第一篇：機(jī)械類外文翻譯-基于事例推理的夾具設(shè)計(jì)研究與應(yīng)用

竵文翻譯

基于事例推理的夾具設(shè)計(jì)研究與應(yīng)用

摘要:根據(jù)基于事例的設(shè)計(jì)方法,提出采用工序件的特征信息和夾具的結(jié)構(gòu)特征信息來(lái)描述夾具的相似性,并建立了包括這2方面主要特征信息為基礎(chǔ)的事例索引碼,設(shè)計(jì)了事例庫(kù)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式,創(chuàng)建了層次化的事例組織方式;同時(shí),提出了基于知識(shí)引導(dǎo)的夾具事例檢索算法,以及事例的修改和采用同族事例碼進(jìn)行相似事例的存貯,形成了基于事例推理的夾具設(shè)計(jì).所開(kāi)發(fā)的原型系統(tǒng)在型號(hào)工程夾具設(shè)計(jì)等項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中得到了應(yīng)用,并取得了令人滿意的使用效果.關(guān)鍵詞: 基于事例的推理

夾具設(shè)計(jì)

CAD

夾具是以確定工件安全定位準(zhǔn)確為目的的裝置，并在加工過(guò)程中保持工件與刀具或機(jī)床的位置一致不變。因?yàn)閵A具的結(jié)構(gòu)依賴于產(chǎn)品的特點(diǎn)和在企業(yè)規(guī)劃中加工工序的地位,所以它的設(shè)計(jì)是制造過(guò)程中的瓶頸,制約著效率的提高.夾具設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過(guò)程,需要有從大量的設(shè)計(jì)論文中了解質(zhì)量知識(shí)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這些設(shè)計(jì)論文包括工件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、涉及加工工藝，和加工環(huán)境。當(dāng)用這些擅長(zhǎng)繪制詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)圖的傳統(tǒng)的CAD工具（如Unigraphics、CATIA、Pro/E)時(shí),這仍然是一項(xiàng)非常耗時(shí)的工作，但是利用以往的設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和資源也不能提供一些益處,而這正是提高效率的關(guān)鍵因素.基于事例推理(CBR)的方法適應(yīng)以往個(gè)案解決的辦法,建立一個(gè)新問(wèn)題的方法,主要有以下四步驟:檢索、利用、修改,并保留.這是一個(gè)比用專業(yè)系統(tǒng)模仿人類思維有用的使用方法，因?yàn)樘岢鲆粋€(gè)類似的情況,和采用一些修改,似乎不言自明,而且比人類更直觀.所以支持不同事例的設(shè)計(jì)工具已經(jīng)在諸多領(lǐng)域中發(fā)展起來(lái)，如在注射成型及設(shè)計(jì)、建筑設(shè)計(jì)、模具設(shè)計(jì)投死, 規(guī)劃過(guò)程中,還有夾具設(shè)計(jì).孫用六個(gè)數(shù)字組成代碼參數(shù),包括工件的形狀、機(jī)械部分、軸襯,第一定位裝置,第二定位裝置和夾緊裝置.但這個(gè)系統(tǒng)不能用于除鉆床夾具外的其他夾具類型,不能解決儲(chǔ)存需要保留的同一參數(shù)代碼的問(wèn)題,這在CBR中是非常重要的.1事例參數(shù)和事例圖書(shū)館的建立 1.1事例參數(shù)

事例參數(shù)應(yīng)該由工件的所有的特征組成，來(lái)區(qū)別不同的夾具.使用他們能夠使操作方便.因?yàn)榱慵男螤钍嵌喾N多樣的, 在生產(chǎn)企業(yè)中制造的技術(shù)要求也不斷發(fā)展,許多特征作被用做事例參數(shù)將會(huì)使搜索速度降低,其主要特征是不 重要的,因?yàn)榉峙浣o每個(gè)特征的比重必須減少.另一方面,事例參數(shù)包含所有的特征是困難的。

因此,考慮到實(shí)際和快速設(shè)計(jì)的需求,事例參數(shù)要包含工件的主要特征和夾具的結(jié)構(gòu)。事例參數(shù)代碼由16位數(shù)組成：13位數(shù)是事例特征 3位數(shù)是事例識(shí)別數(shù)字。

前13位數(shù)代表13個(gè)特征。每個(gè)數(shù)字與特征的一個(gè)屬性相一致,這可能是“*”、“？”、“1”、“2”，…，“A”、“B”,…，“Z”，…，等其中的一個(gè)。其中，“*”是指任何一個(gè),“?”代表不確定,“0”代表沒(méi)有。

系統(tǒng)規(guī)定:夾具的類型，工件的形狀，位置模式不能是“*”和“?”。在設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)時(shí),三個(gè)項(xiàng)目的屬性信息沒(méi)有這些選擇,這就意味著必須選擇確定的屬性。

最后三位數(shù)是事例識(shí)別號(hào)碼,如果事例特征的13位數(shù)是一樣的,這三個(gè)數(shù)字就用來(lái)區(qū)別他們。

該系統(tǒng)還規(guī)定:“000”是用于修正的一個(gè)典型事例,其他事例“001”、“002”、…,這些是用于設(shè)計(jì)師查找參考事例的.如果其中一個(gè)偶爾需要改變成典型事例,首先它必須要求改成“000”,前面的自動(dòng)變成參考事例.事例索引碼的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示。

1—夾具類型；

6—工件重量；

11—夾緊模型；

2—工件形狀；

7—工件剛度；

12—夾具體；

3—工件材料；

8—加工內(nèi)容；

13—其他；

4—批

量；

9—過(guò)程所有物；

14到16—事例識(shí)別碼；

5—工件比例；

10—定位模型；

圖1 事例索引碼的結(jié)構(gòu)

1.2事例庫(kù)

事例庫(kù)由許多預(yù)定義的事例組成。事例的描述是基于事例推理的最重要的問(wèn)題之一。所以由索引碼復(fù)合。

1.3 事例的層次化

夾具的結(jié)構(gòu)相似被認(rèn)為是整個(gè)夾具，成分和內(nèi)容相似。所以，整個(gè)夾具事例庫(kù)，成分事例庫(kù)，夾具的成分事例庫(kù)形成相同。整個(gè)夾具的設(shè)計(jì)資料通常是由工件資料和工件加工資料組成,這就意味著夾具的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)滿足特別功能的需求.全部夾具事例是由功能成分組成，它是用功能成分的名字和數(shù)字來(lái)進(jìn)行描述 的。成分事例代表成員（成分功能和其他結(jié)構(gòu)成分，主要驅(qū)動(dòng)參數(shù)，數(shù)字，和它們的約束關(guān)系）。成分事例（夾具的最低層）是功能成分和和其他成分的結(jié)構(gòu)。在現(xiàn)代夾具設(shè)計(jì)中有很多參數(shù)化準(zhǔn)件和普通非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件。所以成分事例圖書(shū)館應(yīng)記錄特殊參數(shù)和保持它們的方法。2事例修改的策略

在基于事例的夾具設(shè)計(jì)中，最重要的是相似點(diǎn)的修改，這樣能有助于獲得最相似的事例，以及縮短適應(yīng)時(shí)間。根據(jù)夾具設(shè)計(jì)的需求，事例修改的策略使最接近的事例方法和知識(shí)指導(dǎo)結(jié)合起來(lái)。首先在深度上查找，然后在寬度上；知識(shí)指導(dǎo)策略意味著在來(lái)自客觀事物根源的知識(shí)規(guī)則上查找，這就要首先查找固定類型，然后查找工件的形狀，第三查找定位方法。例如，如果事例索引碼包括夾具類型的磨削夾具，就只查找所有的磨削夾具，然后查找工件形狀的盒子，第三查找一個(gè)平面兩個(gè)銷的定位方法。如果沒(méi)有合適的，就查找深度標(biāo)點(diǎn)，然后回到最上層，然后再找所有與寬度相關(guān)的事例。

修改方法：

1）根據(jù)夾具事例庫(kù)的事例索引信息，查找有關(guān)事例庫(kù)。

2）將事例索引碼與事例庫(kù)的每個(gè)事例碼匹配，然后計(jì)算相似尺寸的價(jià)值。

3）整理相似尺寸的次序，最大的架子是最類似的事例。

兩個(gè)事例之間的相似點(diǎn)是基于兩個(gè)事例特征之間的相似點(diǎn)。相似點(diǎn)尺寸的計(jì)算依靠特征的類型。相似點(diǎn)的價(jià)值可以通過(guò)數(shù)字化的價(jià)值來(lái)計(jì)算，例如比較重量分別是50kg 和 20kg的工件。非數(shù)字化的價(jià)值也能計(jì)算，例如，現(xiàn)在前13位索引碼都是非數(shù)字化的價(jià)值。一個(gè)夾具的相似尺寸的計(jì)算公式如下：

其中S表示通用夾具的相似尺寸，n表示索引特性數(shù)，表示每個(gè)特性的重量，表示事例庫(kù)中特性

和相關(guān)夾具的特性的相似尺寸。同時(shí)，數(shù)值計(jì)算如下：

其中表示第i個(gè)特征的索引特性值，表示事例庫(kù)中第j個(gè)事例的第i個(gè)特征的特性值。

所以有兩種方法選擇相似夾具。一個(gè)方法是建立數(shù)值。如果通用事例的相似尺寸值比給定的數(shù)值小，這些事例就不能選來(lái)作相似事例。事例庫(kù)最初建立的時(shí)候，只有一些事例，數(shù)值可以建小一點(diǎn)。如果有大量的相似事例，數(shù)值就應(yīng)該建的大一些。另外一個(gè)方法是只建立相似事例的數(shù)字（例如10），這是類型單里相似尺寸的最大值。3 事例的修改和存儲(chǔ) 3.1事例的修改

夾具設(shè)計(jì)中相似事例的修改包括以下三個(gè)階段：

1）成分的替代

2）保持形式不變，調(diào)整成分的特性 3）模型重新設(shè)計(jì)

如果夾具的成分是普通的物品，它們能通過(guò)使用工具被修改，代替以及刪除，這些已經(jīng)被設(shè)計(jì)好了。3.2事例的存儲(chǔ)

在將一個(gè)新的事例保存到事例庫(kù)之前，設(shè)計(jì)者必須考慮保存是否有價(jià)值。如果這個(gè)事例不能增加系統(tǒng)的知識(shí)，就沒(méi)有必要把它保存到事例庫(kù)里。如果它有價(jià)值的話，設(shè)計(jì)者在保存之前必須分析一下，看看這個(gè)事例是否作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例或參考事例被存儲(chǔ)了。一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例是一個(gè)描述同族事例主要特征的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。一個(gè)同族事例是有事例庫(kù)中索引碼前13位相同而最后三位不同的那些事例組成的。一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例的最后三位通常是“000”。一個(gè)參考事例屬于同族標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例，最后三位用不同數(shù)字區(qū)分。

從被解釋的概念中，可采用以下方法：

1）如果一個(gè)新的事例和任何一個(gè)存在的事例族一致，和一個(gè)存在的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例的前13位數(shù)相同，那么這個(gè)事例就不能存儲(chǔ)因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例了?；蛘咧荒茏鳛橐粋€(gè)參考事例保存（最后三位不是“000”，而且和其它的不一樣）在事例庫(kù)中。

2）如果一個(gè)新的事例和任何一個(gè)存在的事例族一致，并且被認(rèn)為代替這個(gè)事例族要比以前的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例好，那么這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例就被這個(gè)新的事例代替，以前的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例作為一個(gè)參考事例保存。

3）如果一個(gè)新的事例和任何一個(gè)存在的事例族不一致，一個(gè)新的事例族將會(huì)自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生，并作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例保存到事例庫(kù)中。4夾具設(shè)計(jì)中基于事例推理的過(guò)程

根據(jù)夾具設(shè)計(jì)的特性，夾具設(shè)計(jì)的基本信息，例如夾具的名字，零件，生產(chǎn)和設(shè)計(jì)者等等，必須先輸入。然后，輸入或設(shè)計(jì)工件的模型。輸入有關(guān)工件的細(xì)節(jié)信息，建立事例索引碼，然后CBR開(kāi)始依靠相似尺寸查找相似事例，選出最相似的事例。如果需要的話，事例要滿足通用性設(shè)計(jì)，再存儲(chǔ)到事例庫(kù)中。程序流程圖如圖2所示

圖2 基于事例推理的夾具設(shè)計(jì)流程圖 5基于事例推理的夾具設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明

這是一個(gè)工件如圖3所示。材料是45鋼，底座，形狀為塊狀，生產(chǎn)批量為中批等。需要設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)用來(lái)旋轉(zhuǎn)孔的旋轉(zhuǎn)夾具。

圖3 需要設(shè)計(jì)夾具的一個(gè)工件（最大尺寸80mmx49mmx22mm）

工件的特征值，屬性值，事例索引碼和重量在表1中列出。

表1 工件的事例索引碼和重量

特征名稱

特性值

索引碼

重量

夾具類型

車床夾具

工件形狀

塊狀

工件材料

中碳鋼

批量

中批

工件比例

小

工件重量

輕

工件剛度

硬度強(qiáng)

加工內(nèi)容

孔

程序要求

完成加工

定位方法

三個(gè)平面

夾緊方法

不確定？

夾具體

復(fù)合 80

其他

沒(méi)有

0

通過(guò)查找和計(jì)算相似點(diǎn)，最相似的事例的事例索引碼是193255***，細(xì)節(jié)信息在表2中列出。

表2

最相似事例的事例索引碼

特征名稱

特性值

索引碼

夾具類型

車床夾具

工件形狀

塊狀

工件材料

中碳鋼

批量

中批

工件比例

小

工件重量

輕

工件剛度

硬度強(qiáng)

加工內(nèi)容

孔

程序要求

完成加工

定位方法

三個(gè)平面

夾緊方法

不確定？

夾具體

復(fù)合其他

沒(méi)有

0

相似點(diǎn)的計(jì)算如下：

所以?shī)A具的相似尺寸值是0.806，這是在事例庫(kù)中用于設(shè)計(jì)的最相似的事例，最相似的事例的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖4所示

圖4

最相似的夾具

當(dāng)成分替代，修改定位模型和夾緊模型，以及調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)尺寸之后，新的夾具被設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)，圖形如圖6所示

圖5

需要設(shè)計(jì)的新夾具

因?yàn)樵谑吕龓?kù)中沒(méi)有相似夾具，新夾具被儲(chǔ)存到事例庫(kù)中。事例索引碼是***00。6 結(jié)論

基于事例推理，作為一個(gè)問(wèn)題解決的方法，是一個(gè)比模仿人類思想的專業(yè)系統(tǒng)更有效的方法，已經(jīng)在很多難獲取知識(shí)的領(lǐng)域里得到發(fā)展。基于事例推理的優(yōu)點(diǎn)如下：它和人類的思想很相似；一個(gè)事例庫(kù)通過(guò)保存新事例獲得自學(xué)能力，它比有慣例庫(kù)更快更容易，它可以更好的傳遞和解釋新的知識(shí)，這和慣例庫(kù)有 很大的不同?；谑吕评碇刑岢龅囊粋€(gè)夾具設(shè)計(jì)的框架已經(jīng)被實(shí)行了，使用的是支持基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的VC++，UG電腦繪圖軟件。這個(gè)框架也已經(jīng)和普通成分庫(kù)和典型夾具庫(kù)結(jié)合起來(lái)。這個(gè)發(fā)展的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)系統(tǒng)，用于航空項(xiàng)目，幫助夾具設(shè)計(jì)者提高設(shè)計(jì)效率和重新使用先前的設(shè)計(jì)資源。附錄2 英文原文

Application and development Of case based reasoning in fixture design

Abstract: Based on the case based designing(CBD)methodology, the fixture similarity is in two respects: the function and the structure information.Then, the computer aided fixture design system is created on case based reasoning(CBR),in which the attributes of the main features of workpiece and structure of fixture as case index code are designed for the retrieve of the similar cases, and the structure and hierarchical relation of case library are set up for store.Meanwhile, the algorithm based on the knowledge guided in the retrieve of the similar cases, the strategy of case adapt at ion and case storage in which the case ident if cat ion number is used to distinguish from similar cases are presented.The application of the system in some projects improves the design efficiency and gets a good result.Keywords: case based reasoning;fixture design;computer aided design(CAD)

Fixtures are devices that serve as the purpose of holding the workpiece securely and accurately, and maintaining a consistent relationship with respect to the tools while machining.Because the fixture structure depends on the feature of the product and the status of the process planning in the enterprise, its design is the bottleneck during manufacturing, which restrains to improve the efficiency and leadtime.And fixture design is a complicated process, based on experience that needs comprehensive qualitative knowledge about a number of design issues including workpiece configuration, manufacturing processes involved, and machining environment.This is also a very time consuming work when using traditional CAD tools(such as Unigraphics, CATIA or Pro/E), which are good at performing detailed design tasks, but provide few benefits for taking advantage of the previous design experience and resources, which are precisely the key factors in improving the efficiency.The methodology of case based reasoning(CBR)adapts the solution of a previously solved case to build a solution for a new problem with the following four steps: retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain [1].This is a more useful method than the use of an expert system to simulate human thought because proposing a similar case and applying a few modifications seems to be self explanatory and more intuitive to humans.So various case based design support tools have been developed for numerous areas[2-4], such as in injection molding and design, architectural design, die casting die design, process planning, and also in fixture design.Sun used six digitals to compose the index code that included workpiece shape, machine portion, bushing, the 1st locating device, the 2nd locating device and clamping device[5].But the system cannot be used for other fixture types except for drill fixtures, and cannot solve the problem of storage of the same index code that needs to be retained, which is very important in CBR[6].1 Construction of a Case Index and Case Library 1.1 Case index

The case index should be composed of all features of the workpiece, which are distinguished from different fixtures.Using all of them would make the operation in convenient.Because the forms of the parts are diverse, and the technology requirements of manufacture in the enterprise also develop continuously, lots of features used as the case index will make the search rate slow, and the main feature unimportant, for the reason that the relative weight which is allotted to every feature must diminish.And on the other hand, it is hard to include all the features in the case index.Therefore, considering the practicality and the demand of rapid design, the case index includes both the major feature of the workpiece and the structure of fixture.The case index code is made up of 16 digits: 13 digits for case features and 3 digits for case identification number.The first 13 digits represent 13 features.Each digit is corresponding to an attribute of the feature, which may be one of“*”, “？”, “1”, “2”,…,“A”,“B”,…, “Z”,…, etc.In which, “*” means anyone, “?” uncertain, “0” nothing.The system rules: fixture type, workpiece shape, locating model cannot be “*”or“?”.When the system is designed, the attribute information of the three items does not have these options, which means the certain attribute must be selected.The last three digits are the case identification number, which means the 13 digits of the case feature are the same, and the number of these three digits is used for distinguishing them.The system also rules: “000” is a prototype case, which is used for retrieval, and other cases are “001”,“002”,…,which are used for reference cases to be searched by designers.If occasionally one of them needs to be changed as the prototype case, first it must be required to apply to change the one to “000”, and the former is changed to referential case automatically.The construction of the case index code is shown in Fig.1.1.2 Case library The case library consists of lots of predefined cases.Case representation is one of the most important issues in case based reasoning.So compounding with the index code,.1.3 Hierarchical form of Case The structure similarity of the fixture is represented as the whole fixture similarity, components similarity and component similarity.So the whole fixture case library, components case library, component case library of fixture are formed correspondingly.Usually design information of the whole fixture is composed of workpiece information and workpiece procedure information, which represent the fixture satisfying the specifically designing function demand.The whole fixture case is made up of function components, which are described by the function components’ names and numbers.The components case represents the members.(function component and other structure components，main driven parameter, the number, and their constrain relations.)The component case(the lowest layer of the fixture)is the structure of function component and other components.In the modern fixture design there are lots of parametric standard parts and common non standard parts.So the component case library should record the specification parameter and the way in which it keeps them.Strategy of Case Retrieval In the case based design of fixtures ,the most important thing is the retrieval of the similarity, which can help to obtain the most similar case, and to cut down the time of adaptation.According to the requirement of fixture design, the strategy of case retrieval combines the way of the nearest neighbor and knowledge guided.That is, first search on depth, then on breadth;the knowledge guided strategy means to search on the knowledge rule from root to the object, which is firstly searched by the fixture type, then by the shape of the workpiece, thirdly by the locating method.For example, if the case index code includes the milling fixture of fixture type, the search is just for all milling fixtures, then for box of workpiece shape, the third for 1plane+ 2pine of locating method.If there is no match of it, then the search stops on depth, and returns to the upper layer, and retrieves all the relative cases on breadth.Retrieval algorithms: 1)According to the case index information of fixture case library, search the relevant case library;2)Match the case index code with the code of each case of the case library, and calculate the value of the similarity measure;3)Sort the order of similarity measure, the biggest value, which is the most analogical case.Similarity between two cases is based on the similarity between the two cases.features.The calculation of similarity measure depends on the type of the feature.The value of similarity can be calculated for numerical values, for example, compareWorkpiece with the weight of 50kg and 20kg.The value can also be calculated between non numerical values, for example, now the first 13 digits index code is all non numerical values.The similarity measure of a fixture is calculated as follows:

where S is the similarity measure of current fixture, n is the number of the index feature, is the weight of each feature，is the similarity

of relative

, measure of the attribute of the i2th feature with the attributefeature of the j-th case in the case library.At the same time, the value counts as follows:

.Where is the value of the index attribute of the i-th feature, and

is the value of attribute of the relative i-th feature of the j-th case in case library.So there are two methods to select the analogical fixture.One is to set the value.If the values of similarity measure of current cases were less than a given value, those cases would not be selected as analogical cases.When the case library is initially set up, and there are only a few cases, the value can be set smaller.If there are lots of analogical cases, the value should get larger.The other is just to set the number of the analogical cases(such as10), which is the largest value of similarity measure from the sorted order.3 Case adaptation and Case Storage 3.1 Case adaptation

The modification of the analogical case in the fixture design includes the following three cases: 1)The substitution of components and the component;2)Adjusting the dimension of components and the component while the form remains;

3)The redesign of the model.If the components and component of the fixture are common objects, they can be edited, substituted and deleted with tools, which have been designed.3.2 Case storage Before saving a new fixture case in the case library, the designer must consider whether the saving is valuable.If the case does not increase the knowledge of the system, it is not necessary to store it in the case library.If it is valuable, then the designer must analyze it before saving it to see whether the case is stored as a prototype case or as reference case.A prototype case is a representation that can describe the main features of a case family.A case family consists of those cases whose index codes have the same first 13 digits and different last three digits in the case library.The last three digits of a prototype case are always “000”.A reference case belongs to the same family as the prototype case and is distinguished by the different last three digits.From the concept that has been explained, the following strategies are adopted: 1)If a new case matches any existing case family, it has the same first 13 digits as an existing prototype case, so the case is not saved because it is represented well by the prototype case.Or is just saved as a reference case(the last 3 digits are not “000”, and not the same with others)in the case library.2)If a new case matches any existing case family and is thought to be better at representing this case family than the previous prototype case, then the prototype case is substituted by this new case, and the previous prototype case is saved as a reference case.3)If a new case does not match any existing case family, a new case family will be generated automatically and the case is stored as the prototype case in the case library.4 Process of CBR in Fixture Design According to the characteristics of fixture design, the basic information of the fixture design such as the name of fixture, part, product and the designer, etc.must be input first.Then the fixture file is set up automatically, in which all components of the fixture are put together.Then the model of the workpiece is input or designed.The detailed information about the workpiece is input, the case index code is set up, and then the CBR begins to search the analogical cases, relying on the similarity measure, and the most analogical case is selected out.If needed, the case is adapted to satisfy the current design, and restored into the case library.The flowchart of the process is shown in Fig.3.Illustrating for Fixture Design by CBR This is a workpiece(seeFig.4).Its material is 45# steel.Its name is seat.Its shape is block, and the product batch size is middle, etc.A fixture is turning fixture that serves to turn the hole, which needs to be designed.The value of feature, attribute, case index code and weight of the workpiece is show n in Tab.2.Through searching, and calculating the similarity, the case index code of the most similar case is 193255***, and the detailed information is show n in Tab.3.The similarity is calculated as follows:

So the value of similarity measure of the fixture which needs to be designed with the most analogical case in case library is 0.806, and the structure of the most analogical case is shown in Fig.5.After having been substituted the component, modified the locating model and clamp model, and adjusted the relative dimension, the new fixture is designed, and the figure is show n in Fig.6.As there is not the analogical fixture in the case library, the new fixture is restored in to the case library.The case index code is 193255***.6 Conclusion CBR, as a problem solving methodology, is a more efficient method than an expert system to simulate human thought, and has been developed in many domains where knowledge is difficult to acquire.The advantages of the CBR are as follows: it resembles human thought more closely;the building of a case library which has self learning ability by saving new cases is easier and faster than the building of a rule library;and it supports a better transfer and explanation of new knowledge that is more different than the rule library.A proposed fixture design framework on the CBR has been implemented by using Visual C ++, UG/Open API in U n graphics with Oracle as database support, which also has been integrated with the 32D parametric common component library, common components library and typical fixture library.The prototype system, developed here, is used for the aviation project, and aids the fixture designers to improve the design efficiency and reuse previous design resources.

第二篇：外文翻譯機(jī)械類人類與機(jī)器人的互動(dòng)及未來(lái)工業(yè)機(jī)器人的應(yīng)用_圖文(精)

原文題目：Human-Robot Iteraction and Future Industrial Robitics Applications

譯文題目：

人類與機(jī)器人的互動(dòng)及未來(lái)工業(yè)機(jī)器人的應(yīng)用 學(xué)院名稱： 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 專業(yè)班級(jí)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化

人類與機(jī)器人的互動(dòng)和未來(lái)的工業(yè)機(jī)器人應(yīng)用

Clint Heyer 摘要——工業(yè)機(jī)器人能在相對(duì)靜止的環(huán)境下在大量的工作中快速執(zhí)行操作。由于工業(yè)機(jī)器人能反復(fù)，準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行操作，因此它用于制造業(yè)中已經(jīng)有悠久的歷史。在石油和天然氣工業(yè)中為了提高安全性和效率，減少對(duì)環(huán)境的影響，工業(yè)機(jī)器人的使用是必不可少的。人類工作在困難或危險(xiǎn)地區(qū)進(jìn)行工作時(shí)，可以進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程控制啟用工業(yè)機(jī)器人進(jìn)行維護(hù)，檢查和維修?，F(xiàn)今的機(jī)器人應(yīng)用于這種新的領(lǐng)域中還存在一些困難，因?yàn)樗麄儧](méi)有很好地適應(yīng)動(dòng)態(tài)環(huán)境能力，不能充分與人類的互動(dòng)，不能以簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)劃為最終用戶。此外，開(kāi)采石油和天然氣為機(jī)器人提供一個(gè)具有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作環(huán)境，使其接觸到變量和極端天氣與需要一起爆炸碳?xì)浠衔锏陌踩褂谩８鶕?jù)機(jī)器人說(shuō)明，信任和問(wèn)責(zé)制的問(wèn)題以及它們?nèi)绾芜m應(yīng)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)脫穎而出。如果機(jī)器人有太少的自主權(quán)，人工操作會(huì)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間參加機(jī)器人，而不是參加他們的工作任務(wù)。如果機(jī)器人是高度自治，植物活動(dòng)的情境意識(shí)將會(huì)減少。達(dá)成一種平衡，需要找到一個(gè)適合任務(wù)的自主化水平，自動(dòng)化的實(shí)際能力，并需要人工操作，以建設(shè)性的方式積極參與。這些問(wèn)題，還涉及到什么樣的形式接口遠(yuǎn)程或合署辦公的機(jī)器人控制，信息和活動(dòng)，以及如何進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程運(yùn)營(yíng)商代表。本文的貢獻(xiàn)是一個(gè)有關(guān)人類與機(jī)器人為未來(lái)的工業(yè)機(jī)器人的互動(dòng)，尤其是石油和天然氣行業(yè)的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行討論。

一、引言

工業(yè)機(jī)器人在制造業(yè)已成立三十多年，如堆疊任務(wù)，鑄造，繪畫(huà)，整理，焊接，組件的焊接等。這種使用環(huán)境，突出了工業(yè)機(jī)器人的核心價(jià)值主張：連續(xù)，準(zhǔn)確地執(zhí)行人類難以在工作環(huán)境和規(guī)模的任務(wù)。在工廠投產(chǎn)中或當(dāng)行正在重新負(fù)責(zé)時(shí)，專業(yè)工程師計(jì)劃投入即將到來(lái)的工作的機(jī)器人。調(diào)試可能需要長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩年，并需要長(zhǎng)達(dá)一年的仔細(xì)調(diào)整之后開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)。制度變遷是昂貴的，因?yàn)樗麄兘?jīng)常需要中斷生產(chǎn)的實(shí)現(xiàn)和測(cè)試。機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)集成與其他工廠自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)，使剛剛在準(zhǔn)時(shí)化生產(chǎn)和支持經(jīng)濟(jì)上可行的定制制造的新水平。一旦編程，一個(gè)精心設(shè)計(jì)的自動(dòng)化平臺(tái)生產(chǎn)線，可以創(chuàng)造需求決定了不同的模式和變種之間切換。

從歷史上看，機(jī)器人的設(shè)計(jì)和編程事為了相對(duì)靜止的環(huán)境。任何機(jī)器人的配置中不明的基本上是無(wú)形的，如關(guān)節(jié)力矩最小的反饋，指導(dǎo)。在大多數(shù)情況下，這些原始的感官能力，必須在運(yùn)行機(jī)器人“工作單元”，以脫離人為和其他干擾。一旦編程完成，這是預(yù)期的工作環(huán)境和文物的機(jī)器人仍然很窄的范圍內(nèi)方差進(jìn)行交互。因此，機(jī)器人被隔離在身體以及感官的感覺(jué)，在自動(dòng)化的工廠機(jī)器的數(shù)量略有不同。

強(qiáng)大的工業(yè)機(jī)器人和人類一起工作在合作方式下的工作環(huán)境有多方面的困難。機(jī)器人的工作區(qū)域以外的人的安全領(lǐng)域需要?jiǎng)澏?，通常是用物理或基于傳感器的壁壘增?qiáng)。進(jìn)行交互或控制機(jī)器人的手段是典型的匱乏，如按下一個(gè)按鈕，激活一個(gè)任務(wù)，或完全不存在與機(jī)器人根據(jù)自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的響應(yīng)。如果人們需要在接近或正在運(yùn)行的機(jī)器人的工作區(qū)域內(nèi)工作，它需要運(yùn)行速度緩慢，使其損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低。由于這些限制，合作的工作往往是通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)，采取協(xié)議的限制。例如，人類將執(zhí)行一些工作，另一方面機(jī)器人執(zhí)行一些工作等。在這個(gè)描繪，我們看到了人與機(jī)器人之間，在各自的自然和獨(dú)特的功能是充分利用豐富的協(xié)同。

由于上述缺點(diǎn)，在模具的限制中，而作為一個(gè)通用的工廠自動(dòng)化援助機(jī)器人的潛力尚未完全實(shí)現(xiàn)：它不能在動(dòng)態(tài)的世界很差其工作區(qū)以外被重新負(fù)責(zé)和嚙合。反過(guò)來(lái)，這種限制它們用于環(huán)境的機(jī)器人部署和工作?，F(xiàn)今機(jī)器人的成本效益比排除了中小型企業(yè)的廣泛使用，即使機(jī)器人本身的單價(jià)是不高昂的。現(xiàn)在，已發(fā)現(xiàn)了市售的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的精度，速度，可重復(fù)性和靈巧的可接受的水平，額外的重點(diǎn)一直放在人類與機(jī)器人的互動(dòng)，例如，通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)化編程[1]和減少碰撞的損害[2]。和電腦前景一樣，在機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)展 中-也不是工業(yè)機(jī)器人-擁有相同的特征如我所描述的。例如，用于移動(dòng)傳輸機(jī)器人在工廠穿梭材料，設(shè)計(jì)功能在動(dòng)態(tài)環(huán)境中的現(xiàn)代版本能夠防止碰撞和在某些情況下，積極主動(dòng)地繞過(guò)障礙物的路線。近年來(lái)引進(jìn)了物美價(jià)廉的消費(fèi)服務(wù)和娛樂(lè)機(jī)器人，如iRobot公司的Roomba和Ugobe Pleo的。他們是物理接地理念設(shè)計(jì)，他們能夠在動(dòng)態(tài)，雜亂無(wú)章的環(huán)境下成功交談。

下一節(jié)介紹了在石油和天然氣行業(yè)的未來(lái)機(jī)器人的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，本文其余部分探討的是人類與機(jī)器人的互動(dòng)關(guān)系和迄今為止它的發(fā)展背景。

二、在石油和天然氣領(lǐng)域的工業(yè)機(jī)器人

石油和天然氣行業(yè)通常在物理操縱自動(dòng)化程度較高，比如自動(dòng)閥和邏輯操作，控制和管理過(guò)程。在陸上工廠，運(yùn)營(yíng)商監(jiān)測(cè)和運(yùn)行過(guò)程（從他們的中央控制室與自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)），常位于離工廠幾公里。外地經(jīng)營(yíng)者必須執(zhí)行檢查和維護(hù)設(shè)備，需要大型團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行維修和升級(jí)。在許多石油和天然氣產(chǎn)區(qū)，工人暴露在極端氣候（圖1），有時(shí)需要額外的繁瑣的防護(hù)裝備，因?yàn)樗牧蚧瘹渌礁摺?/p>

圖一、一個(gè)典型的天然氣提煉廠可以覆蓋大面積在室外和室內(nèi)環(huán)境的混合物

海上鉆井平臺(tái)有進(jìn)一步的后勤問(wèn)題。人們?cè)阢@井平臺(tái)工作是非常昂貴的，因?yàn)樗鼈儽仨氃诰o急情況下被安置和保護(hù)，必須盡可能地迅速疏散人員。隨著石油和天然氣的勘探推到更冷酷無(wú)情,地處偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū),這些困難的障礙變得嚴(yán)重財(cái)務(wù)可行性的安裝。隨著石油天然氣勘探推到荒涼和偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)，這些困難對(duì)于財(cái)務(wù)是嚴(yán)重的障礙。很明顯，如果機(jī)器人可以在危險(xiǎn)和惡劣的環(huán)境執(zhí)行普通場(chǎng)經(jīng)營(yíng)者的任務(wù)是很有好處的。在短期內(nèi)，機(jī)器人可以安裝在現(xiàn)有的設(shè)施，而不需要系統(tǒng)的變化或廣泛的改造。這些可以執(zhí)行關(guān)鍵任務(wù)的已被確定為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或高成本。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，石油和天然氣公司計(jì)劃完全無(wú)人設(shè)施，從設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)始一直使用機(jī)器人。機(jī)器人已經(jīng)應(yīng)用于石油和天然氣行業(yè)，例如無(wú)人水下機(jī)器人通常是用于直觀地檢查海底結(jié)構(gòu)，如海底井口。使用環(huán)境提出了明確的挑戰(zhàn)在設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)時(shí)是否在惡劣環(huán)境下能夠安全和有效的爆炸。

一般情況下機(jī)器人在石油和天然氣工業(yè)中呈現(xiàn)的事其本身。第一，遠(yuǎn)程檢測(cè)，關(guān)注的是使用移動(dòng)機(jī)器人進(jìn)行檢查的設(shè)備，例如尋找故障，可能并不明顯的其他儀器，或執(zhí)行取樣。而非安裝永久需要的昂貴的儀器，機(jī)器人可以移動(dòng)至有需要的地方。另一種情形，遙操作，關(guān)注的是使用移動(dòng)機(jī)器人進(jìn)行維修，操作和維修。這兩種情況下可能發(fā)生的一人操作的任何自動(dòng)或手動(dòng)控制。機(jī)器人的通用性和流動(dòng)性提供了更好的機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)解決特定的，意想不到的設(shè)施生產(chǎn)需求。

三、與機(jī)器人的合作

信任與責(zé)任是考慮合作的重要因素。目前的自動(dòng)化設(shè)備如閥門傳感器是確定結(jié)果，要求的行動(dòng)和幾個(gè)可能被安裝以便提高可靠性。如果一個(gè)控制室操作任務(wù)的機(jī)器人與一個(gè)特定的清洗閥，如何操作保證任務(wù)完成？一個(gè)設(shè)備有檢查機(jī)器人的工作通過(guò)一個(gè)攝像機(jī)，或機(jī)器人能夠可靠地判斷這本身嗎？在于確保工作進(jìn)行并完成安全和正確的責(zé)任負(fù)責(zé)？雖然人們接受了與首選地遙操作機(jī)器人一起工作而不是獨(dú)立的一個(gè)人或只是機(jī)器，但還是突出了缺乏自治的缺點(diǎn)。物理形態(tài)和行為的機(jī)器人是很重要的，它是如何感知并應(yīng)適當(dāng)?shù)赝瓿扇蝿?wù)[ 7]。非人的形式可以視為具有更好的個(gè)性和比人更友善，可能是因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為更像機(jī)器而不是獨(dú)立的演員[ 8]。工作時(shí)與非人形機(jī)器人合作能夠有更少的人力，并采取更多的措施以確保任務(wù)完成[ 9]。在石油和天然氣行業(yè)，特別是短期使用的機(jī)器人在現(xiàn)有設(shè)施，對(duì)于人類和機(jī)器人的理想的關(guān)系，它仍然是一個(gè)開(kāi)放的問(wèn)題。經(jīng)營(yíng)自主進(jìn)行定期維護(hù)，機(jī)器人可以視為另一種元素的緊密集成工廠自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)。機(jī)器人還可以用來(lái)在一個(gè)更直接的合作方式，例如幫助人們搬運(yùn)材料，重的物體，對(duì)樣品進(jìn)行測(cè)試和其他一般的任務(wù)。在這種情況下，機(jī)器人是能減輕負(fù)擔(dān)的體力勞動(dòng)，提高能力，如電鉆，或發(fā)揮作用協(xié)作同事另一種工具嗎？

每種方法都有很大的不同需求方面的交互設(shè)計(jì)。已經(jīng)調(diào)查了工業(yè)機(jī)器人通過(guò)顯微手術(shù)，它有可能比人類的手更好，更加順利和控制運(yùn)動(dòng)。人類的外科醫(yī)生可以使用代理工具，該機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)能進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)分析，感官和翻譯進(jìn)行實(shí)際接觸病人[11]。在機(jī)器人工具方法中，自主性低，它能以自然的方式與人類來(lái)完成工作。作為一個(gè)合作的伙伴，有更高的期望的自主權(quán)，為機(jī)器人提供積極的協(xié)助和幫助。

四、自治與角色

如果機(jī)器人代替現(xiàn)場(chǎng)操作人員，或包含一些外地經(jīng)營(yíng)者的任務(wù)，機(jī)器人的控制室操作員，領(lǐng)班和該組織的其他部分是什么關(guān)系？如今，控制室操作員往往會(huì)要求現(xiàn)場(chǎng)訪問(wèn)某個(gè)特定的儀器或機(jī)器的領(lǐng)域，例如調(diào)查一個(gè)問(wèn)題或澄清一個(gè)儀表讀數(shù)。經(jīng)營(yíng)領(lǐng)域的推銷，找到該項(xiàng)目，并通過(guò)無(wú)線電報(bào)告。在未來(lái)無(wú)人的情況下，以前一個(gè)“場(chǎng)”的運(yùn)營(yíng)商可能會(huì)收到指令，但這一次使用機(jī)器人遠(yuǎn)程走動(dòng)的設(shè)備和采取的讀數(shù)。如今能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)經(jīng)營(yíng)者會(huì)分析和報(bào)告然后返回到控制室操作員。在這種情況下，控制室操作員是比較不了解的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)和以前一樣，這就奠定了判斷和專業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)領(lǐng)域和有一些變化的信任和工作流程和實(shí)踐的微小變化。

另一種選擇是，控制室操作員自己命令機(jī)器人研究的問(wèn)題，并接收返回完成一個(gè)自動(dòng)分析。這意味著不同的作用，控制室操作員，他現(xiàn)在還必須指揮或控制一個(gè)機(jī)器人以及執(zhí)行分析的計(jì)算機(jī)生成分析。初步研究石油和天然氣的工作描述一個(gè)復(fù)雜的環(huán)境，可能會(huì)嚴(yán)重妨礙可行性等自動(dòng)化[12]?；氐叫湃魏拓?zé)任的問(wèn)題，如果控制室操作員不能取決于機(jī)器人執(zhí)行檢查任務(wù)的可靠和準(zhǔn)確，這將需要較低層次的自動(dòng)化?，F(xiàn)在，當(dāng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的操作人員進(jìn)行日常巡查工廠，他們監(jiān)視特定問(wèn)題（如蠟積累）也是問(wèn)題但并他們不知道他們?cè)谘膊槭裁?。在許多重復(fù)檢查過(guò)程中，運(yùn)營(yíng)商獲得的是什么是期望的，什么不是，和使用這種意識(shí)在工作場(chǎng)所展開(kāi)廣泛的活動(dòng)。這有可能用相當(dāng)先進(jìn)的模式識(shí)別技術(shù)可以辨別所有人類運(yùn)營(yíng)商普遍使用的線索。在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中，然而，是豐富的“知道”廠的感知。根據(jù)安德斯里和卡伯的認(rèn)證，當(dāng)人類出循環(huán)時(shí)恢復(fù)錯(cuò)誤或缺點(diǎn)在一個(gè)自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)會(huì)產(chǎn)生較多問(wèn)題[13]。

一種自適應(yīng)，變量的，自動(dòng)化的方法已被建議作為一種交易方式一權(quán)衡各種利益和成本的自動(dòng)控制和手動(dòng)控制，重要的是再機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)把人作為積極地參與者

[14]。一個(gè)完全手動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可以準(zhǔn)確控制，不過(guò)是勞動(dòng)密集和不可導(dǎo)致有效利用機(jī)器人資產(chǎn)。更復(fù)雜的接口和自動(dòng)援助，可以進(jìn)一步提高效率。一個(gè)完全自動(dòng)化的系統(tǒng)能更好地利用機(jī)器人，但是限制在高層次的規(guī)劃和執(zhí)行任務(wù)可能需要頻繁的人為干預(yù)。人類指導(dǎo)機(jī)器人的任務(wù)和目標(biāo)，使其中的一些缺點(diǎn)加以解決[ 15 , 16]，和幫助人們解決低層次的問(wèn)題如關(guān)節(jié)方向。可接受的自動(dòng)化水平也必須克服的問(wèn)題是通信延遲[ 17 ]和[ 18 ]多機(jī)器人控制。控制機(jī)器人也造成的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。在一對(duì)一的比例中人類運(yùn)營(yíng)商操縱機(jī)器人，它們之間得重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移是必要的或是他們成功的團(tuán)隊(duì)嗎？人類運(yùn)營(yíng)商會(huì)通過(guò)機(jī)器人資源一起合作嗎？石油和天然氣行業(yè)，像其他的工作場(chǎng)所應(yīng)用，有一個(gè)大致的層次結(jié)構(gòu)。例如，工藝工程師一般與控制室操作員相互聯(lián)系，那些控制室操作員大多以經(jīng)營(yíng)領(lǐng)域，與維修人員和工藝設(shè)備相關(guān)。信息和狀態(tài)的各種組織之間的水平，往往通過(guò)調(diào)解信息文物工作證等。在什么水平是一個(gè)機(jī)器人或機(jī)器人小組？在機(jī)器人資源分享中，該行業(yè)已經(jīng)通過(guò)管理的分布式控制系統(tǒng)有現(xiàn)有的規(guī)范和技術(shù)以獲得和釋放獨(dú)家控制遠(yuǎn)程設(shè)備。目前，工人不用被實(shí)時(shí)跟蹤，無(wú)線通信提供足夠的信號(hào)以確定每個(gè)人所處的位置。移動(dòng)機(jī)器人將不會(huì)參加這個(gè)無(wú)線通信，因此還需要研究如何認(rèn)識(shí)自己的位置和活動(dòng)可以有效地分散在整個(gè)班組。

五、陳述

機(jī)器人資源如何代表用戶將在很大程度上取決于用戶自主經(jīng)營(yíng)的程度。對(duì)于手動(dòng)控制靠近用戶自主權(quán)，在控制下更加重視和考慮機(jī)器人。有一種讓用戶看不到的可能性“摘要”的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)。除非在所有可能發(fā)生的一種物理機(jī)器人操作的變化的世界自治系統(tǒng)是非常先進(jìn)的管理，這種做法有其局限性。在出現(xiàn)一些錯(cuò)的時(shí)候躲藏機(jī)器人就是唯一可見(jiàn)的：例如碰撞或“扣押”引起的焊接不良和路徑規(guī)劃。這不僅減少了對(duì)這些問(wèn)題的認(rèn)識(shí)（如何發(fā)生的問(wèn)題），但也限制了人力運(yùn)營(yíng)商能夠運(yùn)用他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技巧的能力在避免問(wèn)題發(fā)生之前。

早期的遙操作接口使用多個(gè)二維視圖，每個(gè)都有不同的表現(xiàn)，例如一個(gè)顯示前線攝像頭的視頻，一個(gè)顯示視頻從后方攝像頭，另一個(gè)顯示讀數(shù)儀等。多個(gè)攝像頭顯示對(duì)態(tài)勢(shì)感知是有益的，特別的如果視頻包括一些接地，地標(biāo)等功能 [19]。二維的顯示是特別有用的精確的空間導(dǎo)航和推算，如判斷的相對(duì)定位，三維視圖在三維空間和感受三維地層的導(dǎo)航很有用處[ 20]。有大量用戶的意見(jiàn)感知一個(gè)狀態(tài)[21 , 22]，當(dāng)問(wèn)題變得更加困難時(shí)，控制多個(gè)機(jī)器人。計(jì)算合并的意見(jiàn)結(jié)合視頻，一個(gè)代表性的機(jī)器人，狀態(tài)信息和三維幾何顯示在一個(gè)單一的視為一種有效的選擇減少認(rèn)知負(fù)荷，但仍保持利益的不同表示方法[23]。

在稀疏或沒(méi)有感應(yīng)的環(huán)境下，有一個(gè)更大的依賴于機(jī)器人的能力以提供態(tài)勢(shì)感知的遠(yuǎn)程操作。狹窄領(lǐng)域的觀點(diǎn)提供了傳統(tǒng)的做法已被定性為“鎖孔”效應(yīng)[ 25]，容

易錯(cuò)過(guò)事件和障礙以外的這一領(lǐng)域。

六、相互作用

除了已經(jīng)討論了的屏幕上的遙操作接口，還有其他的輸入方式，可以提供簡(jiǎn)單的或更自然的互動(dòng)與合作或遙遠(yuǎn)的機(jī)器人。服務(wù)機(jī)器人語(yǔ)音已審查[ 26]，但就其有效性仍然存在懸而未決的問(wèn)題[ 27]。多模態(tài)接口可以被用來(lái)利用每個(gè)組合方式各自的特點(diǎn)[ 28 , 29]。豐富的互動(dòng)將使機(jī)器人控制流動(dòng)性和減少繁瑣的手工操作。這取決于系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，有可能是不同的階段與互動(dòng)的機(jī)器人，例如編程或教學(xué)階段，和一個(gè)執(zhí)行階段，以前的程序開(kāi)展行動(dòng)，或執(zhí)行的用戶直接操縱。利用一個(gè)機(jī)器人的多用性，它應(yīng)該有可能進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)操作的程序來(lái)執(zhí)行任務(wù)，在特設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上，然后可以定期或根據(jù)需要不斷重復(fù)。例如，偶爾天然氣泄漏可能發(fā)生在一個(gè)出口的壓縮機(jī)，使操作者可以計(jì)劃?rùn)C(jī)器人用氣體探測(cè)器定期地檢查壓縮機(jī)室。經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間的機(jī)器人執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)任務(wù)，一個(gè)圖像可以用來(lái)確定泄漏的位置。在另一案例中，也許一個(gè)故障已被發(fā)現(xiàn)在幾個(gè)儀器外殼，所以維修主管要做一次所有外殼的檢查。一場(chǎng)算

符可以計(jì)劃?rùn)C(jī)器人識(shí)別儀器外殼來(lái)找故障。因?yàn)椴皇撬行枰臋C(jī)器人將被稱為先驗(yàn)，手工直接操作費(fèi)時(shí)，最終用戶可編程性將是一個(gè)有用的和具有挑戰(zhàn)性的議程和交互設(shè)計(jì)研究。一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子方法最終用戶編程的機(jī)器人“示教編程”，其中一個(gè)機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)觀察和重復(fù)人類活動(dòng)[ 30]。

手勢(shì)是一種人們自然地使用社會(huì)溝通體現(xiàn)形式的互動(dòng)。手勢(shì)被用來(lái)檢測(cè)，通過(guò)增強(qiáng)手套或計(jì)算機(jī)視覺(jué)，遠(yuǎn)程控制和合作機(jī)器人[31,32,33]。而不是行使直接控制，這表示手勢(shì)對(duì)高級(jí)指揮機(jī)器人活動(dòng)特別有用[ 31]。一個(gè)例子是手勢(shì)交互系統(tǒng)，允許人們用他們的手指，點(diǎn)一下他們想拿起一個(gè)對(duì)象，然后指出它們的位置[34]?；?dòng)與同位機(jī)器人，這種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它允許人們表達(dá)的意圖與參考的實(shí)際環(huán)境，而不是一個(gè)象征。

當(dāng)控制機(jī)器人時(shí)，它會(huì)因?yàn)橛脩魧?duì)他們的要求沒(méi)有明確而不會(huì)完成。例如，當(dāng)操縱工業(yè)機(jī)器人時(shí)，關(guān)節(jié)不能轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)任何進(jìn)一步的，或是防止運(yùn)動(dòng)奇異性不會(huì)明顯顯示。同樣的遙控機(jī)器人，從屏幕上的代表性障礙，和駕駛?cè)魏谓咏鼤?huì)導(dǎo)致碰撞也可能不會(huì)明顯顯示。各種形式的告警可以用來(lái)通知用戶的這些條件，包括觸覺(jué)。觸覺(jué)反饋可以提供物理力反饋給用戶，例如通過(guò)振動(dòng)，或物理限制運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)械手，這兩者都

是有用的[35、36、37]。

七、結(jié)論

從石油和天然氣行業(yè)的趨勢(shì)表明：一個(gè)不斷增長(zhǎng)的世界必須增強(qiáng)機(jī)器人自動(dòng)化。機(jī)器人自動(dòng)化的增強(qiáng)可以在現(xiàn)有設(shè)施上為人類服務(wù)，以便于在困難環(huán)境代替進(jìn)行操作，從而改善工人的安全和效率。當(dāng)今，工業(yè)機(jī)器人已有一個(gè)歷史悠久的記錄可在制造業(yè)中提供可靠，準(zhǔn)確，高效率的服務(wù)。這些特點(diǎn)也將顯現(xiàn)并收益于石油和天然氣行業(yè)，以及它對(duì)自動(dòng)化的需求。在本文中，討論了幾個(gè)有關(guān)工業(yè)機(jī)器人傳統(tǒng)方法的問(wèn)題。主要是貧困的人機(jī)互動(dòng)方式。共設(shè)機(jī)器人依賴于建模的環(huán)境和限制特設(shè)的任務(wù)再分配功能。

工業(yè)機(jī)器人若應(yīng)用于石油和天然氣工業(yè)中須考慮到一些懸而未決的問(wèn)題及事項(xiàng)的存在。目前，石油和氣體的物理環(huán)境是暴露的變量，經(jīng)常面對(duì)嚴(yán)重的氣候，以及有毒易爆物品。雖然新的發(fā)展計(jì)劃正對(duì)機(jī)器人部署，特別考慮機(jī)器人走動(dòng)的過(guò)程及對(duì)其進(jìn)行交互，但是機(jī)器人也在已經(jīng)大量投資的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施中收益。工業(yè)機(jī)器人在應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域可分為兩類：遠(yuǎn)程檢查和遙操作。遠(yuǎn)程檢查允許遠(yuǎn)程操作可以進(jìn)行檢查和抽樣，而遙操作允許維護(hù)和修理進(jìn)行了機(jī)器人的援助。兩者一起可在操作危險(xiǎn)的地方為人類工作。這些活動(dòng)的自動(dòng)化程度取決于任務(wù)，但通過(guò)自動(dòng)化的現(xiàn)實(shí)功能緩和。太少的自主權(quán)將會(huì)減少在手任務(wù)的重點(diǎn)。太多的自主權(quán)，人類將失去事態(tài)感知能力。機(jī)器人如何適合到現(xiàn)有的組織結(jié)構(gòu),以及如何問(wèn)責(zé)該組織，在安全可靠運(yùn)行方面還有待確定。如今，與機(jī)器人的相互作用，用更豐富，更流暢的方式進(jìn)行成為一種可能，例如通過(guò)充分利用替代方式。多維信息綜合顯示，可用于輔助操縱和指揮機(jī)器人以及支持遠(yuǎn)程態(tài)勢(shì)感知。由于這是一個(gè)新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，其中許多問(wèn)題目前無(wú)法圓滿解決，雖然結(jié)果從機(jī)器人的應(yīng)用空間，軍事搜索和救援情境是進(jìn)口。

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第三篇：外文翻譯---人機(jī)工程學(xué)與造型設(shè)計(jì)（寫(xiě)寫(xiě)幫推薦）

Ergonomics and Design Modern high-tech society of rapid development, is gradually changing to the production of human life in every aspect the display of human greatness and strength to conquer unparalleled wisdom, but it has brought new human anguish and anxiety That is the feeling of loneliness, alienation and emotional imbalance.In a high-tech society, people would seek a balance--a high-tech and high emotional balance, A high and high human rational balance.Technology progressed, the greater the desire to balance strong.So John that : “No matter where needed compensatory high emotion.Our high-tech society more We hope to create more high emotional environment, the techniques used to balance the software side of rigid side, ” Such emotion and humanity to achieve balance, and human life as closely related to the design of the responsibility.Goods modeling and ergonomics is combined.They can be described as : Center for psychological, physiological radius, used to establish and things(products)harmonious relations between the way to maximize the potential of excavation, a comprehensive and balanced use of muscle energy, the protection of human health, and thereby increase productivity.From the context of industrial design, the big aerospace systems, urban planning, infrastructure construction, factory automation, mechanical equipment, transport, small furniture, clothing, stationery and flower pots, cups, bowls and chopsticks production, such as the creation of life with the “objects” in the design and manufacture must take the “human factor” as an important condition to consider.If the product categories divided into professional supplies and general supplies, professional supplies in ergonomics, on the other hand, there will be more consideration, It relies a lot on the level of physiology;and general products it must balance the psychological problems need more aesthetic and the design trend, which is to be the product of human nature-based demand.Ergonomics application areas : computer terminal : Design and layout : computer products and peripherals design and layout, computer terminal workstations, display equipment and rules of the screen health and safety, ergonomic office environment;2 industrial design application, “Information design and market / user research, medical equipment, seating comfort and design study seating design and classification, classification and selection of furniture;man-machine interface design and evaluation : the man-machine interface design and development, knowledge systems, man-machine interface forms, HCI/MMI prototype GUI prototype computer terminals : Design and layout : computer products and peripherals design and layout, computer terminal workstations, display equipment and rules of the screen health and safety, ergonomic office environment;5 office ergonomics and design : office automation, office equipment and office design, layout and ergonomics;other special ergonomic applications : nuclear energy, the military man-machine engineering, process control, cultural surveys and research methods Automatic Speech Recognition；,Many aspects of the application of ergonomics.Well, for a product is how to evaluate it in ergonomics standard with regard? Germany design center, for example, in selecting the annual quality products, ergonomic set on the following criteria :

1)products and human dimensions, shape and strength match;2)the product is easy to manage and make good use;

3)to prevent the use of operator injury and accidents at the wrong time with the danger;

4)the practical operation of the units;placement of the components on the significance of it can no doubt be identified and tracked;5)whether or not the products to facilitate cleaning, maintenance and repair.So-called ergonomics, which is the application of anthropometry, the human body mechanics, work physiology, working on the fields of psychology research methods, the human body structure and function characteristics, Body parts of the size, weight, body surface area, density, the focus of some of the human activities in the mutual relations and the scope of the human and structural characteristics of parameters;also part of the human effort, the scope of its activities, movement speed, movement frequency, focus changes and movements of human habits function parameters, the analysis of the visual, auditory, Skin Sense and sensitivity, and other sensory characteristics of function;Analysis of labor in the various physiological changes, energy consumption, The mechanism of fatigue on various labor load adaptability;To investigate the impact of the work of psychological factors and psychological factors on the efficiency of the impact.Ergonomics Research content and design disciplines for the role can be summarized as the following :

Industrial design considerations ”human factors“ for the human scale parameters : anthropometry, human biomechanics, physiology, psychology and other disciplines of study to human muscle structure and characteristics can be studied with parts of the human body, the size, body weight, body surface area, density, the focus of some of the human activities in the mutual relations and the scope and structure of the human body such as the characteristic parameters for each part of human hair of the scope, the scope of activities，movement speed, frequency, the focus changes when he inertia and dynamic parameters of the visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory sensory muscular limbs, which can be analyzed in the labor physiological changes, energy consumption, fatigue and work load of various adaptations, investigate the psychological impact of the work of the state, and psychological factors on the efficiency of the impact.Ergonomic research, industrial design fully consider ”human factors“ for the human scale structure, physiological criteria and the psychological scales, and other data, such data can be effectively applied to the industrial design.Industrial design ”products“ function that provides a reasonable scientific basis : a modern industrial design, If pure functional material creative activities without considering the needs of ergonomics, it will be creative activities failure.Therefore, how to solve the ”product“ and people related to the function of the optimization, created with the physiological and psychological muscle coordination can be the ”product“, which will be contemporary industrial design, in a functional issue a new topic.Ergonomic principles and laws of the designer before the design consideration.Ergonomics notable feature is that the serious study of the human-machine, the three elements of the environment itself on the basis of characteristics, not simply focus on the individual elements of the fine or not, but would use ”objects“ and designed ”objects“ and with ”objects“ by the coexistence of the environment as a system to study.Ergonomics in the system will be known as ”--machines--environmental system.“ The system, man-machine-environment interactions between three elements, interdependent relationship determines the overall system performance.The subject of man-machine system design theory is that the scientific use of the three elements of the organic links between the search for the best system parameters.The general design approach is usually clear in the whole system under the prerequisite that will focus on analyzing and studying the people and the airplane, Environment three elements of the system's overall performance, such as aircraft systems and the division of functions;tie;how to adapt to the environment;Machines on what is the impact on the environment and other issues, through constant revision and perfecting the three elements of the structure, ultimately ensure that the optimum combination is achieved.This is the ergonomics of the Industrial Design opened up new ideas, and offers a unique design methods and theory.Design and ergonomics of the arts and cultural atmosphere and man-machine interface using inexpensive to make products more user-in the human self-transformation gradually returning to the material world, to gradually create a human living space of their own.Design elements of the modeling for the design concerns the most important aspect The essence of design and characteristics must pass some form of which is clear, specific，to fruition.In the past, for a very long time it was known industrial design as ”the industrial images,“ although not very scientific and norms, However, the number of shows in the design modeling of the importance and attention was.”Product Semantics,“ Modeling has become an important symbol.Italian designers stalled Kosovo roots in the 1980s designed Bra chairs, the chairs using the traditional structure, However, it covers the use of soft and full of design curves of the female body shape, and people get comfortable and soft to the imagination.very interesting.The design and colors have to rely on themselves to form can exist, we must shape if it is a reflection of specific significance.But color is a specific configuration and integration, it will have a very strong feeling and color features and a powerful spiritual impact.Contemporary American visual arts psychologists Mexico said : ”various colors to arouse emotions and express their feelings, even affect our normal physiological feelings.“ So is the general aesthetic color most commonly in the form of colors design humanized expression of the important factors.Bauhaus modern design uphold the tradition of modernist design, mostly black, white, gray and other colors of the neutral expression of language, reflect a calm, rational product characteristics.Modern Design strongly opposed empty and the few decorations, decorative anti-known.However, in line with mechanized technology for large-scale production, under the premise of the decorative design can really increase the taste and character.enable design at T.J.Modern designers often use industrial design or add natural materials, through material adjustment and changes to increase natural amenities or the sentimental mood to create a strong emotional response.Modern methods of production have a standardized design and process requirements on the design of spectrum and type series.Its purpose is to seek to design and the use of standardized mass production design means, to achieve reunification of the normative sense of beauty and order.Product design must see clearly the development of science and technology trends, pay close attention to new theories, new technologies, new processes, the emergence of new materials should be used as much as possible.full play to advanced scientific and technological research results into practical function of the value of the media, design aesthetic characteristics of the times and cultural inclinations products.Design products with the conditions of the times and social environment and social and psychological accordingly to reflect the change is inevitable.Research and forecast the trend of this change, tend to grasp the design and characteristics of the designer is extremely important.Because of all the world's countries and regions, the nation's geographical location and the environment, political and economic conditions, Cultural traditions and beliefs of different cases have developed its own unique character, hobbies, interests, habits and the pursuit This requires different branches of product design with different art forms and styles, corresponding to the formation of a nation's character.Design is to take the initiative to understand the user's present and future needs, and attention to the different needs of different levels, constantly designed to meet the different needs of various user products.Design is a kind of people's thinking of the form, Design is all the beautiful creatures entrusted to be the purpose and achievement, and outstanding design is the embodiment of truth, virtue and beauty.Designed to function from the past to meet the increased further to the right person in the spiritual care, which is designed into the culture, increase the value-added products of the culture of lies, this is the responsibility of the designer.With the level of human understanding gradually improved, deepened and increased human knowledge will be the ”realm of necessity“ to the ”realm of freedom“, which is the development of knowledge essential law.And the design of mankind will inevitably raise their awareness to a higher level, that the human society has been pursued by the idealistic, the arts and the way of living creatures, to consciously or unconsciously, by the pursuit of material needs of both the main and the main pursuit of the spirit of enjoyment.Design of the continuous development and improvement in the process that is the understanding, thinking and feeling constantly improve the process, human design is the emotional, cultural and ethical spirit of the mapping.Design is no ”intelligence“ and there is ”sentimental“.”Intelligence“ that the mapping of the human ordinary design;Design is no life.Also have life, ”life“ that contains a human right in the design and use of the process.All human societies have been hallmarks of the human spirit awareness of the brand, the design is no exception.Let me quote a designer of the United States said the timing to end this paper : ”People always think that the design of 3-D : aesthetic, technology and the economy, but more important is the fourth dimension : human nature."

人機(jī)工程學(xué)與造型設(shè)計(jì)

現(xiàn)代社會(huì)高科技的迅猛發(fā)展，正逐步改變著人類生產(chǎn)生活的方方面面，在展示人類偉大的征服力量和無(wú)與倫比的聰明才智的同時(shí)，也帶給人類新的苦惱和憂慮，那便是人情的孤獨(dú)、疏遠(yuǎn)和感情的失衡。在高科技的社會(huì)里，人們必然去追求一種平衡——一種高科技與高情感的平衡，一種高理性和高人性的平衡。技術(shù)越進(jìn)步，這種平衡愿望就越強(qiáng)烈。所以約翰·奈斯比特認(rèn)為：“無(wú)論何處都需要有補(bǔ)償性的高情感。我們的社會(huì)里高技術(shù)越多，我們就越希望創(chuàng)造高情感的環(huán)境，用技術(shù)的軟件一面來(lái)平衡硬性的一面”，而這種情感和人性平衡的實(shí)現(xiàn)，作為與人類生活息息相關(guān)的設(shè)計(jì)是責(zé)無(wú)旁貸的。

產(chǎn)品的造型與人機(jī)工程無(wú)疑是結(jié)合在一起的。我們可以將它們描述為：以心理為圓心，生理為半徑，用以建立人與物(產(chǎn)品)之間和諧關(guān)系的方式，最大限度地挖掘人的潛能，綜合平衡地使用人的肌能，保護(hù)人體健康，從而提高生產(chǎn)率。僅從工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)這一范疇來(lái)看，大至宇航系統(tǒng)、城市規(guī)劃、建筑設(shè)施、自動(dòng)化工廠、機(jī)械設(shè)備、交通工具，小至家具、服裝、文具以及盆、杯、碗筷之類各種生產(chǎn)與生活所創(chuàng)造的 “ 物 ”，在設(shè)計(jì)和制造時(shí)都必須把 “ 人的因素 ” 作為一個(gè)重要的條件來(lái)考慮。若將產(chǎn)品類別區(qū)分為專業(yè)用品和一般用品的話，專業(yè)用品在人機(jī)工程上則會(huì)有更多的考慮，它比較偏重于生理學(xué)的層面；而一般性產(chǎn)品則必須兼顧心理層面的問(wèn)題，需要更多的符合美學(xué)及潮流的設(shè)計(jì)，也就是應(yīng)以產(chǎn)品人性化的需求為主。

人機(jī)工程的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域：

1計(jì)算機(jī)終端：設(shè)計(jì)與布局：計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)品和外設(shè)的設(shè)計(jì)與布局、計(jì)算機(jī)終端工作站、顯示屏設(shè)備與規(guī)則、顯示屏健康與安全、辦公環(huán)境人機(jī)工程研究；

2工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用“信息設(shè)計(jì)、市場(chǎng)/用戶研究、醫(yī)療設(shè)備、座椅的設(shè)計(jì)與舒適性研究、座椅設(shè)計(jì)與分類、家具分類與選擇；

3人機(jī)界面設(shè)計(jì)與評(píng)價(jià)：人機(jī)界面的設(shè)計(jì)與發(fā)展、知識(shí)系統(tǒng)、人機(jī)界面形式、HCI/MMI原型、GUI原型

4計(jì)算機(jī)終端：設(shè)計(jì)與布局：計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)品和外設(shè)的設(shè)計(jì)與布局、計(jì)算機(jī)終端工作站、顯示屏設(shè)備與規(guī)則、顯示屏健康與安全、辦公環(huán)境人機(jī)工程研究；

5辦公室人機(jī)工程與設(shè)計(jì)：辦公自動(dòng)化、辦公室和辦公設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)、辦公室設(shè)計(jì)人機(jī)

工程；

其它特殊的人機(jī)工程應(yīng)用：原子能、軍隊(duì)人機(jī)工程、過(guò)程控制、文化調(diào)查、調(diào)查與研究方法、自動(dòng)語(yǔ)音識(shí)別；等等，許多方面都應(yīng)用到了人機(jī)工程學(xué)。

那么，對(duì)于一件產(chǎn)品是如何來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)它在人機(jī)工程學(xué)方面是否符合規(guī)范呢 ? 以德國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)中心為例，在評(píng)選每年優(yōu)良產(chǎn)品時(shí)，人機(jī)工程上所設(shè)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為：

1)產(chǎn)品與人體的尺寸、形狀及用力是否配合；

2)產(chǎn)品是否順手和好使用；

3)是否防止了使用人操作時(shí)意外傷害和錯(cuò)用時(shí)產(chǎn)生的危險(xiǎn)；

4)各操作單元是否實(shí)用；各元件在安置上能否使其意義毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的被辨認(rèn)；

5)產(chǎn)品是否便于清洗、保養(yǎng)及修理。

所謂人機(jī)工程學(xué)，亦即是應(yīng)用人體測(cè)量學(xué)、人體力學(xué)、勞動(dòng)生理學(xué)、勞動(dòng)心理學(xué)等學(xué)科的研究方法，對(duì)人體結(jié)構(gòu)特征和機(jī)能特征進(jìn)行研究，提供人體各部分的尺寸、重量、體表面積、比重、重心以及人體各部分在活動(dòng)時(shí)的相互關(guān)系和可及范圍等人體結(jié)構(gòu)特征參數(shù)；還提供人體各部分的出力范圍、活動(dòng)范圍、動(dòng)作速度、動(dòng)作頻率、重心變化以及動(dòng)作時(shí)的習(xí)慣等人體機(jī)能特征參數(shù)，分析人的視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)以及膚覺(jué)等感覺(jué)器官的機(jī)能特性；分析人在各種勞動(dòng)時(shí)的生理變化、能量消耗、疲勞機(jī)理以及人對(duì)各種勞動(dòng)負(fù)荷的適應(yīng)能力；探討人在工作中影響心理狀態(tài)的因素以及心理因素對(duì)工作效率的影響等。

人機(jī)工程學(xué)研究?jī)?nèi)容及其對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)科的作用可以概括為以下幾方面： 為工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中考慮“人的因素”提供人體尺度參數(shù)：應(yīng)用人體測(cè)量學(xué)、人體力學(xué)、生理學(xué)、心理學(xué)等學(xué)科的研究方法，對(duì)人體結(jié)構(gòu)特征和肌能特征進(jìn)行研究，提供人體各部分的尺寸、體重、體表面積、比重、重心以及人體各部分在活動(dòng)時(shí)相互關(guān)系和可及范圍等人體結(jié)構(gòu)特征參數(shù)提供人體各部分的發(fā)力范圍、活動(dòng)范圍、動(dòng)作速度、頻率、重心變化以及動(dòng)作時(shí)慣性等動(dòng)態(tài)參數(shù)分析人的視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)以及肢體感覺(jué)器官的肌能特征，分析人在勞動(dòng)時(shí)的生理變化、能量消耗、疲勞程度以及對(duì)各種勞動(dòng)負(fù)荷的適應(yīng)能力，探討人在工作中影響心理狀態(tài)的因素，及心理因素對(duì)工作效率的影響等。人體工程學(xué)的研究，為工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)全面考慮“人的因素”提供了人體結(jié)構(gòu)尺度，人體生理尺度和人的心理尺度等數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)可有效地運(yùn)用到工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中去。

為工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中“產(chǎn)品”的功能合理性提供科學(xué)依據(jù)：現(xiàn)代工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中，如搞純物質(zhì)功能的創(chuàng)作活動(dòng)，不考慮人機(jī)工程學(xué)的需求，那將是創(chuàng)作活動(dòng)的失敗。因此，如何解決“產(chǎn)品”與人相關(guān)的各種功能的最優(yōu)化，創(chuàng)造出與人的生理和心理肌能相協(xié)調(diào)的“產(chǎn)品”，這將是當(dāng)今工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中，在功能問(wèn)題上的新課題。人體工程學(xué)的原理和規(guī)律將設(shè)計(jì)師在設(shè)計(jì)前考慮的問(wèn)題。

人機(jī)工程學(xué)的顯著特點(diǎn)是，在認(rèn)真研究人、機(jī)、環(huán)境三個(gè)要素本身特性的基礎(chǔ)上，不單純著眼于個(gè)別要素的優(yōu)良與否，而是將使用 “ 物 ” 的人和所設(shè)計(jì)的 “ 物 ” 以及人與 “ 物 ” 所共處的環(huán)境作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)來(lái)研究。在人機(jī)工程學(xué)中將這個(gè)系統(tǒng)稱為 “ 人 —— 機(jī) —— 環(huán)境 ” 系統(tǒng)。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，人、機(jī)、環(huán)境三個(gè)要素之間相互作用、相互依存的關(guān)系決定著系統(tǒng)總體的性能。本學(xué)科的人機(jī)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)理論，就是科學(xué)地利用三個(gè)要素間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系來(lái)尋求系統(tǒng)的最佳參數(shù)。

系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的一般方法，通常是在明確系統(tǒng)總體要求的前提下，著重分析和研究人、機(jī)、環(huán)境三個(gè)要素對(duì)系統(tǒng)總體性能的影響，如系統(tǒng)中人和機(jī)的職能如何分工；如何配合；環(huán)境如何適應(yīng)人；機(jī)對(duì)環(huán)境又有何影響等問(wèn)題，經(jīng)過(guò)不斷修正和完善三要素的結(jié)構(gòu)方式，最終確保系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)組合方案的實(shí)現(xiàn)。這是人機(jī)工程學(xué)為工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)拓了新的思路，并提供了獨(dú)特的設(shè)計(jì)方法和有關(guān)理論依據(jù)。

造型設(shè)計(jì)與人機(jī)工程帶來(lái)的藝術(shù)文化氣息和人機(jī)相宜的使用界面使產(chǎn)品更具人性化，人類的自我在逐漸回歸中改造著物質(zhì)世界，創(chuàng)造著逐漸屬于人類自己的生活空間。

設(shè)計(jì)中的造型要素是人們對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)注點(diǎn)中最重要的一方面，設(shè)計(jì)的本質(zhì)和特性必須通過(guò)一定的造型而得以明確化、具體化、實(shí)體化。在過(guò)去很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間里人們稱工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)為“工業(yè)造型”，雖然不很科學(xué)和規(guī)范，但多少說(shuō)明造型在設(shè)計(jì)中的重要性和引人注目之處。在“產(chǎn)品語(yǔ)意學(xué)”中，造型成了重要的象征符號(hào)。意大利設(shè)計(jì)師扎維·沃根于80年代設(shè)計(jì)的Bra椅子，采用了傳統(tǒng)椅子的結(jié)構(gòu)，但椅背卻運(yùn)用了設(shè)計(jì)柔軟而富有曲線美的女性形體造型，人坐上去柔軟舒適而浮想聯(lián)翩，極富趣味性。

在設(shè)計(jì)中色彩必須借助和依附于造型才能存在，必須通過(guò)形狀的體現(xiàn)才具有具體的意義。但色彩一經(jīng)與具體的形相結(jié)合，便具有極強(qiáng)的感情色彩和表現(xiàn)特征，具有強(qiáng)大的精神影響。當(dāng)代美國(guó)視覺(jué)藝術(shù)心理學(xué)家布魯墨說(shuō)：“色彩喚起各種情緒，表達(dá)感情，甚至影響我們正常的生理感受”。因而色彩是一般審美中最普遍的形式，色彩成

為設(shè)計(jì)人性化表達(dá)的重要因素?，F(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)秉承包豪斯的現(xiàn)代主義設(shè)計(jì)傳統(tǒng)，多以黑、白、灰等中性色彩為表達(dá)語(yǔ)言，體現(xiàn)出冷靜、理性的產(chǎn)品特性?，F(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)極力反對(duì)虛飾，以少裝飾、反裝飾著稱。但在適應(yīng)機(jī)械化大生產(chǎn)技術(shù)條件的前提下，適當(dāng)?shù)难b飾確可以增加設(shè)計(jì)的情趣和個(gè)性，使設(shè)計(jì)物燦然生色。現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)師常在工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中采用或加進(jìn)自然材料，通過(guò)材料的調(diào)整和改變以增加自然情趣或溫情脈脈的情調(diào)，使人產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的情感共鳴。

現(xiàn)代化的生產(chǎn)方式產(chǎn)生了規(guī)范化的設(shè)計(jì)和程序，規(guī)定了設(shè)計(jì)物的型譜和系列。其目的旨在設(shè)計(jì)中力求采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和系列化的設(shè)計(jì)手段，以實(shí)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一中的規(guī)范美和秩序感。產(chǎn)品造型設(shè)計(jì)必須洞察科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展動(dòng)向，密切注意新理論、新技術(shù)、新工藝、新材料的出現(xiàn)，應(yīng)盡可能地加以運(yùn)用，充分起將先進(jìn)科技研究成果轉(zhuǎn)化為具有實(shí)用功能的商品的媒介，設(shè)計(jì)出符合時(shí)代美學(xué)特征和文化傾向的產(chǎn)品。設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品隨時(shí)代條件與社會(huì)環(huán)境和社會(huì)心理反映作相應(yīng)的變化是必然的，研究與預(yù)測(cè)這種變化的潮流，把握設(shè)計(jì)傾向和特點(diǎn)對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者來(lái)說(shuō)是極其重要的。由于世界上各個(gè)國(guó)家、地區(qū)、民族所處的地理位置和環(huán)境不同，政治經(jīng)濟(jì)條件、文化傳統(tǒng)和宗都信仰不同，形成了自己特有的性格、愛(ài)好、情趣、習(xí)慣和追求，這就要求跨地區(qū)的產(chǎn)品造型設(shè)計(jì)具有不同的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)形式和格調(diào)，形成相應(yīng)的民族風(fēng)格。造型設(shè)計(jì)就是要主動(dòng)了解使用者現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的需求，并注意不同需求層次的差異性，不斷設(shè)計(jì)出能滿足不同使用者的各種需求的產(chǎn)品。

設(shè)計(jì)是一種把人們的思想賦予形態(tài)的工作，設(shè)計(jì)就是將所有的人造物賦予美好的目的并加以實(shí)現(xiàn)，優(yōu)秀的設(shè)計(jì)是真善美的體現(xiàn)。設(shè)計(jì)從過(guò)去對(duì)功能的滿足進(jìn)一步上升到了對(duì)人的精神關(guān)懷，這是在設(shè)計(jì)中融入文化，增加產(chǎn)品的文化附加值的根本所在，這也是設(shè)計(jì)師的責(zé)任。隨著人類認(rèn)識(shí)水平的逐漸提高、深化和上升，人類認(rèn)識(shí)將由“必然王國(guó)”走向“自由王國(guó)”，這是認(rèn)識(shí)發(fā)展的必然規(guī)律。而人類的設(shè)計(jì)也必將隨著自身認(rèn)識(shí)的提高走向更高的境界，即人類社會(huì)所孜孜以求的理想化、藝術(shù)化的造物方式和生活方式，由不自覺(jué)走向自覺(jué)，由追求物質(zhì)需要為主到兩者兼顧并以追求精神享受為主。設(shè)計(jì)的不斷發(fā)展和提升的過(guò)程即是人的認(rèn)識(shí)、思想和情感的不斷完善的過(guò)程，人類設(shè)計(jì)是人類情感、文化精神及倫理道德的映照。設(shè)計(jì)是無(wú)“情”的，又是有“情”的?！扒椤奔从成溆谌祟惼掌胀ㄍǖ脑O(shè)計(jì)中；設(shè)計(jì)是無(wú)生命的。又是有生命的，“生

命”即蘊(yùn)含于人類對(duì)物的設(shè)計(jì)和使用過(guò)程中。人類社會(huì)的一切都已打上了人類精神意識(shí)的烙印，設(shè)計(jì)也不例外。讓我引用一位美國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)師普羅斯說(shuō)過(guò)的話來(lái)結(jié)束本文：“人們總以為設(shè)計(jì)有三維：美學(xué)、技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)，然而更重要是第四維：人性?！?/p>

第四篇：超市管理系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)論文外文翻譯

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吉林化工學(xué)院理學(xué)院

畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

超市管理系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)

Design and implementation of supermarket management system

學(xué)生學(xué)號(hào)： 11810224

學(xué)生姓名：

周巖

專業(yè)班級(jí)：信息與計(jì)算科學(xué)1102 指導(dǎo)教師：

王威娜

職

稱：

講

師

起止日期：2015.3.9～2015.4.1

吉 林 化 工 學(xué) 院

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Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology.....頁(yè)腳

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基于Java技術(shù)的Web應(yīng)用設(shè)計(jì)模型的比較研究

摘要

Servlet技術(shù)在建立可擴(kuò)展性Web應(yīng)用中是被應(yīng)用最廣泛的技術(shù)。在運(yùn)用JAVA技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)Web應(yīng)用中有四種模型，分別是：Model

1、Model

2、Struts和JavaServer Faces（JSF）。Model 1使用一連串的JSP頁(yè)面；Model 2采用了模型－視圖－控制器（MVC）模式；Struts是一個(gè)采用了Model 2設(shè)計(jì)模型的框架；JSF是一種支持ready-to-use組件來(lái)進(jìn)行快速Web應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)的新技術(shù)。Model 1對(duì)于中等和大型的應(yīng)用來(lái)說(shuō)很難維護(hù)，所以不推薦使用。本文通過(guò)利用Model

2、Struts和JSF這三種模型分別構(gòu)建三個(gè)不同版本的在線商店應(yīng)用程序，來(lái)比較和評(píng)價(jià)這三種模型在應(yīng)用程序開(kāi)發(fā)和性能上的差異。

1.緒論

當(dāng)今，Web應(yīng)用是一種展現(xiàn)動(dòng)態(tài)內(nèi)容的最普遍的方式。構(gòu)建Web應(yīng)用有許多種方法，其中最流行的是Servlet技術(shù)。這種技術(shù)的流行是因?yàn)樗菴GI、PHP等其他技術(shù)更具優(yōu)越性。然而Servlet對(duì)于開(kāi)發(fā)來(lái)說(shuō)還是麻煩的，因?yàn)樗趥魉虷TML標(biāo)簽時(shí)需要程序員將他們組合成為一個(gè)字符串對(duì)象，再將這個(gè)對(duì)象傳給瀏覽器。同樣的，對(duì)于輸出的一個(gè)很小的改動(dòng)也要求Servlet被重新編譯?；谶@個(gè)原因，SUN公司發(fā)明了JavaServer Pages（JSP）技術(shù)。JSP允許HTML標(biāo)簽和Java代碼混合在一起，每個(gè)頁(yè)面將被轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)Servlet，一個(gè)JSP就是一個(gè)Servlet，而且編譯將在JSP頁(yè)面第一次被請(qǐng)求時(shí)自動(dòng)進(jìn)行，改變輸出也不需要重新編譯。

另外，通過(guò)使用JavaBean和定制標(biāo)簽庫(kù)，JSP能夠?qū)⒈硎九c業(yè)務(wù)邏輯相分離?，F(xiàn)今，基于JAVA的Web應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是將servlets與JSP結(jié)合在一起。隨后，出現(xiàn)了許多種設(shè)計(jì)模型用來(lái)構(gòu)建servlet/JSP應(yīng)用：Model

1、Model

2、Struts]和JavaServer Faces（JSF）。Model 1和Model 2最早是在JSP規(guī)范中被提及的。Model 1只使用JSP而不使用servlet，Model 2則結(jié)合了JSP與servlet。Model 1和Model 2的使用是有條件的，Model 1適合與開(kāi)發(fā)原型和非常小的應(yīng)用，Model 2則是開(kāi)發(fā)中型和大型應(yīng)用推薦的設(shè)計(jì)模型。由于Model 2越來(lái)越被行業(yè)所接受，一個(gè)建立Struts框架的開(kāi)源項(xiàng)目也因此.....頁(yè)腳

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被啟動(dòng)了。Struts通過(guò)為Model 2提供了模型－視圖－控制器中的控制器來(lái)完善Model 2。另外，Struts提供了更好的頁(yè)面導(dǎo)航管理機(jī)制和一些定制標(biāo)簽庫(kù)，能夠進(jìn)行更快速的開(kāi)發(fā)。盡管它學(xué)習(xí)難度大，并且，實(shí)際上它沒(méi)有在任何的規(guī)范中被定義，但是它還是作為Model 2的一種替代獲得了流行。JavaServer Faces是在JCP的JSR-127規(guī)范下被建立。Sun公司力推這項(xiàng)技術(shù)，希望它能夠成為構(gòu)建Java Web應(yīng)用的最終模型。JSF最重要的特性是對(duì)ready-to-use組件的支持，比如：可擴(kuò)展用戶接口組件、簡(jiǎn)易的頁(yè)面導(dǎo)航、輸入驗(yàn)證、數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換和JavaBean管理機(jī)制。servlet/JSP程序員面臨的問(wèn)題是選擇最合適的設(shè)計(jì)模型。明顯的，JSF在開(kāi)發(fā)時(shí)間上提供了更好的解決方案。然而，有些人擔(dān)心實(shí)施JSF的開(kāi)銷所帶來(lái)的性能下降而不愿采用這種技術(shù)。

我們使用Model

2、Struts和JSF分別構(gòu)建三個(gè)不同版本的在線商店應(yīng)用，比較的參數(shù)是：代碼的行數(shù)、類的數(shù)目和性能測(cè)試結(jié)果。

我們研究哪種設(shè)計(jì)模型能夠進(jìn)行最快速的開(kāi)發(fā)。我們?cè)u(píng)估基于這些模型的應(yīng)用的性能。我們提供一些建議來(lái)完善現(xiàn)有的設(shè)計(jì)模型，使得開(kāi)發(fā)速度更快。

文章的余下部分組織如下：

第二部分討論了Web開(kāi)發(fā)中的問(wèn)題，第三部分解釋了三個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)模型如何來(lái)解決這些開(kāi)發(fā)問(wèn)題，第四部分詳細(xì)介紹了試驗(yàn)所需要的硬件和軟件，第五部分給出試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果并進(jìn)行分析，第六部分回顧相關(guān)工作，第七部分得出結(jié)論并提出了一些改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有設(shè)計(jì)模型的建議。

2.Web開(kāi)發(fā)中的問(wèn)題

所有的Java開(kāi)發(fā)都使用Servlet技術(shù)作為基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)。同樣的，所有的Java Web應(yīng)用都有一些問(wèn)題需要解決：

1.用戶接口是在客戶瀏覽器上呈現(xiàn)出的HTML標(biāo)簽。任何在應(yīng)用中使用的服務(wù)器端組件都必須被編碼成為正確的HTML標(biāo)簽。除了顯示內(nèi)容和數(shù)據(jù)外，用戶接口還負(fù)責(zé)接收用戶的輸入。

2.用戶的輸入必須要驗(yàn)證。輸入的驗(yàn)證有兩種類型：服務(wù)器端和客戶端。顧名思義，服務(wù)器端的輸入驗(yàn)證是在輸入的數(shù)據(jù)到達(dá)服務(wù)器后，在服務(wù)器上進(jìn)行的?？蛻舳说妮斎腧?yàn)證是在瀏覽器上完成的，一般使用JavaScript或其他腳本語(yǔ)言。利用客戶端進(jìn)行輸入驗(yàn)證的好處是反應(yīng)迅速，而且能夠減輕服務(wù)器的負(fù)載。無(wú)論是否存在客戶端.....頁(yè)腳

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輸入驗(yàn)證，服務(wù)器端的輸入驗(yàn)證是一定要執(zhí)行的，因?yàn)闊o(wú)法保證用戶的瀏覽器的腳本特性被打開(kāi)，而且惡意用戶能夠很輕松的繞過(guò)客戶端的驗(yàn)證。

3.在基于Java的Web應(yīng)用中模型對(duì)象是以JavaBean的形式出項(xiàng)的。模型對(duì)象組成了基于MVC設(shè)計(jì)模型的模型部分。一個(gè)模型對(duì)象能夠用來(lái)綁定一個(gè)組件的值，以備下階段使用。此外，它能夠封裝需要執(zhí)行的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯。

4.大多數(shù)的Web應(yīng)用都包含多個(gè)頁(yè)面，能夠使用戶從一個(gè)頁(yè)面跳轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)頁(yè)面。所有的基于MVC的設(shè)計(jì)模式都使用Servlet作為控制部分。這個(gè)Servlet也作為進(jìn)入應(yīng)用的唯一入口。當(dāng)前的請(qǐng)求之后哪個(gè)頁(yè)面會(huì)被顯示取決于請(qǐng)求參數(shù)的具體值。管理頁(yè)面導(dǎo)航是至關(guān)重要的。

3.Web應(yīng)用設(shè)計(jì)模型

Model 2設(shè)計(jì)模型是基于模型－視圖－控制器（MVC）設(shè)計(jì)模式的。正如Burbeck所解釋的，在MVC中有三個(gè)主要模塊：控制器，視圖和模型?？刂破髯鳛閼?yīng)用的中心，所有的用戶交互都要通過(guò)它。視圖包含了應(yīng)用的顯示，而模型用來(lái)存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)和封裝應(yīng)用的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯。隨后，Struts框架提供了一個(gè)通用框架能夠容易的構(gòu)建Model 2應(yīng)用。最主動(dòng)的是同樣使用MVC設(shè)計(jì)模式的JSF。在之后的章節(jié)，我們將來(lái)討論這三種設(shè)計(jì)模型，并且說(shuō)明每一種設(shè)計(jì)模型是怎樣來(lái)解決之前提到的開(kāi)發(fā)問(wèn)題。

3.1 Model 2 一個(gè)基于Model 2設(shè)計(jì)模型的Java Web應(yīng)用有一個(gè)作為控制部分的servlet（稱為控制器servlet）。所有的請(qǐng)求首先被這個(gè)servlet處理，它通過(guò)RequestDispatcher對(duì)象將請(qǐng)求迅速的分派到合適的視圖。在Model 2中視圖是通過(guò)JSP頁(yè)面來(lái)表現(xiàn)的。JavaBean作為Model 2 的模型部分，用來(lái)在應(yīng)用中存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。除了存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)，JavaBean還用來(lái)封裝業(yè)務(wù)邏輯。每個(gè)HTTP請(qǐng)求都帶有一個(gè)行為參數(shù)，用來(lái)指出哪個(gè)視圖指派給這個(gè)請(qǐng)求。程序員必須在所有的JSP頁(yè)面中為用戶接口編寫(xiě)HTML標(biāo)簽代碼，并且編寫(xiě)輸入驗(yàn)證代碼。此外，模型對(duì)象被單獨(dú)的JSP頁(yè)面所管理。

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3.2 Struts Struts框架是Model 2設(shè)計(jì)模型的一個(gè)改進(jìn)。它提供了一個(gè)默認(rèn)的控制器servlet，使得程序員不用非得去編寫(xiě)一個(gè)。Struts允許在應(yīng)用配置文件（一個(gè)XML文件）中編寫(xiě)導(dǎo)航規(guī)則來(lái)減輕頁(yè)面導(dǎo)航的任務(wù)，改變導(dǎo)航規(guī)則不需要重新編譯。除了更簡(jiǎn)單的頁(yè)面導(dǎo)航，Struts還提供了定制標(biāo)簽庫(kù)來(lái)定義標(biāo)簽代表HTML元素。這些標(biāo)簽中的一些用來(lái)處理異常，而且Struts支持國(guó)際化，能夠顯示本地化的錯(cuò)誤消息。就像Model 2一樣，Struts使用JavaBean作為模型。此外，Struts程序員必須編寫(xiě)輸入驗(yàn)證代碼。

3.3 JSF JSF同樣使用了一個(gè)控制器servlet，稱為FacesServlet。這個(gè)Servlet是整個(gè)JSF應(yīng)用的唯一入口。JSF同樣使用JSP頁(yè)面作為它的視圖，使用JavaBean作為模型對(duì)象。與Model 2和Struts不同，JSF提供了能夠?qū)懭隞SP頁(yè)面的ready-to-use的用戶接口組件。在JSF應(yīng)用中的頁(yè)面的調(diào)用，F(xiàn)acesServlet建立了一個(gè)組件樹(shù)來(lái)顯示JSP頁(yè)面的請(qǐng)求。大部分的組件還能夠觸發(fā)事件，來(lái)構(gòu)成JSF的事件驅(qū)動(dòng)。對(duì)于頁(yè)面導(dǎo)航，JSF使用了和Struts類似的方法，即允許在一個(gè)應(yīng)用控制文件（XML文件）中定義導(dǎo)航規(guī)則。

JSF應(yīng)用與非JSF的servlet/JSP應(yīng)用的不同在于JSF是事件驅(qū)動(dòng)的。JSF的用戶接口是一個(gè)或多個(gè)JSP頁(yè)面，用來(lái)服務(wù)諸如表單和輸入框等Web組件。這些組件以JSF定制標(biāo)簽的形式出現(xiàn)而且能夠保存數(shù)據(jù)。一個(gè)組件能夠嵌套在另一個(gè)組件中，有可能形成一個(gè)組件的樹(shù)狀結(jié)構(gòu)。在普通的servlet/JSP應(yīng)用中，使用JavaBean來(lái)存儲(chǔ)用戶輸入的數(shù)據(jù)。

4.運(yùn)行環(huán)境

以下是我們實(shí)驗(yàn)的軟硬件詳細(xì)描述。

4.1 Servlet容器

Java Web應(yīng)用是在servlet容器中運(yùn)行的，在應(yīng)用中它一個(gè)引擎，用來(lái)處理接踵而來(lái)的請(qǐng)求資源的HTTP請(qǐng)求。在這個(gè)試驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目中，我們使用Tomcat－一個(gè)來(lái)自Apache軟件基金會(huì)的開(kāi)源的servlet容器，版本號(hào)是6.0?；旧?，一個(gè)servlet容器通過(guò)執(zhí)行下面的任務(wù)來(lái)處理一個(gè)servlet：

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? 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)HttpRequest對(duì)象 ? 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)HttpResponse對(duì)象

? 傳遞HttpRequest、HttpResponse對(duì)象來(lái)調(diào)用Servlet接口的service方法

4.2 測(cè)試用客戶端

為了進(jìn)行性能測(cè)試，我們使用同樣來(lái)自Apache軟件基金會(huì)的JMeter1.9來(lái)模擬多用戶。JMeter允許用戶選擇一定數(shù)量的線程來(lái)執(zhí)行測(cè)試。每個(gè)線程模擬了一個(gè)不同的用戶。JMeter來(lái)能允許我們選擇完成一次測(cè)試的測(cè)試次數(shù)。使用JMeter來(lái)測(cè)試一個(gè)Web應(yīng)用，你只要直接向某個(gè)IP地址、上下文路徑和端口號(hào)發(fā)出請(qǐng)求。你也可以將請(qǐng)求參數(shù)包含在HTTP請(qǐng)求中。對(duì)于一個(gè)測(cè)試，JMeter將服務(wù)器的響應(yīng)時(shí)間以毫秒的形式輸出。從響應(yīng)時(shí)間，我們能夠得到服務(wù)器執(zhí)行服務(wù)的每秒命中次數(shù)。

4.3 硬件

為了得到最大的性能度量精度，我們使用不同的計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)進(jìn)行應(yīng)用的測(cè)試。運(yùn)行應(yīng)用的是一臺(tái)XP計(jì)算機(jī)，它的配置如下：Intel Core 1GHz CPU、1G RAM。測(cè)試用客戶端是運(yùn)行JMeter的Windows2000計(jì)算機(jī)，具體配置如下：Intel Core 1GHz CPU、1G RAM。

5.結(jié)論

我們得到兩類實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果：開(kāi)發(fā)的難易程度和性能。開(kāi)發(fā)的難易程度比較了類的數(shù)目和代碼的行數(shù)。這些數(shù)目顯示了遵從某個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)模型來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)應(yīng)用的難易程度。一個(gè)應(yīng)用包含較少的類和較少的代碼行數(shù)說(shuō)明應(yīng)用相對(duì)而言更容易構(gòu)建。一個(gè)應(yīng)用包含較多的類說(shuō)明應(yīng)用需要花費(fèi)更多的時(shí)間來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)。

性能度量結(jié)果是通過(guò)比較這兩個(gè)操作來(lái)獲得的。查找操作是一個(gè)應(yīng)用中最普通的操作以及瀏覽操作。

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5.1 應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)的難易程度

就如表1顯示的，應(yīng)用Model 2設(shè)計(jì)模型需要花費(fèi)最多的努力，使用Struts能夠使問(wèn)題減輕一點(diǎn)，使用JSF最省力。

表1 應(yīng)用中類的數(shù)目和代碼行數(shù)

Model 2 設(shè)計(jì)模型的特點(diǎn)是存在一個(gè)控制器servlet和多個(gè)JavaBean類（作為模型）及JSP頁(yè)面（作為視圖）。控制器類通過(guò)一系列的if語(yǔ)句來(lái)負(fù)責(zé)頁(yè)面導(dǎo)航規(guī)則。Model 2程序員還必須為輸入驗(yàn)證編寫(xiě)代碼，在這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中是通過(guò)在內(nèi)部編寫(xiě)許多定制標(biāo)簽庫(kù)來(lái)完成的。在Model 2設(shè)計(jì)模型中的其它類是定制標(biāo)簽庫(kù)，這些標(biāo)簽是用來(lái)負(fù)責(zé)輸入驗(yàn)證和數(shù)據(jù)顯示的。實(shí)際上，輸入驗(yàn)證使用了590行代碼，大約是所有代碼的30%。

在Struts應(yīng)用中,控制器servlet是由框架提供的，所以Struts程序員不用編寫(xiě)它，節(jié)省了時(shí)間。然而，他仍然需要在應(yīng)用控制文件中編寫(xiě)導(dǎo)航規(guī)則，這比編寫(xiě)一個(gè)servlet容易些，因?yàn)閼?yīng)用控制文件可以用文本編輯器編輯，不必編譯。雖然Struts框架提供了錯(cuò)誤處理機(jī)制，但仍然需要手工編寫(xiě)輸入驗(yàn)證。用來(lái)進(jìn)行輸入驗(yàn)證的類的數(shù)量和代碼的行數(shù)與Model 2應(yīng)用的很相似。Struts中其他的類是Action類，用來(lái)調(diào)度請(qǐng)求到默認(rèn)的控制servlet。

在JSF中，提供使用驗(yàn)證組件而不用編寫(xiě)輸入驗(yàn)證，所以JSF應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)人員可以跳過(guò)這個(gè)任務(wù)。此外，頁(yè)面導(dǎo)航和Struts相同，都是使用一個(gè)應(yīng)用控制文件。在JSF中，其他的類是ContextListener、ActionListener和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)工具類。

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5.2 性能度量

對(duì)于每一個(gè)操作，通過(guò)1－10個(gè)并發(fā)用戶，我們來(lái)測(cè)量服務(wù)器的響應(yīng)時(shí)間（以毫秒形式）每個(gè)用戶在JMeter中設(shè)定了一定數(shù)量的線程。每次測(cè)試進(jìn)行10次，取平均值。每個(gè)操作在下面的章節(jié)中討論。

5.2.1 查詢操作

查詢操作，其名稱或描述與關(guān)鍵字匹配。它將執(zhí)行一個(gè)SQL的SELECT語(yǔ)句。圖2比較了三個(gè)版本的應(yīng)用的查詢操作。

圖2 查詢操作的性能比較

在Model 2應(yīng)用中，對(duì)于一個(gè)用戶，服務(wù)器平均的響應(yīng)時(shí)間是173毫秒，對(duì)于10個(gè)用戶是919毫秒。在Struts應(yīng)用中，相對(duì)地，其值是189毫秒和900毫秒，在JSF中則是210毫秒和932毫秒。響應(yīng)時(shí)間隨著并發(fā)用戶數(shù)成比例的增加，說(shuō)明了服務(wù)器仍然能夠應(yīng)付裝載。

Model 2應(yīng)用開(kāi)銷最小，所以它的平均性能比Struts和JSF更好。然而，Struts的性能同Model2 的相同，這是因?yàn)榉?wù)器有足夠的內(nèi)存用來(lái)加載運(yùn)行Struts需要的Struts庫(kù)。同時(shí)，應(yīng)該注意到Struts中的頁(yè)面導(dǎo)航規(guī)則是加載和存儲(chǔ)在一個(gè)叫ActionMapping的對(duì)象中。因此，給出一個(gè)請(qǐng)求參數(shù)，導(dǎo)航到下個(gè)頁(yè)面是通過(guò)查找得到的。另一方面，給出一個(gè)請(qǐng)求參數(shù)，Model 2應(yīng)用是利用一系列的if語(yǔ)句來(lái)得到下一個(gè)頁(yè)面的導(dǎo)航。

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在幾乎所有的并發(fā)用戶數(shù)字中，JSF應(yīng)用的性能都稍遜于其他應(yīng)用。這可能是由于JSF將時(shí)間消耗在為每個(gè)請(qǐng)求構(gòu)建一顆組件樹(shù)上。但JSF的服務(wù)器響應(yīng)時(shí)間與其他應(yīng)用差距并不明顯。

5.2.2 瀏覽操作

三個(gè)版本的瀏覽操作,如同查詢操作，將執(zhí)行一個(gè)SQL SELECT語(yǔ)句。圖3這個(gè)操作的測(cè)試結(jié)果。

圖3 瀏覽的性能比較

平均來(lái)說(shuō)，Model 2應(yīng)用的性能最好，因?yàn)樗哂凶钌俚拈_(kāi)銷。對(duì)于是一個(gè)用戶服務(wù)器的平均響應(yīng)時(shí)間是111毫秒，10個(gè)用戶是899毫秒。Struts應(yīng)用有著同樣的性能，對(duì)于是一個(gè)用戶服務(wù)器的平均響應(yīng)時(shí)間是180毫秒，10個(gè)用戶是920毫秒。JSF則稍落后與其他兩個(gè)應(yīng)用，相對(duì)地，它的時(shí)間是190毫秒和1009毫秒。響應(yīng)時(shí)間隨著并發(fā)用戶數(shù)成比例的增加，意味著服務(wù)器能很好地服務(wù)這些用戶。瀏覽地平均性能測(cè)量結(jié)果同查詢操作很相似，這是因?yàn)檫@兩種數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)操作類似。

6.相關(guān)工作

使用servlet、PHP（版本 3）、通用網(wǎng)關(guān)接口（CGI）來(lái)比較基于數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的Web應(yīng)用的性能。經(jīng)過(guò)執(zhí)行從MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)返回?cái)?shù)據(jù)的一系列的基準(zhǔn)測(cè)試，發(fā)現(xiàn)Java servlet使用持久數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)連接的方案性能最佳。PHP3使用持久數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)連接相對(duì)于CGI方案而言性能相當(dāng)不,也同樣提到了使用Java servlet的優(yōu)勢(shì)。根據(jù)這些作者，Java servlet.....頁(yè)腳

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是迎合電子商務(wù)（比如在線商店）需求的最佳選擇，而且能夠在高交互式模式中處理客戶請(qǐng)求。

比較PHP4、Java servlet、和EJB。使用兩個(gè)應(yīng)用來(lái)測(cè)試了這三種結(jié)構(gòu),研究顯示了PHP4比Java servlet更有效，而EJB的性能比servlet差。然而，注意到作為Java方案的一部分的servlet提供了適應(yīng)性，能夠移植到不同操作系統(tǒng)的其他系統(tǒng)上。

7.結(jié)論

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)使用JSF構(gòu)建Web應(yīng)用最迅速；Model 2最慢但性能最好；Struts應(yīng)用在計(jì)較中處于其他兩種設(shè)計(jì)模型中間。

我們提出了一些建議，用來(lái)大體上改善Servlet技術(shù)和增強(qiáng)基于這些設(shè)計(jì)模式的應(yīng)用的性能。

Struts沒(méi)有基于任何規(guī)范，也沒(méi)有文檔來(lái)討論它的內(nèi)部工作方式。因此，很難知道哪些實(shí)現(xiàn)了以及哪些改善了。

Servlet技術(shù)，Servlet2.3規(guī)范沒(méi)有定義任何的緩存機(jī)制，也沒(méi)有在即將到來(lái)的Servlet2.4中提及。盡管Web應(yīng)用的內(nèi)容具有動(dòng)態(tài)性，但有寫(xiě)內(nèi)容也不是經(jīng)常去改變了。比如，在在線商店的應(yīng)用中，用戶可以瀏覽的商品種類可能每隔一個(gè)月才變動(dòng)一次。如果這些半靜態(tài)的內(nèi)容必須每次在需要的時(shí)候從數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中獲取，將浪費(fèi)大量的編程資源。Servlet程序員通過(guò)編寫(xiě)一個(gè)對(duì)象緩存某些內(nèi)容來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)緩存。然而，只要沒(méi)有緩存標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，許多程序員將反復(fù)的寫(xiě)相同的代碼斷。

Model 2主要的缺點(diǎn)是頁(yè)面導(dǎo)航規(guī)則在控制器servlet中是硬編碼的。這意味著程序流程的任何微小的改動(dòng)就需要控制器servlet重新編譯。解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的方法是在應(yīng)用啟動(dòng)時(shí)，提供一個(gè)映射器來(lái)讀取頁(yè)面導(dǎo)航規(guī)則。在控制器servlet的init方法中很容易添加代碼。這個(gè)方法只執(zhí)行一次，就是在servlet首次被載入內(nèi)存的時(shí)候。如果屬性文件在每次改動(dòng)后需要重新讀取，程序員可以在每次請(qǐng)求時(shí)檢查屬性文件的時(shí)間戳，將它于先前讀入的文件比較。如果它比之前讀入的文件的時(shí)間戳更新，則重新構(gòu)建映射器。這個(gè)特性可以在上下文對(duì)象的初始化參數(shù)中開(kāi)啟或者關(guān)閉。從開(kāi)發(fā)的角度來(lái)講，這個(gè)特性應(yīng)該開(kāi)啟。在部署時(shí)，這個(gè)特性應(yīng)該關(guān)閉。使用屬性文件來(lái)存儲(chǔ)頁(yè)面導(dǎo)航規(guī)則還可能避免在控制器中的一連串的if語(yǔ)句,它將在每次請(qǐng)求時(shí)消耗時(shí)間?？梢允褂靡粋€(gè)HashMap,將請(qǐng)求參數(shù)作為Key值，將跳轉(zhuǎn)頁(yè)面作為Value值。這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)模.....頁(yè)腳

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型的另一個(gè)缺陷是缺少標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的輸入驗(yàn)證組件和用戶接口組件，而這些將在JSF中得到解決。

JSF解決了開(kāi)發(fā)Web應(yīng)用中的大部分問(wèn)題，比如：頁(yè)面導(dǎo)航管理、用戶接口組件和輸入驗(yàn)證組件。然而，由于這項(xiàng)技術(shù)仍然很年輕，還沒(méi)有太多的用戶接口可用，強(qiáng)迫了程序員將JSF和非JSF的servlets/JSP頁(yè)面相結(jié)合。JSF是事件驅(qū)動(dòng)的，JSF程序員通過(guò)編寫(xiě)事件監(jiān)聽(tīng)來(lái)決定JSF應(yīng)用的行為，就像Swing應(yīng)用中的監(jiān)聽(tīng)器一樣。在JSF 1.0版本中，通常有兩類事件能夠被觸發(fā)：ActionEvent和ValueChangedEvent，但這已經(jīng)能在應(yīng)用和用戶之間提供足夠好的交互性了。

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附錄：畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯原文

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第五篇：機(jī)器人化多功能護(hù)理床研究與探討外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文翻譯要點(diǎn)

機(jī)器人化多功能護(hù)理床研究與探討

翻譯* 摘要：人性化設(shè)計(jì)是現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)重要理念,它強(qiáng)調(diào)在設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品時(shí)從人體工學(xué)、生態(tài)學(xué)、美學(xué)等角度達(dá)到完美,體現(xiàn)了科技以人為本的思想。該護(hù)理床的設(shè)計(jì)正是基于這種理念,它不僅能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)抬背、抬大腿,曲小腿和調(diào)整坐姿的功能,并將設(shè)計(jì)通過(guò)Pro/E三維實(shí)體建模軟件進(jìn)行模擬和仿真分析,進(jìn)一步指導(dǎo)和驗(yàn)證設(shè)計(jì)的合理性。為滿足目前日益提高的家庭護(hù)理要求，將機(jī)器人的多軸協(xié)調(diào)控制技術(shù)應(yīng)用于護(hù)理床的控制，研制了一種機(jī)器人化的多功能護(hù)理床．該護(hù)理床通過(guò)各個(gè)床面板之間的協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)動(dòng)，采用單動(dòng)或聯(lián)動(dòng)方式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)各種位姿，并通過(guò)語(yǔ)音或鍵盤來(lái)控制進(jìn)行多位姿的運(yùn)動(dòng)．護(hù)理床的控制系統(tǒng)由主控制模塊和輔助控制模塊兩部分構(gòu)成．其中主控制模塊采用單片機(jī)進(jìn)行控制，這樣既可降低成本，又可保證護(hù)理床操作的靈活性和可靠性；輔助控制模塊包括語(yǔ)音識(shí)別和語(yǔ)音回放兩部分的功能．實(shí)際使用效果證明了所研制的護(hù)理床的實(shí)用性和有效性．本文由醫(yī)學(xué)論文網(wǎng)與您分享！

關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)器人化護(hù)理床；控制系統(tǒng)；語(yǔ)音識(shí)剮；單片機(jī)

概述：目前，無(wú)論是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家還是發(fā)展中國(guó)家，均面臨著越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重的人口老齡化問(wèn)題。老年人由于各項(xiàng)生理機(jī)能退化，健康狀況普遍不佳，消耗大量醫(yī)療資源，增加了醫(yī)院的負(fù)擔(dān)。世界各國(guó)均在積極探求一種新的健康服務(wù)模式，提供更高質(zhì)量、更可靠、更容易被接受且成本低廉的健康服務(wù)。因此現(xiàn)代遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)護(hù)系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)建，具有很好的發(fā)展前景。本文研究了一種面向社區(qū)的基于機(jī)器人化多功能式智能健康監(jiān)護(hù)系統(tǒng)，用來(lái)對(duì)病人的生理參數(shù)進(jìn)行連續(xù)、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間、自動(dòng)、實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)，并經(jīng)分析、處理后實(shí)現(xiàn)多類別自動(dòng)報(bào)警、自動(dòng)記錄，而且可以通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)護(hù)便于醫(yī)護(hù)人員及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)病人的病情變化，隨時(shí)采取必要的護(hù)理與急救措施。隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速發(fā)展，人民生活水平不斷提高，人口壽命不斷延長(zhǎng)，城市人口正逐步進(jìn)入老齡化．人口的老齡化對(duì)社會(huì)醫(yī)療服務(wù)體系提出了更高的要求，建立以社區(qū)為核心的健康監(jiān)控和疾病預(yù)控信息化系統(tǒng)具有很大的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義”．老年人由于年齡偏大，肌體的活性逐漸降低，對(duì)疾病的抵抗力日益減弱，且疾病多以慢性病為主．對(duì)于慢性病人和癱瘓病人而言，除了配合藥物和針劑的治療外，物理方式的護(hù)理也必不可少．正確、適當(dāng)?shù)淖o(hù)理可以大大增強(qiáng)患者肌體的活性，減少并發(fā)癥的產(chǎn)生．對(duì)于許多慢性病患者而言，通過(guò)定期服藥、適當(dāng)監(jiān)護(hù)和正確護(hù)理，可以不必長(zhǎng)期住院．特別是對(duì)那些因種種原因不可能長(zhǎng)期住院治療的患者、老年人和殘疾人士而言，配置必要的護(hù)理設(shè)備和用具尤為重要“。．相比于普通人，慢性病人、癱瘓病人和殘疾人士的臥床時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)、更久，因此開(kāi)發(fā)一種舒適、護(hù)理功能齊全、性價(jià)比高的護(hù)理床，將具有廣闊的市場(chǎng)前景”?．目前，我國(guó)正著力于建設(shè)社區(qū)公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系，如果將所開(kāi)發(fā)的護(hù)理床與社區(qū)、醫(yī)院醫(yī)療體系連接，實(shí)現(xiàn)醫(yī)療、護(hù)理、健康監(jiān)護(hù)、醫(yī)療救治、疾病預(yù)控等的一體化，可大大減輕醫(yī)院的壓力，更為合理、有效地利用現(xiàn)有的醫(yī)院資源”4’．同時(shí)，通過(guò)醫(yī)院、社區(qū)兩種信息化系統(tǒng)的建立和連接，可大大提升應(yīng)對(duì)突發(fā)性公共衛(wèi)生事件的響應(yīng)速度和處理能力．有鑒于此，筆者針對(duì)社會(huì)醫(yī)療服務(wù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及現(xiàn)實(shí)需求，提出了一種基于機(jī)器人多軸協(xié)調(diào)控制技術(shù)和語(yǔ)音識(shí)別技術(shù)的多功能護(hù)理床的概念，成功研制了一種機(jī)器人化的多功能護(hù)理床，并在此基礎(chǔ)上研制了一套基于該護(hù)理床的社醫(yī)監(jiān)護(hù)系統(tǒng)．本文主要對(duì)該機(jī)器人化護(hù)理床的結(jié)構(gòu)及控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行探討．

機(jī)器人化護(hù)理床的結(jié)構(gòu)

在進(jìn)行機(jī)器人化護(hù)理床的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，主要考慮了以下兒點(diǎn)：(1)護(hù)理床應(yīng)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)護(hù)理所需的各種體位的位姿要求；(2)各個(gè)活動(dòng)床面板的擺動(dòng)角度應(yīng)符合醫(yī)療護(hù)理要求并兼顧人體的舒適性；(3)護(hù)理床床體的可靠性、穩(wěn)定性和安全性要符合醫(yī)療護(hù)理要求；(4)床體的尺寸有一定的空間范圍限制；(5)要考慮護(hù)理床在房間內(nèi)移動(dòng)的簡(jiǎn)易性以及醫(yī)護(hù)輔助裝置(如吊液架和書(shū)飯桌)在護(hù)理床f：的可安裝性．所研制的機(jī)器人化護(hù)理床的床面結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示，它實(shí)現(xiàn)J，對(duì)護(hù)理床的7個(gè)基本體位的位姿的要求，即平躺、抬背、屈／伸腿、抬腿、左／右翻身、坐起以及解便，7個(gè)面板是相互獨(dú)立的．通過(guò)各個(gè)床面板之間的協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)動(dòng)，采用單動(dòng)或聯(lián)動(dòng)方式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)護(hù)理床所需的各種體位的位姿．護(hù)理床的位姿與相應(yīng)的床面板動(dòng)作如表l所示．各床面板的擺動(dòng)角度如下：背板(坐姿)，o。一十750；背板(左／右翻身)，o?！?65。；左／右臀部板，O?！?75。；大腿板，o。一+35。；小腿板，一55 o～+35。；解便蓋板，O。一+90。．2機(jī)器人化護(hù)理床的控制系統(tǒng)為了便于對(duì)護(hù)理床進(jìn)行智能控制，及時(shí)r解護(hù)理床的當(dāng)前工作狀態(tài)，律護(hù)理床的脒身上需安置必要數(shù)目的傳感器”?．通過(guò)分析傳感器傳輸來(lái)的數(shù)據(jù)，控制系統(tǒng)可以實(shí)時(shí)了解、控制床面板的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)，防止不同機(jī)構(gòu)問(wèn)的相互干涉或是驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)超調(diào)對(duì)床體、人員造成的不必要傷害．在床體位姿的控制方式方面，除了采用通行的鍵盤按鈕輸入方式外，為了方便體弱病殘者，還增加了語(yǔ)音輸人方式+操作者可以通過(guò)語(yǔ)音命令來(lái)操縱護(hù)理床．由于普通類型的控制芯片難以完成語(yǔ)音命令的識(shí)別，岡此將整個(gè)護(hù)理床的控制系統(tǒng)分為兩大模塊．第一部分為主控制模塊，它由一個(gè)單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成，用于實(shí)現(xiàn)護(hù)理床系統(tǒng)的主體控制，包括接受鍵盤／語(yǔ)音控制命令和傳感器位置信號(hào)的輸入，以及輸出電機(jī)控制信號(hào)等，第二部分為輔助控制模塊，主要進(jìn)行語(yǔ)音的識(shí)別和回放，它將來(lái)自操作者的語(yǔ)音控制命令轉(zhuǎn)化為電信號(hào)，然后經(jīng)過(guò)編碼轉(zhuǎn)換，輸送至主控制模塊，同時(shí)接受來(lái)自主控制模塊的電信號(hào)，將這些控制指令轉(zhuǎn)換為操作者可以理解的聲音信號(hào)．2．1 機(jī)器人化護(hù)理床的主控制模塊主控制模塊在運(yùn)行時(shí)接收來(lái)自鍵盤／語(yǔ)音識(shí)別電路的電信號(hào)，經(jīng)過(guò)分析處理，將控制信號(hào)通過(guò)外部接口輸送到語(yǔ)音回放電路，由語(yǔ)音回放電路將電信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)化為聲音信號(hào)，提供語(yǔ)音反饋信號(hào)，使操作者隨時(shí)了解護(hù)理床的實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)；另一方面，主控制模塊根據(jù)各種信號(hào)命令，控制不同的電機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)用戶所期掣的護(hù)理床的功能?．主控制模塊主要包括以下各子功能：

(1)鍵盤輸入．鍵盤輸入是護(hù)理床輸入控制命令的途徑之一，由鍵盤輸人的命令通過(guò)編碼由串口發(fā)送到主控制板．(2)直流電機(jī)的動(dòng)作控制．護(hù)理床在接受鍵盤或是語(yǔ)音輸入信號(hào)后，便開(kāi)始進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的動(dòng)作以達(dá)到護(hù)理床的預(yù)期功能．這要求主控制板能對(duì)安裝在護(hù)理床上的8個(gè)直流電機(jī)進(jìn)行正反兩方向的動(dòng)作控制．(3)傳感器信號(hào)輸入．位置傳感器將電機(jī)的運(yùn)動(dòng)位置信息反饋給控制系統(tǒng)，控制系統(tǒng)根據(jù)反饋回的信號(hào)判斷電機(jī)的當(dāng)前運(yùn)動(dòng)位置和狀態(tài)，然后調(diào)用對(duì)應(yīng)的程序進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)控制2．1．1鍵盤控制電路鍵盤控制板上除r配備供使用者操作的按鍵外，還配置了顯示護(hù)理床工作狀態(tài)的指示燈．考慮到鍵盤與主控制板的通信以及主控制板cPu的L／0口資源有限，因此鍵盤由一塊獨(dú)立的單片機(jī)來(lái)處理各種任務(wù)．由于鍵盤(2×6)和指示燈(8個(gè))需要占用不少的I／0口資源，而所選用的89c2051單片機(jī)只有15個(gè)L／0口，L／o u資源非常有限，因此在單片機(jī)的L／0口資源分配上，鍵盤控制板的單片機(jī)與主控制板之間采用串口通信；同時(shí)，考慮到控制電纜有一定的長(zhǎng)度，為增加通信的可靠性，采用了232電平通信，因此在硬件電路上加了一塊MAx232芯片進(jìn)行電平轉(zhuǎn)換．2．1．2直流電機(jī)的控制護(hù)理床的護(hù)理功能是通過(guò)直流電機(jī)來(lái)執(zhí)行的，電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)護(hù)理床來(lái)完成各項(xiàng)動(dòng)作，以實(shí)現(xiàn)各種護(hù)理位姿，包括：(1)背板上抬／下降；(2)左／右翻身板上升／下降；(3)大腿板上升／下降；(4)小腿板上升／下降；(5)便盆蓋板開(kāi)／合；(6)平躺體位實(shí)現(xiàn)／復(fù)位；(7)坐姿體位實(shí)現(xiàn)／復(fù)位；(8)抬腿體位實(shí)現(xiàn)／復(fù)位；(9)屈腿體位實(shí)現(xiàn)／復(fù)位．以上各位姿之間的轉(zhuǎn)換與完成均通過(guò)8個(gè)直流電機(jī)的正反轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，因此主控制板必須能夠在接收命令后對(duì)8個(gè)直流電機(jī)進(jìn)行上E反轉(zhuǎn)控制，即能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)電機(jī)的正反向通電控制在護(hù)理床的硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)中，對(duì)每一個(gè)電機(jī)都采用了兩個(gè)雙刀雙擲的繼電器進(jìn)行通斷電控制．2．2機(jī)器人化護(hù)理床的輔助控制模塊2．2．1語(yǔ)音識(shí)別語(yǔ)音控制技術(shù)是現(xiàn)有各種控制方式中的一種高級(jí)控制方式，它具有控制方式自然、方便，親和力好，適用范圍廣的特點(diǎn)．將語(yǔ)音控制技術(shù)引入到護(hù)理床的控制之中，將極大地方便使用者，尤其對(duì)于那些喪失或部分喪失活動(dòng)、自理能力的患者而占，語(yǔ)音控制可以幫助他們?cè)鰪?qiáng)自信心，減輕對(duì)他人的依賴，增添生活的勇氣和信心．針對(duì)護(hù)理床使用者的語(yǔ)音輸入命令的特點(diǎn)，研究中使用了美閏sENsORY公司的RSc364語(yǔ)音芯片作為識(shí)別核心芯片。Rsc364芯片通過(guò)訓(xùn)練而實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)音識(shí)別功能，系統(tǒng)的L／o電平是TrL電平，可以方便地與其他系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸．Rsc364芯片內(nèi)部集成了語(yǔ)音識(shí)別所需的多種功能，它能夠完成語(yǔ)音識(shí)別過(guò)程中的反混疊低通濾波、采樣／保持、A／D轉(zhuǎn)換以及語(yǔ)音記錄等功能Rsc364芯片在完成語(yǔ)音識(shí)別任務(wù)后，將語(yǔ)音控制信號(hào)通過(guò)芯片輸出到單片機(jī)的Po和P1口．根據(jù)PSc364的輸出狀態(tài)，在主控制板與語(yǔ)音識(shí)別芯片之間采用一片74Lsl48 j籪片來(lái)擴(kuò)展中斷口，語(yǔ)音命令輸入74Lsl48芯片的8個(gè)輸入腳，連接Pl口；Rsc364的擴(kuò)展[J Gs接單片機(jī)的中斷口P3．2；單片機(jī)的P1．o～P1．3口與語(yǔ)音識(shí)別芯片的Po．4～Po．7口相連接．當(dāng)有語(yǔ)音命令輸入時(shí)，P1口巾的一個(gè)輸出低電平，Gs u輸“i的低電平啟動(dòng)單片機(jī)外部中斷，在進(jìn)行單片機(jī)的中斷處理時(shí)從P1．0～P1．3口中讀人數(shù)據(jù)．2．2．2語(yǔ)音回放主控制電路收到命令后，在控制電機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的同時(shí)，也向語(yǔ)音回放子模塊輸j【j語(yǔ)音控制信號(hào)．由輔助控制模塊向當(dāng)前使用者提供語(yǔ)音反饋．語(yǔ)音同放子模塊的主要作用是：護(hù)理床接收到用戶命令后，在護(hù)理床實(shí)現(xiàn)功能動(dòng)作以前播放相應(yīng)動(dòng)作的語(yǔ)音信息，提醒用戶做好身體準(zhǔn)備，這種人性化設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)一步提高了護(hù)理床的親和力．語(yǔ)音回放采用IsD4003_08芯片作為主芯片．IsI)4003系列的工作屯壓為3 V，單片錄放時(shí)間為4—8min”?．芯片采用cMOs技術(shù)，內(nèi)含振蕩器、防混淆濾波器、平滑濾波器、音頻放大器、自動(dòng)靜噪及高密度多電平閃爍存貯陣列，操作命令町通過(guò)串行通信接口輸人．3機(jī)器人化護(hù)理床的控制程序機(jī)器人化護(hù)理床的控制方式是一種簡(jiǎn)化的機(jī)器人控制方式．系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)后首先檢測(cè)護(hù)理床的位姿，然后檢測(cè)各個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)的狀態(tài)，再檢測(cè)各個(gè)按鍵的狀態(tài)，如果其中一個(gè)按鍵按下，則護(hù)理床作相應(yīng)的動(dòng)作，并啟動(dòng)語(yǔ)音回放程序告知操作者，通過(guò)語(yǔ)音識(shí)別進(jìn)行的控制也是一樣，如果語(yǔ)音識(shí)別模塊識(shí)別了，操作者的一個(gè)指令，同樣地，護(hù)理床完成相應(yīng)的動(dòng)作．4結(jié)束語(yǔ)將機(jī)器人的多軸協(xié)調(diào)控制技術(shù)應(yīng)用于護(hù)理床，可對(duì)機(jī)器人化護(hù)理床進(jìn)行有效控制．所研制的機(jī)器人化護(hù)理床的如圖4所示，它可以實(shí)現(xiàn)多個(gè)位姿的調(diào)整，并采用語(yǔ)音命令和鍵盤輸入兩種方式進(jìn)行控制，簡(jiǎn)便靈活．另外，由于主控制模塊采用r單片機(jī)，使得系統(tǒng)操作靈活可靠，成本低廉．目前所研制的護(hù)理床已在一些醫(yī)院試用，反映良好．今后的研究將集巾在如何進(jìn)一步提高系統(tǒng)的協(xié)調(diào)性和靈活性，拓展系統(tǒng)的人性化功能等方面． Robotic nanomanipulation multi-function nursing bed research and discussion

Translators XingKai Abstract: the humanized design is an important concept of modern design, it emphasizes ergonomics design products, ecology, from the Angle of aesthetics, which reflects the perfect technological people-oriented thoughts.The nursing bed was based on the idea of design, it can not only realize carried back, lift the thigh, curved crus and adjust sitting position, and the function of Pro/E design through 3d entity modeling software is simulated and simulation analysis, further guidance and the rationality of design are verified.To meet the increasing family care requirements, the robot multiaxial coordinated control technique is applied in nursing bed control, developed a multi-function nursing bed robotic nanomanipulation.This nursing bed through each bed panel coordination between the movement, the single move or linkage ways various pose, and through the voice or keyboard to control the movement than appearance.Nursing bed control system consists of master control module and auxiliary control module two parts.One master control module adopts single-chip microcomputer control, such already can reduce costs, and can ensure the nursing bed operation flexibility and reliability;Auxiliary control modules including speech recognition and voice playback two parts function.The actual usage proved was developed nursing bed.This paper the practicability and effectiveness of medical paper nets to share with you!

Keywords: robotic nanomanipulation nursing bed;Control system;General cut;speech microcontroller

Summary: now, both developed and developing countries are facing more and more serious, the problem of aging population.Old people, the physiological function of degradation due to poor health, generally consumed a lot of medical resources, increase the burden of the hospital.In every country in the world in active seek out new health service mode, providing higher quality, more reliable and more accepting and cheap health services.So the construction of modern distance monitoring system, has the very good prospects for development.This paper studies a community-oriented robotic nanomanipulation based health intelligent monitoring system of multi-function type, of the patient's physiological parameters for continuous, long time, automatic, real-time detection, and the analysis and processing after realizing automatic alarm, automatic recording category, but also through the network for remote monitoring medical personnel the timely discovery of the patient's progress, at any time to take necessary care and emergency measures.With the rapid development of social economy, the people's standard of living rises ceaselessly, life expectancy rising longevity, the city's population is gradually entered the aging.the aging of the population of social medical service system put forward higher request, and establish a community as the core of the health monitoring and disease precontrol information system has great practical significance“ o.elderly because the older, the body gradually reduce active, resistant to disease has decreased, and the disease in chronic diseases primarily.For chronic disease and paralytic character, besides the treatment with drugs and injection, physical way outside the nursing also indispensable.Correct and appropriate care can greatly enhance the patient's body activity, reduce the complications of chronic disease.For many produced by regular medication, concerned, proper monitoring and correct nursing, need not hospitalizations.Especially for those who long for a variety of reasons impossible patients treated in hospital, the elderly and disabled people speaking, equipped with necessary nursing equipment and utensils particularly important ”compared to ordinary people.,chronic patients, people with disabilities and bed time longer and more long, thus developing a kind of comfortable, nursing complete function, cost-effective nursing bed, will has a broad market prospect“?.At present, China is building community on public health service system, if will development of the nursing bed and community, hospital medical system connection, realize medical and nursing, health care, medical treatment, disease precontrol etc integration, can reduce the pressure, more reasonable hospital, effectively use existing resources for hospital ”4“.Meanwhile, through the hospitals, communities two information system establishment and connections, can greatly improve our public health event to deal with emergency response speed and processing power.In view of this, according to our social medical service development present situation and the practical demand, put forward a kind of multiaxial coordination based robot control techniques and speech recognition technology is muti_function nursing bed concept, successfully developed the robotic nanomanipulation multi-function nursing bed, and on this basis developed based on the nursing bed medical monitoring system of the club.This article mainly discusses the structure of robotic nanomanipulation nursing bed and control system are discussed.robotic nanomanipulation nursing bed structure In the structure of robotic nanomanipulation nursing bed design, the main consideration the following son points:(1)the nursing bed should be able to realize all kinds of the nursing posture pose requirements;(2)all activities of bed panel swing Angle should comply with the medical care for both human comfort;and(3)nursing bed body reliability, stability and safety requirements, should accord with medical care(4)bed body size have certain space limits;(5)to consider nursing bed in the room moving simplicity and medical auxiliary devices(such as hanging liquid frame and book table)in nursing bed f: can be installed sex.The developed machine humanizing nursing bed bed surface structure as shown in figure 1 shows, to realize J, seven basic nursing bed of posture pose demands that a flat, carry back, flexor/leg, SLR, left/right turn, sitting up and solution then, seven panel is independent of each other.Through the coordination between each bed panel, using single movement or movement way to realize nursing bed linkage of all kinds of pose of posture pose.Nursing bed with corresponding bed panel action such as table l.3.Each bed panel swing Angle is as follows: the backplane(posture), o.10 750;Backplane(left/right emancipated), o.~ + 65.;The left/right hip board, O.~ + 75.;Thigh board, o.A + 35.;Crus board, a 55 o ~ + 35.;Solution will cover and O.A + 90.．2 Robotic nanomanipulation nursing bed of the control system in order to facilitate nursing bed of intelligent control, timely r solution of the current working state nursing bed nursing bed, upon the law to set necessary processes the number of sensors ”?.By analyzing the data, sensor transmission control system can real-time understand, control panel of motion, bed of different agencies to prevent the mutual interference or ask to overshoot driven motor bed body, unnecessary casualties caused damage.Control system overall structure as figure2shows.In bed in the control mode pose posture, besides using popular keyboard buttons input methods outside, in order to facilitate the weak and sick, but also increased the speech input mode + operators through the voice commands to manipulate nursing bed.Due to the common types of control chip difficult to complete the voice commands, because the recognition of the nursing bed the control system is divided into two major modules.The first part primarily control module, it consists of a single-chip microcomputer control system structure, used to implement the nursing bed system, including the main control keyboard/voice control commands to accept the position signal and sensor input, and the output motor control signal etc, the second part as auxiliary control module, mainly for voice recognition and playback, it will come from the operator's voice control command into electrical signals, then through code conversion, transported to the master control module, and accept the electrical signals to independent control module, will these control instruction convert audio signals of operator can understand.2.1 robotic nanomanipulation nursing bed master control module master control module at runtime receive signals from the keyboard/speech recognition circuit analysis and processing signal, through, will control signal through external interface conveying to speech playback circuit, signal by voice playback circuit will be transformed into voice signal, provide voice feedback signal, make handlers understand nursing bed real-time dynamic;On the other hand, master control module according to various signal command, control different motor running, so as to realize the lot that users period nursing bed functions?.Master control module mainly include the following each subroutine:

(1)keyboard input.The keyboard is nursing bed input control commands by one of the ways the keyboard input, by encoding commands sent to the primary panel by serial.(2)dc motor of the motor control.Nursing bed in accepting the keyboard or speech input signal after, started for the corresponding action to achieve nursing bed.This requires the expected function for installation in the main control panel can the nursing bed eight dc motor both the positive and negative direction of motor control.(3)sensor signal input.Position sensor motor sports location information feedback to control system, control system according to the feedback is returned to the current signal judgment motor sports location and condition, and then calling the corresponding procedure motion control 2.1.1 keyboard control circuit keyboard on the control board for user operation except r equipped with the keys outside, still configuration display the nursing bed the working state of indicator.Considering the keyboard and the communication and the main panel control cPu L / 0 mouths limited resources, so by a separate microcontroller keyboard to treat various task.Because the keyboard(2 x 6)and indicator light(8)required many I / 0 mouths resources, and chooses 89c2051 microcontroller only 15 L / 0 mouths, L/o u resources are limited, therefore in the SCM L / 0 mouths resource allocation, the single-chip computer keyboard panel serial communication between the main control board;Meanwhile, considering control cable is a certain length to increase the reliability of communication, communication, adopt the 232 level, so the hardware circuit MAx232 chips for added a convert.2.1.2 dc motor level control of the nursing function is nursing bed by dc motor to execute, motor drive nursing bed to complete the various movements, in order to achieve various nursing pose, include:(1)the backplane elevate/drop;(2)left/right turn physique increase/decrease;(3)thigh board increase/decrease;(4)crus board increase/decrease;(5)flat open/close;bedpan(6)lie low postures realize/reset;(7)sitting postures realize/reset;(8)SLR postures realize/reset;(9)bended leg postures realize/reset.Above all appearance conversion between and finish all through eight dc motor to realize, so is the main control board must be able to receive commands to eight dc motor after on E reversal, namely can realize motor control negative in nursing bed to electrify control the hardware circuit design, for each motor has adopted two blades double throws on power control.The relay to 2.2 robotic nanomanipulation nursing bed auxiliary control module 2.2.1 speech recognition voice control technology is one of the existing control mode of advanced control mode, it is natural and convenient control mode, good affinity, the characteristics of applicability.Will voice control technology is introduced into the nursing bed under control, will greatly convenient users, particularly in those loss or partly losing activity, ability of self-dependence of patients, voice control and can help them enhance self-confidence, reduce dependence on others, add life courage and confidence in nursing bed users.The characteristics of the speech input commands, used in the study of the beauty of sENsORY company RSc364 little voice chip as recognition core chip.By training and realize Rsc364 chip speech recognition function, system L/o level is TrL level, which can be conveniently and other system for data transmission.Rsc364 chip inside integrated A speech recognition needs A variety of functions, it can complete speech recognition process of anti aliasing low-pass filter, sampling/keep, A/D conversion and voice recording Rsc364 chip in complete functions such as speech recognition task, will voice control signal output to SCM by chip Po and mouth.According to the PSc364 P1, the output state in the Lord with voice recognition chips control by A 74Lsl48 between expanding in tablet 74Lsl48 fracture, voice command input eight feet of the chip, connect Pl input mouth;Rsc364 Expansion of single chip [J Gs meet in P3.2;SCM fracture P1.3 P1.O ~ mouth and speech recognition chips J J 4 ~ Po Po seven connections.When a voice command input, a mouth wipes the P1 output low level, Gs u lose “I low-level startup microcontroller external interruption of single chip, the interrupt handlers from P1.0 ~ P1.3 mouth when read people data.Laws 2.2.2 voice playback master control circuit, after receiving orders in control motor running, but also to voice playback son module lose J 【 J voice control signal by auxiliary control module.To the current users provide voice feedback.Speech with the main function modules put the son is: nursing bed receive user commands, in nursing bed function action before the speech information broadcast corresponding action, remind users do physical preparation, this kind of humanized design further improved nursing bed by the affinity of IsD4003_08 chip.Speech playback as the principal chip.IsI)4003 series work pressure is 3 V, tuen mun recording a single chip 8min” for 4-time?.Chip adopt cMOs technology, containing oscillator, prevent confusion filter，Smoothing filter, audio amplifiers, since the action pixels and high-density multilevel flashing storage arrays, operation orders at through serial communication interface input.3 robotic nanomanipulation nursing bed nursing bed robotic nanomanipulation control program control mode is a simplified robot control system startup way.After the first test nursing bed, then test each pose, switch state of each key-press test again, if one of the keys pressed nursing bed, then makes the corresponding action and start speech playback program told the operator, through the control speech recognition is like that, if speech recognition module identification, operator a directive, likewise, nursing bed complete corresponding action.4 closing the robot multiaxial coordinated control technique is applied in nursing bed, may to the robotic nanomanipulation nursing bed.The developed under effective control of the robotic nanomanipulation nursing bed as shown in figure 4 shows, it can achieve more bits of adjustment, and USES the posture voice commands and keyboard input two modes for control, easy and flexible.Moreover, the master control module USES a microcontroller, making the system operation r.flexible reliable, low cost.Currently developed nursing bed has in some hospitals trial, reflect good.Future research will set wipes on how to further improve the flexibility, coordination and system function of human development system, etc.