒,限制幼兒語言學(xué)習(xí)技能的發(fā)展和提高。
三、“TPR”兒童英語教學(xué)可采取以下模式安排教學(xué)
(一)英文字母紙板教學(xué)法:教師把26個(gè)英文字母寫在不同紙板上,每一兒童手持一紙板(兒童多時(shí)字母 紙板可重復(fù)),教師不斷重復(fù)示范字母的發(fā)音。兒童記住后,教師便念字母點(diǎn)名,持其字母板的兒童答“yes或 yes,hereI'm am”。然后兒童交換字母板,再用同法訓(xùn)練。這樣兒童即掌握了其發(fā)音,也能模仿其寫法,同時(shí)注 意力也易專注。
(二)直觀教學(xué)法:兒童的心理特征之一是專注于具體的直觀事物,物體越直觀,形象越具體,兒童越感 興趣。教師盡量先教兒童生活中常用、常見、常聽的事物名稱,將事物或其圖片帶進(jìn)課堂。教動(dòng)物名稱時(shí),教師可模擬其形態(tài)或叫聲,或讓兒童自己模擬,效果更好。如教“dog、cat、hen、cow”等,通過模仿其滑稽的形態(tài),發(fā)出其惟妙惟肖的叫聲,兒童自然就聯(lián)想到了這是動(dòng)物,其英語名稱自然就記住了。
(三)整體教學(xué)法:即教師通過完整的故事情節(jié)或活動(dòng)場(chǎng)而教所句子,通過完整的句子教單詞,這樣,有 利于兒童從整體上把握一個(gè)句子或單詞的意義。比如可通過“yesterday I ate an apple”,將“anapple”換成“ a piece of bread”,“a bowt of rice”,“a banana”等等,但名詞前的不同冠詞、量詞不必解釋。
(四)表演教學(xué)法:教師通過生動(dòng)地表演,即運(yùn)用“身體語言”(body language)來闡明口中所不斷重復(fù)的 語言信息。比如教“I'mcrying(smiling)”,教師做大哭或大笑狀;并不斷重復(fù)上述句子,然后再讓兒童輪流表 演,并適當(dāng)重復(fù)句子。
(五)繪畫教學(xué)法:兒童對(duì)黑板上的圖畫比板書更感興趣,教師要是能興之所至,畫出所講授的內(nèi)容,圖畫或夸張,成逼真,兒童據(jù)此展開聯(lián)想,發(fā)揮想象力。如教“顏色”(colour)一詞時(shí),教師應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)兒童帶彩筆 進(jìn)課堂。教“red”,大家一起涂紅色,教“blue”,涂藍(lán)色等等。這樣眼、耳、口、手一起動(dòng),效果更佳。
(六)游戲教學(xué)法:教師設(shè)計(jì)與內(nèi)容相關(guān)的游戲,讓兒童蹦蹦跳跳地在笑聲中學(xué)英語為訓(xùn)練英語思維,分別起個(gè)名字叫“sun”組、“moon”組、或者叫“mountain”組、“sea”組。兩組面對(duì)面站立,中間相距3—5米?!皊un ”組隊(duì)首的兒童手持一沙包拋向“moon”組相對(duì)的兒童,同時(shí)喊一聲“red”或其他顏色,對(duì)面兒童拋沙包的同時(shí)喊 出符合“red”的一物體,如“tomato”,再拋沙包向“sun”組下一兒童,同時(shí)喊“blue”……這樣依次輪下去。教師 可通過錯(cuò)誤或延誤時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短來判兩組的勝負(fù),勝者發(fā)小禮物獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。這類游戲有助于在輕松、歡快后的氣氛中 培養(yǎng)兒童的英語意識(shí)和英語思維。
四、“TPR”英語教學(xué)對(duì)教師的要求
“TPR”兒童英語教學(xué)法花樣繁多,不一而足。鑒于其教學(xué)多樣化的特點(diǎn),教師應(yīng)具備扎實(shí)的專業(yè)知識(shí),即堅(jiān)實(shí)的英語基礎(chǔ),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流暢語音語調(diào),同時(shí)教師還應(yīng)懂得語言學(xué)、兒童心理學(xué)及英語教學(xué)法的基本知識(shí)。如此,才能保證“TPR”兒童英語教學(xué)課堂的生動(dòng)性、活潑性、寓教于樂,提高兒童英語的教學(xué)質(zhì)量。
四、TPR教學(xué)法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)
TPR教學(xué)法有助于迅速吸引兒童的注意力,讓小朋友們?cè)谡鎸?shí)的環(huán)境和體驗(yàn)中學(xué)習(xí)英語,其重點(diǎn)在于幫助兒童理解英語并實(shí)現(xiàn)使用英語交流,糾正學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤并不是主要目標(biāo),這樣的教學(xué)方式有利于消除小朋友的緊張心理,促進(jìn)兒童大膽開口說英語。TPR英語教學(xué)法同時(shí)創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)虛擬真實(shí)生活學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境,讓兒童在快樂的活動(dòng)中和反復(fù)的練習(xí)中學(xué)會(huì)英語。TPR教學(xué)法針對(duì)兒童英語教學(xué)來符合樂學(xué)原則,有助于讓兒童感受到英語學(xué)習(xí)中的愉悅,但它也有不足之處,一是TPR英語教學(xué)法只適應(yīng)于語言教學(xué)的初級(jí)階段,適用層面較為淺顯,因?yàn)樗婕暗幕顒?dòng)和言語都比較簡(jiǎn)單而基礎(chǔ),所以TPR英語教學(xué)不適合于深層次的英語學(xué)習(xí),這是其局限性。二是TPR英語教學(xué)方法靈活且豐富,其中包含了游戲、表演、競(jìng)賽、舞蹈等大量活躍元素,這樣小朋友很容易在教學(xué)進(jìn)行時(shí)注意力分散,手舞足蹈,東張西望,倘若沒有比較好的課堂管理方法,則將很難將小朋友有秩序地組織起來,從而導(dǎo)致英語課堂無法取得預(yù)期的教學(xué)目標(biāo):你說你的,我玩我的。這是TPR英語教學(xué)的不易把握性,這對(duì)教師的教學(xué)能力和經(jīng)驗(yàn)有一定的要求。5
第四篇:淺析TPR教學(xué)法在幼兒英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
淺析TPR教學(xué)法在幼兒英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
論文關(guān)鍵詞:“TPR”理論 TPR教學(xué)法 教學(xué)模式
論文摘要:近幾年,英語教學(xué)法已經(jīng)取得了長(zhǎng)足進(jìn)展,一些新型的幼兒英語教學(xué)法應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。TPR教學(xué)法是幼兒英語教學(xué)法中一種常見的教學(xué)方法。本文旨在通過闡述TPR教學(xué)法與傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)法的對(duì)比,來分析TPR教學(xué)法的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)以及對(duì)幼兒英語學(xué)習(xí)興趣的培養(yǎng),并具體探討其在幼兒英語實(shí)踐教學(xué)過程中與其它教學(xué)法的運(yùn)用,最后提出在該領(lǐng)域中出現(xiàn)的一些誤區(qū)和注意問題。
一、什么是TPR教學(xué)法
TPR,是TotalPhysicalResponse的縮寫,指全身反應(yīng)教學(xué)法,是加州心理學(xué)家詹姆士博士提出來的。
全身反應(yīng)教學(xué)法注重的是語言學(xué)習(xí)中的互動(dòng)模式。因?yàn)閷W(xué)生在一個(gè)比較放松的環(huán)境中學(xué)習(xí)英語效果最佳,而緊張、急躁的情緒對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)英語來說是不利的。教師應(yīng)該盡量創(chuàng)造有利條件,讓學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)多聽英語。
同時(shí),要幫助學(xué)生明確學(xué)習(xí)英語的目的。每個(gè)學(xué)生從本人的實(shí)際情況出發(fā),找出自己學(xué)習(xí)英語的真正原因和切實(shí)動(dòng)機(jī)。進(jìn)而,啟發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)自覺性,充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生盡快掌握英語的主觀能動(dòng)性。
全身反應(yīng)教學(xué)法的優(yōu)勢(shì)是強(qiáng)調(diào)身體的互動(dòng)性、教學(xué)的生動(dòng)性,以便讓孩子更直觀地了解在游戲中學(xué)習(xí)、英語生活化,同時(shí)也可以更好地激發(fā)孩子對(duì)英語學(xué)習(xí)的濃厚興趣。
TPR教學(xué)法的基本原則
一)讓第二語言進(jìn)入學(xué)生的右半腦
James Asher認(rèn)為,右腦是緘默的,非語言性的,但是它可以通過指令做出適應(yīng)動(dòng)作來表達(dá)自己。通過讓語言進(jìn)入右半腦引起行為變化,學(xué)生很快就可以理解語言代碼,當(dāng)學(xué)生能夠理解目標(biāo)語的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及其表示的含義時(shí),他就作好了說的準(zhǔn)備。
(二)以“聽——做動(dòng)作”為主要教學(xué)組織形式
這是TPR教學(xué)法最明顯的特征。在學(xué)習(xí)過程中,教師用目標(biāo)語發(fā)出指令,先自己做,等學(xué)生能理解后,讓學(xué)生完成動(dòng)作,然后邊說邊做。開始,教師通過說跟我做游戲,讓學(xué)生一起做動(dòng)作,這樣可以使學(xué)生理解指令與被期望的動(dòng)作之間的關(guān)系,并準(zhǔn)確作出相應(yīng)的動(dòng)作。然后,學(xué)生兩人一組,先由一名學(xué)生模仿教師發(fā)布指令,另一名學(xué)生根據(jù)他的指令做出相應(yīng)的動(dòng)作。之后,兩人調(diào)換角色,繼續(xù)做練習(xí)。起初,指令較簡(jiǎn)單,往往是單一動(dòng)作,然后,很快發(fā)出幾個(gè)連續(xù)的動(dòng)作指令(這時(shí)調(diào)動(dòng)初學(xué)者的學(xué)習(xí)興趣非常重要。)如:Point to the door , stand up , sit down.逐漸過渡到比較復(fù)雜的指令,有時(shí)還包括一些想象的情節(jié),如:now you are Amy, please introduce yourself , OK?
(三)教授的語言形式以祈使句為主,帶動(dòng)其它句型
指令型語言其形式只能是祈使句,其它句型的出現(xiàn)只能服從于祈使句的使用,不僅新授動(dòng)詞如此,新授名詞、形容詞、介詞等也是如此。在輕松教授完新詞匯之后,再讓學(xué)生相互發(fā)出指令,如:“Lingling, get up, It’s late.”O(jiān)h,what’s the time?” “It’s half past seven.”從而實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)英語的快速理解和長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶,使學(xué)生在毫無壓力的情況下學(xué)習(xí)英語。
(四)對(duì)學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤采取寬容的態(tài)度
在傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)法過程中,教師對(duì)待學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤都是有錯(cuò)必改,精益求精,至使學(xué)生總怕出錯(cuò),怕出丑而不敢大膽開口說,只是機(jī)械地跟讀,而且小心翼翼。而TPR教學(xué)法對(duì)待學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤則采取寬容的態(tài)度,只糾正一些較大的錯(cuò)誤,在糾正時(shí)也注意方法,不使學(xué)生感到壓力。
二、傳統(tǒng)英語教學(xué)與TPR教學(xué)法
TPR教學(xué)法的主要特點(diǎn)是:①?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)聽力理解領(lǐng)先;②學(xué)生需要通過身體對(duì)語言的反應(yīng)動(dòng)作來提高理解力;③允許學(xué)生在做好準(zhǔn)備的情況下參與活動(dòng);④教師的教學(xué)應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)意義而不是形式。
相比之下,我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的英語教學(xué)法是語法教學(xué),即通過傳授英語的語法結(jié)構(gòu),培養(yǎng)初學(xué)者的語法結(jié)構(gòu)意識(shí)來掌握語言。如,“There is a book on the table”“,It is not a dog”,傳統(tǒng)法講解“Therebe”句型、動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)、冠詞的用法、介賓結(jié)構(gòu)“、It”句型及否定結(jié)構(gòu)。簡(jiǎn)單的兩個(gè)句子,涉及到了這么多基本的語法知識(shí),即使弄懂了,但學(xué)生一開口,還是單復(fù)數(shù)不分,肯定與否定混淆,甚至于大學(xué)的學(xué)生會(huì)話中還犯“he she”不分的毛玻同時(shí),類似的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語法”句型在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中極少接觸到。因此傳統(tǒng)的語法教學(xué)教的不是生動(dòng)的口頭語言,而是書面語,即“死的語言”,幼兒極難掌握。
TPR幼兒英語教學(xué)法是教師根據(jù)幼兒愛動(dòng),注意力難以持久等心理特征,讓孩子通過跑、跳、做游戲?qū)W英語,而不是規(guī)規(guī)矩矩地坐在凳子上聽講,這樣課堂氣氛活躍,幼兒學(xué)習(xí)情緒主動(dòng),注意力持久。如果幼兒發(fā)音不準(zhǔn),老師就要自然狀態(tài)下不停重復(fù),直到發(fā)準(zhǔn)為止,幼兒也不必重復(fù)老師的話,但要按老師語言的涵義反應(yīng)。幼兒對(duì)老師發(fā)出信息的反饋越正確,表明對(duì)老師信息的理解越準(zhǔn)確。心理學(xué)家證實(shí),強(qiáng)迫幼兒重復(fù)老師的話會(huì)引起幼兒心理壓力和緊張情緒,限制幼兒語言學(xué)習(xí)技能的發(fā)展和提高。
三、“TPR”兒童英語教學(xué)可采取以下模式安排教學(xué)
(一)英文字母紙板教學(xué)法:教師把26個(gè)英文字母寫在不同紙板上,每一兒童手持一紙板(兒童多時(shí)字母 紙板可重復(fù)),教師不斷重復(fù)示范字母的發(fā)音。兒童記住后,教師便念字母點(diǎn)名,持其字母板的兒童答“yes或 yes,hereI'm am”。然后兒童交換字母板,再用同法訓(xùn)練。這樣兒童即掌握了其發(fā)音,也能模仿其寫法,同時(shí)注 意力也易專注。
(二)直觀教學(xué)法:兒童的心理特征之一是專注于具體的直觀事物,物體越直觀,形象越具體,兒童越感 興趣。教師盡量先教兒童生活中常用、常見、常聽的事物名稱,將事物或其圖片帶進(jìn)課堂。教動(dòng)物名稱時(shí),教師可模擬其形態(tài)或叫聲,或讓兒童自己模擬,效果更好。如教“dog、cat、hen、cow”等,通過模仿其滑稽的形態(tài),發(fā)出其惟妙惟肖的叫聲,兒童自然就聯(lián)想到了這是動(dòng)物,其英語名稱自然就記住了。
(三)整體教學(xué)法:即教師通過完整的故事情節(jié)或活動(dòng)場(chǎng)而教所句子,通過完整的句子教單詞,這樣,有 利于兒童從整體上把握一個(gè)句子或單詞的意義。比如可通過“yesterday I ate an apple”,將“anapple”換成“ a piece of bread”,“a bowt of rice”,“a banana”等等,但名詞前的不同冠詞、量詞不必解釋。
(四)表演教學(xué)法:教師通過生動(dòng)地表演,即運(yùn)用“身體語言”(body language)來闡明口中所不斷重復(fù)的 語言信息。比如教“I'mcrying(smiling)”,教師做大哭或大笑狀;并不斷重復(fù)上述句子,然后再讓兒童輪流表 演,并適當(dāng)重復(fù)句子。
(五)繪畫教學(xué)法:兒童對(duì)黑板上的圖畫比板書更感興趣,教師要是能興之所至,畫出所講授的內(nèi)容,圖畫或夸張,成逼真,兒童據(jù)此展開聯(lián)想,發(fā)揮想象力。如教“顏色”(colour)一詞時(shí),教師應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)兒童帶彩筆 進(jìn)課堂。教“red”,大家一起涂紅色,教“blue”,涂藍(lán)色等等。這樣眼、耳、口、手一起動(dòng),效果更佳。
(六)游戲教學(xué)法:教師設(shè)計(jì)與內(nèi)容相關(guān)的游戲,讓兒童蹦蹦跳跳地在笑聲中學(xué)英語為訓(xùn)練英語思維,分別起個(gè)名字叫“sun”組、“moon”組、或者叫“mountain”組、“sea”組。兩組面對(duì)面站立,中間相距3—5米?!皊un ”組隊(duì)首的兒童手持一沙包拋向“moon”組相對(duì)的兒童,同時(shí)喊一聲“red”或其他顏色,對(duì)面兒童拋沙包的同時(shí)喊 出符合“red”的一物體,如“tomato”,再拋沙包向“sun”組下一兒童,同時(shí)喊“blue”……這樣依次輪下去。教師 可通過錯(cuò)誤或延誤時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短來判兩組的勝負(fù),勝者發(fā)小禮物獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。這類游戲有助于在輕松、歡快后的氣氛中 培養(yǎng)兒童的英語意識(shí)和英語思維。
四、“TPR”英語教學(xué)對(duì)教師的要求
“TPR”兒童英語教學(xué)法花樣繁多,不一而足。鑒于其教學(xué)多樣化的特點(diǎn),教師應(yīng)具備扎實(shí)的專業(yè)知識(shí),即堅(jiān)實(shí)的英語基礎(chǔ),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流暢語音語調(diào),同時(shí)教師還應(yīng)懂得語言學(xué)、兒童心理學(xué)及英語教學(xué)法的基本知識(shí)。如此,才能保證“TPR”兒童英語教學(xué)課堂的生動(dòng)性、活潑性、寓教于樂,提高兒童英語的教學(xué)質(zhì)量。
四、TPR教學(xué)法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn) TPR教學(xué)法有助于迅速吸引兒童的注意力,讓小朋友們?cè)谡鎸?shí)的環(huán)境和體驗(yàn)中學(xué)習(xí)英語,其重點(diǎn)在于幫助兒童理解英語并實(shí)現(xiàn)使用英語交流,糾正學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤并不是主要目標(biāo),這樣的教學(xué)方式有利于消除小朋友的緊張心理,促進(jìn)兒童大膽開口說英語。TPR英語教學(xué)法同時(shí)創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)虛擬真實(shí)生活學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境,讓兒童在快樂的活動(dòng)中和反復(fù)的練習(xí)中學(xué)會(huì)英語。
TPR教學(xué)法針對(duì)兒童英語教學(xué)來符合樂學(xué)原則,有助于讓兒童感受到英語學(xué)習(xí)中的愉悅,但它也有不足之處,一是TPR英語教學(xué)法只適應(yīng)于語言教學(xué)的初級(jí)階段,適用層面較為淺顯,因?yàn)樗婕暗幕顒?dòng)和言語都比較簡(jiǎn)單而基礎(chǔ),所以TPR英語教學(xué)不適合于深層次的英語學(xué)習(xí),這是其局限性。二是TPR英語教學(xué)方法靈活且豐富,其中包含了游戲、表演、競(jìng)賽、舞蹈等大量活躍元素,這樣小朋友很容易在教學(xué)進(jìn)行時(shí)注意力分散,手舞足蹈,東張西望,倘若沒有比較好的課堂管理方法,則將很難將小朋友有秩序地組織起來,從而導(dǎo)致英語課堂無法取得預(yù)期的教學(xué)目標(biāo):你說你的,我玩我的。這是TPR英語教學(xué)的不易把握性,這對(duì)教師的教學(xué)能力和經(jīng)驗(yàn)有一定的要求。
【本文參考書目】1.《心理學(xué)大辭典》2.《交際能力與交際法》3.《也談外語要從小學(xué)起》4.《國(guó)外外語 教學(xué)法主要流派》
第五篇:淺議游戲教學(xué)法在小學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
淺議游戲教學(xué)法在小學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
[摘 要]依據(jù)《小學(xué)英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的指導(dǎo)和小學(xué)生的生理和心理特點(diǎn),在英語教學(xué)中加入適當(dāng)?shù)挠螒蛴欣谂囵B(yǎng)學(xué)生的興趣,角色扮演法和全身反映法是兩種常見的小學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)游戲,有效實(shí)施游戲教學(xué)能促進(jìn)小學(xué)生的英語學(xué)習(xí)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]小學(xué)英語 教學(xué)游戲
近些年,外語教學(xué)理論界特別強(qiáng)調(diào)把激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣放在重要位置,強(qiáng)調(diào)要讓學(xué)生在輕松愉快的氣氛中學(xué)習(xí)外語。《小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與教材編寫綱要》指出:興趣是學(xué)好語言的老師。小學(xué)英語教學(xué)應(yīng)摒棄傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)模式,要以激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣為出發(fā)點(diǎn),探索一套適合小學(xué)生的教學(xué)方法。《小學(xué)英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》也指出,興趣是學(xué)好語言的關(guān)鍵,激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣是小學(xué)階段英語教學(xué)的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù)。英語教學(xué)要注意結(jié)合兒童的心理和生理特點(diǎn),要有利于引起學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。在英語教學(xué)中加入適當(dāng)?shù)挠螒蛴欣谂囵B(yǎng)學(xué)生的興趣,符合“樂學(xué)”原則。游戲教學(xué)方法強(qiáng)調(diào)了學(xué)生的主體性,要求師生共同參與,而不是教師唱獨(dú)角戲,體現(xiàn)了教師主導(dǎo)與學(xué)生主體作用的發(fā)揮。游戲教學(xué)法符合小學(xué)生的生理和心理特點(diǎn)。小學(xué)生具有好動(dòng)的特點(diǎn),他們會(huì)對(duì)一些喜聞樂見的游戲性活動(dòng)感興趣他們活潑好動(dòng)愛表演,很少害羞,樂于接受新奇、趣味性強(qiáng)的事物,教師的教法可以直接影響學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的興趣。利用游戲無意注意的特性,有利于學(xué)生形成正確的學(xué)習(xí)方法和良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,有利于化難為易,有利于減輕學(xué)生的負(fù)擔(dān),符合素質(zhì)教育的要求。
一、問題的提出
人教社《小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與教材編寫綱要》(簡(jiǎn)稱《小英綱要》)提出,小學(xué)英語的教學(xué)目的是使兒童獲得一些英語的感性知識(shí),激發(fā)他們學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣和培養(yǎng)能力,使學(xué)生敢于大膽開口說英語。我市小學(xué)初開英語課時(shí),由于一些教師對(duì)小學(xué)英語教學(xué)目的認(rèn)識(shí)不是很清楚,對(duì)小學(xué)生的心理了解不夠,在教學(xué)中不能有效激發(fā)學(xué)生興趣,有的教師用中學(xué)的教學(xué)方法來教小學(xué),因此,有的學(xué)校的英語教學(xué)陷入困境。在教研中,我們感到必須探索一種符合小學(xué)生生理、心理的教學(xué)方法,才有利于小學(xué)英語教學(xué)健康發(fā)展。小學(xué)英語在我市是一門新學(xué)科,沒有形成穩(wěn)定的教學(xué)模式,如果能探索建立一種新的教學(xué)模式,對(duì)小學(xué)英語教學(xué)將起到極大的促進(jìn)作用。經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的考察和研究,我們提出了小學(xué)英語教學(xué)游戲法課題研究。
二、理論依據(jù)
近年來,國(guó)外外語教學(xué)理論界都特別強(qiáng)調(diào)把激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣放在重要位置,強(qiáng)調(diào)要讓學(xué)生在輕松愉快的氣氛中學(xué)習(xí)外語。國(guó)外的外語教學(xué)理論對(duì)我國(guó)的英語教學(xué)產(chǎn)生了積極影響,國(guó)外有許多外語教學(xué)流派,其中自然教學(xué)法、情景教學(xué)法、功能法等,這些教學(xué)法流入我國(guó)已經(jīng)多年,特別是近年興起的TPR(全部動(dòng)作反應(yīng)法)更是對(duì)我國(guó)兒童英語教學(xué)產(chǎn)生了重大影響。
《小英綱要》指出,興趣是學(xué)好語言的關(guān)鍵,激發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)英語學(xué)習(xí)的興趣是小學(xué)階段英語教學(xué)的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù)。英語教學(xué)要注意結(jié)合兒童的心理和生理特點(diǎn),有利于引起學(xué)習(xí)興趣,產(chǎn)生求知欲。要根據(jù)兒童好動(dòng)善模仿、愛說、愛唱、愛表演的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行教學(xué),教學(xué)方法要靈活、簡(jiǎn)便,通過對(duì)話、謎語、故事、繞口令、歌曲、游戲、短劇等內(nèi)容及競(jìng)賽表演等課外活動(dòng),激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣。
根據(jù)需要,在英語教學(xué)中加入適當(dāng)?shù)挠螒蛴欣谂囵B(yǎng)學(xué)生的興趣,符合樂學(xué)原則。它強(qiáng)調(diào)了學(xué)生的主體性,要求學(xué)生共同參與,而不是教師唱獨(dú)角戲,體現(xiàn)了教師主導(dǎo)與學(xué)生主體作用的共同發(fā)揮。游戲教學(xué)法符合小學(xué)生的生理心理特點(diǎn),他們活潑好動(dòng)愛表演、很少害羞心理,樂于接受新奇、趣味性強(qiáng)的事物,教師的教法可以直接影響學(xué)生對(duì)功課的興趣。利用無意注意規(guī)律的教學(xué)游戲,有利于學(xué)生形成正確的學(xué)習(xí)方法和良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,有利于化難為易,有利于減輕學(xué)生負(fù)擔(dān),符合素質(zhì)教育的要求。
三、理論假設(shè)
游戲教學(xué)就是在教學(xué)中盡可能地采用游戲的方式,將枯燥的語言現(xiàn)象轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷W(xué)生樂于接受的、生動(dòng)有趣的游戲形式,為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造豐富的語言交際情景,使學(xué)生在玩中學(xué)、學(xué)中玩,不僅學(xué)習(xí)了知識(shí),更重要的是培養(yǎng)了興趣。游戲教學(xué)吸收了國(guó)內(nèi)外外語教學(xué)法的合理成分,并結(jié)合我市小學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)實(shí)際,是可以廣泛應(yīng)用的小學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)方法。
四、實(shí)驗(yàn)基本過程
確定了研究課題后,我們開始了課題的研究工作。首先,我們選定了11所學(xué)校作為實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校并培訓(xùn)了實(shí)驗(yàn)教師。我們組織實(shí)驗(yàn)教師學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)內(nèi)外先進(jìn)的教學(xué)理論,學(xué)習(xí)《小英綱要》和教材編者說明,深刻理解教材編寫的意圖,理解教材的內(nèi)涵。組織他們到沈陽、大連、煙臺(tái)等地聽課學(xué)習(xí)。在培訓(xùn)和教學(xué)中,我們特別強(qiáng)調(diào)游戲教學(xué)法的精髓是愉快教學(xué),一定要讓學(xué)生在輕松愉快的氣氛中學(xué)習(xí)英語。我們規(guī)定每節(jié)課必須唱一首英語歌曲,做一兩個(gè)游戲。這樣,每節(jié)課都有歌聲、有游戲,課堂氣氛活躍起來,學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣也激發(fā)起來。
五、游戲教學(xué)的基本模式。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:
唱歌熱身是上課的第一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),主要是在上課前唱一兩首英語歌曲,在唱歌時(shí)還可以配上適當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)作,通過優(yōu)美的歌聲,營(yíng)造一種學(xué)習(xí)氣氛,讓學(xué)生感到已經(jīng)進(jìn)入英語學(xué)習(xí)氛圍。同時(shí),通過唱歌可以集中學(xué)生的注意力,使學(xué)生一上課就馬上集中精力來學(xué)習(xí)英語。游戲引入是上課的第二個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),也是課堂教學(xué)的最重要部分,利用恰當(dāng)?shù)挠螒蛞胄抡n是激發(fā)學(xué)生興趣的有效途徑,也是一節(jié)課成功的關(guān)鍵。比如,一位實(shí)驗(yàn)教師是這樣引入新課的。
T :Hello,boys and girls.Let“s
play a game,OK?Ss :OK!T :Now,please guess.What“s
in my hand? S1 :Is it an apple?T :No it isn“t.S2 :Is it a ball?T :No it isn“t.S3 :Is it a toy car? T :No,guess again,please.S4 :I think it“s
an eraser.T :Nowlet“s
look.OhIt“s
an eraser.You are so
clever.It“s
for you.S4 :Thank you very much.這種引入新課的方法,不僅復(fù)習(xí)了大量的詞匯和句子,為學(xué)習(xí)新課做好了鋪墊。同時(shí)由于學(xué)生急于想知道老師手上究竟是什么,都在猜測(cè),都在動(dòng)腦、動(dòng)口,都參與到學(xué)習(xí)中來。這種引入新課的方法,比以往那種老師講“今天這節(jié)課的任務(wù)是什么”,要來得自然、來得輕松。學(xué)生在不知不覺中進(jìn)入了新課,興趣盎然。新知學(xué)習(xí)是上課的第三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。引入新課后,接下來就進(jìn)入了新課學(xué)習(xí)。在這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中,我們要求教師盡可能采用實(shí)物、圖片、掛圖、簡(jiǎn)筆畫、手勢(shì)等直觀教學(xué)手段,采用電教等媒體,使語言教學(xué)更加直觀、更加生動(dòng)有趣。邊玩邊練是上課的第四個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),這是開展游戲活動(dòng)的好時(shí)機(jī)。經(jīng)過新知學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生對(duì)本課的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容有了一定的了解,然后再通過練習(xí)來消化。用邊玩邊練的方法,可以使枯燥的練習(xí)變得有趣。在這一階段,可以開展許多生動(dòng)活潑的游戲。如,猜謎、開火車、打電話、找朋友、擊鼓傳花等等。我們要求教師在這一階段要把握好課堂氣氛,要活而不亂、動(dòng)靜有序,要使每一個(gè)學(xué)生都參與學(xué)習(xí),反對(duì)那種只顧少數(shù)尖子學(xué)生,忽視大多數(shù)學(xué)生的做法。在游戲安排時(shí),盡量安排集體游戲,特別是那種需要集體配合,體現(xiàn)協(xié)作精神的游戲。這樣,既可以操練語言,又可以培養(yǎng)集體榮譽(yù)感。角色表演是上課的第五個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),也是把知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為能力的環(huán)節(jié),是學(xué)生最興奮的環(huán)節(jié)。小學(xué)生愛表演,當(dāng)老師宣布表演開始時(shí),他們的熱情馬上起來,小手象春筍一樣都豎起來,全都想露一手。這也是訓(xùn)練學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行交際的機(jī)會(huì)。學(xué)生在這個(gè)時(shí)間里可以盡情發(fā)揮自己的交際能力。教師應(yīng)抓住這一契機(jī),努力營(yíng)造英語表演氣氛,可以準(zhǔn)備一些簡(jiǎn)單道具如頭飾等,使表演更增添趣味。如第二冊(cè)第33課可以安排這樣的表演:一個(gè)學(xué)生戴上孫悟空的頭飾和幾個(gè)小朋友對(duì)話。
S1:Hello,boys and girls.How are you?
Ss:Fine,thank you.
S2:Hello,Monkey
King.
S3:Hello,Monkey King.How are you?
S1:I“m
fine.Thank you.How old are you?
S3:I“m
ten.
S4:Hello,Monkey King.My name is Li Yan.I“m
11.S1:Glad to meet you.
S5:Hello,Monkey King.How old are you?
S1:Ha,Ha!T“m
very very old.
S2:Welcome to our class.
S1:Thank you.
這樣的表演一次可以安排六個(gè)學(xué)生,一次表演只需要二三分鐘,一節(jié)課可以安排好幾組學(xué)生表演。臺(tái)上表演的學(xué)生非常興奮,臺(tái)下的學(xué)生興趣也十分濃厚,課堂氣氛達(dá)到高潮。競(jìng)賽鞏固是教學(xué)的最后一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),也是一節(jié)課的小結(jié)。競(jìng)賽是學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)的好形式,小學(xué)生好勝心強(qiáng),利用競(jìng)賽可以激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣,操練、鞏固所學(xué)知識(shí)。競(jìng)賽一般是貫穿于教學(xué)的全過程,也可以在課的結(jié)尾進(jìn)行決賽,最后做一個(gè)小結(jié)。分出誰勝誰負(fù),在勝方和負(fù)方的圖像上分別畫上笑臉和哭臉,或者給勝方插上小紅旗。
其次,我們初步探索了游戲教學(xué)的基本模式,其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:
唱歌熱身游戲引入新知學(xué)習(xí)棗邊玩邊練棗角色表演棗競(jìng)賽鞏固
唱歌熱身是上課的第一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),主要是在上課前唱一兩首英語歌曲,在唱歌時(shí)還可以配上適當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)作,通過優(yōu)美的歌聲,營(yíng)造一種學(xué)習(xí)氣氛,讓學(xué)生感到已經(jīng)進(jìn)入英語學(xué)習(xí)氛圍。同時(shí),通過唱歌可以集中學(xué)生的注意力,使學(xué)生一上課就馬上集中精力來學(xué)習(xí)英語。游戲引入是上課的第二個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),也是課堂教學(xué)的最重要部分,利用恰當(dāng)?shù)挠螒蛞胄抡n是激發(fā)學(xué)生興趣的有效途徑,也是一節(jié)課成功的關(guān)鍵。比如,一位實(shí)驗(yàn)教師是這樣引入新課的。
T :Hello,boys and girls.Let“s play a game,OK? Ss :OK!T :Now,please guess.What“s in my hand? S1 :Is it an apple? T :No it isn“t.S2 :Is it a ball? T :No it isn“t.S3 :Is it a toy car? T :No,guess again,please.S4 :I think it“s an eraser.T :Now,let“s look.Oh,It“s an eraser.You are so clever.It“s for you.S4 :Thank you very much.這種引入新課的方法,不僅復(fù)習(xí)了大量的詞匯和句子,為學(xué)習(xí)新課做好了鋪墊。同時(shí)由于學(xué)生急于想知道老師手上究竟是什么,都在猜測(cè),都在動(dòng)腦、動(dòng)口,都參與到學(xué)習(xí)中來。這種引入新課的方法,比以往那種老師講“今天這節(jié)課的任務(wù)是什么”,要來得自然、來得輕松。學(xué)生在不知不覺中進(jìn)入了新課,興趣盎然。新知學(xué)習(xí)是上課的第三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。引入新課后,接下來就進(jìn)入了新課學(xué)習(xí)。在這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中,我們要求教師盡可能采用實(shí)物、圖片、掛圖、簡(jiǎn)筆畫、手勢(shì)等直觀教學(xué)手段,采用電教等媒體,使語言教學(xué)更加直觀、更加生動(dòng)有趣。邊玩邊練是上課的第四個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),這是開展游戲活動(dòng)的好時(shí)機(jī)。經(jīng)過新知學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生對(duì)本課的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容有了一定的了解,然后再通過練習(xí)來消化。用邊玩邊練的方法,可以使枯燥的練習(xí)變得有趣。在這一階段,可以開展許多生動(dòng)活潑的游戲。如,猜謎、開火車、打電話、找朋友、擊鼓傳花等等。我們要求教師在這一階段要把握好課堂氣氛,要活而不亂、動(dòng)靜有序,要使每一個(gè)學(xué)生都參與學(xué)習(xí),反對(duì)那種只顧少數(shù)尖子學(xué)生,忽視大多數(shù)學(xué)生的做法。在游戲安排時(shí),盡量安排集體游戲,特別是那種需要集體配合,體現(xiàn)協(xié)作精神的游戲。這樣,既可以操練語言,又可以培養(yǎng)集體榮譽(yù)感。角色表演是上課的第五個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),也是把知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為能力的環(huán)節(jié),是學(xué)生最興奮的環(huán)節(jié)。小學(xué)生愛表演,當(dāng)老師宣布表演開始時(shí),他們的熱情馬上起來,小手象春筍一樣都豎起來,全都想露一手。這也是訓(xùn)練學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行交際的機(jī)會(huì)。學(xué)生在這個(gè)時(shí)間里可以盡情發(fā)揮自己的交際能力。教師應(yīng)抓住這一契機(jī),努力營(yíng)造英語表演氣氛,可以準(zhǔn)備一些簡(jiǎn)單道具如頭飾等,使表演更增添趣味。如第二冊(cè)第33課可以安排這樣的表演:一個(gè)學(xué)生戴上孫悟空的頭飾和幾個(gè)小朋友對(duì)話。S1:Hello,boys and girls.How are you? Ss:Fine,thank you. S2:Hello,Monkey King.
S3:Hello,Monkey King.How are you? S1:I“m fine.Thank you.How old are you? S3:I“m ten.
S4:Hello,Monkey King.My name is Li Yan.I“m 11. S1:Glad to meet you.
S5:Hello,Monkey King.How old are you? S1:Ha,Ha!T“m very very old. S2:Welcome to our class. S1:Thank you.
這樣的表演一次可以安排六個(gè)學(xué)生,一次表演只需要二三分鐘,一節(jié)課可以安排好幾組學(xué)生表演。臺(tái)上表演的學(xué)生非常興奮,臺(tái)下的學(xué)生興趣也十分濃厚,課堂氣氛達(dá)到高潮。競(jìng)賽鞏固是教學(xué)的最后一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),也是一節(jié)課的小結(jié)。競(jìng)賽是學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)的好形式,小學(xué)生好勝心強(qiáng),利用競(jìng)賽可以激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣,操練、鞏固所學(xué)知識(shí)。競(jìng)賽一般是貫穿于教學(xué)的全過程,也可以在課的結(jié)尾進(jìn)行決賽,最后做一個(gè)小結(jié)。分出誰勝誰負(fù),在勝方和負(fù)方的圖像上分別畫上笑臉和哭臉,或者給勝方插上小紅旗。
為了探索構(gòu)建游戲教學(xué)模式,三年來,我們定出各種教學(xué)研討課30多節(jié),對(duì)每節(jié)課都進(jìn)行分析研討,在此基礎(chǔ)上,向全市推出了教學(xué)觀摩課12節(jié)、優(yōu)秀課5節(jié),適時(shí)向全市英語教師推薦了游戲教學(xué)模式,得到了全市英語教師的廣泛認(rèn)可,許多教師紛紛采用這種方法。
六、游戲教學(xué)的基本原則
1.游戲的開展應(yīng)有一定的目的性。游戲是為教學(xué)服務(wù)的,必須與教學(xué)密切相關(guān)。在設(shè)計(jì)游戲時(shí),要充分考慮本課的教學(xué)重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)和其它教學(xué)要求,圍繞教學(xué)目的來設(shè)計(jì)游戲。這樣游戲的目的十分明確,不是為做游戲而做游戲。如在復(fù)習(xí)音標(biāo)時(shí),我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了這樣的游戲:讓兩個(gè)學(xué)生戴上輔音音標(biāo)頭飾,用手搭起一座“倫敦橋”,讓一組戴著元音音標(biāo)頭飾的學(xué)生通過“倫敦橋”,全班學(xué)生一起唱London bridge is falling down的歌。當(dāng)唱到某一句時(shí),音樂一停,“橋”垮了,誰卡在橋里,誰就要把兩個(gè)輔音和自己的元音拼讀出來?;蛘呷嗟膶W(xué)生一起來拼讀。這種游戲參與的人多,可很好地復(fù)習(xí)音標(biāo),同時(shí),優(yōu)美的音樂愉悅了身心、大腦皮層的興奮區(qū)得到了調(diào)整。這種方法,比那種單純的拼讀效果好得多。又如,在學(xué)習(xí)顏色英語單詞時(shí),我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了“幸運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)盤”的游戲:做一個(gè)活動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)盤,盤上面有七種顏色,老師指圖問:What colour is it?Can you guess?學(xué)生紛紛舉手回答,有的猜紅色、有的猜綠色、有的猜黑色、有的猜藍(lán)色等等。最后老師轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)盤,看哪些猜對(duì)了就可以加分或者得小紅旗。這種游戲目的性很強(qiáng),學(xué)生的參與面也很廣,練習(xí)較充分。
2.游戲的開展要有一定啟發(fā)性。開展游戲既是為了學(xué)習(xí)、鞏固所學(xué)知識(shí)、活躍課堂氣氛,同時(shí)也應(yīng)在游戲中開發(fā)學(xué)生智力、培養(yǎng)能力。我們可以設(shè)計(jì)一些富有創(chuàng)造性、挑戰(zhàn)性的游戲。如看圖猜物就是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生想象力和創(chuàng)造力的游戲。在幻燈片上畫出幾個(gè)抽象的圖形,打在幕布上,讓學(xué)生猜。T:What“s this in English?學(xué)生有的把圓形猜成一個(gè)球、一個(gè)蘋果、一個(gè)橘子、一面鐘等等,有的把方形猜成一本書、一張照片、一幅地圖、一扇窗子等等。學(xué)生可以大膽地發(fā)揮自己的想象力來猜,運(yùn)用自己所學(xué)的知識(shí)來表達(dá)。老師這時(shí)把覆蓋片加上,圖形發(fā)生了變化,有的猜對(duì)了,有的沒有猜對(duì),有的還可以留給學(xué)生想象的余地。如圓形是一個(gè)孩子的臉,那么究竟是男孩還是女孩呢,還可以繼續(xù)猜。這樣的游戲?qū)W生最喜歡,而且可以常玩常新。啟發(fā)性還體現(xiàn)在教師對(duì)游戲難度的把握,特別是對(duì)那些學(xué)習(xí)較后進(jìn)步的學(xué)生,我們可以通過游戲來激發(fā)他們的興趣,讓他們參與到游戲中來。在游戲中我們可以適當(dāng)給他們一些提示,啟發(fā)鼓勵(lì)他們?cè)谟螒蛑蝎@勝,培養(yǎng)他們的自信心和參與意識(shí)。對(duì)于先進(jìn)步的學(xué)生,則要讓游戲有一定的難度,要讓他們跳起來“摘桃子”。這樣因材施教,面向全體學(xué)生,使每一個(gè)學(xué)生都有收獲、都能進(jìn)步,得到發(fā)展,符合素質(zhì)教育的要求。
3.游戲的開展應(yīng)多樣化。俗話說“把戲不可久玩”。再好玩的游戲,玩過幾次就沒有新鮮感了,不可能玩很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。這就要求我們的老師要不斷地設(shè)計(jì)新鮮游戲,不斷地翻新游戲的做法,以適應(yīng)教學(xué)的要求。研究中,我們把游戲設(shè)計(jì)作為研究重點(diǎn),設(shè)計(jì)了100多個(gè)各種課堂教學(xué)游戲,而且許多游戲構(gòu)思新穎并有創(chuàng)意,豐富了課堂教學(xué)。4.游戲的開展應(yīng)具有一定的靈活性。靈活性是指在教學(xué)中,要注意適時(shí)、適度地開展游戲活動(dòng),在游戲中要注意課堂氣氛和課堂節(jié)奏的調(diào)整和把握,靈活處理游戲中出現(xiàn)的問題。靈活處理教材內(nèi)容與游戲的關(guān)系。游戲要服從教學(xué)要求,圍繞教學(xué)內(nèi)容開展游戲活動(dòng)。靈活處理教學(xué)模式中的六個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),并根據(jù)需要進(jìn)行適當(dāng)調(diào)整。
七、游戲教學(xué)的方法:
一、角色扮演法
角色扮演法(role--playing)是一種較為獨(dú)特的方法,指的是教師根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容,讓學(xué)生分別擔(dān)任不同的角色進(jìn)行會(huì)話表演,或制作簡(jiǎn)單的道具,利用教室作為舞臺(tái)進(jìn)行表演等。它能使學(xué)生親臨其境,將自己的思想、感情滲入到活動(dòng)中,使角色交際逐步向自然交際發(fā)展。這樣學(xué)生就可以用非言語動(dòng)作(手勢(shì)、面部表情等)來表達(dá)思想,從而培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立表達(dá)思想的能力。如在教學(xué)cake, radio, drum等單詞時(shí),教師引入祝賀生日的微型情境,通過送朋友生日禮物,扮演不同的角色,自然引出對(duì)話:
Teacher: Happy birthday to you, Mary, this is for you.Mary: Thank you, what’s in the box? Teacher: This is a drum.Mary: Wow, how nice.I like it.學(xué)生在學(xué)會(huì)單詞后,綜合以前學(xué)過的句子,將句子和單詞放入祝賀生日的場(chǎng)景中去表演,學(xué)生通過討論并且根據(jù)實(shí)際情境對(duì)已有的情境進(jìn)行擴(kuò)充或變換,通過為朋友購(gòu)買生日禮物或帶著禮物去朋友家作客等方式,讓學(xué)生扮演角色進(jìn)行表演。通過這一系列的活動(dòng),這三個(gè)單詞得到了運(yùn)用,使孤立的單詞變成了生動(dòng)的語言形象,學(xué)生也在不知不覺中掌握了語言的知識(shí)與技能,然后反復(fù)操練加以鞏固。
二、全身反映法
美國(guó)心理學(xué)家阿歇兒創(chuàng)造了全身反應(yīng)法(Total Physical Response)。他認(rèn)為,學(xué)外語要像幼兒學(xué)母語那樣,輕松愉快,無拘無束,通過動(dòng)作理解學(xué)習(xí)語言。本世紀(jì)的派梅爾、皮亞杰都是通過動(dòng)作進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)的倡導(dǎo)者。它指的是教師先把教學(xué)內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì)成一系列指令式的語言項(xiàng)目,然后要求學(xué)生對(duì)這些項(xiàng)目用身體作出反應(yīng),它能通過身體對(duì)語言的反應(yīng)動(dòng)作來提高理解能力,學(xué)生通過對(duì)聽到的語言材料進(jìn)行理解,將語言知識(shí)內(nèi)化,從而達(dá)到促使學(xué)生自然開口說話的目的,而且由于它不強(qiáng)迫學(xué)生用尚不熟悉的語言來說話而使學(xué)習(xí)變得輕松有趣,用身體激發(fā)想象力,從中領(lǐng)略自我創(chuàng)造身體動(dòng)作的情趣,提高學(xué)生非言語手段進(jìn)行交往的積極性。以單詞教學(xué)為例,四年級(jí)老師在教apple, banana, pear, orange, watermelon等實(shí)物名詞時(shí),教師讓學(xué)生每人準(zhǔn)備一種水果,上課時(shí)利用這些實(shí)物做教具,充分利用他們的味覺、嗅覺、視覺、聽覺等感覺器官,讓他們邊看邊學(xué),邊嘗邊讀,邊嗅邊認(rèn),通過色、香、味來區(qū)別實(shí)物的不同點(diǎn)。實(shí)踐證明,這一方法倍受學(xué)生的青睞和喜愛。
兒童與游戲有著天然的聯(lián)系。在課堂上適當(dāng)?shù)赜幸庾R(shí)地增添各種類型的游戲,能延長(zhǎng)孩子注意力的保持時(shí)間,有助于學(xué)生在一種輕松和諧的氣氛中學(xué)習(xí)。
然而,并不是在任何時(shí)刻運(yùn)用游戲教學(xué)法,都會(huì)收到很好的教學(xué)效果,那么,如何在小學(xué)英語課堂上有效的實(shí)施游戲教學(xué)法呢?
一、合理搭配游戲的類型與合理時(shí)間的安排。
兒童愛玩、愛動(dòng),而且注意力不持久。寓教學(xué)于游戲中,可以使學(xué)生在輕松愉快的學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)中掌握知識(shí)。學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語,沒有良好的語言環(huán)境,很難時(shí)時(shí)刻刻融入到語言環(huán)境中。目前小學(xué)生每周三節(jié)的英語課,僅靠游戲是不能培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的持久的興趣,而且有些時(shí)候過多的游戲也會(huì)浪費(fèi)師生的時(shí)間。所以,游戲教學(xué)法作為小學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語語言知識(shí)、培養(yǎng)興趣的手段,一定要注意時(shí)間與類型的合理搭配。
二、游戲的難度要分層次,讓學(xué)生有選擇性。
小學(xué)英語教學(xué)游戲要面向全體學(xué)生,因而教師要根據(jù)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的實(shí)際情況來設(shè)計(jì)游戲,協(xié)調(diào)學(xué)生在游戲中的分工。例如角色設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),最好有難有易,讓學(xué)生根據(jù)自己的情況來選擇適合自己的角色,學(xué)習(xí)優(yōu)異的學(xué)生有發(fā)揮的余地,學(xué)習(xí)較差的學(xué)生也獲得了表現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)。這樣,促使學(xué)生發(fā)展的同時(shí),也給了學(xué)生自主選擇的機(jī)會(huì)。
三、游戲的設(shè)計(jì)要尊重學(xué)生的興趣、愛好。
和學(xué)生一起設(shè)計(jì)游戲方案,充分尊重他們的興趣、愛好,有利于游戲的順利開展,也體現(xiàn)了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)主體地位,學(xué)生更會(huì)主動(dòng)參與、樂于參與,調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)積極性。
四、游戲的設(shè)計(jì)要貼近現(xiàn)實(shí)生活。
由于孩子的知識(shí)有限,分辨能力也很差,所以在設(shè)計(jì)游戲的時(shí)候要貼近現(xiàn)實(shí)的生活,不要與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活相差太大,要給孩子以正確的指導(dǎo)。聽過一節(jié)英語復(fù)習(xí)課,老師讓學(xué)生用黑板上出現(xiàn)的詞語horse, cat, monkey, dog, potato, tomato, grass, meat, fish組句子。孩子可以選擇喜歡的小動(dòng)物,選擇喜歡的食物,學(xué)生的積極性很高,充分發(fā)揮自己的想象力。“Horses eat meat.”可以,但是一旦這樣不真實(shí)的信息或模糊的信息留在孩子的腦海中,就很難摸去了,應(yīng)該盡量避免這種模糊的情況。
五、游戲的設(shè)計(jì)也要不斷推陳出新。
學(xué)生經(jīng)常做相同或相似的游戲,興趣不高,甚至厭煩。這就要求我們的教學(xué)游戲在保留經(jīng)典游戲的基礎(chǔ)上再加工并且推陳出新,可以利用現(xiàn)代教學(xué)媒體,使得課堂游戲成為學(xué)生真正想玩、樂玩的游戲。在調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣的同時(shí),學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性也不斷高漲,有利于學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)的展開。
總之,游戲是小學(xué)生非常喜歡的活動(dòng)形式。結(jié)合學(xué)生的年齡特點(diǎn)和心理活動(dòng)特征,在英語課上適當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)用游戲教學(xué)法,可以達(dá)到傳遞信息或鞏固、操練、復(fù)習(xí)所學(xué)內(nèi)容的目的。游戲易激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣,調(diào)動(dòng)其種極性,使學(xué)生主動(dòng)參與到教學(xué)活動(dòng)之中。巧妙設(shè)計(jì)的游戲活動(dòng)還利于學(xué)生的智力開發(fā)、情感培養(yǎng),引發(fā)求知欲,培養(yǎng)團(tuán)隊(duì)精神、樹立合作意識(shí)。在教學(xué)中,我們強(qiáng)調(diào)游戲教學(xué)方法的精髓是愉快教學(xué),一定要讓學(xué)生在輕松愉快的氣氛中學(xué)習(xí)英語。教師只有大膽嘗試各種教學(xué)方法,創(chuàng)新性的開展教學(xué)活動(dòng),才能全面提高學(xué)生的綜合素質(zhì),培養(yǎng)出優(yōu)秀的人才。