第一篇:美國俚語起源與發(fā)展-原創(chuàng)中文版
美國俚語如何進(jìn)入大眾文化
Abstract:American slang originates from the people of lower class, but has been used by people of different states, which makes it into a popular language from the vulgar one.The essay tells the development of American slang from both the aspects of language itself and social culture.We can judge from the essay that people can not only experience the unique characteristic of slang, but also the American culture which is hidden in this language.美國俚語起源于二戰(zhàn)期間, 那時的俚語只是某一個人團(tuán)體所使用的暗語或行話.而這一語言的誕生恰恰是這一團(tuán)體中類似于吸毒者,流浪漢和罪犯這樣的人.比如一些吸毒者就創(chuàng)造了一種俚語,他們用鼻嗅糖,黑色的東西,射擊場這樣的詞來暗指毒品.黑人甚至將俚語看作是本民族文化的一部分.他們使用像廉價酒,闊步舞,霹靂舞,爵士之類的詞匯.但是現(xiàn)在,俚語已經(jīng)成為美國人廣泛使用的語言,并在日常生活中起著重要的作用.它已經(jīng)從一種粗俗的語言形式轉(zhuǎn)變成一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語體, 并經(jīng)常在類似于紐約時報這樣的報紙和雜志上出現(xiàn).據(jù)報道,美國俚語的詞匯已占到英語總體詞匯的十分之一.顯然,俚語已成為美國文化的一個重要組成部分.2.文章脈絡(luò)
20世紀(jì)之前,美國上流社會的人們對俚語持有蔑視的態(tài)度.評論家托馬斯在他1829年發(fā)表的<我的理想>一文中評述到: 俚語是傻瓜才會使用的語言.到了1928年,俚語一詞在韋伯英語詞典里被定義為低級,粗俗而毫無意義的語言.然而, 20世紀(jì)時, 美國人民對俚語的態(tài)度卻發(fā)生了戲劇性的轉(zhuǎn)變.新一版的韋伯詞典將俚語一詞定義為非正式的,非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性語言.這種語言通常是由一些生搬硬造的詞匯組成, 用以體現(xiàn)出一種過激的, 強(qiáng)勢的或是滑稽的語言特征.俚語作為一種起源于社會底層的語言,必然有它成為被大眾文化所接受的種種原因.這些因素可以分為兩類.一種是源于俚語本身,另一種是源于文化氛圍.2.1 內(nèi)在原因
2.1.1俚語的簡潔性
俚語的句子簡短易懂.我們都知道”flu”這個詞是流感的意思,而“cab”是出租車的意思,但是我們很少知道這些語言是來自于俚語,而且它們的原型動詞是“influenza”和“motor car”.俚語通過縮寫,省略等方式使其比那些常規(guī)而難拼的詞匯更加簡短,在不混淆含義與概念的前提下使冗長的內(nèi)容變得更簡潔明了。最典型的一個例子就是用“prof” 來代替 “professor”, 用“VIP” 來代替“a very important person”,用“tomboy(假小子)”來指代那些喜歡劇烈運(yùn)動,喜歡參加喧鬧活動的小女孩。
2.1.2 情感表達(dá)的直觀性
另一個俚語盛行的原因是由于它比那些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的詞匯更能表達(dá)人們的真實(shí)情感.比如說當(dāng)一個人出色地完成一項(xiàng)工作時,那些類似于常規(guī)的”excellent”(好極了)或是“well done”(干得不錯)的詞匯則不能表達(dá)其贊揚(yáng)之意。有時人們需要表達(dá)的情感遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了詞匯所能形容的程度,而俚語則恰恰彌補(bǔ)了這個空白。比如,在棒球方面就有很多俚語,它們表達(dá)出了“a great job”(做得不錯)這樣的真實(shí)情感,那就是“hit a home run”(全壘打,全勝), “bat one thousand”(非常出色)這樣的詞匯。
2.1.3生動性
美國俚語運(yùn)用多種修辭手法使得語言更加生動形象。當(dāng)人們讀到“a curve ball”(曲線球)這個詞時,他們的腦海中會浮現(xiàn)出一個棒球手面對曲線球這樣的場景,這使得人們立即聯(lián)想到了“a difficult thing”(某件難事)這個概念。短語“out of ball park”(越出棒球場)也生動描述了某件超出控制的事。許多俚語的誕生是源于語言本身與具體形象的相似性以及相關(guān)性。這類的俚語包含簡明的結(jié)構(gòu)和新奇的含義,而且有時會產(chǎn)生意想不到的文學(xué)效果。試著比較這兩個句子:“這一對戀人終于決定長相廝守”和“他已到達(dá)遲暮之年”,這樣的句子是不是比“他們最終結(jié)婚了”以及“他已經(jīng)老了”這樣的詞更有文學(xué)效果。從這些例子我們可以看出,俚語是某個具體形象的類比,暗喻,轉(zhuǎn)喻 和 延伸。
2.2 外部因素
除了語言本身的原因以外,我們也要注意到美國文化氛圍的因素。我們都知道,美國是一個移民國家,其文化氛圍十分自由開放。這樣的氛圍連同俚語本身的語言特征共同為俚語的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了適宜的條件。
與此相似,倫敦腔則是發(fā)源于倫敦東部地區(qū)工人階級的語言,但倫敦腔卻被認(rèn)為是低級語言并被歧視。1909年,這種態(tài)度甚至通過倫敦議會召開的倫敦小學(xué)英語教學(xué)會議而愈演愈烈,會議發(fā)布的報告中說倫敦音由于它令人不快的鼻音,是一種腐敗現(xiàn)象的體現(xiàn),并且任何人都不應(yīng)該在這個帝國的首府應(yīng)用這樣的語言。倫敦音不被大眾文化接受的根本原因其實(shí)不在于發(fā)音,而在于英國人當(dāng)時的強(qiáng)烈的階級觀念。在電影《My Fair Lady》當(dāng)中,一個貴族立志要將一個在大街上叫賣鮮花的農(nóng)家女改造成一個舉止優(yōu)雅的上流社會女士,這個農(nóng)家女孩于是就從改變強(qiáng)調(diào)開始訓(xùn)練自己。
2.3 文化內(nèi)涵性
盡管俚語是一種信息性語言,卻成功地獄標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語結(jié)合在了一起。作為一種特殊的文化載體,俚語反應(yīng)了美國人真實(shí)的說話風(fēng)格以及當(dāng)?shù)孛绹幕?/p>
2.3.1 新穎性
俚語的基本精神就是不落俗套、追求新奇。富有創(chuàng)新精神的美國人民為很多陳舊的詞匯賦予了新的含義。比如詞組“have a lot on the ball”就起源于20世紀(jì)早期的棒球游戲,指那些總
是給接球員帶來許多麻煩的技術(shù)型發(fā)球員。但是那時,美國人賦予了它另外一層含義,那就是“高超而經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富”的含義。
2.3.2 幽默性
俚語通常是幽默風(fēng)趣的, 這反應(yīng)了美國人強(qiáng)烈的幽默感.當(dāng)你想描述一個貪婪的人時,你可以用”swallow”(吞)或是”gulp”(吞咽)這樣的詞,但這樣的詞無法表達(dá)”吞咽”這個動作以外的信息.但如果你用俚語, 效果就會截然不同.那些類似于“to wolf down”(狼吞虎咽), “to eat like a hog(像豬一樣吃東西)” or “to make a pig of oneself(把某人顯得像豬一樣)”的短語不僅描述出了動作,更充滿了幽默感.另一個例子就是北大西洋公約組織,但富于創(chuàng)新美國人已把它發(fā)展成另一涵義截然不同的俚語:No Action Talk Only(不要只說不做).從而成功地譏諷了這一組織的缺陷.2.3.3 包容性
如上所述,自由寬容的文化環(huán)境為俚語在美國的傳播提供了豐富的條件,俚語的流行可以說是美國文化開放性和自由化的一種反映;另一方面,很多美國俚語不符合傳統(tǒng)的語法規(guī)范,表現(xiàn)出隨心所欲的自由。如他們說the most worst winter而不是the worst winter,他們也用 I seen him walk up來代替I saw him walk up, 還有,他們也認(rèn)為They haves a house相當(dāng)于they have a house.有時他們所形容的“好”可以用bad(壞)、evil(邪惡)、wicked(邪惡)等詞匯表示,這些詞的詞義明顯已經(jīng)被延伸,反映出他們在語言方面的基本觀念.Conclusion:
The American slang which originated from common culture and jumped out of the limitation of traditional language has represented the free style of speech of the American people.American slang makes communicators become relaxed, interesting, and intimate, which becomes the reason for its popularity.All these characteristics have showed the innovation and humor of Americans.The slang, as a kind of complicated phenomenon has reflected the cultural development.At the same time, American slang has a significant effect on the social culture when reflects the characteristics of the social culture.For example, the development of American literal works, movies and English study all have close relationship with American slang.
第二篇:美國英語俚語
A a babe in arms 涉世未深的人 a big letdown 大失所望的人 a big shot 重要的人 a blind alley 死胡同 a busy signal 電話忙音
a close game 勢均力敵的比賽 a heap of 一大堆
a heavy course load 繁重的課程負(fù)擔(dān) a bed of rose 安樂窩,稱心如意的環(huán)境 a big dog 看門狗/保鏢
a big fish in a small pond 小地方的大人物 a big line 吹牛皮
a blue woman 有學(xué)問的婦女 a cut-up 胡鬧者 a dog in a blanket a dog in the manager a fly in the ointment 擾人之事
a fool and his money are soon parted 容易所騙的人 a gad about 四海為家的人 a long shot 大膽的推測
a picture of health 健康的樣子 a shoulder to cry on 可以依賴的人 a silken tongue 三寸不爛之舌 a stand-in 臨時代替者 a stand-out 杰出人才 a stone's throw 很接近
a watched pot never boil 不要心急 a yellow dog 卑鄙小人
abandon oneself to despair 悲觀失望 a blue-eyed boy 所寵愛的孩子 above all things 第一是
above ground 在地上,比喻或者未死 above measure 非常,過分,無可估量 above oneself 自命不凡 above price 無價 above the rest 特別 above-board 光明正大的 absolute refusal 斷然拒絕
accommodate oneself to circumstances 遂于而安 ace in the hole 最后的王牌 act of God 天災(zāi) act out 實(shí)行
act of fool 裝傻
after a storm comes a calm 暴風(fēng)雨過后的平靜 after is said and done 終歸
after hour 規(guī)定時間后(辦公時間等)aim high 志向遠(yuǎn)大
air oneself 到戶外呼吸新鮮空氣 alibi 借口 ask alibi 找借口 alive with 洋溢,擁抱
all aboard 各位請上車/船
all bark and no bite 光說不做 all burn up 怒火如焚
all gone 希望等的消逝,物品等的丟失 all in the day's work平凡的事情,不稀奇 all is still 萬籟俱靜
all lined up, all wind up, all set 一切準(zhǔn)備好了 all manner of 各色各樣 all skin and bones 皮包骨 all steam go 一切就緒,萬事俱備 all the better 更好了
all the father 盡...所有/所能 all the go 非常流行 all the worse 反而更壞
all there 頭腦清醒的
all things to all men 八面玲瓏 all tire out 太疲憊 all to the good 幸好 all too often 太平常 all too 太
all turned out 如愿以償 all washed up 全完蛋了 all wet 完全搞錯了 all you have to do 你最好 allow for考慮,體諒 allow oneself in 沉溺 alongside of 與...并排 an uphill battle 艱難的戰(zhàn)斗 and all that 諸如此類 and so forth 等等 and then 然后 any yet 但是
angel's visit 難得的客人,難得遇見的事物 animated talk 暢談
another matter 另一回事
another thing coming(to have)注定要到倒霉 another time 下次
answer back 回嘴
answer for 負(fù)責(zé),保證 any man alive 無論誰 any old thing 什么都
anything under the sun 任何事情 appeal to arms 訴諸武力 anywhere near 根本
are you telling me 用你來告訴我嗎/要你來發(fā)好施令嗎 arrest one's eye 引人注目 art and part 策劃和參與 as a general rule 一般說來 as best one can 盡最大能力 as best one may 盡力想方設(shè)法 as broad as it is long 半斤八兩
as clay in the hand of the potter 得心應(yīng)手 as clear as crystal 十分清楚 as clear as day 明若觀火
as clear as mud 不清晰,混亂 as close as a clam 一毛不拔 as cross as two sticks 非常生氣 as dry as bone 口渴
as easy as ABC 很簡單
as faithful as dog 十分忠實(shí) as far as that goes 實(shí)際上 as firm as rock 堅(jiān)如磐石 as gentle as a lamb 性情溫順的 as good as a play 非常有趣 as good as one's promise 受約 as good as one's word 受約
as graceful as a swan 姿勢優(yōu)美的 as is 照現(xiàn)在的樣子,原樣
as like as chalk and cheese 似是而非 as many again as =as much again as兩倍于 as matters stand 在現(xiàn)狀下,按照目前狀況 as of 在...的時候,直到...之前 as per 按照
as plain as the nose on one's face(to be)顯而易見 as poor as a church mouse 一貧如洗 as soft as down 柔軟如絨毛 as soon 寧愿
as sure as I’m alive 十分確實(shí)地 as the case stands 事實(shí)上 as the crows flies 筆直地
as the saying goes 正如俗語所說的
as the world goes 照習(xí)慣說
as things are 按照目前狀況 as thought 好像
as who should say 可謂,可以這樣說 as yet 至今還/尚/還 as you please 隨你意思 as you were 復(fù)原 ask no odds 不求照顧 ask the way 問路
assume a new aspect 面貌一新 at a blow 立即 at a dash 一氣呵成
at a full jump 全速的
at a /one stroke 立即/一舉 at all event 總之 at anchor 停泊/拋錨 at bay 陷入絕境
at best 最好不過/充其量 at call 隨叫/隨要
at close hand 在近處/不遠(yuǎn)將來 at cross purpose 目的相反 at ease 自由自在
at fault 出毛病/出故障 at fewest 至少
at first blush 乍看/一看 at full blast 全速地/大規(guī)模地 at heart 從內(nèi)心上,本質(zhì)上 at home in/with擅長 at issue 爭論
at one heels 緊跟著
at one word 馬上
at one's fingertips 了如指掌 at one's own charge 自費(fèi)
at one's service 聽候某人吩咐 at random 隨機(jī) at sight 一見就 at table 在吃飯
at the back of one's mind 在心里
at the bottom of fortune’s wheel 倒霉透頂 at the end of one's rope 忍無可忍 at the first face 乍一看
at the longest 之多 at the peak 最高價
at the point of the sword 敵意/劍拔弩張
at the point of 臨近...的時刻
at the tip of one's tongue 話說到嘴邊了 at the top of one's lung 大聲說話 at will 隨意
at worst 在最壞的情況下 at your disposal 由你支配 at your earliest convenience away with it 停止/挪開
B B.T.O.big time operator 浪費(fèi)時間 back in the saddle 重整旗鼓 bash 大型派對
beat him on the spot 當(dāng)場把他打敗
beat one's head against the wall 白費(fèi)力氣 beat one's brain(out)做事困難,傷透腦筋 beat sb to the draw 搶先某人一步 beat someone by miles 遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)強(qiáng)于某人 beautiful but dumb 木美人 before you know it 很快 behind the scenes 幕后人物 bend over backwards 竭盡全力 bet on it 有把握
bet your life 你絕對錯了
between a rack and a hard place 進(jìn)退維谷 between ourselves 秘密地說 big headed 傲慢/自大 big style 大派頭
biggie 大人物/很重要的事物 bite one's tongue 保持沉默 blast 歡樂時光
blow it big time 嚴(yán)重的錯誤 blow one's lines 忘記臺詞 bologna 亂講
boot-legging 賣私酒者 bootlick 拍馬屁 bossy 專制的 bound to 必定
break out in a cold sweat to 突然全身冒冷汗 bric-a-brac 小擺設(shè)
bring them back alive 將他們活捉回來 broomstick 瘦如竹掃把 bud/buffed朋友
buffed 肌肉發(fā)達(dá)的
build castle in the air 空中樓閣 bull session 長談 bummed 失望的
burn bridge 過河拆橋
burn one's finger 遇到挫折
burn one's boats/bridges 破釜沉舟,自斷后路 bury one's head in the sand 逃避 butter and egg man 有勢力的人 buy into something 接受某事物 buy your story 相信你的鬼話 by and large 大體上
C call in sick 打電話請病假 can manage 有辦法
can't be better 最好不過
cant't get away with it 法網(wǎng)難逃 got canned 被炒了
card up in one's sleeve 錦囊妙計(jì) carefree 無憂無慮
cast sheep's eye 暗送秋波 castle in Spain 白日做夢 sleepy head 愛睡覺的人 catch one's eye 引起注意
chicken hearted 膽小的人
cleaned out(儲備品,錢)用完,(商品)售完 clunker 老爺車/破舊的汽車 cocky/sassy 神氣活現(xiàn)
cold day in hell 絕對不可能 come and get it 試一下來拿吧 come off it 少廢話,別瞎扯 come to a head 到了緊要關(guān)頭 come to think of it 想起來了
come up and see me sometime 常來看我 comfy舒服的
common as an old shoe 不擺架子,平易近人 cook up a story 捏造 cool your lips 冷靜下來
country pumpkin 土頭頭腦
cover someone 掩護(hù)某人,用槍瞄準(zhǔn)某人 crane one's neck to see 伸長脖子看什么東西 crook 騙子
cry wolf 發(fā)假警報
cuff someone 給某人上手銬
curtain lecture 枕邊勸戒,妻子私下對丈夫的訓(xùn)話 cut class 曠課
cut it 能夠做某事,成功作做某事
D dapper 花花公子
days are numbered 來日無多 dead serious 非常認(rèn)真的 Dear John letter 絕交信 devil's luck 特別好運(yùn)氣 die in shoes 暴死街頭
dirty work 討厭的工作,卑鄙的工作 do all the talking 言之滔滔的人 do it all right 做的不錯
do it in your stuff 拿出本領(lǐng)來 do one's endeavor 盡力為之 dog sleep 不時驚醒的睡眠 dog watch 夜班
dog 丑八怪
break one's neck 致命傷
don't go off the deep end 不要心灰意冷 don't hold your breathe 不要指望
don't stick your nose in 不要牽涉在內(nèi) down something 喝某東西 drop the ball 失職
drown one's sorrows 借酒消愁
E easy as pie/cake 容易 easy money 易賺的錢
either make or break 破釜沉舟
enough is as good as a feast 知足常樂
enough to get by 夠應(yīng)付的
everything is coming up roses 自己經(jīng)歷的每一件事情都 eyes bigger than one's stomach 眼饞肚飽 eye to eye 看法一致
F fair, fat and forty 中年婦女 far and away 毋庸置疑 fast worker 閃電戀愛
feel oneself 覺得身心舒暢的
feeling low 悲觀
field day 快樂時光,自我放縱 fight it out 奮斗
fight tooth and nail 爪牙并用,拼命抵抗 figure head 無權(quán)力的人
fine feathers make fine bird 人要金裝
fish for a compliment for someone 討某人的恭維 fake 不可信任的人 flapper 愛打扮的女人 flat taste 味道平平flat tire 無精打采;爆胎 flats平底鞋 footfall 客流量 for a song 很便宜
for better or for worse 不計(jì)成敗 for good 永遠(yuǎn)/一勞永逸 for on thing 但是
for real 表里如一/可靠的 forget that noise 不可能
framed 被陷害/遭栽贓
freeloader 利用別人的善良或者好客而占人家便宜的人 fresh out of sth 耗盡某物,用完某物/新近離開 frisk 搜身
from the word go 立刻,馬上
G gal/dame 女人
get a black eye 被打青了眼睛 get a clue to 當(dāng)心,警惕
get a hold of oneself 控制情緒 get a load of 試試 get a move on 趕快
get down to 使得自己不受拘束,放縱自己 get even 報復(fù)
get it all together 不慌不忙,沉著冷靜 get off it 別胡扯/換話題
get up enough nerve to do something 鼓足勇氣去做某事 get someone down 令某人不愉快 get rusty 生手 gigolo 護(hù)花使者
give an ear to 聽一聽
give someone a black eye 打得某人鼻青臉腫 give him a buzz 打電話給他
give him a dirty look 給他憎恨的眼色
give him a dirty work 給他難為的工作 give him a free hand 由他去干吧 give him a lift 送他一程
give him some dope 給他一些內(nèi)幕消息 give him the wood 打他幾下 give him the work 給他點(diǎn)本領(lǐng)看看 give it to him 給他一試
give someone an inch, he/she will take a mile 得寸進(jìn)尺 go about 怎么辦 go easy 儉省些
go off on someone 對某人大喊大叫 go off the deep end 勃然大怒 go to one's head 沖昏頭腦 go to town 竭盡全力去做某事 go together 談戀愛
go under th knife 接受外科手術(shù) go west 死
good God 上帝啊 good gracious 天啊 good taste 合胃口 got the punch 有力的 great promiser 食言者 green horn 新手
H hail fellow 久仰
hang in the balance平分秋色 hang in there 耐心等候/忍耐一下
hang on by the eyelids 事情位在旦夕 hanky panky 鬼馬
hard boiled egg 難相處的人
hard nut to crack 難于駕馭的女人 hard up 經(jīng)濟(jì)拮據(jù)
hard-headed businessman 斤斤計(jì)較的商人
haul 趕快
have a good head on one's shoulder 有見識,明白事理 have a weakness for something 酷愛某事物
have it bad for 狂戀某物
have one's name on sth 某物完全適合某人/為某人度身定做 have roses on one's face 臉色紅潤 have the face 厚顏無恥 he girl 男性化的女孩 to be soft 容易相處
he man/big boy 壯碩的男人
bark and no bite 動口不動手 heart of stone 鐵石心腸 hell of the time 時光難熬 hen-pecked 懼內(nèi)者 hey you 你
country jack 鄉(xiāng)下佬
high and brow 上等的,名貴的 his right man 他的得力助手 hit it hard 努力做事
hit the nail right on the head 完全正確,正中要害 hit upon 偶然想出 hold it down 保持安靜 hold on'e own 獨(dú)當(dāng)一面 hold someone up 搶劫某人
hold your horse 慢一點(diǎn)
hold up in broad daylight 光天化日之下?lián)尳?hop in 上車 horn 電話
how you come out 怎么發(fā)生的
I get yoy my word 我認(rèn)真答應(yīng)你
I hear ya 我同意
I’ll say 我同意,當(dāng)然 I’ll see to it 我來處理它
if worse comes to worst 到了萬不得已的的時候 if you snooze, you lose 如果你不注意,就錯過良機(jī)了 in a sweet 心煩
in black and white 立下字據(jù) in heat 憤怒地
in high(low)spirit 精神愉快,消沉 in smooth water 進(jìn)入順境 in the dog house 陷入困境
in the good old day 幸福的日子 in the throes of death 受痛苦而死 innocent kid 無辜的人 it's a steal 真是便宜 it's in God's hands 聽天由命
J jack of all trade 什么都懂 joint 大麻,地方 jolly guy 快活的人 jump on me 向我發(fā)脾氣 junky 衣不稱身
just what the doctor ordered 對癥下藥
K keep a good house 收拾房子
keep body and soul together 溫飽
keep some posted 使得某人不斷得到最新消息 keep track 留意
kick in the pants 踢屁股 kid gloves 小心謹(jǐn)慎 kiddies 小孩
know sth like the palm of one’s hands 了如指掌
L ladies man 女人喜歡的男人 lardo 胖子 lashes 睫毛
lay down the law 立下規(guī)矩 lay stress on 重視
lead a cat and dog life 過著不和諧的生活 lead a dog's life 非人生活 lean meat 瘦肉
leave it to me 讓我干吧 let down 放棄
let someone have it 嚴(yán)厲訓(xùn)斥某人
life in not all roses 人生不是十全十美 life a finger 不出一點(diǎn)力 like a lamb 逆來順受
like a parrot 毫無知識
like a rolling stone 行蹤不定 live up to your words 言必信 living encyclopedia 活的百科全書 living like a lord 過著貴族的生活 living soul 人
lose one's cool 發(fā)脾氣 lose track of 失去聯(lián)系 lots of dough 很多錢
love handles 游泳圈/胖的腰圍
M make it snappy 提起精神
make the gorge rise 令人討厭 make whoopee 歡呼作樂 mind your eye 當(dāng)心 miser 守財奴
mish-mash 混雜物、大雜燴
miss the bus 錯過機(jī)會
miss the boat 錯過機(jī)會 /好東西等 money talky 財可以通神 monkey 五百美金
moonlight 兼職
my ass 才怪(強(qiáng)烈質(zhì)疑)my shoes bite 鞋子小,穿著疼腳
N nail sth down 敲定某事使得萬無一失 nail the brakes 急剎車 nip sth in the bud 防患于未然 no fun 沒有意思
no laughing matter 非同小可
not to wear your heart on your sleeve 不要太情緒化 nothing but skin and bones 很瘦 now you're talking 你說得有道理
O old dog 上年紀(jì)的人
old hand 老手
old man 老爸,男朋友,老公 old timer 老手,老資格 on a good note 歡盡而散 on a horse 快馬加鞭
on pins and needles 坐立不安 on the edge of my seat 專心地聽和看 on the rock 處境困難
one way or the other 千方百計(jì) out and out 完全地
out of one's hold 脫手 out of form 不合時,不合身 out of it 精神恍惚 get canned 失業(yè) out of sort 發(fā)脾氣 out of spirit 心神不安 over and over 多次地,重復(fù)地 over grown 孩子氣 own boss 自己當(dāng)老板
P pass the back 讓人做吧 past all hope 無可救藥
pat him on the back 聯(lián)絡(luò)感情 prayer(沒有)成功的可能性 pull devil, pull baker 加油 pull sth 干壞事
pull the dirty trick 有意愚弄 pull the purse string 吝嗇
punch your light out 打得你兩眼發(fā)黑 put a finishing touch 最后修飾 put a good show 好好干吧 put on air 宣傳
put one's shoulder to the wheel 全力以赴 put some heart on 施加壓力
put sb up 為某人提供膳食
put sth on the back corner 推遲做某事 put one's feet on the ground 腳踏實(shí)地 put your heart at rest 放下心來
R raid the fridge 吃光冰箱里的食物 raise hell 大發(fā)牢騷
read sb the riot act 訓(xùn)誡某人 ritzy 豪華的
rosy prospect 美好前景 rosy view 樂觀看法 rosy 美滿
round way 圓滑一點(diǎn)
round-table conference 圓桌會議 rubber check 空頭支票 rubbish 胡說
S sad news(令人悲傷的消息)賬單 same old stuff 一樣的東西 sandals 涼鞋
save one's neck 免受苦難 sawing wood 鼾聲如鋸木 scallker 黃牛黨
scare the devil out of sb 嚇?biāo)廊?secret sorrow 難言之隱
set the world on fire 一些震撼世界的杰出成就 shadow/tail 跟蹤
shake and make up 握手言和 bloody shame 可恥
shop till one drops 購物直到累死
show down 決勝者
show sb the back door 下逐客令 make a hit 出風(fēng)頭 show up 到達(dá) side money 橫財
sissy 娘娘腔的,基佬
sit on the top of the world 自大 japs/Skeepie 日本人
sleep a wink(沒有)合眼 slightest idea 一點(diǎn)意思也沒有 slop 劣質(zhì)食品
smart guy 手段漂亮的人 snobbish 有紳士架子的人 soak 要價太高 soft soap 滑頭
sonny boy 可愛的孩子
sore spot 致命傷
speak the same language 志同道合 spell out of town 驅(qū)逐處境 spic and span 非常整潔 spineless 沒有骨氣
spitting image of someone 于某人一模一樣 spoil the show 煞風(fēng)景 spring for 請客
square one's words with one's conduct 言行一致 squeeze 扒錢
stand no more nonsense 不準(zhǔn)兒戲
stand one's ground 堅(jiān)持己見,原地踏步 start from square one 重頭開始
stay up till all the hours of the night 徹夜未眠 step it up 采取行動
step on one's big toe 激怒某人 stick-up 搶劫
sticky business 讓人左右為難的事情 stool pigeon 內(nèi)鬼
stop on a dime 突然停止 stowaway 偷渡的人
strong meat 難以理解的問題 suck one's brain 投機(jī)取巧 sugar coated 口蜜腹劍
sweat like a pig 汗流浹背 sweet water 飲用水
swell/regular guy 好人 swell head 自大
swing for the fence 全壘打
T take a dump 大便 take a spin 兜風(fēng)
take him for a ride/ bump him 殺掉他 take order from 聽命于人 take sb in 將某人交給警方處理 take sth in stride 從容處理 take sth lying down 甘心忍受某事
teach your grandmother to suck eggs 班門弄斧頭 teacher's pet 老師最愛的學(xué)生 that does it 我受夠了
the finishing touch 最后修飾 the general effect 總結(jié)果 the green years 青春年華 the way-side rose 路邊的玫瑰 through a/the wringer 受盡苦難 through and through 完全地 throw in the towel 認(rèn)輸 ticked off 生氣
tick-tock 滴答聲 tight wad 守財奴 tip-top 最佳的
to be a jelly-fish 做事無頭腦 to be all eyes 注視,驚奇的看 to be down at heels 不修邊幅 to be eyesore 眼中釘
to be hot-headed 容易發(fā)怒
to be as like as two peas 十分近似 to be shabby 臟臟的 to be smart 整潔的
to be well groomed 容光煥發(fā)
to bring down the house 博得滿堂喝彩 to do/play one's part 盡自己職責(zé) to go smash 破產(chǎn)
to have eyes bigger than the belly 貪婪 to have face as long as a fiddle 拉長臉 to hold one's course 堅(jiān)定不移 to hold one's tongue 談話含蓄
to live a fool's paradise 愚人自欺
to make things ship shape 使得一切井井有條 to one's liking 合胃口的
to pitch into anyone 大人或者重罰某人
to see through the rose-colored glasses 太樂觀了 to speak for itself 事實(shí)之言
to speak in parables 說話裝腔作勢 to speak one fair 使人信服 to speak volume 中肯之言 toe the line 循規(guī)蹈矩 toe-to-toe 競爭 top banana 主管人員 topsy-turvy 顛倒是非
trash sb 嚴(yán)厲批評某人,破壞某物 turn in 睡覺
turn over a new leaf 改過自新 turn the cold shoulder on 冷淡對待 turtle on one's back 自身難保 two-faced 兩面派
U uncrown mayor 無冕之王 under the rose 秘密進(jìn)行 up to this minute 摩登的 ups and downs 盛衰 upstart 爆富
V vanish to thin air 消失的無影無蹤 walk on air 高興地飄飄然
wash it down 吞下,正餐后喝點(diǎn)東西 wash out 洗手不干
what gives 出了什么事
what is cooking 醞釀著
what is in your mind 你心意如何 what the hell 有什么稀奇
what's with you 什么事情讓你煩惱
what's her face 她叫什么來著,我忘記了她的名字 when it rains, it pours 事情一發(fā)生便接踵而至 whiz/pick-pocket 小偷 whoa 哇 whoopee 哇
win your heart 贏得你的心 within limits 適可而止
Y yanks 美國人
yesman 應(yīng)聲蟲
you're all wet 你完全錯了
you don't know half of it 你什么都不懂 you rat 鼠輩
第三篇:英語口語資料_美國俚語
美國俚語大全
http://004km.cnpletely wrong · all-nighter · I almost fell asleep during the test after an all-nighter.· MEANING: after studying all night.· ammo · The gun was useless after the killer ran out of ammo.· MEANING: ammunition · antifreeze · I really need some antifreeze in me on cold days like this.· MEANING: liquor · armpit · This town is really an armpit.· MEANING: undesirable place · awesome · What an awesome sunset.· MEANING: great · bad · Wow, that was really a bad movie.· MEANING: intense · barf · He barfed all over the seat of the airplane.· MEANING: vomitted · bashed · The boat was bashed beyond recognition.· MEANING: crushed · beat · After working all day I am really beat.· MEANING: exhausted · beemer · He just bought a new beemer to drive to work in.· MEANING: B.M.W.car · bench · He was benched during the basketball playoffs.· MEANING: taken out of the game · bent · It's OK.Don't get so bent.· MEANING: angry · bent out of shape · Don't get so bent out of shape.· MEANING: become upset · big gun · The president brought two big guns to the meeting.· MEANING: powerful people · big mouth · Shut up!You really have a big mouth.· MEANING: talk too much · big stink · The citizens made a big stink about the new nuclear power station.· MEANING: big issue · blade · He carried a ten inch blade with him.· MEANING: knife · blimp · I always seem to have a blimp sitting next to me when I travel.· MEANING: very fat person · blow · I'm going to blow out of here now.· MEANING: leave · blow · He blew all his money gambling.· MEANING: lost · blow a fuse · Hey, don't blow a fuse.· MEANING: lose your temper.· blow one's cool · Calm down.Don't blow your cool.· MEANING: become angry · blown away · I was blown away by his donation of a million dollars.· MEANING: greatly impressed · bomb · The movie was a bomb.· MEANING: bad · bombed
· The driver of the car was bombed.· MEANING: intoxicated · bonkers · I think I am going bonkers.· MEANING: crazy · boo-boo · If you make another boo-boo like that, you won't have a job.· MEANING: mistake · booze · I promised to bring two bottles of booze to the party.· MEANING: alcohol · bread · I need some bread to pay for my car.· MEANING: money · break · A lucky break helped him get the job.· MEANING: opportunity · break it up · Break it up, or I will call the police.· MEANING: stop · bring-down · The news of the airplane crash was a bring-down.· MEANING: depressing · buck · Do you have a buck I can borrow? · MEANING: dollar · bummed · I was really bummed after I heard the news.· MEANING: depressed · bummer · My trip to New York was a bummer.· MEANING: bad experience · bust · The whole idea was a bust.· MEANING: failure · buy it · If you don't slow down, you're going to buy it in a car accident.· MEANING: die · call · The weatherman made a good call about when the storm would come.· MEANING: prediction · can · Do you know where the can is? · MEANING: bathroom · carb · My motorcycle's carb is out of adjustment.· MEANING: carburetor · catch some rays · I'm going to lie on the beach and catch some rays.· MEANING: get some sunshine.· catch some Z's · I need to catch some Z's before I go on my trip.· MEANING: get some sleep · cheesy · That is really a cheesy looking outfit.· MEANING: cheap · chicken · Don't be a chicken.· MEANING: coward · chintzy · That really was a chintzy present you got him.· MEANING: cheap · chow down · I need to find a place to chow down.· MEANING: eat a lot · clip · Watch out or they will clip you at that bar.· MEANING: cheat · clunker · I can't go on a date in that clunker.· MEANING: old car · cold fish · My date for the dance was a cold fish.· MEANING: dull · collar · I knew they would collar the robber sooner or later.· MEANING: arrest · come up for air · He has to come up for air or he will die from exhaustion.· MEANING: take a break · con · Don't try to con me.· MEANING: deceive · cool · This is a really cool place to work.· MEANING: good · cool down · Things should cool down in a day or two.· MEANING: calm down · cop · How did you get the road sign? I copped it.· MEANING: robbed · cop · The cop showed me his badge.· MEANING: policeman · couch potato · He is a couch potato.· MEANING: lazy person · crack open a bottle · Let's crack open a bottle for his birthday.· MEANING: open · cram · I need more time to cram for the test.· MEANING: study hard · cream · Our team creamed them badly.· MEANING: beat · croak · I feel like I am going to croak.· MEANING: die · cruise · The skier was cruising down the hill · MEANING: going very fast · cuffs · He put the cuffs on the killer.· MEANING: handcuffs · cushy · He has a really cushy job.· MEANING: easy · cut · Could you cut my whiskey with a little water? · MEANING: dilute · cut out · It is late.I have to cut out.· MEANING: leave · damage · Lets get the bill and find out the damage.· MEANING: cost · dead · This disco is really dead tonight.· MEANING: quiet · deck · He was decked in the fight.· MEANING: knocked down · deep pockets · Her boyfriend has deep pockets.· MEANING: is a good source of money · dicey · Since the weather is a little dicey, I won't go today.· MEANING: chancy · dirty · I hear that it's a dirty movie.· MEANING: an obscene · ditch · I'll ditch my younger brother with my grandmother.· MEANING: leave · do a snow job on · Don't try to do a snow job on me.· MEANING: deceive · dope · He is such a dope.· MEANING: stupid person · dope · There are a lot of dope dealers around here.· MEANING: drug · dork · He is such a dork.· MEANING: strange person · dough · I need some dough before I can go Christmas shopping.· MEANING: money · down · Let's go to a bar and down a few beers.· MEANING: drink quickly · drag · Doing homework on the weekend is a drag.· MEANING: boring · dynamite · This drink is really dynamite.· MEANING: powerful;great · earful · My grandmother gave me an earful about the neighborhood.· MEANING: a lot of gossip · easy mark · The Japanese are an easy mark because they usually carry cash.· MEANING: likely victims · eat · The problem is really eating away at me.· MEANING: bothering · excellent · That's excellent man.· MEANING: fine · face-off · The two sides were headed for a nasty face-off.· MEANING: confrontation · far-out · This music is really far-out.· MEANING: great · fix · The addict needs another fix.· MEANING: dose of drugs · flaky · He is too flaky to do the work.· MEANING: unreliable · flashback · At the wedding he had a flashback of his old girlfriend.· MEANING: remembered · flick · I haven't seen a flick in a long time.· MEANING: movie · flip out · He flipped out when he heard that his mother had been killed.· MEANING: lost control · flip side · What kind of music do you have on the flip side of the tape? · MEANING: other side · fox · His older sister is a fox.· MEANING: very attractive · foxy · She is a foxy lady.· MEANING: sexy · freebie · The pillow was a freebie · MEANING: free · get into something · I got into gardening in high school.· MEANING: became seriously interested in · get it · I listened to the joke twice, but I still don't get it.· MEANING: understand · get with it · If you don't get with it, we will never finish this work.· MEANING: hurry up · gig · I have a gig on Saturday night from 7:00 to 10:00.· MEANING: job · glitch · This computer program has a glitch.· MEANING: defect · glitzy · This is a pretty glitzy hotel to be staying in.· MEANING: fashionable · go · Let me have a go at solving the problem.· MEANING: try · go bananas · I am going to go bananas if I don't have a vacation soon.· MEANING: go crazy · go down · What is going down? · MEANING: happening · goof · I am really a goof at times.· MEANING: fool · goof up · I really goofed up when I painted my room green.· MEANING: made a serious mistake · goofy · You are always acting goofy these days.· MEANING: silly · gourd · Use your gourd to figure out what is happening.· MEANING: head · grand · His salary is twenty grand.· MEANING: thousand dollars · grass · Lots of students smoke grass in the dormitory.· MEANING: marijuana · gravy · This job is pure gravy.· MEANING: easy money · groovy · This music is groovy.· MEANING: pleasant · gross · Picking your nose is really a gross habit.· MEANING: disgusting · gross-out · The party was a gross-out.· MEANING: digusting time · grub · Where is the best place to get some grub around here? · MEANING: food · grubby · Those clothes are too grubby to wear to the party.· MEANING: unclean and untidy · grungy · That is a really grungy jacket.· MEANING: dirty · gut · He got shot in the gut.· MEANING: stomach.· gut · The gut issue is about what we are going to do now.· MEANING: basic · guts · It takes a lot of guts to give the boss your true opinion.· MEANING: courage · hairy · That was a hairy plane trip.I am glad the storm is over.· MEANING: dangerous · hammer · Put the hammer to the floor or we will be late for the wedding.· MEANING: accelerator · hang it up · I have decided to hang up my teaching job.· MEANING: quit · hang loose · Just hang loose for another few days.· MEANING: relax · hang tough · We need to hang tough on our decision.· MEANING: stick with · hardware · The police were surprised by all the hardware the gang members had.· MEANING: weapons · have a buzz on · I had a buzz on after the third martini.· MEANING: was slightly intoxicated · have good vibes · I have good vibes about our new secretary.· MEANING: feel good about · have it all together · Recently I don't have it all together.· MEANING: feel mentally all there.· heave · I heaved up on the floor.· MEANING: vomited · high · The teenagers look high to me.· MEANING: intoxicated on drugs or alcohol · hip-shooter · He is such a hip-shooter.· MEANING: always talking without thinking · history · I don't have any idea where my old boyfriend is.He's history.· MEANING: something in the past · hit · Your proposal was a hit with the boss.· MEANING: successful · hole up · I had to hole up for three days because the police were looking for me.· MEANING: hide · honcho · The honcho says that we are going to have to give up two days of our vacation.· MEANING: boss · hooker · Her clothes make her look like a hooker.· MEANING: prostitute · hot · The police stopped them because they though the car was hot.· MEANING: stolen · huffy · I will do it soon so please don't get huffy.· MEANING: angry · hungry · If you are not hungry, you won't get ahead in the business.· MEANING: eager to make money · hustle · If you don't hustle, we will be late again.· MEANING: hurry up · hyped · The fans were all hyped up for the football game.· MEANING: excited · hyper · Don't get hyper about what she told you.You know it isn't true.· MEANING: over excited · I.D.· Can you show me some I.D.please? · MEANING: identification · in · The tie you are wearing is really in.· MEANING: fashionable · in deep · They are really in deep with each other.· MEANING: deeply involved · in the bag · Everything is in the bag.There is nothing to worry about.· MEANING: settled · intense · This is a very intense situation we are discussing.· MEANING: serious · jam · I am glad you got yourself out of that jam.· MEANING: trouble · jerk someone around · Recently it seems like everyone is jerking me around.· MEANING: wasting my time and causing me trouble · jock · My roommate is a jock for the basketball team.· MEANING: an athlete · john · The john really smells.· MEANING: bathroom · joint · Where is the closest joint to here.· MEANING: cheap bar · joint · He is good at rolling joints.· MEANING: marijuana cigarettes · junkie · Sam is a junkie.· MEANING: rug addict · just off the boat · He acts like he is just off the boat.· MEANING: naive · keep one's cool · He kept his cool when his house burned down.· MEANING: remained calm · kegger · I hear there is a kegger at John's house tonight.· MEANING: beer party · kick · I get a kick out of watching him paint.· MEANING: enjoy · klutz · He is a real klutz.· MEANING: stupid and clumsy person · knock · Don't knock it if you can't do it any better.· MEANING: criticize · knocked up · My dog gets knocked up once a year.· MEANING: pregnant · knockout · Who was that knockout I saw you with last Friday? · MEANING: stunning person · knuckle sandwich · Shut up or I'll give you a knuckle sandwich.· MEANING: punch in the mouth · kook · Watch out for all the kooks in this neighborhood.· MEANING: strange people · laid-back · You need to be more laid-back.· MEANING: calm and relaxed · lame · That is really a lame excuse.· MEANING: an inadequate · line · I have heard that line a million times.· MEANING: story · loser · John is a loser.· MEANING: annoying and useless · love handles · I exercise every day, but I can't get rid of these love handles.· MEANING: rolls of fat around my stomach · make waves · Try not to make waves around the office.· MEANING: cause trouble · maxed out · I am maxed out at my work and need to rest.· MEANING: exhausted · mean · He plays a mean violin.· MEANING: performs well on · mega · I have mega amounts of tomatoes in my garden this summer.· MEANING: large · megabucks · He made megabucks when he sold his company.· MEANING: a lot of money · knock · Don't knock it if you can't do it any better.· MEANING: criticize · mellow · You need to mellow out and enjoy life.· MEANING: calm down and relax · meltdown · There has been a meltdown in the relationship between my parents and I.· MEANING: total collapse · mickey mouse · The homework the teacher gave us was mickey mouse.· MEANING: nonsense and a waste of time · move on someone · I am going to try to move on Sarah next Saturday.· MEANING: pick up and seduce · mush · That is total mush and you know it.· MEANING: nonesense · nark · Watch out for the narks in the airport.· MEANING: drug police · neat · That was a neat idea that you had.· MEANING: good · negative · There are too many negatives about the company merger.· MEANING: bad things · nick · The police nicked the shoplifter as he was leaving the store.· MEANING: arrested · nip · He took a nip out of the bottle.· MEANING: a quick drink · no sweat · It's no sweat to have the report in to you by Monday.· MEANING: no problem · nuke · I'll nuke our dinner in a few minutes.· MEANING: heat up in the microwave · nuke · Does that attack plane have any nukes? · MEANING: nuclear weapons · nut · I think that he is a nut.· MEANING: crazy person · nuts · You are completely nuts if you think I will go with you.· MEANING: crazy · pad · Have you found a pad yet? · MEANING: a place to live · pain in the neck · My wife's best friend is a pain in the neck.· MEANING: annoying · paper-pusher · My office is filled with paper-pushers.· MEANING: bureaucratic office workers · party animal · You're too old to be a party animal.· MEANING: love parties · party-hearty · We need to party-hearty because we just got a raise in salary.· MEANING: celebrate · paw · Get your paws off of my body.· MEANING: hands · peanuts · I am not going to work for peanuts.· MEANING: practically no money · pickled · He gets pickled after only one beer.· MEANING: intoxicated · piece of cake · Working on a computer for me is a piece of cake.· MEANING: easy to do · pig · He is a pig at parties.· MEANING: eats too much · pig out · Let's go to the restaurant and pig out.· MEANING: eat a lot or overeat · pit stop · Let's make a pit stop at the next rest area.· MEANING: stop and go to the bathroom · plastered · He drinks too much and is always plastered on the weekend.· MEANING: intoxicated · pooped out · He pooped out after we started to do the hard work.· MEANING: quit · pop · Shut up or I will pop you.· MEANING: hit · pop for something · It is my turn to pop for the doughnuts.· MEANING: buy · pro · He is really a pro at his work.· MEANING: professional · prod · Can you give me a gentle prod next week so I won't forget? · MEANING: reminder · psyched up · The players are really psyched up for the game on Friday.· MEANING: mentally ready · psycho · She is a psycho.She should be in a hospital.· MEANING: mentally ill · puke · I feel like I am going to puke.· MEANING: vomit · push off · I am going to push off now.· MEANING: leave · put the moves on · You should give up trying to put the moves on her.She is married.· MEANING: seduce · put-on · It was an elaborate put-on which I almost believed.· MEANING: deception · quarterback · Who is going to quarterback the meeting? · MEANING: lead · quick buck · I need to make a quick buck.· MEANING: some easy money · rack · I have to hit the rack by ten or I'll be tired in the morning.· MEANING: bed · rack out · I am going to rack out for two hours.· MEANING: sleep · racket · There sure was a lot of racket outside last night.· MEANING: noise · rag · I can't believe we still get this same old rag.· MEANING: newspaper · rap · We need to sit down and rap about a few things.· MEANING: talk about · rathole · When are you going to be able to move out of that rathole.· MEANING: run down place · raw · The raw office workers were not getting much done.· MEANING: new · ream someone out · The boss really reamed him out for his bad report.· MEANING: got angry with him · red hot · Your idea is really red hot.· MEANING: important · repo · Hey, don't repo my car.I will pay next week.· MEANING: repossess · rinky-dink · The circus was really rinky-dink.· MEANING: inferior · riot · The comedy program was a real riot.· MEANING: funny · road hog · That driver is a road hog.· MEANING: takes up too much of the road · rocks · Would you like your whiskey on the rocks? · MEANING: with ice · rough time · We have had a rough time this winter.· MEANING: hard time · rug · Is that a rug on his head? · MEANING: wig · rug rat · My sister has three rug rats.· MEANING: children · rule · My wife rules the house.· MEANING: dominates · run off at the mouth · He is always running off at the mouth.· MEANING: talking too much · run out of gas · The politician ran out of gas during the campaign.· MEANING: lost interest or momentum · sack · When did you hit the sack last night? · MEANING: go to bed · scam · Don't lose your money in some kind of scam.· MEANING: swindle · scarf · Since he hadn't eaten in a week, he scarfed down everything on his plate.· MEANING: ate quickly · schmuck · What a stupid schmuck.· MEANING: jerk · screw around · If you screw around all day at this work, you will have to come back again.· MEANING: waste time · screw up · If you screw up one more time, I will fire you.· MEANING: make a mistake · sharp · He is very sharp with numbers · MEANING: intelligent · shot · I'll give the puzzle another shot.· MEANING: try · shot down · Everyone shot down my idea at first, but later agreed that it was a good idea.· MEANING: · disagreed with · slammer · The police threw them both in the slammer.· MEANING: jail · smashed · Try not to get smashed at the beer party.· MEANING: intoxicated · smoke eater · My father is a smoke eater.· MEANING: fireman · split · It is time to split and go see the movie.· MEANING: leave · spook · The cows were spooked by the howling of the wolves.· MEANING: frightened · spud · Do you want rice or spuds for dinner? · MEANING: potatoes · square · My father looks square in his jacket.· MEANING: old-fashioned · steamed up · Don't get so steamed up over the issue.· MEANING: angry · stink · This whole operation stinks.· MEANING: is repulsive · straight · I want you to give me a straight answer.· MEANING: honest · stressed · I am really stressed by all the recent world events.· MEANING: upset · sucker · Don't be a sucker.· MEANING: be deceived · take a hike · I am tired of all your complaining.Take a hike.· MEANING: · leave · taken · He was taken for all his money at the casino.· MEANING: · cheated out of · taking care of business · I have been taking care of business.· MEANING: doing what I have to do · threads · Those look like expensive threads he is wearing.· MEANING: clothes · tool around · I don't want to tool around all night.It is time to go home.· MEANING: drive around · totaled · My car was totaled in the accident with the garbage truck.· MEANING: completely wrecked · up · He has been up ever since he met his new girlfriend.· MEANING: happy and cheerful · up for grabs · This is a sale.Everything is up for grabs.· MEANING: available.· veg out · I want to veg out in front of the television this evening.· MEANING: relax and do nothing · vibes · He really gives off good vibes.· MEANING: feelings · wad · You don't want to carry a wad like that with you in the big city.· MEANING: bundle of money · waste · After you waste him, throw the body in the river.· MEANING: kill · wheels · If you let me borrow your wheels, I'll go out and buy a pizza.· MEANING: car · whiz · He is a whiz at the computer.· MEANING: talented person · wired · I am really wired after drinking five cups of coffee.· MEANING: alert · wussy · Don't be such a wussy all the time.Say what you are thinking.· MEANING: weak person · yukky · This food tastes yukky · MEANING: bad · zapped · I am too zapped to help you right now.· MEANING: exhausted · zip · He knew zip about running the company.· MEANING: Nothing
第四篇:家譜起源與發(fā)展
家譜,早期名為譜牒。亦稱族譜、宗譜、家乘、通譜、統(tǒng)譜、世譜、支譜、房譜等等,名稱各異,其內(nèi)涵是同一的,只是外延有所區(qū)別而已,現(xiàn)在一般統(tǒng)稱家譜或族譜。
家譜是系統(tǒng)記述某一同宗共祖的血緣集團(tuán)世系人物或兼及其他方面情況的歷史圖籍。而姓氏是“某一同宗共祖血緣集團(tuán)”的標(biāo)識符號,家譜就是記錄某一姓氏家族成員間血緣關(guān)系的圖冊。
宗法式家族是一種血緣組織,內(nèi)部的血緣關(guān)系必須十分清楚,這種組織才能維系和發(fā)展。即使舊的家族裂變成許多新家族后,以及新家族再裂變之后,各家族之間的血緣關(guān)系也必須十分清楚。
家譜源于何時?大概可以上溯到先秦時期。司馬遷說的《譜牒》、《牒記》,都是周以后的東西。周代的《世本》,曾對司馬遷創(chuàng)作紀(jì)傳體通史有過參考作用,學(xué)術(shù)界公認(rèn)為中國家譜的開山之祖。戰(zhàn)國時代的《春秋公子血脈譜》,開啟我國家族史籍以“譜”為名之先河。
一、家譜在族人心中的地位
在中華民族的歷史上,最受國人關(guān)注,影響人最多、影響時間最長、影響面最廣的書籍大概非家譜莫屬了。從遙遠(yuǎn)的古代到21世紀(jì)的今天,無論是帝王諸侯還是平民百姓,無論是飽讀詩書的文人雅士還是目不識丁的鄉(xiāng)野農(nóng)夫,無論是浪跡天涯的海外游子還是世居鄉(xiāng)間連縣城都未曾履跡的山民,家譜都是他們心中無法釋懷的牽掛。多少次,倉皇辭廟日、背井離鄉(xiāng)土的人們拋卻了萬貫家財,卻懷揣著家譜不忍舍棄;多少次,肩負(fù)著父祖的鄉(xiāng)愁夙愿,天涯浪子回到故土,尋尋覓覓,訪求自己的根之所載-----家譜。家譜究竟有什么魅力,能夠讓古往今來的仁人志士對其視若珍寶?這是因?yàn)?,“一個中國人,不管他在什么地方,不管他漂泊多遠(yuǎn),編入宗譜,列入門墻,祭先祭祖,托庇于列祖列宗的福蔭之下,總是他最大的心愿。這種生生不息的尋根意識,使這個民族具有強(qiáng)大的凝聚力、同化力以及認(rèn)同感?!?/p>
二、修編家譜的目的
1、尋根、留本。古人云:“譜諜身之本也?!币馑际亲V能告訴你,你是誰?你從哪來?人們常說:“我們都是炎黃子孫。”但你并不知道其中的由來,通過修譜追根溯源,你就會知道了你從哪里來。人從娘腹中十月懷胎,呱呱墜地,在世上幾十年,但總要靜靜地離開人世。“雁過留聲,人過留名?!边@個“名”就是人之本,若干年之后自己的子孫連祖先是誰都不知道,你的子孫也就是失去了根本。而幾千年“譜書之風(fēng),代代相傳”,從遠(yuǎn)古至歷朝歷代,乃至到今天,先祖的名字流傳至今,這不是修譜的作用嗎?
2、清源、備查。古人云:“子孫不知姓氏所從來,以昧昭穆之序者,禽獸不如也?!币馑际钦f,姓氏是一種血緣關(guān)系的標(biāo)志,人獸之別,就在于他們對于有血緣關(guān)系的本族人,有一種生生相息的尋源意識,使這個大家庭有強(qiáng)大的凝聚力和生命力。我安徽舒城懷德堂汪氏一支,從上次1924年重修到現(xiàn)在已有90多年沒有續(xù)修了,有很多懷德堂后裔都不知其先祖,更有不少族人家譜中均無記載。所以“家譜續(xù)修,意義重大,把你的祖輩、父輩和你一同記載下來,讓你的后人代代相傳”。
3、教化、育人。儒家思想認(rèn)為:“養(yǎng)不教,父之過。”新中國建立后,由于種種原因?qū)е潞芏嗳藢ψ约鹤优狈易逵^念的教育。很多人沒有家庭觀念和為人之倫理的教導(dǎo)。如果君不行政,臣不司職,父不父,子不子,上下不分,孝義全無,有
家譜起源與發(fā)展 老不養(yǎng),有子不教,中華文化將如何發(fā)揚(yáng)光大?家譜是很好的教材,引導(dǎo)后代族人當(dāng)如何立志?如何敬業(yè)?如何治學(xué)?如何治家?如何做人等等,有很多東西在學(xué)校里學(xué)不到的。家譜能很好的陶冶我們的情操,鼓舞我們熱愛生活,奮發(fā)向上,為國貢獻(xiàn),為族爭光。
4、承前、啟后。這里有雙重含義,一是上對先祖,二是下對后人。先祖千辛萬苦創(chuàng)業(yè)、育人,為社會創(chuàng)下了豐功偉績,不能從我們這一代丟掉,必須通過修譜,為他們立傳,把他們的精神,一代一代的傳下去,作為永久的紀(jì)念,這是我們這一代人的歷史使命。
對后人來說,我們應(yīng)該給他們留點(diǎn)什么?是金錢?房屋?古人云:“書中自有黃金屋,書中自有顏如玉?!毕热酥荒芰艚o后人文化,精神財富,思想財富,留給他們祖宗的品德,兒孫們才能健康發(fā)展。這些都溶聚在我們的譜書之中,只有把這些留給他們,才能上對得起祖宗,下對得起后人。
綜上所述,修譜何用?簡單回答就是:尋根留本,清源備查,教化育人,承前啟后。
三、歷史上各階段家譜的功能
在中國傳統(tǒng)社會里家譜是血緣習(xí)俗中的一個重要角色。家譜就是血脈的譜系。家譜在歷史的不同階段,其功能和作用是不同的,隨著歷史上的政治、思想觀念的演變而不斷變化,家譜的功能和作用大體上可分為五個歷史階段。
1、第一個階段是從有文字記載的“甲骨銘記、鼎彝鑄文”時期。我們稱之為先秦以遠(yuǎn),主要表現(xiàn)為夏、商、周三代的帝系世本,其功能是“詳世系、溯源流”。由于帝王的王位世襲、嫡子繼承;宗法制下的諸侯、卿大夫等所遵循的世襲遞衍的分封制,譜牒作為以血緣為基礎(chǔ)的載錄,為傳襲提供了可靠的依據(jù)。
2、第二個階段是“九品門第,譜局籍庫”時期。秦漢以來,建立了中央集權(quán)統(tǒng)治。氏族的宗法組織被官僚制度所取代,所以,譜牒除了帝系承襲外,遂又成了官僚階層必備的籍錄。尤其是東漢以后的魏晉南北朝時期,那時專設(shè)史官,是為官修譜。這一階段,譜牒的功能有:
一、用于遴選士官?!斑x人咸登資簿,厘其流品”。官員的選舉必先稽查譜牒,知其祖況身世。以“別貴賤,分士庶,不可易也,于時有司,選舉必稽譜牒,而考其真?zhèn)危使儆惺离?,譜有世官”。這就意味著,舉官必查譜,有譜才有可能入選。于是家譜就成了官僚階層一種特殊的文憑。
二、作為婚嫁時,門第選擇的備查資料。凡世族中的新貴舊士,為了門第的光彩榮耀,講究對等,門第相當(dāng)。
三、便于人際交往,熟悉彼此身世家史、名諱、職階,以達(dá)到相應(yīng)的對等交往。綜上可以看出,官修譜時期的譜牒,其作用是承傳備查,為上層社會服務(wù)的。
3、第三個階段是“追述本系,秉承先哲”時期。到了隋唐,廢除了九品中正制度,開始以才選人,推行科舉新制,在政治上限制了門閥士族勢力的發(fā)展,為庶族地主打開了晉仕之門。舊有的士族大姓,部分地淪為“貧賤”,隋唐王朝的任官,不再以家譜為依據(jù)。家譜為門閥居官的作用漸趨下降。但是,舊的“士族門閥觀念”積重難返,仍舊“紀(jì)其先烈,貽闕后來”,而“蓽門寒族,百代無聞,一朝暴貴,無不追述本系,秉承先哲”。從此,私纂家譜逐漸興盛起來。所以說,唐代是我國譜學(xué)史上承先啟后的交錯轉(zhuǎn)折時期。
4、第四個階段是“私家修譜,卷帙浩繁”時期。自宋代以來直到清代時期。譜牒的功能緣于時代的政治變革而發(fā)生了巨大變化,它失去了原有的大部分功能?!叭∈坎粏柤沂溃橐霾粏栭y閱?以至于到了其子不傳的地步”。官修譜止,而私修譜興。以宋代歐陽修、蘇洵為代表,這時有再造譜牒盛況之舉。譜牒的功能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椋旱谝?、“辨昭穆、別親疏”。把譜牒的意義定為“譜牒之作,以述往事,示將來,俾子孫知祖之所自始,且知一本萬殊之義”;第二、作族譜,以敦祖睦族?!坝凶逭呓阅?,則天下孰與不善;不善者不得肆”?!坝腥藗惾缓笥酗L(fēng)俗,有風(fēng)俗然后有政事,有政事然后有國家”。由愛族而愛國,由各族團(tuán)結(jié)而全國團(tuán)結(jié)。尊敬先祖是族人的優(yōu)秀品德,和睦族人是團(tuán)結(jié)安定的社會基礎(chǔ);第三、“以忠事君,以孝事親,以廉為吏,以學(xué)立身”。借助譜牒這一形式,規(guī)范族人的行為準(zhǔn)則;第四、譜牒中的家規(guī)、宗戒用于約束族人的不軌行為。
從譜牒纂修的發(fā)展過程看,由官修到私修;由上層社會進(jìn)入到各個階層社會;由少數(shù)人擁有,擴(kuò)大到民眾所有。因此,譜牒就有了服務(wù)、規(guī)約、表彰和監(jiān)督全體族人的社會性作用。
5、第五階段就是當(dāng)今社會。家譜在發(fā)展和延續(xù)的過程中,由于時代的變遷,它的功能也有所不同。作為現(xiàn)代社會的家族,尤其是廣大農(nóng)村,由于各個村落仍與姓氏和家族有著緊密的聯(lián)系,因而仍然存在著較強(qiáng)的族群觀念。續(xù)修家譜仍然是一個不可忘卻和忽略的大事。那么,現(xiàn)代修譜還具有那些功能呢?除了詳世系、溯源流之外,一般認(rèn)為至少還有以下幾點(diǎn):第一、聯(lián)親疏。將松散的家族關(guān)系,以譜牒的方式,連成一個血緣關(guān)系的統(tǒng)一體,明確本族人之間的親疏輩分關(guān)系;第二、把“永久崇拜共同的先祖”作為自己的義務(wù)和責(zé)任,含有尊祖敬宗的倫理意義,并以先祖為本,敦宗親之誼;第三、為后嗣續(xù)昭穆。及時不斷地反映本族人丁的繁衍、生存發(fā)展?fàn)顩r;第四、為遷居移民,有史為證等一系列的現(xiàn)實(shí)作用。
四、現(xiàn)代修譜的價值
一部優(yōu)秀的家譜,記載著一個家族的發(fā)源,生息、繁衍的無止無終過程,可以說是一部與時間并存的生命史,活在譜中的一代代子孫,作為一個文化載體,無不反映出他所處的時代種種特征。透過家譜,可以看出它包含有如下幾種價值:
1、對宗族史和家庭史方面的價值?!凹抑V,尤國之史也”。宗譜最直接的反映是該宗族及其成員的歷史。通過對譜牒記載的宗族結(jié)構(gòu)、宗祠組織和祭祀活動、宗族規(guī)約和家范、族產(chǎn)和收支用途、宗族的文化教育和訓(xùn)導(dǎo)思想、婚約的習(xí)俗和禮儀、宗族與政府關(guān)系等方面的研究,可以最完整最真實(shí)地了解社會基層民眾的生活面貌,而所有這些研究的內(nèi)容,譜牒的價值是顯而易見的。
2、對人口統(tǒng)計(jì)的價值。譜牒的記載除了世源、宗族規(guī)約、禮儀等之外,其最主要的就是人丁和世系,也是記載非常慎重和詳細(xì)的部分,從中可以分析研究當(dāng)時的人口統(tǒng)計(jì)、人口增長率、人口壽命、年齡結(jié)構(gòu)、從業(yè)狀況、文化程度、居住與遷徙等,通過這些研究可以了解其生存環(huán)境和質(zhì)量,從而反映人們的生活進(jìn)程和進(jìn)步。
3、對歷史人物考察的價值。在歷史上有過某些重大影響和作用的人物,這些人在正史、地方志和文集里往往不一定有完整的記載,而譜牒的傳記、履歷、世系,對一些歷史人物及其家世常??梢蕴峁└鼮樵攲?shí)的資料,以起到“補(bǔ)史不足”的作用。關(guān)于譜牒的這一作用,早在一千八百多年前,就被古人所用,例如司馬遷作《史記》,在自序中言道:“維三代尚矣,年紀(jì)不可考,蓋取之譜牒舊聞”。
4、對基層社會研究的價值?;鶎由鐣覙I(yè)的興衰,是宗譜傳記中常見的內(nèi)容。廣大群眾是歷史的主人,他們的日常生活,生產(chǎn)勞動,喜怒哀樂,風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,是歷史研究所不能忽視的對象。特別宋代以后,民間的修編家譜越來越多,這種性質(zhì)決定它必然包含大量的廣大群眾的歷史資料。而譜牒的簡歷是以每一個族內(nèi)男性成員為主的,這些普通群眾的傳記素材,向史學(xué)家提供了基層社會活動的史料。而這些史料,又是正史以外難以得到的原始資料。
5、對婦女史研究的價值。女子的家庭生活及其在家庭、宗族中的地位,譜牒有一定分量的記載。主要表現(xiàn)在族權(quán)、夫權(quán)下的行為規(guī)范和準(zhǔn)則。在宗譜的世系部分,雖然以男性的記述為主體,但也涉及婦女的諸多問題。全面探索婦女史,向譜牒索討資料,是一條有效的途徑。
6、對地方史志的幫助。我國宗族史的特點(diǎn)是族望與地望的緊密結(jié)合。記載宗族史的譜牒,也必然反映宗族與地域的關(guān)系,既然有宗族與地方的記錄,則宗族世代的生存活動就是地方史的一部分。自古以來編寫地方志,就利用該地方譜牒史料?,F(xiàn)在譜牒研究者論述其研究對象的學(xué)術(shù)價值時,大都指出它可以彌補(bǔ)地方志資料的功用。譜牒對地方史志研究和今日編寫地方史志起著提供素材的作用,因此,族譜資料對地方史志研究有著重要價值。
通過以上對譜牒的評價,可以看出:第一、真實(shí)可靠的譜牒,無疑是人類自己發(fā)展與繁衍的家族檔案,是社會科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)研究的對象;第二、記錄過去和現(xiàn)在,并以此延續(xù),是人類文明的特征和表現(xiàn),是中華傳統(tǒng)美德的延續(xù);第三、人類經(jīng)過千百萬年的進(jìn)化,只是在文字發(fā)明后的幾千年,才有短暫的歷史記載,包括譜牒記錄。這種記錄無論存在什么問題,從人類學(xué)這個角度看,它反映的是人類存在的各種社會關(guān)系,是人類自身進(jìn)步的表現(xiàn)。因此,家譜是祖國文化寶庫的一部分,它蘊(yùn)藏著大量有關(guān)人類學(xué)、社會學(xué)、民族學(xué)、民俗學(xué)、家庭制度、人物傳記以及地方史志的資料,時至今日,它不但具有深遠(yuǎn)的歷史意義,而且具有存在和延續(xù)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
五、家譜概念及輩分用字
什么叫“譜牒”?“譜牒”是以專門記載和記述本宗族的發(fā)源、人物、生平簡歷、本族規(guī)約,并按一定規(guī)則系統(tǒng)地表述遞衍世系的書。
什么叫“宗譜”?宗,本義為祖廟。至于宗譜,則應(yīng)該是同祖之完全譜牒。如缺一支,或只記一支,均不能稱為宗譜。
什么叫“族譜”?古釋:“族者,屬也。”這個“屬”,就是這個宗下特定的族眾,宗之下有因分衍或遷徙等形成一個族體,所以冠用“族譜”。族譜不是一個完全的譜系,它只記述了這個宗族部分后裔。
什么叫“支譜”?意屬為同祖之下分衍的眾多后裔,而后又各有其世系支派。所謂支譜,就非常明確它的譜牒定位,即局限在該祖之下的一個獨(dú)立分支。
什么是輩分用字?輩份用字,是用以記錄家族成員代次的排行字語。其方法是用若干個被選定的漢字固定排列,它的作用是為確定本族人的世系代次。制定的原則蘊(yùn)含著對宗族的希望。順便指出,輩分產(chǎn)生于宋代。如我們這次為惠州灘子尾汪氏擬定的字輩為:“守柏理可顯、存仁德遠(yuǎn)長;興家成偉業(yè)、治國自榮昌;尚禮應(yīng)裕良、忠義智則康;濟(jì)世宗茂盛、祥和安順強(qiáng)”。
六、傳統(tǒng)家譜的內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)
一部完整的譜牒,僅僅表現(xiàn)在家族世系這一個方面內(nèi)容是不完全的。那么,一部完整的譜牒,除了宗支世系之外,還應(yīng)具備哪些內(nèi)容呢?對于傳統(tǒng)家譜而言,它大體上說應(yīng)該至少包含有如下項(xiàng)目:
1、譜名;
2、譜序;
3、修譜名目及職名;
4、領(lǐng)譜字號;
5、修譜凡例;
6、字輩(輩分用字);
7、目錄;
8、先祖故里;
9、宗祠祖廟;
10、先祖墳塋;
11、先祖像、贊;
12、恩榮錄;
13、姓氏源流;
14、世系錄、15、人物傳記;
16、祖訓(xùn)家戒;
17、大事記;18捐贊名目等。下面簡單解釋這些項(xiàng)目的概念及作用。
譜名。譜名是該譜牒的主題。應(yīng)有姓氏、地域的準(zhǔn)確定位,并且要明確該譜是(宗譜、族譜、支譜)的類別。
譜序。譜序有時簡稱“序”。譜序是屬于散文范疇的紀(jì)實(shí)文體。譜序是必不可少的內(nèi)容。主要記述修譜的意義,修譜緣起,修譜目的,家族的歷史淵源及遷徙經(jīng)歷等內(nèi)容。并對本族的歷史作出評價、考證、定論等。譜序的撰寫人,大多為族中名人,賦閑官員、文學(xué)名士等。另外,也有他姓之社會名流作贊頌或評價性贈序的。
修譜名目及修譜職名。修譜名目,按現(xiàn)在的稱謂,即為本屆家譜修編工作委員會,以及下設(shè)的家譜編修委員會各級等名目。職別明確,各司其職。
修譜職名,即為本屆各個名目下的具體修譜人的名字。
領(lǐng)譜字號。古代的家譜只允許在家族內(nèi)部收藏,嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)隨便外傳。為了確保族人能夠悉心收藏,不遺失、不外傳,家譜修成后,每部家譜都編定一個特定的號碼,各房領(lǐng)譜人按號碼領(lǐng)取家譜,稱為領(lǐng)譜字號。領(lǐng)譜字號就是家譜的編號,與此相對應(yīng),家譜上還記載著印譜總數(shù),分發(fā)各房譜數(shù)以及領(lǐng)譜人姓名等內(nèi)容。由于領(lǐng)譜字號具有唯一性,一旦出現(xiàn)外傳或損壞,就能清楚地找到責(zé)任人;領(lǐng)譜字號也能有效地防止外族的人偽造家譜,冒認(rèn)宗親。
修譜凡例。凡例,又稱譜例、例言、修譜章程、修譜條約等。主要闡明家譜的體例、修譜原則、記敘方法等(如收錄范圍、各類可入譜與可不入譜人物的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),各種著錄結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),譜中各類目的設(shè)立緣由等)。凡例少則數(shù)條,多則數(shù)十條,是修譜時必須遵循的原則。
輩份用字。輩份用字,又稱派語、班次、班行等。是用以記錄家族成員代次、世次的排行字語。其方法是用若干個被選定的漢字固定排列,它的作用是為確定本族人的世系位次輩分而制定的一種方法和原則。有了字輩,每個人在族中所處的世系位置就確定了。字輩的制定和使用,對族人的輩分定位以及族內(nèi)人際關(guān)系與交往等,具有重要的作用。
目錄。顧名思義是指譜書中所載內(nèi)容的各類、各項(xiàng)題目,依次順序匯錄于此。提綱挈領(lǐng)地揭示主要內(nèi)容及順序,同時也備分類尋檢查閱。
始祖故里圖。先祖的后裔,特別是遷徙寓居他鄉(xiāng)的后裔,均把先祖出生地稱之為故里。在譜牒中繪制祖居地域故里圖,相當(dāng)重要,它給后人留下木有本、水有源的踏實(shí)感。
宗祠祖廟圖。宗祠祖廟是朝拜祖先,舉行宗族重要儀式之所。宗祠祖廟,是族人們的精神圣地。因此是家譜中重要組成部分,在家譜中居重要位置。
先祖墳塋圖。根據(jù)尊祖、敬宗、收族的宗旨需要,先祖墳塋在譜牒中居重要位置。在支譜中除始祖墳塋外,還記載有本支支祖墳塋。墳塋的記載,是永祀“先祖之所棲”、“報本追源”。當(dāng)然更有始遷考據(jù)的作用。
先祖像、贊。家譜中載有家族先祖的畫像,并配有押韻的贊詞。以此提高族人凝聚力。主要是為了讓后世子孫了解先祖的功績,培養(yǎng)后世子孫對先賢的崇敬之情,同時也有光耀家族門望的目的。
恩榮錄。恩榮錄是指歷代朝廷皇帝批準(zhǔn)給予的賞賜、贈與、表彰、榮任、加爵等。譜中所載的恩榮錄,即是本族的文官武將、賢達(dá)處士、烈女節(jié)婦等受到過這種恩澤的記錄。恩榮錄的記載,既能顯示本族的榮耀光彩,同時也能激發(fā)子孫修身立志、成就事業(yè)。
姓氏源流。姓氏源流是指從始至終連貫地表述本族自始祖起依次下衍的人物世系,重點(diǎn)人物的世職業(yè)績;重大事件和遷徙定居、分支的起點(diǎn)人物。因此,世源就是當(dāng)代族人共同先祖的源流總述。我汪氏家譜以姬汪為始祖,姬汪先系稱為世源,因它有得姓之源,也叫姓源。
世系錄。世系錄有稱為齒錄。它是家譜的主體,它所擔(dān)負(fù)的作用:是記載從一世祖開始,直至纂修該譜時,歷代家族成員的名字、生卒年月、職官科第、妻室子女、葬地墳塋等諸多內(nèi)容;是謁祖尋根的主要線索;是區(qū)別地方史志的主要依據(jù)。
人物傳記。與世系錄有點(diǎn)相似,不同的是世系錄本家族每成員都有,而傳記類則是家族中有功名賢能、特殊事跡、豐功偉業(yè),名可行世之人,方可入傳。
祖訓(xùn)家戒。祖訓(xùn)家戒是家族制定的約束和教化族人的規(guī)章和希望。大約可分為兩類,一類是強(qiáng)制性的法規(guī),主要是要告誡族人絕對不可逾越;另一類則是誘導(dǎo)性的說教,其內(nèi)容大體上立足于忠、孝、仁、義、禮、耕、讀等,以此告誡族人達(dá)到“祖宗之德傳家久,家風(fēng)之規(guī)繼世垂”的目的。
汪氏始于“周禮盡在魯矣”之魯國,后為中國三大地方顯學(xué)之一徽文化的奠基人和引領(lǐng)者,繼承并發(fā)揚(yáng)儒家文化思想,其地位隨歷史的發(fā)展越顯重要。千百年來在我族世代繁衍生息的同時,也傳承著列祖列宗儒家思想的倫理教化。
大事記。宗族的大事記除在譜序中表述之外,有的專編大事記。所涉及和記載的內(nèi)容主要有:始祖業(yè)績要事;遷徙定居;宗祠營造;德行善事;恩榮誥封;兵荒遭遇;盛衰變故;名人榮枯等等。其中所事應(yīng)直書事實(shí)原委,因大事記是為后人或從事譜牒研究的學(xué)者提供鮮為人知的史料,這一部分是極有價值的。
捐輸名目。捐輸名目是本屆修譜時,除規(guī)定派收丁名費(fèi)以外的另一種捐贈集資的人名記錄。所謂捐輸,即捐獻(xiàn)、捐贈的意思。捐輸大多出于兩種情況:一是本屆收入名丁費(fèi)不足以支付修譜的總費(fèi),勸告本族仕官、名人、殷實(shí)大戶捐資助修;二是有些人是要為本族做貢獻(xiàn),主動贊資。這些捐贊了的人士,刊載在譜,也是一種榮譽(yù),可為后人提供示范鼓舞作用。
除了以上所列的要素外,還有不同情況出現(xiàn)。譬如家譜中還列出諸如:世系圖;雜記;后記等等內(nèi)容,這里不一一介紹了。
七、當(dāng)今修譜概述
新中國建立之后,尤其是改革開放以來,生活逐漸穩(wěn)定富裕起來。續(xù)修家譜觀念在復(fù)蘇。尋根問祖、興修家譜風(fēng)起云涌的同時,在譜牒內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)等方面也應(yīng)更新變化。在傳統(tǒng)家譜基礎(chǔ)上,去其封建糟粕、取其傳統(tǒng)精華,重優(yōu)秀文化傳承,要與時俱進(jìn),要突出時代烙印,并且要加大家譜所載信息量。
1、譜牒結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)容上要發(fā)生變化。在弘揚(yáng)汪氏優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化前提下,要與時俱進(jìn),薄古厚今。所修家譜,則更重視歷史、傳承、遷徙等內(nèi)容的考證和現(xiàn)狀的描述。
2、修譜名目與職名要發(fā)生變化。首先是組織架構(gòu),家譜纂修要體現(xiàn)新的特征,就是各級宗親會介入修譜。第二是修譜人,應(yīng)由知識淵博的人、熱心公益事業(yè)無私奉獻(xiàn)的人、以及有較高威望的人擔(dān)任。
3、經(jīng)費(fèi)來源發(fā)生變化。過去修譜,經(jīng)費(fèi)來自于祠堂公產(chǎn)、家族公攤、字?jǐn)?shù)或領(lǐng)譜數(shù)目分?jǐn)?、自愿捐獻(xiàn)四個方面。如今,祠堂公產(chǎn)基本不存在,其經(jīng)費(fèi)來源主要是捐資贊助、族人入譜名丁費(fèi)、企業(yè)家投資等渠道。
4、修譜指導(dǎo)思想發(fā)生變化。過去修譜,是以封建宗法觀念為指導(dǎo)?,F(xiàn)在修譜,一般以平等思想為指導(dǎo),提倡現(xiàn)代人倫的思想文化取向,發(fā)揚(yáng)先祖優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)精神,賦予新的文化內(nèi)涵,其具體體現(xiàn)于:男女入譜權(quán)利平等、大宗小宗一律平等。
5、譜書版式和裝幀也要發(fā)生變化。就紙型載體而言,過去是木板雕刻制版印刷。當(dāng)今排版技術(shù)早已革命為電腦版式。其形式可分為精裝、簡裝;在文字方面,可分為繁體字和簡體字,以滿足海外人士和大陸不同層面人們的需求。除此之外,還有光盤版、網(wǎng)絡(luò)版等等。將其家譜信息多元化,以方便族人尋根查閱。
6、譜書的形式也要變化。具體表現(xiàn)在故里的山川地貌等方面,采用航拍技術(shù)加以展示。祖先畫像,應(yīng)在家族優(yōu)秀畫家中去征集家族認(rèn)可的、充分體現(xiàn)出祖先的浩然正氣、睿智謙和、具有現(xiàn)代感的畫像。
7、世系錄信息載量也要變化。譬如:除了描述世系外,其族人的生年、卒年;職務(wù)職稱;出生地及現(xiàn)住址等均要載列其中,為后續(xù)子孫續(xù)修家譜時提供方便。
通過家譜纂修,讓族眾及其后人在了解家族系脈的基礎(chǔ)上,更多地了解家族每一代的歷史、了解列祖列宗的事跡,了解宗范家風(fēng)、了解一個宗族的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)等,將家族世系中的血脈傳承與優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的傳統(tǒng)有機(jī)結(jié)合起來,豈不更有價值?這是由于,家庭是社會的細(xì)胞,無論是過去,還是現(xiàn)在,家庭始終社會的最基層的單元,只有家庭和諧、文明、穩(wěn)定、興旺了,社會的文明進(jìn)步、發(fā)展繁榮才有深厚的基礎(chǔ)。在當(dāng)今社會形勢下修譜,不只是能達(dá)到弘揚(yáng)民族悠久歷史文化的目的,而且對于參加撰修家譜的成員來說,通過參與編修自己家族歷史的活動,也能促進(jìn)其更加熱愛家庭、熱愛家鄉(xiāng),從而更加熱愛祖國。
(作者:汪?。?/p>
第五篇:跆拳道起源與發(fā)展
跆拳道的起源與發(fā)展
在原始社會生產(chǎn)力極為低下的社會條件下,遠(yuǎn)古時代的朝鮮人民為了從自然界獲取食物和防止野獸侵襲,必須同野獸搏斗,這就產(chǎn)生了搏斗的各種方法。隨著社會的發(fā)展,不斷變化的生活環(huán)境和不同種族之間的斗爭,要求人們要有強(qiáng)健的體魄和掌握一定的搏斗技能,這樣才能保障生活的安定,這就促使了跆拳道雛形的形成。經(jīng)過漫長的歲月,人們本能的強(qiáng)健體魄和自衛(wèi)而產(chǎn)生的搏擊逐漸演化為有意識的技擊活動,從而產(chǎn)生了朝鮮民族特有的運(yùn)動形式——跆拳道。這種形式的產(chǎn)生可以追溯到朝鮮的古代歷史。
大約公元前一世紀(jì),朝鮮最古老的三個國家先后興起,新羅國、高麗國和百濟(jì)國。三國互相連年征戰(zhàn)不斷。三國都把跆拳道作為一項(xiàng)強(qiáng)身健體、保衛(wèi)國家的搏擊武藝來進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練。從高麗國國都丸都古墓中的舞俑冢和三室冢的玄室壁畫上可以看到兩人相互角斗的場面,而在三室冢玄室的頂壁上則繪有兩名身強(qiáng)體壯的男子用跆拳道技術(shù)進(jìn)行格斗的姿勢。類似的壁畫還有很多,這都說明跆拳道在當(dāng)時已經(jīng)相當(dāng)盛行。
在百濟(jì)國,由于當(dāng)時自己國家的兵力較弱,因此全國上下都以強(qiáng)身健體,保衛(wèi)國家為頭等大事,當(dāng)時在國內(nèi)廣泛推行馬術(shù),跆拳道和射箭等武藝。公元688年,新羅王國統(tǒng)一了朝鮮,經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮,百業(yè)興旺,建立了一種“花郎制度”。到真興王時,便創(chuàng)立了“花郎道”?;ɡ傻朗腔ɡ芍贫鹊慕M織形式,即將年輕人組織到一起進(jìn)行武藝鍛煉。其宗旨是“事君以忠,事親以孝,事友以信,臨陣無退,殺身有擇”。以此磨煉人的意志、鍛煉人的體魄,培養(yǎng)造就了一批又一批忠君事孝、英勇頑強(qiáng)、無所畏懼的戰(zhàn)士。在一本描寫新羅風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的書《帝王韻記》中,記載著跆拳道活動。據(jù)朝鮮史書記載,新羅人習(xí)武方式為:兩人對面直體站立,互相用腳踢對方的身體。當(dāng)時分為三個練習(xí)階段,初學(xué)者用腳踢對方下段(腿部),技術(shù)稍熟練則可用腳去踢對方中段(胸部),技術(shù)高超者可用腳踢對方上段(頭部)。后來新羅國在我國唐朝統(tǒng)治者的協(xié)助下統(tǒng)一了朝鮮,在公元918年建立了高麗國。士兵們的戰(zhàn)斗力來自平日的訓(xùn)練和對跆拳道的喜愛。他們平時常常用拳掌擊打墻壁或木塊,以磨煉手部的攻擊能力。十分喜愛徒手搏斗的忠惠王曾專門邀請臂力過人、武功超眾的士兵金振都(亦有稱金扼郁的)到宮廷表演手搏技藝,使跆拳道聲望大震,并日漸被廣大民眾所接受。
1392年,高麗王朝被李朝取代,武功及跆拳道沒有得到足夠的重視,但在民間,這一活動卻始終沒有停止。1790年匯編成書的《武藝圖譜通志》中收錄了“手搏”、“跆跟”等武藝的技術(shù)與方法,以及動作圖解和一些器械的使用方法,并將很多技擊性很強(qiáng)的武術(shù)技藝融會到跆拳道的技法之中。跆拳道這一武藝被很好的保留與發(fā)展下來。
1910年日本侵占朝鮮后,建立起殖民政府,一度下令禁止所有的文化活動,跆拳道自然在劫難逃,在朝鮮境內(nèi)銷聲匿跡。一些不甘寂寞或被生活逼迫的人遠(yuǎn)離國土,到中國或日本謀生,同時把跆拳道延續(xù)下來。更為重要的是將其與中國武術(shù)和日本武道交融與結(jié)合,孕育了新的技術(shù)體系。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后,自衛(wèi)術(shù)再度興起,從異國他鄉(xiāng)回歸故土的朝鮮人也將各國的武道技藝帶回本國,逐漸與跆拳道融為一體,形成了現(xiàn)在的跆拳道體系。1955年正式稱朝鮮的自衛(wèi)術(shù)為“跆拳道”。
1961年9月韓國成立了唐手道協(xié)會,后更名為跆拳道協(xié)會,并成為全國運(yùn)動會正式競賽項(xiàng)目。
1966年第一個國際組織——國際跆拳道聯(lián)盟成立。1973年5月在漢城成立了世界跆拳道聯(lián)合會(簡稱世界跆聯(lián))。1975年世界跆聯(lián)被國際體育聯(lián)合會接納為正式會員。
1980年國際奧委會正式承認(rèn)世界跆拳道聯(lián)盟。迄今為止,世界跆聯(lián)已有144個會員國,6500多萬愛好者參加跆拳道訓(xùn)練。
1986年跆拳道創(chuàng)始人崔泓熙先生率領(lǐng)的韓國跆拳道代表團(tuán)來我國作訪問表演。并于本年,該項(xiàng)運(yùn)動被列為第10屆亞運(yùn)會的比賽項(xiàng)目。
1987年 跆拳道被列入泛美運(yùn)動會、全非運(yùn)動會以及東亞運(yùn)動會的正式比賽項(xiàng)目。
1988年 24屆奧運(yùn)會在韓國首爾拉開帷幕,主辦國經(jīng)不懈努力,使跆拳道被列為24屆、25屆和26屆奧運(yùn)會的表演項(xiàng)目。為跆拳道的迅速發(fā)展提供了最大的機(jī)會與動力。
1994年 在法國巴黎召開的國際奧委會第 103屆會議決議,跆拳道項(xiàng)目列入2000年奧運(yùn)會正式比賽項(xiàng)目。同樣,跆拳道也是世界大學(xué)生運(yùn)動會、友好運(yùn)動會、東南亞運(yùn)動會、南美運(yùn)動會、南太平洋運(yùn)動會、世界軍人運(yùn)動會等一系列國際體育賽會的正式比賽項(xiàng)目。為了適應(yīng)國際重大比賽,跆拳道的技術(shù)在不斷地變革和發(fā)展。世界跆拳道聯(lián)盟的總部中有一特別技術(shù)委員會,其主要任務(wù)就是改進(jìn)現(xiàn)今的跆拳道技術(shù)。當(dāng)然,今日的跆拳道動作似乎不像以前那樣圓滑流暢,也不似以前那樣重視運(yùn)動中身體的平衡。然而對當(dāng)今跆拳道技術(shù)的檢驗(yàn)并不在它的外觀,而是在于實(shí)戰(zhàn)之中。具體地說,就是在實(shí)戰(zhàn)對抗中或在大街上遭受襲擊被迫自衛(wèi)的情形下,新型跆拳道的技術(shù)無疑要比拘于形式的老技術(shù)更勝一籌。
時代是不斷變化的,隨著它的變化,跆拳道也將不斷地發(fā)展延伸下去。
五、我國跆拳道運(yùn)動的發(fā)展
1992年10月7日,中國跆拳道籌備小組成立,這標(biāo)志著我國跆拳道運(yùn)動的正式開始。1994年5月,在河北省定舉行了首屆全國跆拳道教練員和裁判員學(xué)習(xí)班。1994年9月,在云南昆明舉行了第一屆全國跆拳道比賽,當(dāng)時共有15個單位150多名運(yùn)動員參加了比賽。
1995年5月,共有22個單位250多名運(yùn)動員參加了在北京體育大學(xué)舉行的第一屆全國跆拳道錦標(biāo)賽,從此,跆拳道運(yùn)動在中國迅速發(fā)展起來。
1999年6月7日,在加拿大埃特蒙多舉行的世界跆拳道錦標(biāo)賽上,我國女運(yùn)動員王朔戰(zhàn)勝多名世界強(qiáng)手,獲得女子55公斤級冠軍,這是我國運(yùn)動員獲得的第一個跆拳道世界冠軍。我國跆拳道奧運(yùn)冠軍
第27屆奧林匹克運(yùn)動會
陳 中 跆拳道 女子67公斤以上級
第28屆奧林匹克運(yùn)動會
羅 微 跆拳道 女子67公斤級冠軍
陳 中 跆拳道 女子67公斤以上級冠軍
第29屆奧林匹克運(yùn)動會
吳靜鈺 跆拳道 女子49公斤級冠軍
第30屆筽林匹克運(yùn)動會
吳靜鈺 跆拳道 女子49公斤級冠軍