第一篇：尼山和諧宣言中英文版

尼山和諧宣言

目錄 《宣言》概況

《宣言》全文

百科名片

首屆尼山世界文明論壇2010年9月27日在山東濟寧閉幕。與會中外學者經(jīng)過兩天的對話交流，取得廣泛共識，通過《尼山和諧宣言》。

《宣言》概況

《尼山和諧宣言》是世界第一個以人類和諧為主題的宣言?！缎浴烦珜Ш椭C世界、和而不同，呼吁理解尊重，化解積怨，呼吁對話交流，避免沖突，呼吁節(jié)儉低碳，呵護家園，呼吁團結合作，共創(chuàng)未來?！缎浴敷w現(xiàn)了儒家與世界各大文明共同具有的仁愛、包容、禮讓、誠信等美德，相互理解、相互尊重、會通融合、和睦相處的精神，也反映了身處各種危機之中的世界人民共同的訴求與期盼。

《宣言》全文

公元2010年9月27日，中國古代偉大的思想家、教育家孔子誕辰2561周年之際，我們重溫2500年前那個需要智者并產(chǎn)生智者的時代的人類智慧，藉尼山世界文明論壇，共同發(fā)出和諧宣言： 懷著對人類現(xiàn)實命運的憂傷，懷著對人類共同未來的焦慮，面對戰(zhàn)爭、殺戮、沖突的殘酷現(xiàn)實，面對日趨惡化的地球生存環(huán)境，人類的靈魂感受到了前所未有的孤獨和恐慌。

汲取2500多年來人類精神導師們的偉大智慧，我們倡導和諧，我們倡導仁愛，我們倡導寬容，我們倡導禮讓，我們倡導信義，我們倡導己所不欲，勿施于人，我們倡導民胞物與，天人合一，我們倡導各美其美，美美與共，我們倡導四海之內(nèi)，皆兄妹也，我們倡導和諧世界，和而不同。

為了建設一個和諧的世界，為了守護一個共同的地球，我們呼吁理解尊重，化解積怨；

我們呼吁對話交流，避免沖突；我們呼吁節(jié)儉低碳，呵護家園；我們呼吁團結合作，共創(chuàng)未來。我們祈愿——我們的倡導和呼吁能夠得到全世界的響應！我們祈愿——我們的倡導和呼吁能夠變成全人類的共同行動！(完)

Mountain ni harmonious declaration

公元2010年9月27日，中國古代偉大的思想家、教育家孔子誕辰2561周年之際，我們重溫2500年前那個需要智者并產(chǎn)生智者的時代的人類智慧，藉尼山世界文明論壇，共同發(fā)出和諧宣言：

The 2010 on September 27, China ancient times a great thinker, educator Confucius' birthday 2561 anniversary, we renew 2,500 years ago that need the wise and produce the wise era of human intelligence, through mountain ni world civilization BBS, issued jointly harmonious declaration: 我們倡導和諧，We advocate a harmonious,我們倡導仁愛，We advocate for love,我們倡導寬容，We advocate tolerance,我們倡導禮讓，We advocate comity,我們倡導信義，We advocate for faith,我們倡導己所不欲，勿施于人，We advocate for others as you would be done by,我們倡導民胞物與，天人合一，We advocate for people, objects and cytoplasmic syncretic,我們倡導各美其美，美美與共，We advocate the beauty of its beauty, mei-mei together,我們倡導四海之內(nèi)，皆兄妹也，We advocate, all this is within the sister also,我們倡導和諧世界，和而不同。We advocate a harmonious world, and different.為了建設一個和諧的世界，In order to build a harmonious world,為了守護一個共同的地球，In order to guard a common earth,我們呼吁理解尊重，化解積怨；We appeal to understand respect, dissolve bitterness;

我們呼吁對話交流，避免沖突；We are calling for communication and avoid conflicts,我們呼吁節(jié)儉低碳，呵護家園；We are calling for thrifty low carbon, caress homes.我們呼吁團結合作，共創(chuàng)未來。We are calling for unity and cooperation, create the future together.我們祈愿——We wish--

我們的倡導和呼吁能夠得到全世界的響應！We advocate and called on to get the worlds response!

我們祈愿——We wish--

我們的倡導和呼吁能夠變成全人類的共同行動！We advocate and called on all mankind can become the common action!

2010年9月27日于中國曲阜

2010 in qufu on September 27

第二篇：尼山中學

尼山中學“陽光趣味體育活動”扮靚校園

時間：2012-12-28來源：尼山鎮(zhèn)中心中學作者：馮慶水 朱寧波

嚴寒的天氣阻擋不住全校師生參與鍛煉的熱情?？矗w育場上，小運動員們團結拼搏，奮勇爭先，一排排跳繩小將如同齊飛的大雁；一個個運球小明星如同離弦之箭；拔河的喊聲一浪高過一浪震落松柏上的積雪-----學生們在多姿多彩的運動中體會到快樂和激情。為豐富學生校園體育文化生活，提高學生身體素質(zhì)，尼山中學利用大課間和體育課時間，全面開展了“陽光體育趣味活動”。

學校從11月份開始把大課間活動內(nèi)容調(diào)整成快樂保齡球、自行車慢騎、閉眼投籃、陽光伙伴等七項豐富多彩的內(nèi)容。全校同學分年級段循環(huán)參加了各類比賽，初步實現(xiàn)了人人有項目、個個都參與的目的。

據(jù)尼山中學校長徐秀軍介紹，學校認真落實各級文件精神，體育教師積極創(chuàng)新活動形式，各年級班主任積極組織學生參加大課間活動、體育活動課，旨在調(diào)動學生體育運動的積極性、主動性和自覺性，培養(yǎng)學生自覺參與體育鍛煉的習慣和健康的生活方式，形成熱愛運動、崇尚健康的良好風氣。

第三篇：尼山行散文

仲夏，在曲阜游走，仰三孔景貌。揮扇觀景之余，我忽想起“圣人誕生地”，于是，向接待者詢問。爽快的魯南人聞之大笑，立即叫來車，陪同我直奔尼山。

中國很多名山。有道是“山不在高，有仙則名”。倘若“有圣”，其名也大，尼山便是如此。

在華夏諸多名山之間，尼山，只能算作一座小山，并不延綿的山，主峰只有340米，高度不及五岳一方巨巖。然而，我剛一踏入尼山腳下的碎石小徑，一旦仰望五老峰，便有巍峨宏偉之感。因為，那是“幼圣”降臨世間的天然屏障。

這座小山，早已被列為入世界文化遺產(chǎn)“曲阜三孔”拓展項目名單。散落其內(nèi)的孔廟、尼山書院，被敬仰者修葺一新?！澳嵘铰犞v”已成為“曲阜修學游”重要項目。仲夏日的尼山，林木蔥郁、石徑幽深、蟬鳴悠長、靜如丹青……古柏掩映的青磚小院，隱隱傳來誦讀聲。

尼山夫子洞，自然是必讀之處。洞口對面有一座小山，名顏母山。我走向山西側一段草坡，見片片青草像被染上一層暗紅色，與之相伴的山石層面，也呈現(xiàn)斑斑紅點。

這時，一位趕集歸來的飄須長者，見我癡癡望著紅草坡疑惑，走向前來，笑著講述了一段流傳至今的傳說——當年孔子母親顏征行路到此，忽覺有臨產(chǎn)感。通過這片草坡時，已然“見紅”，淋灑的血跡染紅了這片草坡與幾塊倚靠的山石。

胸前飄著銀髯的老人遠去了。我仍望著陽光下色調(diào)凝重的“紅草、紅石”出神。我自然明白，現(xiàn)代地質(zhì)學研究者與植物學研究者，面對此情此景，會依據(jù)專業(yè)教材的定義解釋這一現(xiàn)象。但我寧肯相信這一段傳聞。讓抽象的思維形成穿越，讓冰冷的解說幻化為傳奇，一方水土，更突顯靈氣。

我繞過這片草坡，跨河前行，懷崇敬心態(tài)走向尼山夫子洞。首映眼簾的，是洞口的石碑。碑刻的“夫子”二字，在我心頭重如千斤。這個稱謂，歷經(jīng)數(shù)千年滄海桑田、百代興亡，雖然有多種變化，但“品學兼優(yōu)、教導有方的師長”之含義，最為深入人心。扼腕當今時代，物欲橫流、心浮氣躁，在教育領域，真正當?shù)闷稹胺蜃印钡?，為?shù)幾何？

華夏大國的“圣誕洞”其實并不大，進深約有3米，一側有長石如床，床頭凸現(xiàn)一條青石如枕。流傳的多版本史料，對此洞各有解說——其一，當年，趕路的顏征分娩在即，只能跑到這處山洞，產(chǎn)下孔丘；其二，孔子降生后，由于相貌奇丑，被父親扔于野外，被一只猛虎銜入洞里喂養(yǎng)……所記所述，盡管有些離奇，但這段過往，被當?shù)厝耸来鄠?，一如夫子洞前，自古至今潺潺作歌的溪流。誰也不知“歌詞”敘述的陳年舊事，是否真切。

這條溪水，因依傍“圣誕洞”，故有“智慧之源”之稱，也被稱作“智源溪”。遙想當年，“幼圣”在哺乳時，舒緩有節(jié)的溪韻，是否伴隨他悠然入夢？是否把顏母的祝福聲悄然承載、流入齊魯大地，繼而匯入了華夏江河？

我沿著溪流游走，見靜謐山林間，出現(xiàn)了一片蒼郁的柏林。細看株株古柏，樹干竟然無橫生枝杈，每株柏樹，樹冠皆枝葉凝碧，如一排排毛筆在天幕上書寫千古史詩。我從“雙肩背”中，取出景區(qū)領導贈與的相關書籍，走進山林深處的一座山亭，針對眼前之景，任隨心神在字海中遨游……

孔子降生后，這里便生出類似巨筆的“神柏”。當?shù)厝擞谩肮P柏”的枝杈燃煙，可制成名墨。此種墨汁，落紙清香四溢、經(jīng)年不變。曾有貪心人，把幾株“筆柏”移向自家山田，結果枯萎而死。自金代始，此景，被稱作文德林……

看罷“筆柏”的記述，我又翻開“壑硯”的解說……

在尼山書院北側，有一條被稱為“中和壑”的深溝，寓意“中庸和諧”。唐宋時期，天然生成一種不需人工打磨、不需工藝造型的尼山硯。可是，千百年來，只有正直君子才能撿拾得到。那些躲在歷史暗角損人利己的小人，即便天天搜尋，也無緣得見……明萬歷年《兗州府志》中，敘述尼山硯的文字是：“尼山之石，而為硯。紋理精膩，亦佳品也?！鼻迩∧觊g《曲阜縣志》記述為：“尼山之石，紋理精膩，質(zhì)堅色黃，求之不易。”

我走下山亭，正要直奔尼山書院時，一隊旅游團由遠而近。形態(tài)干練的導游，正在解說尼山硯的前世今生。我聽到，近年，一位魯硯名家在五老峰下發(fā)現(xiàn)新“硯源”。尼山硯，終于成為中外游人愛不釋手的“曲阜三寶”之一……

我默默祈禱，但愿“筆柏”與尼山硯，能與君子共嬋娟。

第四篇：G20峰會宣言全文(中英文)

G20峰會宣言全文（中英文）2009-04-12 15:351、在世界經(jīng)濟和金融市場遭遇嚴重挑戰(zhàn)時，我們即二十國集團領導人于2008年11月15日在美國華盛頓舉行了一次初步會議。我們決定增強相互合作，努力恢復全球經(jīng)濟增長，實現(xiàn)全球金融體系的必要改革。

2、在過去幾個月，我們各國采取了緊急和特別措施以支撐全球經(jīng)濟和穩(wěn)定金融市場。這些努力必須要繼續(xù)下去。同時，我們必須推進改革以確保全球性的危機比如這次危機不再發(fā)生。我們的工作將遵循一個共同信念，即市場原則、開放的貿(mào)易和投資體制、受到有效監(jiān)管的金融市場，將培養(yǎng)活力、創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)業(yè)精神，這些是經(jīng)濟增長、就業(yè)和減少貧困所不可缺少的基本因素。

目前危機根源

3、在經(jīng)濟高速增長時期，資本流動性日益增長并且此前十年保持著長期穩(wěn)定性，市場參與者過度追逐高收益，缺乏風險評估和未能履行相應責任。同時，脆弱的保險業(yè)標準、不健全的風險管理行為、日益復雜和不透明的金融產(chǎn)品以及由此引發(fā)的過度影響，最終產(chǎn)生了體系的脆弱性。在一些發(fā)達國家，決策者、監(jiān)管機構和管理者沒有充分地意識到并且采取措施應對金融市場正在擴大的風險，未能及時實施金融革新或者未能考慮本國監(jiān)管不力所產(chǎn)生的后果。

4、除了其它原因以外，導致當前形勢主要因素是不一致和不夠協(xié)調(diào)的宏觀經(jīng)濟政策、不充分的結構改革，這阻礙了全球宏觀經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展，導致風險過度，最終引發(fā)嚴重的市場混亂。

采取和需要采取的措施

5、截止目前為止，我們已經(jīng)采取了強有力的重要措施，以刺激經(jīng)濟，提供流動性，增強金融機構的資本，保護儲蓄存款，彌補監(jiān)管不力，解凍信貸市場。我們正在努力確保國際金融機構能夠向全球經(jīng)濟提供重要的支持。

6、為了穩(wěn)定金融市場和支持經(jīng)濟增長，還有更多的工作需要做。經(jīng)濟發(fā)展勢頭在主要經(jīng)濟體正在大幅度地減弱，全球經(jīng)濟發(fā)展預期下滑。過去十年對全球經(jīng)濟發(fā)展作出貢獻的許多新興市場經(jīng)濟體，當前盡管享受著良好的增長，但是正在日益受到全球經(jīng)濟下滑所帶來的不利影響。

7、面對全球經(jīng)濟惡化形勢，我們同意在緊密的宏觀經(jīng)濟合作基礎上采取廣泛而必要的應對政策，以恢復經(jīng)濟增長，避免消極后果，支持新興市場經(jīng)濟體和發(fā)展中國際。作為實現(xiàn)這些目標和應對長期挑戰(zhàn)而立即采取的措施，我們將繼續(xù)加強努力并且實施任何必要的更進一步的行動，以穩(wěn)定金融體系。

認可貨幣政策支持的重要性，就同在本國所認可的一樣。

在保持有助于金融可持續(xù)性發(fā)展政策架構同時，利用財政措施刺激國內(nèi)需求。幫助新興市場和發(fā)展中國家經(jīng)濟體在當前金融困難時期獲得資金支持，其中包括流動性能力和項目支持。我們強調(diào)國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）在應對危機方面的重要作用，歡迎它的短期流動性支持，推進正在進行的對其設施和支持的評審，以確保靈活性。

鼓勵世界銀行（World Bank）和其他多邊開發(fā)銀行（MDB）全力支持開發(fā)計劃，我們對世界銀行最近在基礎設施和貿(mào)易融資領域所推出的新措施。

確保國際貨幣基金組織、世界銀行和其它多邊開發(fā)銀行，具有充分的資源在克服危機中繼續(xù)扮演重要角色。

金融市場改革的共同原則

8、除采取上述措施以外，我們將實施改革。這些改革將加強金融市場和監(jiān)管體系，以避免危機再次發(fā)生。管理是各國監(jiān)管機構防御市場動蕩的首要職責，我們的金融市場已經(jīng)全球一體化，因此增強監(jiān)管機構的國際合作，強化必須的國際標準并且予以切實執(zhí)行顯得非常必要，這樣才能防止不利的跨邊境、跨地區(qū)和全球性的影響全球發(fā)展的國際性金融混亂的出現(xiàn)。監(jiān)管者必須確保他們的行動支持市場原則，避免對其它國家產(chǎn)生可能的不利影響，其中包括監(jiān)管套利行為和支持市場競爭、活力和創(chuàng)新。金融機構對當前市場混亂也必須承擔責任，應當盡自己職責克服現(xiàn)狀，包括承擔虧損，改善透明性，加強自己管理和風險管理。

9、我們承諾執(zhí)行與以下改革共同原則相關的政策。

·增強透明性和責任性。我們將增強金融市場透明度，其中包括提高復雜的金融產(chǎn)品必須的透明性，確保公司財務狀況完全和準確無誤的公開。其目的是防范官員過度冒險。

·增強有效管理。我們承諾加強我們的監(jiān)管體系，謹慎監(jiān)督和強化風險管理，確保所有金融市場、產(chǎn)品和參與者受到管理或者接受監(jiān)督。我們將強化對信用評級機構的監(jiān)管，加強對國際行為準則的執(zhí)行。在確保監(jiān)管有效的同時，我們還將使監(jiān)管體系在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展周期中更加有效率，確保創(chuàng)新并且刺激金融產(chǎn)品及服務中交易的擴展。我們承諾我們國家監(jiān)管體系評估透明。

·促進金融市場誠信。我們承諾，通過對投資者和消費者保護給予支持、避免損害公眾利益行為發(fā)生、預防非法的操縱市場行為和欺騙以及權力濫用行為，保護合法的金融風險。我們還將促進信息共享，其中包括尚未承諾實施關于銀行保密性和透明度國際標準的地區(qū)。

·加強國際合作。我們呼吁，我們的國家和區(qū)域性監(jiān)管機構在遵循一致性原則基礎上制定規(guī)章以及其他措施。監(jiān)管機構將加強他們同金融市場所有層面的協(xié)調(diào)和合作，其中包括跨國境的資本流動。作為首先要做的事情，監(jiān)管者和其它相關當局應當在防范危機、加強管理和應對措施上加強合作。

·改革國際金融機構。我們承諾，推進布雷頓森林機構(Bretton Woods Institutions)改革，以便他們在全球經(jīng)濟中能夠更加充分地反映不斷變化的經(jīng)濟權數(shù)，提高其正確性和有效性。在這方面，新興市場和發(fā)展中國家經(jīng)濟體，其中包括最貧窮國家，將有更多的話語權和代表權。金融穩(wěn)定論壇(Financial Stability Forum，F(xiàn)SF)成員急需向新興經(jīng)濟體擴展，其它主要標準制定機構必須迅速重新審定他們的會員組成。國際貨幣基金組織要同F(xiàn)SF及其它機構合作，更好地認識脆弱，預測潛在壓力，迅速采取行動在應對危機中發(fā)揮重要作用。

部長和專家的任務

10、我們承諾，迅速行動貫徹這些原則。我們將要求我們的財政部長啟動程序并且排出行動時間表。一份具體措施的最初目錄將以附件“行動計劃”形式推出，其中包括要在2009年3月31日之前先要完成的行動。

經(jīng)與其它經(jīng)濟體和現(xiàn)有機構磋商并且吸取知名獨立專家的建議，我們將要求我們的財政部長拿出更多的意見，其中包括以下具體方面：

·有利于緩解周期性波動的調(diào)控政策；

·評估和修訂全球會計標準；

·增強信用衍生產(chǎn)品市場彈性和透明度，減少系統(tǒng)性風險，其中包括通過改善場外交易市場基礎設施；

·評估獎勵措施，這涉及風險產(chǎn)生激勵和創(chuàng)新；

·評估國際金融機構授權、管理和資源要求；

·界定系統(tǒng)性的重要性機構范圍，決定他們適當?shù)墓芾砗捅O(jiān)督。

11、為了解我們在金融系統(tǒng)改革中發(fā)揮的作用，我們將于2009年5月之前再次召開會議，檢查今天同意的這些原則和決定的執(zhí)行情況。

承諾全球經(jīng)濟開放

12、如果致力于推動自由市場原則，這些原則包括法制、尊重私有財產(chǎn)、開放的貿(mào)易和投資、競爭市場和受到有效監(jiān)管并且有效率的金融系統(tǒng)，我們覺得這些改革只能成功。這些原則對經(jīng)濟增長和繁榮是必須的，并且已經(jīng)消除了數(shù)以百萬計的貧窮，而且也提高了全球生活標準。鑒于改善全球金融業(yè)管理的必要性，我們必須過度管理，否則將損害經(jīng)濟經(jīng)濟增長并且加深資本流動性緊縮，這其中包括對發(fā)展中國家。

13、我們強調(diào)，在金融不穩(wěn)定時期反對保護主義至關重要。未來12個月，我們將反對抬高投資或貨物及服務貿(mào)易新壁壘，反對設置出口新限定或實施有違世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)定的措施來刺激出口。另外，我們將努力在今年達成協(xié)議，使得世界貿(mào)易組織多哈發(fā)展議程(Doha Development Agenda)有一個圓滿結果。我們將指示我們的貿(mào)易部長實現(xiàn)這一目標，推進最終協(xié)議的達成。

14、我們關注著當前危機對發(fā)展中國家產(chǎn)生的影響，特別是關注最易受損害的國家。我們重申千年發(fā)展目標的重要性，這是我們已經(jīng)實施的發(fā)展援助承諾。我們將力促發(fā)達國家和新興經(jīng)濟體都來承擔與自己能力和在全球經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中扮演角色相適應的義務。在這點上，我們重申2002年在墨西哥蒙特雷舉行的聯(lián)合國發(fā)展籌資問題會議上達成的發(fā)展原則，這一原則強調(diào)了國家所有權并且動員了發(fā)展籌資的所有資源。

15、我們將繼續(xù)致力于解決其它重要的挑戰(zhàn)，如能源安全和氣候變化、糧食安全、法治、反恐、貧困和疾病。

16、隨著向前發(fā)展，我們相信通過持續(xù)的伙伴關系、合作和多邊主義，我們將戰(zhàn)勝挑戰(zhàn)，恢復世界經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定與繁榮。

英文全文（來源：21世紀網(wǎng)）

DECLARATION ：SUMMIT ON FINANCIAL MARKETS AND THE WORLD ECONOMY

1.We, the Leaders of the Group of Twenty, held an initial meeting in Washington on November 15, 2008, amid serious challenges to the world economy and financial markets.We are determined to enhance our cooperation and work together to restore global growth and achieve needed reforms in the world’s financial systems.2.Over the past months our countries have taken urgent and exceptional measures to support the global economy and stabilize financial markets.These efforts must continue.At the same time, we must lay the foundation for reform to help to ensure that a global crisis, such as this one, does not happen again.Our work will be guided by a shared belief that market principles, open trade and investment regimes, and effectively regulated financial markets foster the dynamism, innovation, and entrepreneurship that are essential for economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction.Root Causes of the Current Crisis

3.During a period of strong global growth, growing capital flows, and prolonged stability earlier this decade, market participants sought higher yields without an adequate appreciation of the risks and failed to exercise proper due diligence.At the same time, weak underwriting standards, unsound risk management practices, increasingly complex and opaque financial products, and consequent excessive leverage combined to create vulnerabilities in the system.Policy-makers, regulators and supervisors, in some advanced countries, did not adequately appreciate and address the risks building up in financial markets, keep pace with financial innovation, or take into account the systemic ramifications of domestic regulatory actions.4.Major underlying factors to the current situation were, among others, inconsistent and insufficiently coordinated macroeconomic policies, inadequate structural reforms, which led to unsustainable global macroeconomic outcomes.These developments, together, contributed to excesses and ultimately resulted in severe market disruption.Actions Taken and to Be Taken 5.We have taken strong and significant actions to date to stimulate our economies, provide liquidity, strengthen the capital of financial institutions, protect savings and deposits, address regulatory deficiencies, unfreeze credit markets, and are working to ensure that international financial institutions(IFIs)can provide critical support for the global economy.6.But more needs to be done to stabilize financial markets and support economic growth.Economic momentum is slowing substantially in major economies and the global outlook has weakened.Many emerging market economies, which helped sustain the world economy this decade, are still experiencing good growth but increasingly are being adversely impacted by the worldwide slowdown.7.Against this background of deteriorating economic conditions worldwide, we agreed that a broader policy response is needed, based on closer macroeconomic cooperation, to restore growth, avoid negative spillovers and support emerging market economies and developing countries.As immediate steps to achieve these objectives, as well as to address longer-term challenges, we will:

Continue our vigorous efforts and take whatever further actions are necessary to stabilize the financial system.Recognize the importance of monetary policy support, as deemed appropriate to domestic conditions.Use fiscal measures to stimulate domestic demand to rapid effect, as appropriate, while maintaining a policy framework conducive to fiscal sustainability.Help emerging and developing economies gain access to finance in current difficult financial conditions, including through liquidity facilities and program support.We stress the International Monetary Fund’s(IMF)important role in crisis response , welcome its new short-term liquidity facility, and urge the ongoing review of its instruments and facilities to ensure flexibility.Encourage the World Bank and other multilateral development banks(MDBs)to use their full capacity in support of their development agenda, and we welcome the recent introduction of new facilities by the World Bank in the areas of infrastructure and trade finance.Ensure that the IMF, World Bank and other MDBs have sufficient resources to continue playing their role in overcoming the crisis.Common Principles for Reform of Financial Markets

8.In addition to the actions taken above, we will implement reforms that will strengthen financial markets and regulatory regimes so as to avoid future crises.Regulation is first and foremost the responsibility of national regulators who constitute the first line of defense against market instability.However, our financial markets are global in scope, therefore, intensified international cooperation among regulators and strengthening of international standards, where necessary, and their consistent implementation is necessary to protect against adverse cross-border, regional and global developments affecting international financial stability.Regulators must ensure that their actions support market discipline, avoid potentially adverse impacts on other countries, including regulatory arbitrage, and support competition, dynamism and innovation in the marketplace.Financial institutions must also bear their responsibility for the turmoil and should do their part to overcome it including by recognizing losses, improving disclosure and strengthening their governance and risk management practices.9.We commit to implementing policies consistent with the following common principles for reform.Strengthening Transparency and Accountability: We will strengthen financial market transparency, including by enhancing required disclosure on complex financial products and ensuring complete and accurate disclosure by firms of their financial conditions.Incentives should be aligned to avoid excessive risk-taking.Enhancing Sound Regulation: We pledge to strengthen our regulatory regimes, prudential oversight, and risk management, and ensure that all financial markets, products and participants are regulated or subject to oversight, as appropriate to their circumstances.We will exercise strong oversight over credit rating agencies, consistent with the agreed and strengthened international code of conduct.We will also make regulatory regimes more effective over the economic cycle, while ensuring that regulation is efficient, does not stifle innovation, and encourages expanded trade in financial products and services.We commit to transparent assessments of our national regulatory systems.Promoting Integrity in Financial Markets: We commit to protect the integrity of the world’s financial markets by bolstering investor and consumer protection, avoiding conflicts of interest, preventing illegal market manipulation, fraudulent activities and abuse, and protecting against illicit finance risks arising from non-cooperative jurisdictions.We will also promote information sharing, including with respect to jurisdictions that have yet to commit to international standards with respect to bank secrecy and transparency.Reinforcing International Cooperation: We call upon our national and regional regulators to formulate their regulations and other measures in a consistent manner.Regulators should enhance their coordination and cooperation across all segments of financial markets, including with respect to cross-border capital flows.Regulators and other relevant authorities as a matter of priority should strengthen cooperation on crisis prevention, management, and resolution.Reforming International Financial Institutions: We are committed to advancing the reform of the Bretton Woods Institutions so that they can more adequately reflect changing economic weights in the world economy in order to increase their legitimacy and effectiveness.In this respect, emerging and developing economies, including the poorest countries, should have greater voice and representation.The Financial Stability Forum(FSF)must expand urgently to a broader membership of emerging economies, and other major standard setting bodies should promptly review their membership.The IMF, in collaboration with the expanded FSF and other bodies, should work to better identify vulnerabilities, anticipate potential stresses, and act swiftly to play a key role in crisis response.Tasking of Ministers and Experts

10.We are committed to taking rapid action to implement these principles.We instruct our Finance Ministers, as coordinated by their 2009 G-20 leadership(Brazil, UK, Republic of Korea), to initiate processes and a timeline to do so.An initial list of specific measures is set forth in the attached Action Plan, including high priority actions to be completed prior to March 31, 2009.In consultation with other economies and existing bodies, drawing upon the recommendations of such eminent independent experts as they may appoint, we request our Finance Ministers to formulate additional recommendations, including in the following specific areas:

Mitigating against pro-cyclicality in regulatory policy;

Reviewing and aligning global accounting standards, particularly for complex securities in times of stress;

Strengthening the resilience and transparency of credit derivatives markets and reducing their systemic risks, including by improving the infrastructure of over-the-counter markets;

Reviewing compensation practices as they relate to incentives for risk taking and innovation;

Reviewing the mandates, governance, and resource requirements of the IFIs;and

Defining the scope of systemically important institutions and determining their appropriate regulation or oversight.11.In view of the role of the G-20 in financial systems reform, we will meet again by April 30, 2009, to review the implementation of the principles and decisions agreed today.Commitment to an Open Global Economy

12.We recognize that these reforms will only be successful if grounded in a commitment to free market principles, including the rule of law, respect for private property, open trade and investment, competitive markets, and efficient, effectively regulated financial systems.These principles are essential to economic growth and prosperity and have lifted millions out of poverty, and have significantly raised the global standard of living.Recognizing the necessity to improve financial sector regulation, we must avoid over-regulation that would hamper economic growth and exacerbate the contraction of capital flows, including to developing countries.13.We underscore the critical importance of rejecting protectionism and not turning inward in times of financial uncertainty.In this regard, within the next 12 months, we will refrain from raising new barriers to investment or to trade in goods and services, imposing new export restrictions, or implementing World Trade Organization(WTO)inconsistent measures to stimulate exports.Further, we shall strive to reach agreement this year on modalities that leads to a successful conclusion to the WTO’s Doha Development Agenda with an ambitious and balanced outcome.We instruct our Trade Ministers to achieve this objective and stand ready to assist directly, as necessary.We also agree that our countries have the largest stake in the global trading system and therefore each must make the positive contributions necessary to achieve such an outcome.14.We are mindful of the impact of the current crisis on developing countries, particularly the most vulnerable.We reaffirm the importance of the Millennium Development Goals, the development assistance commitments we have made, and urge both developed and emerging economies to undertake commitments consistent with their capacities and roles in the global economy.In this regard, we reaffirm the development principles agreed at the 2002 United Nations Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey, Mexico, which emphasized country ownership and mobilizing all sources of financing for development.15.We remain committed to addressing other critical challenges such as energy security and climate change, food security, the rule of law, and the fight against terrorism, poverty and disease.16.As we move forward, we are confident that through continued partnership, cooperation, and multilateralism, we will overcome the challenges before us and restore stability and prosperity to the world economy.Action Plan to Implement Principles for Reform

This Action Plan sets forth a comprehensive work plan to implement the five agreed principles for reform.Our finance ministers will work to ensure that the taskings set forth in this Action Plan are fully and vigorously implemented.They are responsible for the development and implementation of these recommendations drawing on the ongoing work of relevant bodies, including the International Monetary Fund(IMF), an expanded Financial Stability Forum(FSF), and standard setting bodies.Strengthening Transparency and Accountability

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

The key global accounting standards bodies should work to enhance guidance for valuation of securities, also taking into account the valuation of complex, illiquid products, especially during times of stress.Accounting standard setters should significantly advance their work to address weaknesses in accounting and disclosure standards for off-balance sheet vehicles.Regulators and accounting standard setters should enhance the required disclosure of complex financial instruments by firms to market participants.With a view toward promoting financial stability, the governance of the international accounting standard setting body should be further enhanced, including by undertaking a review of its membership, in particular in order to ensure transparency, accountability, and an appropriate relationship between this independent body and the relevant authorities.Private sector bodies that have already developed best practices for private pools of capital and/or hedge funds should bring forward proposals for a set of unified best practices.Finance Ministers should assess the adequacy of these proposals, drawing upon the analysis of regulators, the expanded FSF, and other relevant bodies.Medium-term actions

The key global accounting standards bodies should work intensively toward the objective of creating a single high-quality global standard.Regulators, supervisors, and accounting standard setters, as appropriate, should work with each other and the private sector on an ongoing basis to ensure consistent application and enforcement of high-quality accounting standards.Financial institutions should provide enhanced risk disclosures in their reporting and disclose all losses on an ongoing basis, consistent with international best practice, as appropriate.Regulators should work to ensure that a financial institution’ financial statements include a complete, accurate, and timely picture of the firm’s activities(including off-balance sheet activities)and are reported on a consistent and regular basis.Enhancing Sound Regulation Regulatory Regimes

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

The IMF, expanded FSF, and other regulators and bodies should develop recommendations to mitigate pro-cyclicality, including the review of how valuation and leverage, bank capital, executive compensation, and provisioning practices may exacerbate cyclical trends.Medium-term actions

To the extent countries or regions have not already done so, each country or region pledges to review and report on the structure and principles of its regulatory system to ensure it is compatible with a modern and increasingly globalized financial system.To this end, all G-20 members commit to undertake a Financial Sector Assessment Program(FSAP)report and support the transparent assessments of countries’ national regulatory systems.The appropriate bodies should review the differentiated nature of regulation in the banking, securities, and insurance sectors and provide a report outlining the issue and making recommendations on needed improvements.A review of the scope of financial regulation, with a special emphasis on institutions, instruments, and markets that are currently unregulated, along with ensuring that all systemically-important institutions are appropriately regulated, should also be undertaken.National and regional authorities should review resolution regimes and bankruptcy laws in light of recent experience to ensure that they permit an orderly wind-down of large complex cross-border financial institutions.Definitions of capital should be harmonized in order to achieve consistent measures of capital and capital adequacy.Prudential Oversight

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

Regulators should take steps to ensure that credit rating agencies meet the highest standards of the international organization of securities regulators and that they avoid conflicts of interest, provide greater disclosure to investors and to issuers, and differentiate ratings for complex products.This will help ensure that credit rating agencies have the right incentives and appropriate oversight to enable them to perform their important role in providing unbiased information and assessments to markets.The international organization of securities regulators should review credit rating agencies’ adoption of the standards and mechanisms for monitoring compliance.Authorities should ensure that financial institutions maintain adequate capital in amounts necessary to sustain confidence.International standard setters should set out strengthened capital requirements for banks’ structured credit and securitization activities.Supervisors and regulators, building on the imminent launch of central counterparty services for credit default swaps(CDS)in some countries, should: speed efforts to reduce the systemic risks of CDS and over-the-counter(OTC)derivatives transactions;insist that market participants support exchange traded or electronic trading platforms for CDS contracts;expand OTC derivatives market transparency;and ensure that the infrastructure for OTC derivatives can support growing volumes.Medium-term actions

Credit Ratings Agencies that provide public ratings should be registered.Supervisors and central banks should develop robust and internationally consistent approaches for liquidity supervision of, and central bank liquidity operations for, cross-border banks.Risk Management

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

Regulators should develop enhanced guidance to strengthen banks’ risk management practices, in line with international best practices, and should encourage financial firms to reexamine their internal controls and implement strengthened policies for sound risk management.Regulators should develop and implement procedures to ensure that financial firms implement policies to better manage liquidity risk, including by creating strong liquidity cushions.Supervisors should ensure that financial firms develop processes that provide for timely and comprehensive measurement of risk concentrations and large counterparty risk positions across products and geographies.Firms should reassess their risk management models to guard against stress and report to supervisors on their efforts.The Basel Committee should study the need for and help develop firms’ new stress testing models, as appropriate.Financial institutions should have clear internal incentives to promote stability, and action needs to be taken, through voluntary effort or regulatory action, to avoid compensation schemes which reward excessive short-term returns or risk taking.Banks should exercise effective risk management and due diligence over structured products and securitization.Medium-term actions

International standard setting bodies, working with a broad range of economies and other appropriate bodies, should ensure that regulatory policy makers are aware and able to respond rapidly to evolution and innovation in financial markets and products.Authorities should monitor substantial changes in asset prices and their implications for the macroeconomy and the financial system.Promoting Integrity in Financial Markets

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

Our national and regional authorities should work together to enhance regulatory cooperation between jurisdictions on a regional and international level.National and regional authorities should work to promote information sharing about domestic and cross-border threats to market stability and ensure that national(or regional, where applicable)legal provisions are adequate to address these threats.National and regional authorities should also review business conduct rules to protect markets and investors, especially against market manipulation and fraud and strengthen their cross-border cooperation to protect the international financial system from illicit actors.In case of misconduct, there should be an appropriate sanctions regime.Medium-term actions

National and regional authorities should implement national and international measures that protect the global financial system from uncooperative and non-transparent jurisdictions that pose risks of illicit financial activity.The Financial Action Task Force should continue its important work against money laundering and terrorist financing, and we support the efforts of the World Bank-UN Stolen Asset Recovery(StAR)Initiative.Tax authorities, drawing upon the work of relevant bodies such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD), should continue efforts to promote tax information exchange.Lack of transparency and a failure to exchange tax information should be vigorously addressed.Reinforcing International Cooperation

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

Supervisors should collaborate to establish supervisory colleges for all major cross-border financial institutions, as part of efforts to strengthen the surveillance of cross-border firms.Major global banks should meet regularly with their supervisory college for comprehensive discussions of the firm’s activities and assessment of the risks it faces.Regulators should take all steps necessary to strengthen cross-border crisis management arrangements, including on cooperation and communication with each other and with appropriate authorities, and develop comprehensive contact lists and conduct simulation exercises, as appropriate.Medium-term actions

Authorities, drawing especially on the work of regulators, should collect information on areas where convergence in regulatory practices such as accounting standards, auditing, and deposit insurance is making progress, is in need of accelerated progress, or where there may be potential for progress.Authorities should ensure that temporary measures to restore stability and confidence have minimal distortions and are unwound in a timely, well-sequenced and coordinated manner.Reforming International Financial Institutions

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

The FSF should expand to a broader membership of emerging economies.The IMF, with its focus on surveillance, and the expanded FSF, with its focus on standard setting, should strengthen their collaboration, enhancing efforts to better integrate regulatory and supervisory responses into the macro-prudential policy framework and conduct early warning exercises.The IMF, given its universal membership and core macro-financial expertise, should, in close coordination with the FSF and others, take a leading role in drawing lessons from the current crisis, consistent with its mandate.We should review the adequacy of the resources of the IMF, the World Bank Group and other multilateral development banks and stand ready to increase them where necessary.The IFIs should also continue to review and adapt their lending instruments to adequately meet their members’ needs and revise their lending role in the light of the ongoing financial crisis.We should explore ways to restore emerging and developing countries’ access to credit and resume private capital flows which are critical for sustainable growth and development, including ongoing infrastructure investment.In cases where severe market disruptions have limited access to the necessary financing for counter-cyclical fiscal policies, multilateral development banks must ensure arrangements are in place to support, as needed, those countries with a good track record and sound policies.Medium-term actions

We underscored that the Bretton Woods Institutions must be comprehensively reformed so that they can more adequately reflect changing economic weights in the world economy and be more responsive to future challenges.Emerging and developing economies should have greater voice and representation in these institutions.The IMF should conduct vigorous and even-handed surveillance reviews of all countries, as well as giving greater attention to their financial sectors and better integrating the reviews with the joint IMF/World Bank financial sector assessment programs.On this basis, the role of the IMF in providing macro-financial policy advice would be strengthened.Advanced economies, the IMF, and other international organizations should provide capacity-building programs for emerging market economies and developing countries on the formulation and the implementation of new major regulations, consistent with international standards.

第五篇：02 - 誠信宣言-中英文摘要

桂林電子科技大學畢業(yè)設計（論文）報告用紙

I

誠 信 宣 言

（四字之間空一格，三號黑體、加粗、居中、與內(nèi)容空一行）

我，王麗英，鄭重宣布：除了參考文獻所標明引用的資料和內(nèi)容之外，本論文中不包含有任何已經(jīng)被其他高等教育機構所接受的學位或學歷論文資料，也不包含有其他任何人已經(jīng)正式出版的資料內(nèi)容。（四號宋體）

簽字：

日期：

****年**月**日

Declaration（Times New Roman、三號加粗、居中、與下文內(nèi)容空一行）

I, Wang Liying, the undersigned, hereby declare that this dissertation does not contain any material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any institutions of higher learning and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, this dissertation does not contain any material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in the text of the dissertation.（內(nèi)容采用Times New Roman四號字體）

Signed: Date:

注: 1.本頁頁眉標注的頁碼為I。中文簽字日期為：2010年5月28日；英文為：May 28, 2010

2.詳細說明見指導手冊。打印時請刪除紅色字體。

桂林電子科技大學畢業(yè)設計（論文）報告用紙

II

摘 要

（“摘要”之間空兩格，三號黑體、加粗、居中，與下面內(nèi)容空一行）

本文從跨文化語用學角度對中英公共標識的翻譯進行研究。

論文首先對公共標識進行系統(tǒng)的研究，從定義、分類、中英文公共標識的語言特點三方面做出總結，本文將公共標識定義為出現(xiàn)在公共場合的具有指示性、提示性、限制性、強制性特點的文字或圖案，定義范圍廣，為進一步研究提供充足的實例。在此基礎上歸納了目前公共標識漢譯英翻譯的研究方法，包括音譯、直譯、意譯、直譯加注釋、和等效翻譯等五種，發(fā)現(xiàn)大多是從純翻譯角度展開的，較少涉及到跨文化語用學研究。

跨文化語用學作為語言學一個新興的學科，目前國內(nèi)外還沒有完整的著作問世，其定義也多種多樣，為方便比較，本文采用的定義為來自英漢兩種不同文化背景的人交流時產(chǎn)生的語用問題。本文運用跨文化語用學研究中常用的方法——比較法，從文化載體——語用手段層面、文化蘊含——語用環(huán)境層面、文化策略——語用主體層面三個層面逐層深入對公共標識的翻譯進行具體分析, 這三方面緊密相連成為一個系統(tǒng)，其中文化載體反映文化蘊含；文化策略是最高層次，作用是在文化主體和文化客體（本文中為文化蘊含）之間達成統(tǒng)一；文化策略決定文化載體和文化蘊含，反過來又受到它們的制約。最后對論文研究做出總結。該研究具有一定的創(chuàng)新性。（內(nèi)容采用小

四、宋體、行距20磅）

關鍵詞（小

四、黑體、頂格）：跨文化語用學；公共標識；翻譯（小

四、宋體、分號）

注: 1.本頁頁眉標注的頁碼為II

2.中文摘要字數(shù)不應少于350字

3.打印時請刪除紅色字體。

桂林電子科技大學畢業(yè)設計（論文）報告用紙

III

Abstract（Times New Roman、三號加粗、居中、與下文空一行）

This paper examines the translation of public signs in the perspective of intercultural pragmatics, and proposes a new approach to translating public signs, which is developed in three aspects of intercultural pragmatics.The thesis starts with the studies of public signs, including definition, classification, and the comparison of language features between English and Chinese public signs.The thesis defines public signs as words or pictures appearing in public for instruction, reminders, restriction, and prohibition.So the thesis is supported with enough cases.Then the thesis gives a literature review of the recent researches on the translation of public signs, finding that most of them have been done purely in translation techniques, such as transliteration, literal translation, free translation, word-for-word translation plus annotations, and equivalent-effect translation.Few of them deal with the translation from the perspective of intercultural pragmatics.There are even few works on intercultural pragmatics at home and abroad, since it is a newly-built branch of linguistics.In order to make clear comparison, intercultural pragmatics is defined as a study which emphasizes the pragmatic problems occurring when people from Chinese and English cultures communicate with each other.Based on my study of public signs and translation techniques, I put forward a suggested approach to the translation in three aspects: culture carrier----the aspect of pragmatic means;culture implication----the aspect of pragmatic environment;and culture strategy----the aspect of pragmatic subject.They should be taken into consideration as a whole in the course of translation.The relationship between culture carrier and culture environment is that of form and content.Culture carrier represents culture environment.The process of making culture strategy is a process of making agreement between the subjective and culture environment.At last, I hope that this thesis could help translators understand and translate public signs better.However, due to my limitation, there’s still much room remained to be improved.（內(nèi)容采用Times New Roman字體、小

四、行距20磅）Key words（小四加粗頂格）: intercultural pragmatics;public signs;translation(Times New Roman、小

四、分號)

注: 1.本頁頁眉標注的頁碼為III

2.英文摘要字數(shù)不少于250個單詞。打印時請刪除紅色字體。