第一篇：高一英語(yǔ)寫作訓(xùn)練

高一英語(yǔ) 馮蕊 2013.11.30

高一英語(yǔ)寫作講義

(一)第一次月考作文分析

? 題目：假定你叫張華。一家英文報(bào)社來(lái)信要邀請(qǐng)你調(diào)查一下中學(xué)生對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用的情況，并依照調(diào)查寫一篇報(bào)道。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下表提供的信息，對(duì)你的調(diào)查作簡(jiǎn)要介紹，發(fā)給報(bào)社。主要的用途：1.閱讀國(guó)內(nèi)外新聞，學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。2.發(fā)email、欣賞音樂(lè)、看電影、玩游戲等。3.網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物。

出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題：1.過(guò)多地在網(wǎng)上玩游戲，浪費(fèi)了時(shí)間，影響了學(xué)業(yè)。2.瀏覽不健康信息，對(duì)身心有害。

? 范文：

As we all know, the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.We can do many things by the Internet.For example, we can read the news around the world, learn English, write e-mails, listen to music, see a film and play computer games on the Internet.Oh, we can go shopping by the Internet, too.So it is very useful for us.But at present, the Internet also has many disadvantages.Because many teenagers spend too much time on playing computer games, they have so less time to study that their study grades get worse.It’s a very serious problem.Some people look through unhealthy news by the Internet.It can influent their minds and themselves.In my opinion, we should make good use of the Internet and form a good habit to use the Internet.I think you can do it.(二)三步作文法

1.List the key points羅列出關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)

? have access to learn news at home and abroad as well as learning English ? send e-mails, enjoymusic, see films, play computer games

? do online shopping

? spend too much time in playing computer games online（be buried in）? waste time/ affect their studies（do harm to）

2.Make sentences造句

? They can not only read news at home and abroad but also learn English by the

Internet.? With the help of the Internet, they can have access to learning the latest news

at home and abroad as well as learning English.3.Form a passage and polish形成作文并修改完善

(三)寫作小技巧

滿分作文都有個(gè)共性就是有效地使用了語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。高考大綱中常用的連接詞有以下幾類：

? 并列補(bǔ)充關(guān)系：what’s more, besides, also, as well, moreover, furthermore, in

addition等等。

? 轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系：but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary,although, different from, in contrast to, in spite of, unlike, nevertheless, not only…but also, years ago…today, the former…the latter, then…now, theonce…now, on the one hand…on the other hand, some…others等等。

? 因果關(guān)系：since, as, because(of), for, so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that ? 條件關(guān)系：if, on the condition(that), as long as, unless, or else等等。

? 時(shí)間關(guān)系： when, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately,recently, since, from then on, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning/year/century, now, after, presently, later, finally, at last, all of a sudden等等。

? 特定的順序關(guān)系：above all, first of all, firstly, first, secondly, the , next, finally, in

the end, at last

? 換言之：in other words, that is to say, to put it another way

? 舉例說(shuō)明：for instance, for example, like, such as

? 陳述事實(shí)：in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth

? 總結(jié)：on the whole, in short, all in all, general, in a word, in conclusion, in closing,in summary等等。

特別要注意謂語(yǔ)用什么基本時(shí)態(tài)以及前后的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)，注意句子與句子之間的有機(jī)

聯(lián)系，段落與段落之間的自然過(guò)渡。這樣既能顯示出你的高中水平，又能使文章層次清楚，文理通順、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密緊湊，銜接自然。這樣只要要點(diǎn)全，準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤，語(yǔ)句通順流暢那就是高水平、高檔次的作文。

(四)寫作訓(xùn)練

? 題目：假若你是某高中學(xué)生李華，進(jìn)入高中后，你覺(jué)得學(xué)英語(yǔ)的方式與初中有很大的不

同。你給自己的英語(yǔ)老師寫了一封信，講述自己的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)情況。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下面的提示補(bǔ)全此信。

1.開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)高中英語(yǔ)時(shí)，覺(jué)得學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)有很多困難，難得讓他幾乎喪失信心；

2.后來(lái)逐漸意識(shí)到英語(yǔ)的重要性；

3.每天努力學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，例如多讀書，多背誦英語(yǔ)課文等；

4.向老師和同學(xué)請(qǐng)教更好的學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的方法；

5.他們的幫助和您的鼓勵(lì)使我取得了很大的進(jìn)步，現(xiàn)在對(duì)英語(yǔ)越來(lái)越感興趣。

? 作文：

Dear Mr.Li,I’m glad to tell you that I have made great progress in my English study since I became a senior high student.________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Thank you so much for your great help in your class.Wish you all the best.Yours,Li Hua

第二篇：高一英語(yǔ)寫作訓(xùn)練一

高一英語(yǔ)寫作訓(xùn)練一

讀寫任務(wù)1

閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。

Some years ago, leaving the farm to work in the city, three brothers were

employed by the same company and on the same pay.But three years later, they received different wages.So their father was confused and decided to pay a visit to the boss, who told him that he would let his sons explain for themselves.The three brothers were asked by the supervisor to go to the airport to get a cargo inventory at different times.Jim, who received 500 dollars a months, got the information on the phone instead of going to the airport himself.Frank, the 1000 dollars a month brother with a list of more cargoes.George, the 1500 dollars a month brother came back with detailed information and also did something extra without being told.[寫作內(nèi)容]

1．概括該故事的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約30詞左右；

2．就“態(tài)度決定一切”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，至少包含以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約120詞左右。

1）你認(rèn)為是什么導(dǎo)致三兄弟的薪酬差異;

2）你從這個(gè)故事得到什么啟示;

3）你對(duì) “態(tài)度決定一切”如何理解?

4)舉一對(duì)比事例說(shuō)明不同的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度產(chǎn)生不同的結(jié)果。

讀寫任務(wù)2

閱讀下面短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。

Snacks can be a good way to stop your hunger and get the vitamins your body needs.But you need to pay attention to what you eat.Choosing healthy snacks means shopping smart.Be careful of the health claims on food packages.Just because something says “all natural” or “pure” it doesn’t always mean it’s good for you.Be careful of low-fat food claims, too.If the fat has been cut back the amount of sugar in the food may have been increased to keep the food tasting good.Many low-fat foods have nearly as many calories as their full-fat versions.Here are some ways to make healthy snacking part of your everyday routine.*Keep healthy snacks with you.Keep plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables at home, so you can take them with you when you go out.*Satisfy cravings(渴望)with healthier foods.If you’re crazy about chocolate, try a hot chocolate drink instead of a chocolate bar.Trade ice-cream for yogurt.If you want something salty, eat whole grain biscuits instead of potato chips.*Pay attention to the amount you eat.As with everything, moderation(適度)is the key to smart snacking.[寫作內(nèi)容]

1.概括短文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的詞數(shù)大約30詞左右；

2.針對(duì)本文所陳述的內(nèi)容發(fā)表自己的看法，至少包含以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的詞數(shù)約120：

1)簡(jiǎn)述攝取過(guò)多的脂肪和熱量的負(fù)面影響。

2)你對(duì)周圍愛(ài)吃零食的人的合理化建議。

第三篇：高一英語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練

我真正掌握英語(yǔ)閱讀理解是在高三那一年，到現(xiàn)在我還是感激那位英語(yǔ)老師！大概給你總結(jié)為以下幾點(diǎn)：

1、首先快速瀏覽全文，保持對(duì)全文有個(gè)大致理解。能理解多少算多少，也不要抱有畏難情緒，因?yàn)檫@是為你做題打基礎(chǔ)！

2、根據(jù)問(wèn)題精讀文章。一般問(wèn)題都是根據(jù)段落出現(xiàn)（當(dāng)然總結(jié)性的除外），這時(shí)需要做的就是：找到該問(wèn)題大致所在的段落，或具體到文章的哪幾句，重點(diǎn)深入的讀懂讀透它們！給你個(gè)技巧，不妨用筆針對(duì)該問(wèn)題可能與之相關(guān)聯(lián)的句子用橫線化出來(lái)，然后細(xì)細(xì)品味!

3、要舉一反三。熟能生巧，每做完一套試卷要反思要總結(jié)，為什么錯(cuò)了？錯(cuò)在哪？

4、具體問(wèn)題具體分析。比如劃線部分的、詞語(yǔ)解釋的、最接近的是以下哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)的等等，這就要求對(duì)上下文，對(duì)相鄰幾句，或者段與段之間的理解了。還是一樣要找到該問(wèn)題所在的具體句子在文中哪個(gè)地方，多讀幾遍重點(diǎn)句子，重點(diǎn)段落，比較答案選擇一個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)！

5、把握全文，設(shè)身處地，切忌自以為是！通常最后那一兩個(gè)問(wèn)題是最難的，這時(shí)切忌以自己的想法推斷，要把自己想象成作者，他想表達(dá)出一個(gè)什么意思？想陳述一個(gè)什么故事？想引導(dǎo)一個(gè)什么目的？

6、當(dāng)機(jī)立斷，快速解決！做題的時(shí)候肯定會(huì)出現(xiàn)幾個(gè)模棱兩可的答案，不要著急，平靜心態(tài)，大膽取舍。文章中沒(méi)有涉及、沒(méi)有提過(guò)的答案，那好我就打上叉號(hào)，直到最佳選擇！

我高一高二那兩年也跟你一樣對(duì)閱讀理解無(wú)從下手，40分的題，最多撈個(gè)十幾二十分，高三老師的提點(diǎn)讓我醍醐灌醒，一有時(shí)間我就拿出試卷來(lái)練，練的多了，信心就足了，后來(lái)慢慢的從沒(méi)下過(guò)30分。最后高考還不錯(cuò)，英語(yǔ)就是提分的科目，好像考了126。想想以前都是70-80分，考出來(lái)我也滿足了。相信自己，沒(méi)有什么克服不了的！

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第四篇：高一英語(yǔ)專題訓(xùn)練

高一英語(yǔ)試題

第一節(jié) 單項(xiàng)選擇

21.____ ability and experience, I think John is the most suitable person for the job.A.In terms ofB.In case ofC.As a result ofD.In face of

22.______ such a difficult problem, he didn’t know what to do.A.FacedB.FacingC.Faced toD.Facing with

23.Scientists have found no ________of life on Mars so far, though great efforts have made on the research.A.symbolsB.signsC.marksD.signals

24.No one except two students ______ the meeting.A.has been late forB.have been late forC.was late forD.were late for

25.The factory is ______ near our school.We are suffering from its smoke.A.livedB.situatingC.living inD.located

26.___ the year 2007 the output of the factory rose ___ about 10% more than the year before.A.By;toB.In;atC.In;byD.By;with

27.In the middle of the square ___, which was built in honor of the heroes that gave their lives in the war.A.standing a monument(紀(jì)念碑)B.a monument stands

C.does a monument standD.stands a monument

28.Mrs.Smith fell ill.She went to work, ___, and tried to concentrate on what she was doing.A.otherwiseB.howeverC.besidesD.therefore

29.______ though she is, she can ________ to protect herself.A.A child;take measuresB.Child;make measures

C.Child;take measuresD.A child;make measures

30.─Is there any ___ between the two styles?

─Not a bit.The two are different in every way.A.similarityB.differenceC.popularityD.comparison

31.Reaching the top of ___ Mount Tai in ____ sixties was ___ unforgettable experience.A.;the;anB.;his;anC.;his;D.;the;an

32.An idea ___ to her that she might work out the maths problem in another way.A.passedB.happenedC.struckD.occurred

33.—Where did you study Japanese?

—I didn’t.I ___ when I visited Tokyo.A.picked it upB.took it upC.made it upD.turned it up

34.The old man felt a great weight ___ off his mind the moment he knew his son1

returned safe from the battlefield.A.takingB.to be takenC.takeD.taken

35.I met Bob at Jane’s birthday party and before that we ______ each other.A.had never seenB.did not see

C.have never seenD.never saw

第二節(jié) 完型填空

閱讀下面短文, 掌握其大意, 然后從所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

As the train approached the seaside town where I was going to spend my holidays, Imy legs.I stayed there a short while, breathing in the fresh sea air anda few words with one of the passengers, whom I had met earlier on the.When I turned to go back to , I happened to glance into the compartment(車廂)next to mine.Sitting there was a man who many years before had been my neighbor.He was a greathim once he began a conversation.I was not at allwhen he went to live in another part of London.We had not met since then,did I wish to meet him now, whenwas about to begin.Luckily at that moment he wasbusy talking to the man opposite him to catch sight of me.I slipped back, took down my two suitcases and carried them to the far end of the corridor so as to be ready tothe train as soon as it stopped.The moment the train came to a stop, I called a porter, who carried my luggage out of the station andme a taxi.As the taxi ran towards my small hotel, I breathed a deep sigh of relief at my.There was little chance that I shouldmy boring ex-neighbor again.When I reached the hotel, I wentto my room and rested there until it was time for dinner.Then I went down to the dining room anda drink.I had hardly raised the glass to my lips I had not escaped from the tiresome neighborthat wea table in the dining-room.“This is a pleasant,”he said.“I never expected to see you again after all these years.”

36.A.reachB.exchangeC.stretchD.loosen

37.A.exchangingB.changingC.talking throughD.talking about

38.A.fruit standB.department store

C.bus stopD.station platform

39.A.the stationB.my seatC.the waiting roomD.the office

40.A.talkerB.poetC.writerD.hero

41.A.work with B.take care ofC.get away fromD.pay attention to

42.A.happyB.afraidC.sorryD.content

43.A.soB.noC.notD.nor

44.A.holidayB.school dayC.work dayD.conversation

45.A.veryB.tooC.soD.much

46.A.get onB.stay onC.catchD.get off

47.A.foundB.gaveC.offeredD.stopped

48.A.good luck B.nice choiceC.narrow escapeD.bad fortune

49.A.keep in touch withB.run into

C.knock downD.catch up with

50.A.carelesslyB.aimlesslyC.sadlyD.straight

51.A.orderedB.requestedC.fetchedD.asked

52.A.whileB.beforeC.whenD.after

53.A.above allB.after allC.first of allD.in all

54.A.spareB.rentC.reserveD.share

55.A.surpriseB.interviewC.appointmentD.party

第三部分 閱讀理解

閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。A

Mr.Jackson worked in a factory.There he drove a truck.He carried the machines that were made in their factory to the station.He drove well and got more money than his workmates.His wife took good care of him and did all the housework at home.But the man had a shortcoming: he liked drinking.He often drank a little when he had supper.And after that he went to bed and soon fell asleep.It didn’t hinder(防礙)his work and Mrs.Jackson didn’t mind it.One summer afternoon it was very hot.Mr.Jackson felt tired and thirsty.He stopped by a bar on the side of the road and had a rest.One of his friends saw his truck and asked him to drink.He agreed and they drank a lot.And he didn’t stop at the crossing when the lights were red.A policeman tried to stop him.But he drove faster and soon they found him in the factory and they knew everything.He was nearly sent away for it.He was very sorry after that and promised he wouldn’t drink any longer when he was at work.One day, on his way home, he met an old friend of his and they were both happy and drank much.When he got home, his wife was angry but she didn’t say anything and helped him to go to bed.The next morning she said, “You drank a lot again last night!”“Who told you about that?” Mr.Jackson called out.“I didn’t drink at all!”“But you told me about it yourself!”

“Can you believe what a drunk(醉漢)says?”

56.At first Mrs.Jackson didn’t stop her husband drinking because________.A.he didn’t drink too muchB.he went to work on time

C.he never drank when he was at workD.he got more money than his workmates

57.______, so he was nearly sent away.A.Mr.Jackson didn’t stop when the lights were red

B.Mr.Jackson drove too fast when he was drunk

C.Mr.Jackson drank with his friend in the bar

D.Mr.Jackson didn’t listen to the policeman

58.As_______, Mr.Jackson promised not to drink when he was at work.A.his wife was angry with himB.the policeman punished(懲罰)him

C.his friends asked him not to do soD.he knew it was dangerous for him

59.Mrs.Jackson didn’t say anything that evening because________.A.she thought her husband poorB.she felt sorry for her husband

C.it was no use talking to a drunkD.her husband knew he was wrong

B

Scientists around the world have been studying the warming of waters in the Pacific Ocean known as El Nino.The appearance of El Nino is known to affect the weather around the world.Scientists still do not completely understand it.Yet they now find they can use it to tell about the future in different areas of the world.One example is the work of two scientists at Columbia University in New York, Mark Cane and Gordon Eshel.A scientist of Zimbabwe, Roger Buckland worked with them.They have found that when El Nino appears, Zimbabwe has little or no rain.This means corn crops in Zimbabwe are poor.The last El Nino was in 1991 to 1993.That was when southeastern Africa suffered a serious lack of rain.The scientists wrote about their recent work in the publication Nature.Their computer program can tell when an El Nino will develop up to a year before it does.They suggest that this could provide an effective early warning system for southern Africa, and could prevent many people from starving.60.El Nino is known as ___.A.the changing of the weather in southern Africa

B.the warming of waters in the Pacific Ocean

C.the weather which brings drought（旱災(zāi)）to Africa

D.the weather phenomenon（現(xiàn)象）that brings heavy rains to Africa

61.Scientists study El Nino in order that ___.A.they can provide a kind of early warning to the place that will suffer from drought

B.they can tell why Zimbabwe has little or no rain

C.they can do some research work in this field.D.they can put all this information into their computers.62.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A.Nature is the name of the article written recently by the scientists.B.Three scientists from the USA work on this subject.C.Southern Africa suffered a serious drought and many people died from hunger.D.El Nino has something to do with Zimbabwe’s poor crops.63.What’s the best title for this passage?

A.Appearance of El Nino is Predictable（可預(yù)測(cè)的）B.Drought in Zimbabwe

C.Early Warning SystemD.Weather in Africa

C

Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space.The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural(文化的)difference, not an economic(經(jīng)濟(jì)的)one.Knowing your own psychological(心理的)space needs is important because they strongly affect your choices, including, for example, the number of bedrooms in the home.If you were brought up in a two-child family and both you and your sister or brother had your own bedrooms, the chances are, if you have two children or more, that you also will offer separate bedrooms for them.I n America, for example, they train people to want to have their own rooms by giving them their own rooms when they are babies.This is very rare in the world.In many other countries, the baby sleeps in the same bed with his parents or in a bed near them.The space in the home also shows a lot about psychological space needs.Some families gather closer to each other and the size of their house has nothing to do with it.Others have separate little corners where family members go to be alone.Although it is true that psychological space needs are not decided by economic reasons, they sometimes have to be changed a little because of economic pressures.It is almost impossible, however, to completely change your psychological space needs.64.The first sentence in Paragraph 1 “Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space” means “______”

A.No two people need exactly the same amount of living space.B.Nobody needs a required amount of living space.C.The world requires the same amount of living space.D.Living space requirements are not always the same.65.Some families gather closer to each other at home than others because _______.A.they have limited living space

B.they are brought up in a large family

C.it satisfies their psychological space needs

D.the children in the family sleep in the same bed with their parents

66.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A.Americans are trained to live in large rooms at birth.B.Economic situation decided one’s amount of space needs.C.People in various countries demand different psychological space.D.Knowing your psychological space needs is important, as it affects your future.67.According to the writer of the passage, psychological space needs______.A.are not affected by income at all

B.have nothing to do with cultural background

C.can be changed if you make up your mind to do so

D.can hardly be changed altogether

D

Boxing was long viewed sickly.Generally forbidden by law in earlier days, the fighting was usually done with bare fists, and matches often lasted forty or fifty rounds.In 1882 John L.Sullivan, a fighter of great power, won the world heavy-weight championship of Paddy Ryan in a bare-fisted battle market by hitting, scratching, and biting without any rule.Five years later, while fighting Patsy Cardiff at Minneapolis, Sullivan broke his right arm in the third round, but he continued fighting to the sixth round and won.In 1889, Sullivan defeated Jake Kilrain with his bare fists in another championship fight, winning twenty thousand dollars and a diamond prize medal.His admirers talked of choosing him to run for the next governor, but he traveled to Australia for a boxing tour instead, coming back only to lose his title in a twenty-one round match with a young California named James J.Corbett.Gentleman Jim’s victory in this match marked a turning point, for it showed scientific boxing was over strength.But Corbett’s title ended in 1897, when another boxer, Bob Fitzsimmons, in less than three seconds, achieved his goal and then Fitzsimmons knocked out an Irishman, won him heavyweight championship of the world and invented terrible “solar plexus punch”.68.Boxing matches in the early days were________.A.short and bloodyB.usually spare-time competitions

C.governed by strict rulesD.cruel

69.Sullivan was so popular that his admirers________.A.encouraged him to be a governor

B.raised twenty thousand dollars for him

C.advised him to take a boxing tour of Australia

D.encouraged him to win another championship

70.Gentleman Jim’s victory over Sullivan was a turning point because it______.A.marked the first appearance of the “solar plexus punch”

B.told us that the scientific boxing was advanced

C.was decided on the basis of strength

D.removed the long-time heavy-weight champion

Answer: 21-25 ABBCD26-30 CDBCA31-35 BDADA

36-40 CADBA41-45 CCDAB46-50 DACBD51-55 ACBDA

56-59 CABC60-63BADA64-67 DCCD68-70DAB

書面表達(dá)（背誦）

臺(tái)風(fēng)是沿海地區(qū)常見(jiàn)的自然災(zāi)害，你一定在電視上目睹過(guò)臺(tái)風(fēng)襲來(lái)的場(chǎng)景。請(qǐng)你寫一篇100詞左右的短文，介紹一下沿海地區(qū)受臺(tái)風(fēng)襲擊的場(chǎng)面。

要點(diǎn)提示：

1.臺(tái)風(fēng)主要襲擊中國(guó)東南部省份；

2.臺(tái)風(fēng)一般會(huì)帶來(lái)強(qiáng)風(fēng)和暴雨；

3.臺(tái)風(fēng)襲來(lái)時(shí)，大樹被刮倒，許多街道、房屋會(huì)被淹沒(méi)，交通受到嚴(yán)

重影響；

4.許多居民將被迫離開(kāi)家園，損失慘重。

A typhoon is a terrible natural disaster that often strikes southeastern parts of China.It has been threatening human beings of all time.When the typhoon lands, there will be strong wind along with heavy rain.At the same time, many tall trees are blown down and a lot of houses and streets will be flooded by water, making the traffic affected seriously.Because of the heavy loss which is caused by the typhoon, many residents have to leave their homes and move to safer places.

第五篇：高一議論文寫作訓(xùn)練設(shè)計(jì)

高中議論文寫作訓(xùn)練設(shè)計(jì)

一、了解議論文基本常識(shí)

當(dāng)我們了解生活中的某件事情、某個(gè)現(xiàn)象或某些問(wèn)題時(shí)，總會(huì)形成自己的看法、主張和觀點(diǎn)，把這些看法、主張和觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)出來(lái)，并加以闡釋、說(shuō)明，就是議論；寫成文章，就是議論文。常見(jiàn)的議論文有：讀后感、隨筆、演說(shuō)、序言、書評(píng)等。

寫議論文、閱讀議論文，應(yīng)該注意議論文的要素，即：論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證。

論點(diǎn)就是我們的看法和主張。議論文的主要看法和主張就是文章的中心論點(diǎn)。有的議論文還有分論點(diǎn)。分論點(diǎn)是從中心論點(diǎn)分離出來(lái)的，從屬于中心論點(diǎn)，幾個(gè)分論點(diǎn)構(gòu)成中心論點(diǎn)。

論據(jù)是用來(lái)證明論點(diǎn)的根據(jù)。論據(jù)主要有事實(shí)論據(jù)和理論論據(jù)。論據(jù)必須充分、確鑿，有典型性。

論證是運(yùn)用論據(jù)證明論點(diǎn)的過(guò)程和方 法。常用的論證方法有舉例論證、道理論證、對(duì)比論證、比喻論證、引用論證、歸謬論證、正反論證等。

論證的方式一般分為立論和駁論兩種。立論是對(duì)一定的事件或問(wèn)題從正面闡述見(jiàn)解和主張的論證方式。駁論是對(duì)片面的、錯(cuò)誤的甚至反動(dòng)的見(jiàn)解或主張進(jìn)行批駁，只要批駁成立就行了。立論和駁論常常是互相聯(lián)系的。駁論文章中要有立論，以闡明自己的正確觀點(diǎn)。在立論的文章中有時(shí)也要批駁錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。

二、了解《2005年高考大綱》寫作部分有關(guān)議論文的解說(shuō)

基礎(chǔ)等級(jí)

①有的放矢

議論文要有明確的針對(duì)性。闡述正確的看法、主張和觀點(diǎn)，明辨是非，這是議論文的生命。寫沒(méi)有針對(duì)性的議論文，就是無(wú)的放矢，無(wú)病呻吟，無(wú)事生非。好的議論文，不但要有明確的針對(duì)性，還應(yīng)大力宣揚(yáng)正確的看法、主張和觀點(diǎn)。

②觀點(diǎn)正確

觀點(diǎn)是議論文的靈魂，一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的觀點(diǎn)哪怕能夠自圓其說(shuō)，也是無(wú)法得到大家認(rèn)可的。觀點(diǎn)正確與否，要看其是否符合廣大群眾的利益和道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

③內(nèi)容具體

作為議論文三要素的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證，不是一副互不關(guān)聯(lián)的空洞架子。好的議論文，不僅應(yīng)該有具體的內(nèi)容——健康明確的論點(diǎn)，具體真實(shí)的論據(jù)，準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)密的論證，還要有精心設(shè)計(jì)的完整嚴(yán)密的結(jié)構(gòu)。

④邏輯嚴(yán)密

不管什么文體的文章，都要講究思維清晰，前后一致。一段毫無(wú)邏輯的話，讀了讓人不知所云。議論文邏輯的嚴(yán)密體現(xiàn)在論證上。語(yǔ)句嚴(yán)密，無(wú)懈可擊。行文清晰，讓人讀了一目了然。

發(fā)展等級(jí)

①深刻

“透過(guò)現(xiàn)象深入本質(zhì)，揭示問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生的原因，觀點(diǎn)具有啟發(fā)性?！保ā?005年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試大綱》）

②豐富

“材料豐富，形象豐滿，意境深遠(yuǎn)?！保ā?005年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試大綱》）就議論文而言，“豐富”主要指論據(jù)典型、充分，出其不意又恰到好處。

③有文采

“詞語(yǔ)生動(dòng)，句式靈活，善于運(yùn)用修辭手法，文句有意蘊(yùn)?！保ā?005年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試大綱》）

創(chuàng)新議論文切忌板起面孔說(shuō)話，語(yǔ)言要盡可能生動(dòng)活潑，莊諧自如。當(dāng)然，不板起面孔，決非故作胡言亂語(yǔ)，信口雌黃。

④有創(chuàng)新

“見(jiàn)解新穎，材料新鮮，構(gòu)思新巧，推理想像有獨(dú)到之處，有個(gè)性特征?！保ā?005年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試大綱》）議論文要引人深思，發(fā)人深省，須有深刻而有創(chuàng)意的觀點(diǎn)，即“新穎的見(jiàn)解”。這里的“新穎”，既指言他人所未言，更指觀點(diǎn)出自司空見(jiàn)慣的事情、現(xiàn)象或問(wèn)題，讓人讀了覺(jué)得眼前一亮。但議論文僅有新穎的見(jiàn)解是不夠的，還必須在論據(jù)材料、布局結(jié)構(gòu)上有獨(dú)到之處。議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)過(guò)去有一個(gè)嚴(yán)格的格式，即所謂“引、析、聯(lián)、結(jié)”四步驟。創(chuàng)新的議論文寫作，不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在陳舊的格式套子里。

三、總體序列訓(xùn)練設(shè)計(jì)

高一年級(jí)階段著重訓(xùn)練要點(diǎn)

1、學(xué)習(xí)議論文三要素——論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證

2、論點(diǎn)的確立與表述

3、學(xué)習(xí)例證法、引證法、對(duì)比法

4、學(xué)習(xí)因果論證講道理

5、論點(diǎn)型、論題型（范圍型）議論文寫作

高二年級(jí)階段著重訓(xùn)練要點(diǎn)

6、學(xué)習(xí)論證的思路和結(jié)構(gòu)

7、學(xué)習(xí)喻證法、引申法

8、學(xué)習(xí)辯證分析講道理

①用發(fā)展的觀點(diǎn)講道理

②用聯(lián)系的觀點(diǎn)講道理

③用一分為二的觀點(diǎn)講道理

9、議論文的語(yǔ)言訓(xùn)練

10、關(guān)系型、材料型議論文寫作

11、學(xué)習(xí)寫新聞短評(píng)、影視評(píng)論

12、學(xué)習(xí)寫讀后感高三年級(jí)階段著重訓(xùn)練要點(diǎn)

13、學(xué)習(xí)議論文中的多種表達(dá)方式

15、學(xué)習(xí)寫作雜文

16、學(xué)習(xí)駁論點(diǎn)、駁論據(jù)、駁論證三種方法

17、學(xué)習(xí)寫作寓意型議論文

18、議論文寫作綜合訓(xùn)練

14、學(xué)習(xí)寫作思想評(píng)論、文學(xué)評(píng)論

這個(gè)序列共18個(gè)訓(xùn)練要點(diǎn)，分三個(gè)階段教完，每個(gè)訓(xùn)練要點(diǎn)并不是孤立的訓(xùn)練，而是互相聯(lián)系的。比如論證方法、論證結(jié)構(gòu)、論證語(yǔ)言、講道理的方法等知識(shí)點(diǎn)，貫穿整個(gè)高中階段的訓(xùn)練，只不過(guò)是在每一個(gè)訓(xùn)練階 段強(qiáng)調(diào)、訓(xùn)練、掌握的程度不同而已。

四、高一階段訓(xùn)練設(shè)計(jì)

一、論點(diǎn)的確立與表述

1、如果要求你閱讀完下列各題的文段之后，根據(jù)文段內(nèi)容，展開(kāi)聯(lián)想，各寫一篇議論文，請(qǐng)為你將完成的議論文設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)標(biāo)題，并寫出該篇議論文的中心論點(diǎn)。100字以內(nèi)。

①馬路邊有一棵高大的榆樹，紫藤纏著它長(zhǎng)得非常好。一天晚上狂風(fēng)大作，榆樹倒了，紫藤也枝蔓橫斜，落花滿地，早已沒(méi)有了原先的繁榮景象。

②清官，在我國(guó)史籍中謂之“循吏”。司馬遷為循吏作傳，第一人就是楚令尹孫叔敖。孫叔敖幼年時(shí)，在路上看到一條雙頭蛇。他聽(tīng)說(shuō)見(jiàn)了雙頭蛇人就要死，為防別人再受害，就自己上去勇敢地將這條蛇打死掩埋了，鄉(xiāng)人均稱其賢。后來(lái)，孫叔敖被楚莊王封為令尹，他整飭律令，振興農(nóng)業(yè)，辦了不少好事，“民皆樂(lè)其生”。而自己則破車劣馬，糙米菜羹，食“枯魚之膳，冬羔裘，夏葛衣，面有饑色”。個(gè)人的俸祿，他也廣施于人，至死“無(wú)分銖之蓄”，死后妻兒還得靠打柴度日。

③古羅馬神學(xué)家?jiàn)W古斯汀和法國(guó)思想家盧梭，少年時(shí)均品行不端。奧古斯汀混跡街頭無(wú)賴之間，打人罵人兼偷竊，“飽餐犯罪之樂(lè)”，“炫耀自己的污濁與下流”。盧梭則“又懶又喜歡撒謊”，他早年當(dāng)傭人時(shí)偷了主人的舊絲帶，竟在眾目睽睽之下，嫁禍于誠(chéng)實(shí)的女仆瑪麗，敗壞了人家的好名聲。后來(lái)奧古斯汀和盧梭都寫過(guò)《懺悔錄》，直面自己的隱私，痛責(zé)自己的過(guò)錯(cuò)，赤裸裸地解剖自己，最終都走上了棄舊圖新之路，在學(xué)術(shù)與事業(yè)上作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。

④1843年，二十多歲的恩格斯在倫敦大英博物館見(jiàn)到鴨嘴獸的卵時(shí)，甚為懷疑。因?yàn)?，鴨嘴獸是哺乳動(dòng)物，哺乳動(dòng)物是胎生的，怎么能有卵呢？有卵就不應(yīng)該是哺乳動(dòng)物。他并公開(kāi)闡述了這一觀點(diǎn)?？墒堑搅宋迨嗄旰蟮?895年，恩格斯明白了，鴨嘴獸雖為哺乳動(dòng)物，但它是卵胎生的，是哺乳動(dòng)物中的一種特例。此時(shí)，恩格斯已名揚(yáng)天下，可他仍然公開(kāi)承認(rèn)了自己青年時(shí)代的錯(cuò)誤，表示“向鴨嘴獸道歉”。

⑤主張“性靈說(shuō)”的清代詩(shī)人袁枚曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)：蠶吃桑葉，吐出來(lái)的是蠶絲，而不是桑葉；蜜蜂釀蜜，它采的是花粉，而不是蜂蜜。

二、學(xué)習(xí)例證法、引證法、對(duì)比法

2、下面的文字是《成功始于今日》一文的首段，閱讀后請(qǐng)續(xù)寫，要求至少用三個(gè)事實(shí)論據(jù)來(lái)論證中心論點(diǎn)，要求舉例詳略得當(dāng)，恰到好處。不少于600字。

成功始于今日

我們中間的許多人都知道古人留下的一首《明日歌》：“明日復(fù)明日，明日何其多！吾生待明日，萬(wàn)事成蹉跎。”它被寫在許多人筆記本的扉頁(yè)之上，用以自勉。但是，許多人又未必知道古人還給我們留下一首《今日》詩(shī)，詩(shī)云：“今日復(fù)今日，今日何其少！今日又不為，此事何時(shí)了？人生百年幾今日，今日不為真可惜！若言姑待明朝至，明朝又有明朝事。為君聊賦《今日》詩(shī)，努力請(qǐng)從今日始?！边@兩首詩(shī)，前者側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)今日之事今日畢，莫將今日推明日；后者著重強(qiáng)調(diào)今日一過(guò)無(wú)今日，“努力請(qǐng)從今日始”，角度不同，所表達(dá)的主題卻是相同的，欲成就一番事業(yè)，一定要惜時(shí)如金，莫將歲月輕拋棄。

3、下面的文字是《無(wú)欲則剛》一文的首段，續(xù)寫這篇議論文，要求舉兩個(gè)事例，從正反兩面來(lái)論證中心論點(diǎn)，不少于600字。

無(wú)欲則剛

“剛”是難以做到的，“欲”是人人皆有的。人的欲望有兩種，一種是作為一個(gè)正常的人所具有的正常的“欲”，如魯迅先生所說(shuō)的“一要生存，二要溫飽，三要發(fā)展”。這樣的“欲”，不影響他人正常的“欲”，甚至是為了最大地滿足最大多數(shù)人的“欲”為基礎(chǔ)的。這樣的“欲”，應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量予以滿足。一種是貪得無(wú)厭，甚至是以破壞別人的正常的“欲”為基礎(chǔ)的。這種“欲”，是應(yīng)當(dāng)批判乃至制止的?！皠偂焙汀坝?，是一種什么關(guān)系呢？要滿足大多數(shù)人正常的“欲”，應(yīng)當(dāng)具有堅(jiān)忍不拔、頑強(qiáng)奮斗的“剛”力；而要有百折不回的“剛”力，則必須沒(méi)有惡劣的、以破壞別人的正常的“欲”為基礎(chǔ)的個(gè)人私欲。古人云：“有容乃大，無(wú)欲則剛”，實(shí)在是說(shuō)出了“剛”和“欲”的辯證關(guān)系。

4、下面的文字是議論文《一天和一年》的開(kāi)頭部分，請(qǐng)?jiān)诘诙巍??啟發(fā)：”后面寫出“啟發(fā)”的內(nèi)容（即文章議論中心），運(yùn)用例證法，完成此文。續(xù)寫部分不少于600字。

一天和一年

一位畫家在拜訪德國(guó)著名畫家門采爾時(shí)曾訴苦說(shuō)“為什么我畫一張畫只要一天的時(shí)間，而賣掉它卻要等上整整一年？” 門采爾嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真地對(duì)他說(shuō)：“倒過(guò)來(lái)試試吧，如果你用一年的時(shí)間去畫它，那么只需一天就能夠賣掉它?！?/p>

讀了這個(gè)故事頗受啟發(fā)：

5、閱讀、參照下列范例，如果要求你圍繞后面的話題寫一篇議論文，請(qǐng)你寫出打算完成的文章的論點(diǎn)，并開(kāi)列至少5條能證明你的文章論點(diǎn)的有關(guān)名言警句。

話 題：探索

論點(diǎn)撮要：a.探索的動(dòng)力在不滿現(xiàn)實(shí)與對(duì)新生事物不斷追求b.探索需要有魯迅說(shuō)過(guò)的“吃螃蟹”的勇氣c.探索推動(dòng)著人類社會(huì)由蒙昧走向文明

d.探索須以科學(xué)的武器為指導(dǎo)

e.探索要不怕失敗，敢于再辟蹊徑

f.名言提示：

天下無(wú)難事，只怕有心人；天下無(wú)易事，只怕粗心人。

——袁枚

非盡百家之美，不能成一人之奇；非取全高之境，不能開(kāi)獨(dú)創(chuàng)之域。

——?jiǎng)㈤_(kāi)

我覺(jué)得自己好像是在海濱玩耍的孩子，有時(shí)很高興地拾著一些光滑美麗的石子。但真理的大海，我還沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)。

——（英國(guó)）牛頓

在科學(xué)的入口處，正像地獄的入口處一樣，必須提出這樣的要求：這里必須根絕一切猶豫，任何怯懦都無(wú)濟(jì)于事。

——（德國(guó)）馬克思

別忘了！難做的事才值得去做。

——（德國(guó)）叔本華

打破一切，尋求一切，敢做敢為敢破壞，這就是真理與生活?！ǚ▏?guó)）雨果①憂患③財(cái)富

三、因果論證

6、閱讀下面材料后，設(shè)想你自己如果是應(yīng)聘者，你的回答是什么？寫出你的答案，然后列出②仁愛(ài) 5條理由。100字以內(nèi)。

某中外合資企業(yè)招聘管理人員，面試中有這么一道題：三人外出打獵，一個(gè)人發(fā)現(xiàn)了一只野兔，另一個(gè)人打死了這只野兔，第三個(gè)人撿回了這只野兔；問(wèn)：一等獎(jiǎng)應(yīng)該給誰(shuí)？

（注意“發(fā)現(xiàn)”“管理人員”）

四、論點(diǎn)型、論題型（范圍型）議論文寫作

論點(diǎn)就是我們的看法和主張，它是一個(gè)判斷，而且是一個(gè)肯定判斷。論點(diǎn)型議論文是指命題（題目）本身即文章中心論點(diǎn)，寫這類議論文，不能另立中心，只需考慮組織論據(jù)進(jìn)行論證。而論題型議論文則只界定了議論的范圍，論點(diǎn)還需要寫作者自己在規(guī)定議論范圍內(nèi)另確定中心論點(diǎn)。

7、從下列題目中任選一題寫一篇議論文，要求論據(jù)典型、充足，論證嚴(yán)密、充分，800字以上：

①學(xué)貴在問(wèn)

②歌頌也需要勇氣

③有志者事未必成④不斷把人生的橫桿升高

⑤取“寸”之長(zhǎng)，補(bǔ)“尺”之短

8、從下列題目中任選一題寫一篇議論文，要求自定中心，有理有據(jù)，論證充分，800字以上：①面子②我之“酷”觀③拔河的啟示

④說(shuō)“嚴(yán)”

⑤貧與富

附錄：

議論文寫作八忌

（1）忌審題不準(zhǔn)。審題應(yīng)弄清文體，抓住題眼，吃透題意，把握重點(diǎn)，弄清選材范圍，確定寫作方法。如果對(duì)題目含義和要求掌握不住，理解不以，甚至稍微走一點(diǎn)邊，寫作則將失敗。

（2）忌立論膚淺。立論，就是對(duì)論述的問(wèn)題提出自己的看法和主張，自己的見(jiàn)解應(yīng)力求新穎獨(dú)到，主張應(yīng)該正確鮮明，有見(jiàn)地。立論應(yīng)避免一般化，表面化，抓不住問(wèn)題的實(shí)質(zhì)，看不見(jiàn)事物的本質(zhì)。（3）忌抓不住論點(diǎn)。

寫作議論文應(yīng)圍繞中心論點(diǎn)來(lái)寫。有的同學(xué)抓不住論點(diǎn)，常常偏離論點(diǎn)盡情發(fā)揮，或者節(jié)外生枝扯到別的問(wèn)題上去，或者把握不住論點(diǎn)的關(guān)鍵所在，搞顛倒了主與次、輕與重，這是不可能寫好議論文的。

（4）忌論據(jù)不確切。論據(jù)是用來(lái)證明論點(diǎn)的理由，是論點(diǎn)賴以成立的根據(jù)。論據(jù)不僅要典型、可靠，而且要貼切、恰當(dāng)。如果論據(jù)不恰當(dāng)，不貼切，就不能證明論點(diǎn)，論據(jù)不能用同論點(diǎn)對(duì)好角度，就無(wú)法為論點(diǎn)提供最佳服務(wù)。

（5）忌引用不精確。證明論點(diǎn)正確性的理由，有事例，也有事理。不論事例或事理，引用它們的時(shí)候都應(yīng)該精確。引用事例要真實(shí)可靠，不能隨心所欲的編造，那怕添枝加對(duì)也不允許，引用事理，如名人言論、詩(shī)文等，應(yīng)核對(duì)原文，力避錯(cuò)漏，不能斷章取義，也不能篡改原文。

（6）忌事議脫節(jié)。議論文中用事實(shí)證明論點(diǎn)?；蜥槍?duì)某一事情發(fā)表意見(jiàn)和看法，都得根據(jù)事實(shí)來(lái)闡明道理。把事與議緊密地結(jié)合起來(lái)。議脫離了事將是無(wú)根據(jù)的議，事離開(kāi)了議，事的作用和價(jià)值也就難于表現(xiàn)出來(lái)了。因此事與議不能脫節(jié)。

（7）忌持論無(wú)角度。寫議論文，特別是供料作文，往往有很多角度可寫，但寫的時(shí)候，一定要選最佳角度下筆，既不能四面出擊，也不能不加選擇地盲目行文。泛泛而論寫不深，隨意下筆寫不好。

（8）忌論證不嚴(yán)密。論證是運(yùn)用論據(jù)來(lái)證明論點(diǎn)的方法，是論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)之間邏輯聯(lián)系的紐帶。因此，論證必須思路清楚，邏輯嚴(yán)密。如果層次不清楚，思路不細(xì)密，邏輯性不強(qiáng)，那么論證絕不會(huì)嚴(yán)密