第一篇：主旨大意題的解題方法(趙進(jìn))

2014-03-15高二英語(yǔ)培優(yōu) 講案 英語(yǔ)閱讀理解主旨大意題的解題技巧

高考閱讀理解對(duì)文章的主旨大意進(jìn)行命題，旨在考查考生通過(guò)對(duì)原文快速瀏覽正確獲取語(yǔ)篇的大意，并對(duì)文章的主題、標(biāo)題、段落、中心思想加以歸納理解以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在閱讀短文時(shí)，能夠提煉文章的中心情節(jié)，體會(huì)作者的主要意圖，充分運(yùn)用邏輯概括能力，透過(guò)字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點(diǎn)、中心論點(diǎn)及作者的情感傾向。

在高考閱讀理解中，針對(duì)短文主旨常見(jiàn)的命題形式如下：

1.The main topic/subject of the passage is _____.2.What is mainly discussed in the text/X paragraph？

3.What is the main idea of the passage？

4.The purpose of this passage is _____.5.The passage mainly focused on _____.6.What would be the best title/topic/headline of the text？從上述命題形式可以看出，此類閱讀測(cè)試題主要可概括為兩大類，即怎樣理解段落及文章整體的中心思想和怎樣擬定或選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題。下面結(jié)合高考題實(shí)例來(lái)具體分析此類題目的解題技巧。

●怎樣理解段落及文章整體的主旨大意 ——主題句定位法

文章是由段落組成的。段落是發(fā)展一個(gè)主題的一群句子，段落圍繞著中心思想展開(kāi)，而段落的中心思想又是為文章整體的中心思想服務(wù)的。尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：通過(guò)分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出每小段的主題句，通過(guò)主題句找出文章的主題。找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是確定文章主旨大意的關(guān)鍵。主題是文章要表達(dá)的中心思想，文章的主題句通常都有一個(gè)話題，它是文章的核心?！爸黝}句定位法”是一種行之有效的方法。

但是由于文章的不同，表現(xiàn)的手法也各有不同，主題句出現(xiàn)的位置也不是一成不變的。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說(shuō)明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過(guò)尋找短文的主題句來(lái)歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開(kāi)頭、中間、結(jié)尾（含在開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾同時(shí)出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句）。因此，仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法(skimming)，瀏覽時(shí)，一般不需逐句細(xì)讀，只選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和主題信息。

文章主題常?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)文章的寫(xiě)作方法來(lái)體現(xiàn)，有以下五種情況：

1.正三解形寫(xiě)作法（開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山式）

即中心主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的演繹法寫(xiě)作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出觀點(diǎn)，后舉例論證，主題句則出現(xiàn)在段首的寫(xiě)作方法。

新聞報(bào)道通常就采用這種寫(xiě)法。新聞報(bào)道的首句通常稱為“新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”，“導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”實(shí)際上就是主題句，是對(duì)全文內(nèi)容的高度概括。大意題、標(biāo)題一般可在第一句話找到答題依據(jù)。例題：(高考—重慶卷E篇)（備注：所有高考題均保留原題號(hào)。）

In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition.Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity.Others say that competition is bad;that it sets one person against another;that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.…

71.What does this passage mainly talk about?

A.Competition helps to set up self-respect.B.Opinions about competition are different among people.C.Competition is harmful to personal quality development.D.Failures are necessary experience in competition.2.倒三角形寫(xiě)作法（藏頭露尾式）

即主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾。在細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)、印象、結(jié)論、建議或結(jié)果，以概括主題。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的歸納法寫(xiě)作方式，即細(xì)節(jié)表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主題句則常位于末段。

例題1：(全國(guó)卷 A篇)

The famous American gorilla(大猩猩)expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas — she pretended to be one of them.She copied their actions and way of life — eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does.It was a new relationship.Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the Mist.It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster(a1

frightening animal), and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400—450 mountain

gorillas in the wild.From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting down of their forest homes.Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for

Nature.It had two photos side by side.One was of a young gorilla.“This is a species of

mammal(哺乳類動(dòng)物),” said the words below it.“It is being destroyed by man.We must save it for our own good.” The other photo showed a human baby.The words also read, “This is a species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive(破壞性的)on earth.We must retrain it for its own good.”

56.The text mainly talks about _____.A.Diane FosseyB.the gorillas in Rwanda

C.the protection of the gorillasD.the film Gorillas in the Mist

例題2：On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can.We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet.What’s more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages.We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games.With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes.The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.1.What’s the main idea of the passage?

A.Keep away from the Internet.B.Surf the net.C.The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.D.We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.3.圓形寫(xiě)作法（首尾呼應(yīng)式）

為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題，這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫(xiě)作方式也較為

多見(jiàn)。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)，后面的往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。

例題：Lacrosse(曲棍球)is a popular sport in Canada.The Indians in Canada invented it.They used it to train for war.They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.People play lacrosse outdoors.The lacrosse field is seven meters long.At each end of the field there is a goal.The goal is a net.There are ten players on each team.Each player has a stick called “ cross”.The player hit a ball into the net as many times as possible.Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks.Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse.There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada.Every night Canadians

can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada.Today it is still popular with Canadians.1.The passage is mainly about.A.How to Play LacrosseB.Lacrosse in Canada

C.The History of LacrosseD.Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada

4.菱形寫(xiě)作法（拋磚引玉式）

即主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間。通常文章開(kāi)頭只提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題或者是貌似正確的觀點(diǎn)，文

中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。

例題：(全國(guó)高考—江蘇卷C篇)

The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past.The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December.It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals.During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands.Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship.One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture.Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs.On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.…

67.This passage mainly tells readers_______.A.what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival

B.how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival

C.what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival

D.how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival

5.正方形寫(xiě)作法（藏龍臥虎式）

即中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒(méi)有明確的主題句。閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生根據(jù)

文章的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類型的試題則迎刃而解。

例題1：(全國(guó)高考—安徽卷C篇)

Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China.Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe.It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed(無(wú)武器的)hands to each other as a sign of goodwill.As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement.This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other.“Let’s shake(hands)on it” sometimes means agreement reached.Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No.Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite.It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her.Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly.There is generally a misunderstanding(誤解)among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved(保守的)in manner.But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today.So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.65.The first paragraph mainly tells us ______.A.where handshaking was first practiced

B.how handshaking came about

C.about the relationship between handshaking and trade

D.about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China

67.The main purpose of the text is ______.A.to tell us some differences between the East and the West

B.to offer us some important facts about handshaking

C.to introduce us to some different customs in the West

D.to give us some advice before we travel abroad

例題2：(全國(guó)高考— 山東卷A篇）

Last August, Joe and Mary Mahoney began looking at colleges for their 17-year-old daughter, Maureen.With a checklist of criteria in hand, the Dallas family looked around the country visiting half a dozen schools.They sought a university that offered the teenager’s intended major, one located neat a large city, and a campus where their daughter would be safe.“The safety issue is a big one,” says Joe Mahoney, who quickly discovered he wasn’t alone in his worries.On campus tours other parents voiced similar concerns, and the same question was always asked: what about crime? But when college officials always gave the same answer —“That’s not a problem here,” —Mahoney began to feel uneasy.“No crime whatsoever?” comments Mahoney today.“ I just don’t buy it.” Nor should he: in

1999 the U.S.Department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses.“Parents need to understand that times have changed since they went to college,” says David Nichols, author of Creating a Safe Campus.“Campus crime mirrors the rest of the nation.”

But getting accurate information isn’t easy.Colleges must report crime statistics(統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)

字)by law, but some hold back for fear of bad publicity, leaving the honest ones looking dangerous.“The truth may not always be serious,” warms S.Daniel Carter of Security on Campus, Inc., the nation’s leading campus safety watchdog group.To help concerned parents, Carter promised to visit campuses and talk to experts around the

country to find out major crime issues and effective solutions.60.What is the text mainly about?

A.Exact campus crime statisticsB.Crimes on or around campuses

C.Effective solutions to campus crimeD.Concerns about kids’ campus safety

●怎樣選擇或擬定文章的標(biāo)題（選帽原則）標(biāo)題可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)，也可以是句子，它高度概括了文章內(nèi)容，點(diǎn)明文章

主題，它是文章中心思想最精練的表達(dá)形式。那如何選擇文章的標(biāo)題呢？

首先，要考慮標(biāo)題對(duì)文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般要求能覆蓋全文內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)文

章主旨。要避免下列三種情況：①概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太?。虎谶^(guò)度概括（多表現(xiàn)為脫離本文章內(nèi)容的發(fā)揮）；③以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象具體的大意。其次，要考慮標(biāo)題的針對(duì)性，即標(biāo)題范圍要恰當(dāng)，針對(duì)性強(qiáng)。要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮所選標(biāo)題與文章主題是否有密切的關(guān)系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大則中

心就不突出，太小也發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)起的作用；精確度高，不能隨意改變語(yǔ)言的表意程度及

色彩。它可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)，也可以是句子。

再次要注意標(biāo)題的醒目性，標(biāo)題的選擇要簡(jiǎn)潔、突出、新穎，標(biāo)題是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門(mén)面。標(biāo)題的好壞往往影響了文章的可讀性，讀者常常從標(biāo)題上決定文

章的閱讀取舍。故標(biāo)題一般比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，以此來(lái)吸引讀者對(duì)文章的興趣。最后要注意，要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，還需要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方法。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，擬定標(biāo)

題是以話題為核心。

例題1：(全國(guó)高考—江西卷A篇)

He wishes the holiday season would end already.His back aches, his red suit feels like a

spacesuit, his cheeks have gone tight from smiling for 12 hours …

The questions from children these days are harder than ever.Now, with thousands of children expecting a father or mother serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, the questions are as heart-breaking as they are unanswerable.For example, “Can you please bring Daddy home from the war in time for Christmas morning?”

Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued(指控)…

59．What would be the best title for the passage?

A．Christmas: Not a Good Festival for Santas

B．Is Santa Claus Really Alive?C．A Christmas Story

D．What Does Santa Claus Do for Children?

例題2：（全國(guó)卷IA篇）

Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia was delivered to

my house.No card came with it Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all.After a while I stopped trying to discover the sender’s name and just delighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper.But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be.Some of my happiest moments were

spent daydreaming about the sender.My mother encouraged these imaginings.She’d ask me if there was someone for whom I had done special kindness.Perhaps it was the old man across the street whose mail I’d delivered during the winter.As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into.One month before my graduation, my father died.I felt so sad that I became completely

uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didn’t care if I had a new dress or not.But my mother, in her own sadness, would not let me miss any of those things.She wanted her children to feel loved and lovable.In truth, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia lovely, strong and perfect with perhaps a bit of mystery(神秘)

My mother died ten days after I was married.I was 22.That was the year the gardenia

stopped coming.41.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A.A childhood Dream.B.A Mother’s Love.C.A Graduation Party.D.A Special Birthday.2014-03-14英語(yǔ)培優(yōu)練習(xí)題 閱讀理解主旨大意題

1)If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly

draw your attention: “Color TV.Only ＄79.Two days sale.Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy.You may discover that they are sold out.But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model.A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs ＄395.This sales method is called “bait and switch”.Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one.Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.※ The paragraph could be entitled _________.A.Buying a TV SetB.A Selling MethodC.Buyer BewareD.TV On Sale

2)Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.※ The main idea of this paragraph is that ______.A.Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B.Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later fromBoston College.C.Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D.Tom received an excellent education.3)Everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older, but men's minds decline more than women's, according to the results of a worldwide survey.Certain differences seem to be inherent in male and female brains: Men are better at maintaining and dealing with mental images(useful in mathematical reasoning and spatial skills), while women tend to excel(擅長(zhǎng))at recalling information from their brain's files(helpful with language skills and remembering the locations of objects)....※ The author aims to tell us that __________.A.women’s minds perform better than men’s

B.men’s minds decline more with age

C.everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older

D.a survey on human’s mind decline was done recently.4)It seems that politicians around the world are thinking about the health of their countries.While in China, Chen Zhu has announced his plans for a universal health service and reform across health services.Gordon Brown, the UK Prime Minister, has also announced he is planning to make some changes in our health service.The crux of Mr.Brown's proposals are related to giving the NHS(National Health Service)a greater focus on prevention, rather than just curing patients.He is planning to introduce increased screening for common diseases...※ The author of this passage intends to tell us______.A.the NHS should be reformed right away.B.more and more people are dying from diseases.C.the plan to reform the NHS in the UK.D.the criticism of Mr.Brown's proposals.5)In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work.Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts.He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”.However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss

Cross”.He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial(商業(yè)性的)success.※ The text is mainly about________.A.LexicoB.Three menC.A word gameD.Alfred Butts.6)Reading is the key to school success and, like any skill it Takes practice.A child learns to walk by practicing until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other.A great athlete practices until he can play quickly, accurately(精確), without thinking.Tennis players call that“ being” in the zone.” Educators call it “ automaticity’(自動(dòng)性).※ The first paragraph tells us _______.A.what automaticity isB.how accuracy is acquired(獲得)

C.how a child learns to walkD.how an athlete is trained.7)Boston----Thieves dressed as police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings, including major works by Rembrandt, Dagas , Manet and Verme rr, FBI(美國(guó)聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局)and the museum officials said.The first judgment placed value of at least $100 million on the works stolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum, said Boston police spokes-man Jim Tordan.………

William Bobinson, of Hardvard Univercity’s Foggel Museum, called the objects stolen “major works.”

※What is the best headline for this newspaper article ?

A.Theft Took Place in BostonB.Artworks stolen by Thieves

C.Major WorksD.Investigation into the Theft

8)As prices and building costs keep rising, the “do-it-yourself”(DIY)trend in the U.S.continues to grow.……

John and Jim are not unusual people.Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high cost of living.If you want to become a “do-it-yourself’, you can go to DIY classes.And for those who don’t have time to take a course, there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.※ What would be the best title for the text?

A.The Joy of DIYB.You can Do it Too!

C.Welcome to Our DIY Course!D.Ross and Hatfield: Believers in DIY

9)You dream each night, even though you may not remember your dreams.While you dream your eyes move and your heart beats faster.Even your brain-wave pattern changes.Some scientists think that dreaming is important for the sake of health.They claim that without dream, people would go crazy.※What does the passage mainly tell us?

A.How people stay healthyB.How sleep is necessary

C.Why dreams are importantD.When people remember their dreams

10)In America we have Halloween.In Mexico they have Todos Santos, which means “ All Saints”.This is the day in which people remember family and friends who have died.They visit the cemetery instead of going out to trick-or-treat.But they do have pictures of skeletons and ghosts hanging around.They also have many candy skulls to eat.※What does the story mainly tell ?

A.What holidays are likeB.What Halloween is like in Mexico

C.What happens during Todos SantosD.What we do on Halloween

第二篇：初中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解主旨大意題

(1)“You're just in time, Joe.We're going to play cowboys（牛仔）and Indians, and you can be the Indians.” One of my cousins（堂兄弟）said.“How many Indians?” I asked.“Oh, about a thousand.” He answered, and before I could say no，I was pushed out into the night and became a thousand Indians.Two minutes later I was running in the fields with a group of cowboys behind.The shouts of “After them.Let's catch the killers!” and other such TV play language came into my ears as I ran round a corner and hurried into my Grandpa's car． “We've got him, boys.Let's go and catch him!”

But no one wanted to come to get me.All of my cousins except one were always very friendly with.It was quiet outside.And I went out of the car to have a look.Just then I heard a shout , “Bring the rope（繩子）, and we can burn him.”

“Only Indians burn people.Cowboys.” I stopped just in time.I had almost said, “Cowboys hang（絞死）people.”

I was tied to a tree, and the cowboys were looking for some wood when my dear mother called, “We're leaving now.”

“Untie me.” I shouted.”We're going.“Why did Bobby want matches（火柴）?” Mum asked when we were in the car.“He was asking Dad whether he had any.”

“oh, he was just going t matches? MATCHES? Are you sure he wanted matches” Mother was quite sure, and I didn't say any more.1．How many children played the Indians? [ ]

A．One thousand

B．One hundred

C．One group

D．One 2．Why did Joe's cousin say that Joe was just in time? Because______.[ ]

A．there were not enough children four the game

B．the game was just going to start

C．none of his cousins wanted to be the Indians

D．they were waiting for Joe 3．Joe didn't say “Cowbays hang people.” Because______.[ ]

A．he was tied to a tree

B．that would make things worse

C．he was caught by the cowboys

D．that would make the cowboys angry 4．Which of the following is TRUE? [ ]

A．One of Joe's cousins was looking for matches.B．Dad didn't want to give the children any matches.C．Bobby wanted to get some matches from his father.D．Mum didn't think children should play with matches.5．The name of the story should he“______.” [ ]

A．Joe and his cousins

B．Who knows what danger is waiting there

C．Cowboys and Indians is a favourite children's game

D．How cowboys and Indians fought in the past DCBAB(2)In England, people often talk about the weather because they can experience(經(jīng)歷)four seasons in one day.In the morning the weather is warm just like in spring.An hour later black clouds come and then it rains hard.The weather gets a little cold.In the late afternoon the sky will be sunny, the sun will begin to shine, and it will be summer at this time of a day.In England, people can also have summer in winter, or have winter in summer.So in winter they can swim sometimes, and in summer sometimes they should take warm clothes.When you go to England, you will see that some English people usually take an umbrella(傘)or a raincoat with them in the sunny morning, but you should not laugh at them.If you don't take an umbrella or a raincoat, you will regret(后悔)later in the day.1.Why do people in England often talk about the weather? A.Because they may have four seasons in one day B.Because they often have very good weather C.Because the weather is warm just like in spring D.Because the sky is sunny all day 2.From the story we know that when _________come, there is a heavy rain.A.sunshine and snow

B.black clouds C.summer and winter

D.spring and autumn 3.“People can also have summer in winter.” Means “it is sometimes too ______in winter.” A.warm

B.cool

C.cold

D.rainy 4.In the sunny morning some English people usually take a raincoat or an umbrella with them because ________.A.their friends ask them to do so

B.it often rains in England C.they are going to sell them

D.they are their favourite things 5.The best title(標(biāo)題)for this passage is ________.A.Bad Seasons

B.Summer or Winter C.The Weather in England

D.Strange English People KEY: ABABC(3)To find out whether bees（蜜蜂）can see colours, the following experiment is made.A round table is put in a garden, and on the table is a piece of blue cardboard（硬紙版）with a drop of syrup（糖漿）on it.After a short time, bees come to the syrup.The bees then fly to their hive（蜂房）and give the syrup to other bees in the hive.Then they return to the feeding-place which they have found.After a while, the blue cardboard with the syrup on it is taken away.Instead of this card, a blue card is now put on the left side of the first feeding-place and a red card to its right.These new cards have no syrup on them.Very soon bees arrive again, and fly straight to the blue card.None go to the red card.Picture 1 1.How many cards do you need to prepare for the experiment? A.Two: one blue and one red

B.Three: two blue and one red C.Three: one blue and two red

D.Four: two blue and two red 2.If Picture 1 below shows the table top during Step 1 of the experiment, which of A, B, C, D in Picture 2 shows the table top during Step 2? Picture 2 3.During Step 2 of the experiment, the bees go to ________.A.the blue card with syrup on it

B.the new blue card with no syrup on it C.the empty space where the original（原先的）blue card was D.the new blue card with syrup on it on the left of the red card 4.The experiment has proved（證明）that bees ________.A.cannot see colors

B.can see colors C.can not see blue

D.cannot see red 5.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A.Bees Love Blue

B.Bees Love Syrup C.Bees, Color and Syrup

D.Can Bees See Color? Keys: 1－5 BCBBD(4)Now satellites are helping to forecast（預(yù)報(bào)）the weather.They are in space, and they can reach any part of the world.The satellites take pictures of the atmosphere（大氣）, because this is where the weather forms（形成）.They send these pictures to the weather stations.So meteorologists（氣象學(xué)家）can see the weather of any part of the world.From the pictures, the scientists can often say how the weather will change.Today, nearly five hundred weather stations in sixty countries receive satellite pictures.When they receive new pictures, the meteorologists compare（比較）them with earlier ones.Perhaps they may find that the clouds have changed during the last few hours.This may mean that the weather on the ground may soon change, too.In their next weather forecast, the meteorologists can say this.So the weather satellites are a great help to the meteorologists.Before satellites were invented, the scientists could forecast the weather for about 24 or 48 hours.Now they can make good forecasts for three or five days.Soon, perhaps, they may be able to forecast the weather for a week or more ahead（提前）.1.Satellites travel _____________.A.in space

B.in the atmosphere C.above the ground

D.above space 2.Why do we use the weather satellites to take pictures of the atmosphere? Because __________.A.the weather satellites can do it easily

B.clouds form there C.the weather forms there

D.the pictures can forecast the weather 3.Meteorologists forecast the weather __________.A.when they have received satellite pictures B.after they have compared new satellite pictures with earlier ones C.before they received satellite pictures D.during they study satellite pictures 4.Maybe we’ll soon be able to forecast the weather for ________.A.one day

B.two days

C.five days

D.seven days or even longer 5.The main（主要的）idea of this passage is that satellites are now used in _________.A.taking pictures of the atmosphere

B.receiving pictures of the atmosphere C.doing other work in many ways

D.weather forecasting Keys: 1-5 ACBDD(5)Snow fell on the mountain.It snowed and snowed.The snow did not melt（融化）.It became deep and heavy.The snow on the bottom pressed（擠壓）together., it became ice.The ice was very wide and thick.It began to move down the mountain.It was like a river of ice.It was a glacier（冰河）.Sometimes the glacier moved only a few inches（英寸）each day.As it moved, it took rocks and dirt with it.It changed the land.In some places, it left hills.In some places, when the glacier melted, it made rivers and lakes.A million years ago, there were many big glaciers.Glaciers covered many parts of the world.The glaciers changed the land.Glaciers are still at work today.A glacier in the north of Canada is cutting a new path（路）down the side of a mountain.This glacier will change the land, too.1.The snow that fell on the mountain A.became snowman

B.melted C.became ice D.turned to rain 2.The word in the story that means a river of ice is __________.3.The story says, “The snow did not melt.It became deep and heavy”.The word it means ____.4.Which of the following does this story lead you to believe? A.There are not as many glaciers as there used to be B.Glaciers do not change the land as they move over it.C.Glaciers are found only in warm places.5.How fast did the glacier move?(Which sentence is exactly like the one in your book?)A.Sometimes the glacier moved only once a year.B.Sometimes the glacier moved over ten miles each day.C.Sometimes the glacier moved only a few inches each day.6.The main idea of the whole story is that _______.A.snow is heavy B.the high land never changes

C.glaciers changed the land Key: 1.C 2.glacier 3.snow 3.A 4.C 5.C(6)A Leg Walking Right Here are some signs +-x…, the signs are very different.They mean very different things.When you see them, you know what to do.This sign + means that you will add some numerals.This sign—means that you will take one numeral away from another.You will subtract（減去）.What will you do when you see x and… ?

Our signs are easy to read.They are easy signs to remember.Look at these two signs….The ancient Egyptians used these signs.A picture of a leg walking to the left told them to add some numerals.A picture of a leg walking to the right told them to subtract.In the 1500s people used this printed（印刷的）sign & to add numerals.After a while the sign began to look like this….Later, the sign became +.How much is 2…2?

1.What do you do when you see this sign +? A.Walk away

B.Write a numeral

C.Read a sign

D.Add 2.The word in the story that means to take one numeral away from another is _____.3.The story says, “Our signs are easy to read.They are easy signs to remember”.The word they means ______.4.Which of the following does this story lead to believe? A.Egyptians could not add numerals together

B.All Egyptians had two left legs.C.Our signs are not hard to understand 5.What did the sign to add numerals begin to look like(which sentence is exactly like the one in your book)? A.After a while, the sign began to look like this….B.After a while, the sign began to look like this +.C.After a while, the sign began to look like this &.6.The main idea of the whole story is that ______.A.the signs for adding and subtracting have changed.B.People could not write in the 1500s

C.the old signs were good for Egyptians but not for us Key: 1.D 2.substract 3.signs 4.C 5.A 6.A(7)Mexico's neighbours are the United States to the north and Guatemala and Belize to the south.Mexico is about one quarter of the size of the United States.Mexico has more than ninety million people.The language of Mexico is Spanish.This makes Mexico the world's largest Spanish-speaking country.Mexico City is the capital and largest city of Mexico.The city is also very high.It is 7349 feet high(2240 metres).This makes it one of the highest capital cities in the world.The population, of Mexico City grows bigger every day.About thirty million people live there.It has more people than any other city in the world, even more than Tokyo.Mexico also has its specialities.Many of the foods we eat started in Mexico.Foods like beans, maize, avocados, tomatoes, peanuts, chili peppers, vanilla, and chocolate come from Mexico.Mexico is also famous for its cactus(仙人掌)plants.Mexico has more kinds of cactus than any other country.(Words: 161 Minutes: 3)1.Mexico is ____the USA.A.on the south of B.on the north of

C.a part of D.as large as 2.Mexicans speak______.A.English C.French

B.Spanish D.Latin(拉丁語(yǔ))3.Which of the following is NOT true? A.Mexico City is the capital of Mexico.B.The population of Mexico City is 30,000,000.C.Tokyo is one of the cities with the largest population.D.Mexico City is the highest city in the world.4.Tomatoes were originally(最初)grown in ______.A.America

B.Spain C.Tokyo

D.Mexico 5.The best title(題目)of the passage is ___.A.Mexico City B.Mexico's plants

C.Mexico D.Mexico's population [Key] 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.C(8)Australia has a lot of lovely animals.You cannot find them anywhere else in the world.The most famous ones are kangaroos and koalas.The kangaroo is the symbol of Australia.They have large eyes and eats.They don't walk, they jump.They use their strong back legs.They can jump at 74 kilometres per hour.They can go over nine metres in one jump.Kangaroo mothers have pouches to carry their babies.The babies stay inside to get milk and keep warm.Kangaroos are everywhere in Australia.They are on TV, in books and in the shops.But do you know that millions of kangaroos are killed every year?There are too many of them.There are about 20 to 25 million kangaroos in Australia.That's more than the number of people in the counery.Some kangaroos go humgry because there is not enough food to eat.They break into farms for food Farmers are very angry with them.The koala is another famous Australian animal.They look like bears , and have small eyes and big noses.They eat leaves from gum trees.Koalas have a.They use it to mark their home----“This is my place,you can't come in!” like kangaroos,a koala baby lives in its mother's pouch,too.（）1.If we want to see kangaroos and koalas in natural forests.we can go to________.A.China B.France C.Australia（）2.What does a kangaroo look like? A.It looks like a bear.B.It has big eyes and ers.C.It has small eyes and big noses.（）3.The work “pouch” means__________.A.育兒袋 B。肌肉 C。尾巴（）4.Which is NOT TRUE?____________ A.The kangaroos can go over nine metres in one jump.B.Koalas like eating leaves from gum trees.C.Koalas use their voices to mark their homes（）5.What's the best title of this passage?________.A.Kangaroos and koalas.B.Beautiful Australia C.How to protect kangaroos and koalas.

第三篇：材料探究題解題方法

［教學(xué)目標(biāo)］

1.了解探究題的特點(diǎn)。

2.掌握材料探究題的解題方法。

［教學(xué)過(guò)程］

一、新課導(dǎo)入：

“千門(mén)萬(wàn)戶瞳瞳日,總把新桃換舊符”,時(shí)光飛逝，歷史的車(chē)輪滾滾向前，社會(huì)在不斷發(fā)展，時(shí)代在不斷進(jìn)步，語(yǔ)文學(xué)習(xí)總是緊緊把握著時(shí)代的脈搏。隨著新課標(biāo)的頒布實(shí)施，“自主、合作、探

究”的學(xué)習(xí)方式的深入人心，我們的語(yǔ)文考試相應(yīng)地出現(xiàn)了一些新的題型，真可謂“年年總有新題出，各領(lǐng)風(fēng)騷好多年”。我們今天要和大家一起復(fù)習(xí)研討的材料探究題就是其中的一種。

【題型說(shuō)明】

新的課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提出了“探究性學(xué)習(xí)”的要求，提出要考查學(xué)生“探究?jī)?nèi)容”的能力。近年各地的中考中出現(xiàn)了大量的適應(yīng)這一考查目標(biāo)的試題，這些試題十分重視對(duì)學(xué)生探究、發(fā)現(xiàn)能力的考核，不僅考查學(xué)生閱讀、分析、判斷和研究問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的能力，而且把解題的過(guò)程、考試的過(guò)程變成了研讀資料、處理資料的過(guò)程。此外，發(fā)展學(xué)生思維多極性，從語(yǔ)文的視角發(fā)現(xiàn)和提出問(wèn)題，并加以探索、研究解決，在探究中展示自己的睿智與條理。明白了出題者的這個(gè)出發(fā)點(diǎn)，對(duì)于我們準(zhǔn)確把握出題者的意圖，切準(zhǔn)題目的脈搏，找到正確的思維路徑是大有裨益的。

【例析指津】

做探究題，就是要求我們通過(guò)幾則材料的閱讀、分析，比較、研究，從而有所發(fā)現(xiàn)，然后寫(xiě)出自己發(fā)現(xiàn)、探究的結(jié)果。而發(fā)現(xiàn)、探究網(wǎng)就是要讓我們通過(guò)比較、分析，找到幾則材料之間存在的關(guān)系。

材料之間大致存在兩種情形：

一是幾則材料間存在邏輯聯(lián)系，主要是探究因果關(guān)系。

請(qǐng)看例題1：

閱讀文章《藏羚羊跪拜》有關(guān)內(nèi)容和下面兩段資料，從中你有什么發(fā)現(xiàn)？寫(xiě)出你探究的結(jié)果。

（1）藏羚羊?yàn)槲覈?guó)特有的珍貴瀕危動(dòng)物，屬國(guó)家一級(jí)保護(hù)動(dòng)物，主要棲息在西藏等高原地帶。喜群居生活，性怯懦機(jī)警，常出沒(méi)在人跡罕至的地方。（《中學(xué)生知識(shí)畫(huà)報(bào)》）

（2）近幾年來(lái)，武警官兵為保護(hù)可可西里生態(tài)環(huán)境打響了艱苦的保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)……如今，在可可西里的青藏公路沿線，藏羚羊、藏野驢、野牦牛成群結(jié)隊(duì)，不時(shí)向過(guò)路車(chē)輛鳴叫相迎，揮蹄致意。（《中國(guó)國(guó)防報(bào)》2002.5.28）

附原文：《藏羚羊跪拜》

①這是聽(tīng)來(lái)的一個(gè)西藏故事。發(fā)生故事的年代距今有好些年了。可是，我每次乘車(chē)穿過(guò)藏北無(wú)人區(qū)時(shí)總會(huì)不由自主地要想起這個(gè)故事的主人公——那只將母愛(ài)濃縮于深深一跪的藏羚羊。

②那時(shí)候，槍殺、亂逮野生動(dòng)物是不受法律懲罰的。就是在今天，可可西里的槍聲仍然帶著罪惡的余音低回在自然保護(hù)區(qū)巡視衛(wèi)士們的腳步難以到達(dá)的角落。當(dāng)年舉目可見(jiàn)的藏羚羊、野馬、野驢、雪雞、黃羊等，眼下已經(jīng)成為鳳毛麟角了。

③當(dāng)時(shí)，經(jīng)常跑藏北的人總能看見(jiàn)一個(gè)肩披長(zhǎng)發(fā)、留著濃密大胡子、腳穿長(zhǎng)統(tǒng)藏靴的老獵人在青藏公路附近活動(dòng)。那支磨蹭得油光閃亮的杈子槍斜掛在他的身上，身后的兩頭藏牦牛馱著沉甸甸的各種獵物。他無(wú)名無(wú)姓，云游四方，朝別藏北雪，夜宿江河源，餓時(shí)大火煮黃羊肉，渴時(shí)一碗冰雪水。獵獲的那些皮張自然會(huì)賣(mài)來(lái)一筆錢(qián)，他除了自己消費(fèi)一部分外，更多的用來(lái)救濟(jì)路遇的朝圣者。那些磕長(zhǎng)頭去拉薩朝圣的藏家人心甘情愿地走一條布滿艱難和險(xiǎn)情的漫漫長(zhǎng)路。每次老獵人在救濟(jì)他們時(shí)總是含淚祝愿：上蒼保佑、平安無(wú)事。

④殺生和慈善在老獵人身上共存。促使他放下手中的權(quán)子槍是在發(fā)生了這樣一件事以后——應(yīng)該說(shuō)那天是他很有福氣的日子。大清早，他從帳篷里出來(lái)，伸伸懶腰，正；住備要喝一銅碗酥油茶時(shí)，突然瞅見(jiàn)兩步之遙對(duì)面的草坡上站立著一只肥肥壯壯的藏羚羊、、他眼睛一亮，送上門(mén)來(lái)的美事!沉睡了一夜的他渾身立即涌上來(lái)一股清爽的勁頭，絲毫沒(méi)有猶豫，就轉(zhuǎn)身回到帳篷拿來(lái)了杈子槍,他舉槍瞄了起來(lái)，奇怪的是，那只肥壯的藏羚羊并沒(méi)有逃走，只是用乞求的眼神望著他，然后沖著他前行兩步，兩條前腿“撲通”一聲跪下來(lái)。與此同時(shí)只見(jiàn)兩行長(zhǎng)淚就從它眼里流了出來(lái)，老獵人的心頭一軟，扣扳機(jī)的手不由得松了一下。藏區(qū)流行著一句老幼皆知的俗話：“天上飛的鳥(niǎo)，地上跑的鼠，都是通人性的。”此時(shí)藏羚羊給他下跪自然是求他饒命了。他是個(gè)獵手，不被藏羚羊打動(dòng)是情理之中的事。他雙眼一閉，扳機(jī)在手指下一動(dòng)，槍聲響起，那只藏羚羊便栽倒在地。它倒地后仍是跪臥的姿勢(shì)，眼里的兩行淚跡也清晰地留著。

⑤那天，老獵(來(lái)源：好范文 http://004km.cn/）人沒(méi)有像往日那樣當(dāng)即將獵獲的藏羚羊開(kāi)宰、扒皮。他的眼前老是浮現(xiàn)著給他跪拜的那只藏羚羊。他有些蹊蹺，藏羚羊?yàn)槭裁匆鹿?這是他幾十年狩獵生涯中惟一見(jiàn)到的一次情景。夜里躺在地鋪上他久久也難以入眠，雙手一直顫抖著……

⑥次日，老獵人懷著忐忑不安的心情對(duì)那只藏羚羊開(kāi)膛扒皮，他的手仍在顫抖。腹腔在刀刃下打開(kāi)了，他吃驚得叫出了聲，手中的屠刀“咣當(dāng)”一聲掉在地上……原來(lái)在藏羚羊的子宮里，靜靜臥著一只小藏羚羊，它已經(jīng)成形，自然是死了。這時(shí)候，老獵人才明白為什么那只藏羚羊的身體肥肥壯壯，也才明白它為什么要彎下笨重的身子為自己下跪。

⑦天下所有慈母的跪拜，包括動(dòng)物在內(nèi)，都是神圣的。

⑧老獵人的開(kāi)膛破腹半途而停。

⑨當(dāng)天，他沒(méi)有出獵，在山坡上挖了個(gè)坑，將那只藏羚羊連同它那沒(méi)有出世的孩子掩埋了。同時(shí)埋掉的還有他的杈子槍……

從此，這個(gè)老獵人……(選自2000年9月25日《新民晚報(bào)》王宗仁／文)

分析：仔細(xì)閱讀提供的兩則材料，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)提供的材料中有一段“藏羚羊性怯懦……”，而另有一段“（向人）揮蹄致意……”。這兩段文字之間前后存在矛盾。為什么藏羚羊的習(xí)性會(huì)有變化？，通過(guò)比較、分析，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)這道題是要我們探究其中的因果關(guān)系，也就是說(shuō)我們必須找到藏羚羊發(fā)生這巨大變化的原因。這原因也肯定在材料中。材料中哪些詞句給我們啟發(fā)呢，很顯然“國(guó)家一級(jí)保護(hù)動(dòng)物”、“近幾年來(lái)，武警官兵為保護(hù)可可西里生態(tài)環(huán)境打響了艱苦的保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)”是造成這一變化的主要原因。歸納提升一下，答案就應(yīng)該是政府加大的保護(hù)力度，群眾提高了覺(jué)悟，使藏羚羊的數(shù)量增加了，藏羚羊的生活習(xí)性也有了改變。這一題共3分，第一點(diǎn)是很重要的。

二是幾則材料都與同一事物有關(guān)，就要探究材料之間的共性或個(gè)性。

例

2、閱讀下面兩則材料，寫(xiě)出你閱讀后的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

（1）有一位經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的老船長(zhǎng)，當(dāng)他的貨輪卸貨后在浩瀚的大海上返航時(shí)，突然遭遇到可怕的巨大風(fēng)浪，這時(shí)，老船長(zhǎng)果斷地命令水手們立刻打開(kāi)貨艙，往里面灌水。隨著貨艙里的水位越升越高，船一寸一寸下沉，依舊猛烈的狂風(fēng)巨浪對(duì)船的威脅卻一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)減小，貨輪漸漸平穩(wěn)了。

（2）在某一上區(qū)的著名旅游景點(diǎn)，有一段被當(dāng)?shù)厝朔Q為“鬼谷”的最危險(xiǎn)的路段，路窄坡陡，兩邊萬(wàn)長(zhǎng)深淵，每當(dāng)導(dǎo)游們帶隊(duì)到這里時(shí)，一定要讓旅客們挑點(diǎn)或扛點(diǎn)什么東西。據(jù)說(shuō)這里以前發(fā)生過(guò)好幾起事故，都是迷路的旅客在毫無(wú)壓力的情況下不小心掉下去的。當(dāng)?shù)厝?，每天從這條路上挑著東西來(lái)來(lái)往往，從來(lái)沒(méi)人出事。

閱讀這兩則材料，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)命題者是要考生首先能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者之間的相同點(diǎn)。研讀原材料，材料1中的老船長(zhǎng)讓船負(fù)重后船反而行的更穩(wěn)了，材料2中的導(dǎo)游也是讓旅客負(fù)重后，旅客反而安全了。這就是它們的相似點(diǎn)。在發(fā)現(xiàn)了相似點(diǎn)之后，我們還要將它上升到一定的哲理高度。所以這道題目的答案是：人生的很多時(shí)候，只有背負(fù)沉甸甸的重任，才能穩(wěn)步前進(jìn)。

一般說(shuō)來(lái)，探究性題目總是由2-3則相互之間有關(guān)系的材料組成。它可以單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)，也可與閱讀文章結(jié)合起來(lái)考查。

解答此類題目，我們應(yīng)該思考：這幾則材料為什么可以放在一起？然后推斷：一定是材料之間存在某種關(guān)系。再通過(guò)比較、分析，一定會(huì)有所發(fā)現(xiàn)。答題時(shí)，材料間是因果關(guān)系的，要先寫(xiě)主要原因，再寫(xiě)其他原因；材料間是同類事物的，要先寫(xiě)共性的，再寫(xiě)不同點(diǎn)的。

材料探究題還有一種特殊的形式，那就是圖表題，解這類題目關(guān)鍵是：扣題旨、找規(guī)律、善表達(dá)，這是解答圖表題三步曲。圖表題是語(yǔ)言和圖形的綜合題，具有簡(jiǎn)明直觀，概括性強(qiáng)，知識(shí)覆蓋面廣，涉及學(xué)科多等特點(diǎn)，備受命題者的青睞。可是同學(xué)們由于缺乏解題技巧，常常理不出頭緒。那么，我們?cè)撊绾螠?zhǔn)確、高效地答題呢?

一、明確要求扣題旨。題干不僅明確了命題意圖和答題方向，還常常顯示答題區(qū)域和方法，具有較強(qiáng)的暗示性。所以讀懂題干，明確答題要求，從題干中捕捉有效信息，獲得解題要領(lǐng)，是解答圖表題的基本條件和準(zhǔn)則。

例3．我國(guó)是世界上受沙漠化和沙塵暴危害嚴(yán)重的國(guó)家之一。下面是有關(guān)這方面情況的統(tǒng)計(jì)。請(qǐng)用簡(jiǎn)明的語(yǔ)言概括統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果。

年代

土地沙漠化面積

(單位：平方公里)

沙塵暴

發(fā)生次數(shù)

典型受災(zāi)情況

(單位：次)

70年代

1560

3降塵25600噸／平方公里

80年代

2100

420萬(wàn)畝農(nóng)作物受害，直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失5000多萬(wàn)元

90年代

2460

46．1萬(wàn)畝農(nóng)作物受害，11．09萬(wàn)頭(只)牲畜死亡，156萬(wàn)人受害，直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失8億元

此題要求具體明了，題干的要旨比較容易把握。但也不能掉以輕心，因?yàn)椤坝煤?jiǎn)明的語(yǔ)言概括統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果”，不僅要把圖表的內(nèi)容敘述清楚，還隱含另一層意思：從時(shí)間、土地沙漠化面積、沙塵暴發(fā)生次數(shù)和典型受災(zāi)情況四方面概括，如果只是逐一說(shuō)明表格內(nèi)容，就不合要求。明白了這一道理，答案就不難得到：70年代到90年代，我國(guó)土地沙漠化面積越來(lái)越大，沙塵暴發(fā)生次數(shù)越來(lái)越多，造成的危害也越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。

二、仔細(xì)讀圖找規(guī)律。如果說(shuō)緊扣題干明確要求，是解題的基本準(zhǔn)則；那么認(rèn)真讀圖，把握規(guī)律，實(shí)行圖文轉(zhuǎn)換，則是解題的關(guān)鍵。因?yàn)閳D表題是通過(guò)圖畫(huà)和表格來(lái)“說(shuō)話”的，它在簡(jiǎn)明直觀地把現(xiàn)象展示在讀者面前的同時(shí)，也會(huì)把問(wèn)題的本質(zhì)隱藏起來(lái)。這樣，我們就必須按圖索驥，從材料中發(fā)現(xiàn)圖表蘊(yùn)涵的規(guī)律。具體地說(shuō)，閱讀圖表首先應(yīng)讀圖名、讀圖例、讀內(nèi)容、讀功能、讀附注等環(huán)節(jié)，不局限

于某一點(diǎn)或某一面，不放過(guò)圖表中的任何一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)行正面和側(cè)面、縱向和橫向的多維思維。其次，及時(shí)篩選信息，努力尋找信息點(diǎn)，從圖表中提取有效信息，找準(zhǔn)分析“問(wèn)題”和解決“問(wèn)題”的切入點(diǎn)，揭示圖表的本質(zhì)和要旨，然后把數(shù)據(jù)或圖示信息轉(zhuǎn)換成文字，實(shí)現(xiàn)質(zhì)的飛躍。

例4．請(qǐng)根據(jù)右邊圖表中的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，用文字說(shuō)明我國(guó)人均住房建筑面積20年來(lái)的變化情況和與其他國(guó)家的比較情況，不得超過(guò)40字。

依據(jù)有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)，用文字說(shuō)明我國(guó)人均住房建筑面積的兩點(diǎn)情況(一是20年來(lái)的變化情況，二是與其他國(guó)家的比較情況)是本題的具體要求。在明確答題要求后，我們就要上下觀照，前后比較，進(jìn)行全方位的立體思維，留心圖表的符號(hào)、文字、數(shù)字和附注，然后逐步地把重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到圖表下方的數(shù)據(jù)(1979年7．2+2000年20．4—2005年22)，就會(huì)茅塞頓開(kāi)：20年來(lái)我國(guó)人均住房建筑面積不斷增加(或“逐年增加”等)。

既然20年來(lái)我國(guó)人均住房建筑面積有較大增加，那么，與其他國(guó)家相比較，在世界上又處于什么位置?就只要再看一看圖表上方的5組文字和數(shù)據(jù)，并與下方的兩組數(shù)字(2000年20．4+2005年22)比較，答案就是：目前已達(dá)到(或略超過(guò))世界中等收入國(guó)家的水平(或標(biāo)準(zhǔn))。

三、準(zhǔn)確歸納善表達(dá)。規(guī)律的發(fā)現(xiàn)，還不過(guò)是把圖表轉(zhuǎn)化為文字的胚胎和雛形。要想真正“長(zhǎng)大成材”，還必須要依靠準(zhǔn)確的歸納和恰當(dāng)?shù)谋磉_(dá)。因此，我們?cè)诮獯饒D表題時(shí)，還應(yīng)該按照題目的要求(包括字?jǐn)?shù))，把捕捉到的規(guī)律(即圖表的本質(zhì)和要旨)用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)和完整的句子表達(dá)出來(lái)，做到?jīng)]有錯(cuò)別字，語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔、連貫，符合客觀實(shí)際。

例5．根據(jù)提供的圖表和文字回答問(wèn)題：

揚(yáng)州農(nóng)村地域廣闊，自然資源豐富，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件優(yōu)越，農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展歷史悠久……1993年國(guó)家正式批準(zhǔn)建設(shè)揚(yáng)州高科技農(nóng)業(yè)示范區(qū)。

①根據(jù)右面圖表，請(qǐng)你用一句話概括揚(yáng)州農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的情況。(不超過(guò)16個(gè)字)

1992年到1998年，_______________________________。

②請(qǐng)你根據(jù)上面的文字和圖表，試寫(xiě)一則—句話新聞(不超過(guò)28個(gè)字)。

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

這是一道滲透著數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)的圖表題：從命題意圖看，題干簡(jiǎn)潔，要求明確；再?gòu)倪@幅柱形圖看，圖表所要說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容也很清晰：從1990年到1992年，揚(yáng)州市的農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值呈穩(wěn)定態(tài)勢(shì)；而從1992年到1998年，揚(yáng)州市的農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值連年迅猛提高，特別1993年建成國(guó)家高科技農(nóng)業(yè)示范區(qū)后，總產(chǎn)值連續(xù)5年有了大幅度提高。現(xiàn)在關(guān)鍵的是如何把獲得的信息用簡(jiǎn)明的文字準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出來(lái)。

事實(shí)上，由于第①題只需要概括1992年到1998年的揚(yáng)州農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的情況，因此在這以前的情況就不必考慮，這樣正確的答案為：揚(yáng)州農(nóng)業(yè)總值連年迅猛提高。

第②題是要求我們把文字和圖表揭示的內(nèi)容寫(xiě)成一則新聞，而對(duì)新聞的概括必須把握記敘的要素，所以我們?cè)诒磉_(dá)時(shí)，既要涵蓋新聞要素，又要做到簡(jiǎn)明扼要。這樣就對(duì)準(zhǔn)確歸納提出了更高的要求——盡題能用最經(jīng)濟(jì)的文字來(lái)表達(dá)最豐富的內(nèi)容，在把握要素的前提下，進(jìn)行多次的“刪、合、換”，直到完全符合題意：揚(yáng)州建成高科技農(nóng)業(yè)示范區(qū)后，農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值連續(xù)5年大幅度提高。

【鞏固反饋】

《中考總復(fù)習(xí)范式教學(xué)案》：

p39“考題呈現(xiàn)”1 p40“課堂檢測(cè)”2.p42“課堂拓展”2.

第四篇：2018閱讀理解,主旨大意(教師版)

2018屆高三英語(yǔ) 閱讀理解

（主旨大意題）

閱讀理解主要有以下幾種題型：主旨大意題、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、詞義猜測(cè)題、推理判斷題 主旨大意題包括：文章主旨、段落大意、文章標(biāo)題 【文章主旨和段落大意題常見(jiàn)的設(shè)題方式】

題干中常含有main idea, mainly about, sum up, summarise等詞。此類題的設(shè)題形式有： 1.The main idea of the passage is that ________.2.What is the passage mainly about? 3.Which of the following statements can best sum up the passage? 4.Which of the following can summarise the main idea of the passage? 5.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? 6.The author's main purpose in writing this passage is to ________.7.The first paragraph is mainly about ________.8.What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1? 9.What does the author mostly want to tell us in the last paragraph? 【概括文章標(biāo)題常見(jiàn)的設(shè)題方式】

題干中常有title, headline, be entitled等字眼。此類題的設(shè)題方式有： 1.The best title for the passage might be ________.2.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? 3.Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage? 【主旨大意題解題策略】

閱讀時(shí)，文章的開(kāi)頭、結(jié)尾（或段落的段首、段尾）特別重要，因?yàn)樗鼈兺恼碌闹行淖h題。有時(shí)候，文章（或段落）中沒(méi)有明確的主題句，則需要我們根據(jù)所提供的信息歸納出文章（或段落）的主旨大意。同時(shí)要注意提煉文章的關(guān)鍵詞。此外，標(biāo)題類題目還要追求語(yǔ)言的生動(dòng)和趣味性?！局髦即笠忸}應(yīng)考技巧】

技巧1：速讀頭尾，明確主題

技巧2：定位中心句

技巧3：無(wú)明顯主題句時(shí)找高頻詞

技巧4：同義概括，或取其一 【技巧1：速讀頭尾，明確主題】

大多數(shù)文章的主旨可能出現(xiàn)在開(kāi)頭或結(jié)尾，于是頭尾顯得很重要。因此，做主旨大意題時(shí)，我們可以先瀏覽一下頭尾，試圖抓住大意。Passage 1 閱讀理解（主旨大意題）Bad news sells.If it bleeds, it leads.No news is good news, and good news is no news.Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread and monitored(監(jiān)控)in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules.By tracking people?s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.“The ?if it bleeds? rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and don?t care how you?re feeling.But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react.You don?t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”

Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication-e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations-found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消極的), but that didn?t necessarily mean people preferred positive news.Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr.Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times? website.He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e-mailed” list for six months.One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles.He found that science amazed Times? readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.They needed to be aroused(激發(fā))one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad.The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr.Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.”

【語(yǔ)篇解讀】 本文為議論文。俗話說(shuō)，好事不出門(mén)，壞事傳千里。但是研究者們通過(guò)跟蹤和監(jiān)控人們的電子郵件、網(wǎng)絡(luò)帖子及評(píng)論、面對(duì)面會(huì)話等發(fā)現(xiàn)，人與人之間更多分享的是那些給人們帶來(lái)積極情緒的好消息，而不是導(dǎo)致消極情緒的壞消息。What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide

B.Online News Attracts More People C.Reading Habits Change with the Times

D.Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks 【答案】 D 【解析】 主旨大意題。通過(guò)第一段最后一句引出話題，以及最后一段的概括總結(jié)可知，在社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，人們更愿意分享的是傳遞積極情緒的好消息。故選D項(xiàng)。【技巧2：定位中心句】

閱讀理解（主旨大意題）主題句的位置往往由文章體裁所決定。議論文主要是論述作者的某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，往往采用“總—分—總”的模式，第一段提出論點(diǎn)，然后是論據(jù)部分，最后一段得出結(jié)論（論點(diǎn)的重申），所以主題句常在第一段或最后一段。說(shuō)明文則是說(shuō)明一個(gè)事物的用途或制作過(guò)程，主題句一般在首段。而新聞報(bào)道卻是報(bào)道一個(gè)人物事跡或重大事件等，主題句常出現(xiàn)在首段首句。記敘文一般沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，需要根據(jù)文中敘述的內(nèi)容和線索來(lái)概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出現(xiàn)說(shuō)理性的句子，則這個(gè)句子很可能是主題句。

以下是尋找主題句的四個(gè)小竅門(mén)：

1.段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)（如however, but, in fact, actually等）時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。2.開(kāi)頭出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。

3.作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等詞。Passage 2

A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night?s sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod off — if it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content,which helps people to relax.Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening.The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】 本文為說(shuō)明文。睡前喝一杯牛奶有助于睡眠，但最新的研究表明，如果喝的是晚上從牛身上擠的牛奶，那這將更利于你的睡眠。因?yàn)橥砩蠑D的牛奶相比白天擠的牛奶，含有10倍的褪黑激素，從而更有利于睡眠。

閱讀理解（主旨大意題）What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Night Milk and Sleep

B.Fat, Sugar and Health C.An Experiment on Mice 【答案】 A 【解析】 主旨大意題。文章將喝晚上擠的牛奶與喝白天擠的牛奶進(jìn)行了對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn)，結(jié)果表明，喝晚上擠的牛奶更能促進(jìn)睡眠，故A項(xiàng)最符合題意。【技巧3：無(wú)明顯主題句時(shí)找高頻詞】

任一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開(kāi)的，有的文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。Passage 3

Sometimes you?ll hear people say that you can?t love others until you love yourself.Sometimes you?ll hear people say that you can?t expect someone else to love you until you love yourself.Either way, you?ve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky.Sure we all know that we?re the apple of our parents? eyes, and that our Grandmas think we?re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics, but sometimes it?s a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves.If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.Self-image is your own mind?s picture of yourself.This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think.Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us.Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be.Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes.That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day.Don?t allow doubts to occur in it.It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you can?t move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself.Well, roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task.If you think you?re silly because you aren?t good at math, find a tutor.If you think you?re weak because you can?t run a mile, get to the track and practice.If you think you?re dull because you don?t wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes.But remember, just because you think it doesn?t mean it?s true.The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities.Changing the way you think 閱讀理解（主旨大意題）

D.Milk Drinking and Health and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image.When you can pat(拍)yourself on the back, you?ll know you?re well on your way.Good luck!What is the passage mainly about? _______ A.How to prepare for your success.B.How to face challenges in your life.C.How to build a positive selfimage.D.How to develop your good qualities.【答案】C

【技巧4：同義概括，或取其一】

同（近）義轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)是所有閱讀考試的特點(diǎn)。例如，試題中是handle，原文中可能是cope with；試題中是woman，原文可能是female。充分把握這一規(guī)律，是答對(duì)閱讀理解題的關(guān)鍵之一。所以考生應(yīng)多積累同義詞匯、表達(dá)。

因此，跟主題句意思相同的選項(xiàng)，往往就是正確答案。Passage 4 Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle，twinkle，little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears....（下文略）What is the main idea of Paragraph 1? A.People remember well what they learned in childhood.B.Children have a better memory than grown-ups.C.Poem reading is a good way to learn words.D.Stories for children are easy to remember.【答案】 A 【解析】 主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段的中心句“Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.”可知，文章講的是成年人常常驚嘆他們非常好地記著兒時(shí)學(xué)過(guò)的東西。A項(xiàng)是此句的同義概括，所以A項(xiàng)正確。

【主旨大意題正確選項(xiàng)的特征】 1.涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段。

2.確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。3.精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。

閱讀理解（主旨大意題）【主旨大意題干擾選項(xiàng)的特征】

1.過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)。所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容概括的范圍過(guò)大，超出或多于文章闡述的內(nèi)容。

2.以偏概全。所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個(gè)別字詞作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。

3.偷換概念。所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容被命題者有意識(shí)地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯(cuò)答案。

4.無(wú)中生有。無(wú)關(guān)信息，生搬硬套，文章中未提到，或找不到依據(jù)的信息。雖然在文章中談到，但選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與文章內(nèi)容毫無(wú)聯(lián)系。

【Practice】

Passage 5

My husband and I had been married nearly twenty-two years when I acquired Stevens Johnson syndrome,a disorder where my immune(免疫的)system responded to a virus by producing painful blisters(水泡).Although my long-term evaluation was good, I, who had been so fiercely independent, rapidly became absolutely helpless.My husband, Scott, stepped up to the plate, taking care of kids and cooking dinners.He also became my personal caretaker, applying the medicine to all of my blisters because my hands couldn?t do the job.Needless to say, I had negative emotions, bouncing from embarrassment to shame caused by total reliance on someone other than myself.I recovered from my illness, but I couldn?t seem to recover from the thought that I loved my husband less than he loved me.This seeming distinction in our love continued to annoy me for the year following my illness.Then recently Scott and I went on a long bike ride.He?s an experienced cyclist;I?m quite the green hand.At one point with a strong headwind and sharp pain building in my tired legs, I really thought I couldn?t go any further.Seeing me struggle, Scott pulled in front of me and yelled over his shoulder, “Stay close behind me.” As I followed his steps, I discovered that my legs quit burning and I was able to catch my breath.My husband was pulling me along—again.I pray my husband will always be strong and healthy.But if he should ever become the struggling one, whether on a bike ride or with an illness, I trust I?ll be ready to call out to him, “Stay close behind me — my turn to pull you along.”

【語(yǔ)篇解讀】 本文為記敘文。作者生病后，她的丈夫一直照顧她，鼓勵(lì)支持她，給她幫助和力量；作者最后發(fā)出感慨，倘若有一天角色互換，她也會(huì)同樣給予丈夫支持和力量。What message does the author convey in the passage? A.Strong will.B.Selfless love.C.Reliance(依靠)on each other.D.Optimistic attitude to life.閱讀理解（主旨大意題）【答案】 C 【解析】 主旨大意題。根據(jù)整篇文章和倒數(shù)第二段最后一句以及最后一段點(diǎn)題段的描述，在作者得病后，她的丈夫一直照顧她，鼓勵(lì)和支持她，給她幫助和力量；作者最后也發(fā)出感慨，倘若有一天角色互換，她也會(huì)同樣給她的丈夫支持和力量。故選C項(xiàng) “Reliance on each other(對(duì)彼此的依賴)”。Passage 6

Alex London Research Laboratory(ALRL)is part of Alex Co., Ltd., a major Australian medicine-making company.Opened in 1992, ALRL specialises in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases.A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager(ROM)to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield, due to open in the autumn of 2010.Reporting to the Director, you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction.You will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areas of ALRL?s Health and Safety, and to communicate(溝通)with support employees at ALRL?s laboratories based at University College London.Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees, you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories.Candidates(申請(qǐng)人)will have experience of both management and research support / technical services.Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary.Education to degree level is also desirable.If you are interested in this position, please send your CV(簡(jiǎn)歷)to Alex London Research Laboratory, University College London, Hatfield, London, W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL@ alex.co.uk.For more information, please visit 004km.cnmunication in two fundamental ways.Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust.Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture?s celebrations or traditions.The foods we eat — and when and how we eat them — are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural(農(nóng)村的)and urban areas within one country.Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion(時(shí)刻)or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness.Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests.Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations.In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity(興旺)in the New Year.In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita.A coin is put into the cake, which signifies(預(yù)示)success in the New Year for the person who receives it.Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role.In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests.In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】 本文為說(shuō)明文。俗話說(shuō)“民以食為天”，在世界各民族文化中，食物是文化傳承的重要載體。每逢重大場(chǎng)合或重要節(jié)日，人們總會(huì)借助食物表達(dá)情感，加強(qiáng)交流。What is the passage mainly about? A.The custom of sharing food.B.The specific meaning of food.C.The role of food in ceremonies.D.The importance of food in culture.【答案】 D 【解析】 主旨大意題。第一段的中心句是“Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture?s celebrations or traditions.”；第三段的中心句是“Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations.”；第四段的中心句是“Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child,and food can play a significant role.”。綜上所述，A、B、C項(xiàng)文中都有所涉及，但都具有片面性；D項(xiàng)概括性強(qiáng)。

閱讀理解（主旨大意題）

第五篇：高中生物遺傳題解題方法歸納

高中生物遺傳題解題方法歸納

一、解題思路：

1.判斷顯隱性關(guān)系：

“無(wú)中生有”為隱性“有中生無(wú)”為顯性

□×○●×■

↓↓

■○

2.根據(jù)題意先找出隱性個(gè)體做為突破口，推斷親代的基因型

3.再根據(jù)親代的基因型，推算子代的基因型及概率

二、常染色體、伴性遺傳、細(xì)胞質(zhì)遺傳的比較

㈠細(xì)胞核遺傳：

均遵循孟德?tīng)栠z傳基本定律（基因的分離定律、基因的自由組合定律）

1.常染色體遺傳：

正反交結(jié)果相同，且與性別無(wú)關(guān)，后代往往表現(xiàn)出一定的性狀分離比。

2.伴性遺傳：

正反交結(jié)果不一定相同，且與性別相關(guān)聯(lián)，后代有一定的性狀分離比且某性狀只出現(xiàn)在某性別的個(gè)體上。

㈡細(xì)胞質(zhì)遺傳：

正反交結(jié)果不相同，且總表現(xiàn)出母系遺傳的特點(diǎn)，后代可能出現(xiàn)發(fā)送性狀分離，但沒(méi)有確定的性狀分離比例。

三、遺傳規(guī)律歸納總結(jié)：

1.常染色體遺傳：2.伴X遺傳： 隔代遺傳（無(wú)中生有）隔代遺傳（無(wú)中生有）

交叉遺傳（母病子必病，女病父必病）男性患者多于女性患者

代代相傳（有中生無(wú)）代代相傳（有中生無(wú)）

交叉遺傳（父病女必病，子病母必?。?/p>

女性患者多于男性患者

3.細(xì)胞質(zhì)遺傳：4.連鎖和互換遺傳：

完全連鎖（某性狀出現(xiàn)，必定伴隨另一性狀）

不完全連鎖：兩多（同上）兩少（互換）