第一篇：初中動(dòng)詞ing作狀語及典型練習(xí)題

動(dòng)詞ing作狀語及典型練習(xí)題

一．非謂語動(dòng)詞講練：

-ing分詞的一般式的動(dòng)作表示和后面句子的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；完成式的動(dòng)作是先于后面句子的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。用V+ing一般式 還是Having+done完成式，要看前后兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有沒明顯的先后順序。如：

Being a student, he was interested in books.作為一個(gè)學(xué)生，他對(duì)書本很感興趣。

Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.因?yàn)闆]有努力學(xué)習(xí)功課，他考試不及格

ing分詞的被動(dòng)式表示與后面句子的主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。根據(jù)-ing分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，被動(dòng)式有一般被動(dòng)式(being done)和完成被動(dòng)式(having been done)。如：

（Having been criticized）by the teacher, he gave up smoking.被老師批評(píng)以后，他把煙戒了。

.-ing分詞短語作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。注意：現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)作一般是同時(shí)發(fā)生,有時(shí)可由連詞when, while引出。

While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.-ing分詞短語作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。如： Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.Being so excited, Many of us couldn’t go to sleep that night.–ing分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語。如：

His father died, leaving him a lot of money.She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces..-ing分詞作伴隨狀語，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間，表示主語的另一個(gè)、較次要的動(dòng)作。如：

They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.-ing分詞間或也可作條件狀語和讓步狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句。如：

Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.獨(dú)立成分：

有些分詞短語可以做獨(dú)立成分，用來解釋整個(gè)句子，不受句子主語的限制。常見的分詞短語有：generally(frankly,honestly…)speaking, supposing(假設(shè)), judging from(從…判斷), talking of（談到), speaking of（談到）等。

Generally speaking, girls are more careful than boys.Supposing you lose, what will you do? Judging from his accent, he must be from the north.Talking of travel, have you ever been to Beijing?

1.Do you wake up every morning _______ energetic and ready to start a new day? A.feel

B.to feel

C.feeling

D.felt 2._______ Many times, he finally understood it.A.Told

B.Telling

C.Having told

D.Having been told 3．_____several times the young scientist still kept on making his experiments． A．Having been failed

B．Having failed C．Though failed

D．Because of failure 4.__________ the classroom, the students went to the playground to watch the football match.A.To clean B.Having cleaned C.Cleaned D.Cleaning

5._____is know to all，China will be an_____and powerful country in 20 or 30 years' time． A． That；advancing

B． This；advanced C． As； advanced

D． It ； advancing 6.____a reply，he decided to write again． A． Not receiving

B． Receiving not C． Not having received

D． Having not received 7.＿＿＿all my letters, I had a drink and went out.A.Finished

B.Having finished

C.Finishing

D.To finish 8.The food＿＿＿at the moment is for the dinner party.A.cooked

B.to be cooked

C.is being cooked

D.being cooked 9.With his son＿＿＿, the old man felt unhappy.A.to be disappointed

B.disappointing

C.being disappointed

D.to disappoint 10.Nearly every great building in Beijing was built＿＿＿ south.A.to face

B.facing

C.to have faced

D.being facing 11.All the thing＿＿＿＿，his proposal is of greater value than yours.A.considered

B.considering

C.to consider

D.consider 12.________from what he said, he must be the thief who has stolen the car.A.Judging B.Judged C.To judge D.Judge 13.From the dates＿＿＿on the gold coin, it is conformed that it was made five hundred years ago.A.marking

B.marked

C.to be marked

D.having been Marked 14.____，your composition is full of mistakes． A．Writing carelessly

B．Written carelessly C．Having written carelessly

D．Being written carelessly 15.____ form the space,the earth looks blue.Seen

B.Seeing

C.To see

D.sew 16.____ form the space,we can see the earth is blue.Seen

B.Seeing

C.To see

D.see 17.Mr Smith warned his daughter _____after drinking． A． never to drive

B． to never drive

C． never driving

D． never drive 18． ——You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting． ——Well，now I regret ______that．

to do

C． to have done

B． to be doing

D． having done 19.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ________"Sorry to miss you;will call later.“

A.read

B.reads

C.to read

D.Reading

20.Most of the artists______to the party were from South Africa．

A． invited

B． to invite

C． being invited

D． had been invited

第二篇：動(dòng)詞ing作狀語及典型練習(xí)題

Book 4 Unit 4 Grammar動(dòng)詞-ing作狀語

動(dòng)詞-ing或語短語可以在句子中作狀語來修飾謂語動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、方式、讓步或伴隨狀況。動(dòng)名詞作狀語，其邏輯主語必須與主句的主語一致。動(dòng)名詞作狀語時(shí)，可以單獨(dú)使用，也可以在其前加上when，while，after，if，unless，although，though等連詞。1.作時(shí)間狀語

Hearing this news, she got frightened.聽到這個(gè)消息，她感到害怕。

While reading the book, she nodded from time to time.當(dāng)她看書的時(shí)候，不時(shí)地點(diǎn)頭。Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.2.作結(jié)果狀語

The boy ran even faster，reaching the school out of breath.那個(gè)男孩跑得更快了，到達(dá)學(xué)校時(shí)累得上氣不接下氣了。His father died, leaving him a lot of money.She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.3.作伴隨狀語

He stood by the window, watching people passing by his window.他站在窗前，望著來來往往的人們。

They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.4.作原因狀語

Being a student, I must study hard.作為一名學(xué)生，我必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.Being so excited, Many of us couldn’t go to sleep that night.5.作讓步狀語

Having lived here for four years, I am not familiar with my neighbors.雖然我在這兒住了四年，我對(duì)鄰居們都還不熟悉。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.6.作條件狀語

Heating water, we can change it into vapor.把水加熱，我們可以將其變?yōu)樗羝?。Working in his small room, he made three pairs of shoes every day.在他的小房間里工作，每天做三雙鞋。7.作目的狀語

He stayed up late into the night, attempting to pass the entrance exam.他晚上睡得很晚，想通過考試。注意：

1． 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前時(shí)，應(yīng)該使用完成式：having done.Having finished his homework, he rushed out to play basketball.Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.因?yàn)闆]有努力學(xué)習(xí)功課，他考試不及格

2． 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞與句子的主語之間存在著邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，根據(jù)-ing分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，被動(dòng)式有一般被動(dòng)式(being done)和完成被動(dòng)式(having been done)。如： 3． Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking.被老師批評(píng)以后，他把煙戒了。Being helped by the teacher, she will learn English well.4． 動(dòng)名詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語必須與主句的主語是一致的。Rushing into the dining-room, I found super was waiting for.Rushing into the dining-room, supper was waiting for me.（錯(cuò)）

Being a student, he was interested in books.作為一個(gè)學(xué)生，他對(duì)書本很感興趣。5．動(dòng)名詞作狀語時(shí)，可以用相應(yīng)的狀語從句替代，從句謂語必須用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。While reading the book, she nodded from time to time.= While she was reading the book, she nodded from time to time.Being a student, I must study hard.= As I am a student, I must study hard.Not knowing how to do it, he asked the teacher for help.= As he didn’t know how to do it, he asked the teacher for help.由于不知道如何干，他請(qǐng)老師幫助。6.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

動(dòng)名詞作狀語時(shí)，當(dāng)其邏輯主語與主句的主語不一致的時(shí)候，而是有自己的獨(dú)立的邏輯主語時(shí)，我們把這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)稱位獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的分詞短語有：generally(frankly,honestly…)speaking, supposing(假設(shè)), judging from(從…判斷), talking of（談到), speaking of（談到）等。

Generally speaking, girls are more careful than boys.Supposing you lose, what will you do? Judging from his accent, he must be from the north.Talking of travel, have you ever been to Beijing? Spring coming on, the trees turned green.Her mother being ill, she had to look after her at home.Time permitting, we will visit the Great Wall.★非謂語解題“五步驟”：

1、牢記核心意義。不定式表將來或能夠，動(dòng)詞ing形式表主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行，過去分詞表被動(dòng)或完成。

2、分析句子成分。判斷句子中是欠缺謂語還是非謂語。（主要是看句子中已經(jīng)有沒有謂語動(dòng)詞了，因?yàn)橛⒄Z中一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句中只能有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞。）

3、尋找邏輯主語，把握主被動(dòng)關(guān)系。非謂語動(dòng)詞雖然在語法上沒有主語，但它仍表示的是動(dòng)作，因此在意義上會(huì)有一個(gè)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，這個(gè)發(fā)出者就是它的邏輯主語。如果非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞或不定式的主動(dòng)式；如果非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用過去分詞或不定式的被動(dòng)式；如果表被動(dòng)進(jìn)行，則用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式或不定式的被動(dòng)進(jìn)行式。

4、了解時(shí)間關(guān)系。如果非謂語動(dòng)詞與句子的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，用一般式；如果發(fā)生在之前，則用完成式；如果強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行，則用進(jìn)行時(shí)；如果動(dòng)作在將來發(fā)生，則用不定式。

5、分析特殊情況。主要是指一些習(xí)慣用法，固定搭配等。

1.Do you wake up every morning _______ energetic and ready to start a new day? A.feel

B.to feel

C.feeling

D.felt 2._______ Many times, he finally understood it.A.Told

B.Telling

C.Having told

D.Having been told 3．_____several times ,the young scientist still kept on making his experiments．

A．Having been failed

B．Having failed C．Though failed

D．Because of failure 4.__________ the classroom, the students went to the playground to watch the football match.A.To clean B.Having cleaned C.Cleaned D.Cleaning 5._____is know to all，China will be an____ _and powerful country in 20 or 30 years' time． A． That；advancing B． This；advanced C． As； advanced D． It ； advancing 6.____a reply，he decided to write again． A． Not receiving

B． Receiving not

C． Not having received

D． Having not received 7.＿＿＿all my letters, I had a drink and went out.A.Finished

B.Having finished

C.Finishing

D.To finish 8.The food＿＿＿at the moment is for the dinner party.A.cooked

B.to be cooked

C.is being cooked

D.being cooked 9.With his son＿＿＿, the old man felt unhappy.A.to be disappointed

B.disappointing

C.being disappointed

D.to disappoint 10.Nearly every great building in Beijing was built＿＿＿ south.A.to face

B.facing

C.to have faced

D.being facing 11.＿＿＿＿all the things，his advice is of greater value than yours.A.Considered

B.Considering

C.To consider

D.Consider 12.________from what he said, he must be the thief who has stolen the car.A.Judging

B.Judged

C.To judge

D.Judge 13.From the dates＿＿＿on the gold coin, it is conformed that it was made five hundred years ago.A.marking

B.marked

C.to be marked

D.having been Marked 14.____，your composition is full of mistakes．

A．Writing carelessly

B．Written carelessly C．Having written carelessly

D．Being written carelessly 15.____ from the space, the earth looks blue.A.Seen

B.Seeing

C.To see

D.see 16.____ from the space, we can see the earth is blue.B.Seen

B.Seeing

C.To see

D.see 17.Mr Smith warned his daughter _____after drinking．

A． never to drive

B． to never drive

C． never driving

D． never drive 18． ——You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting．

——Well，now I regret ______that．

A． to do

C．to have done

B．to be doing

D．having done 19.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ________"Sorry to miss you;will call later.“

A.read

B.reads

C.to read

D.reading 20.Most of the artists______ to the party were from South Africa．

A． invited

B． to invite

C． being invited

D． had been invited

21._______ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.A.Suffered B.Suffering

C.Having suffered D.Being suffered 22.Finding her car stolen, _______.A.a policeman was asked to help

B.the area was searched thoroughly C.it was looked for everywhere

D.she hurried to a policeman for help 23.He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information.(A.hoped

B.hoping

C.to hope

D.hope 24._______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A.Having suffered

B.Suffering

C.To suffer

D.Suffered 25.Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ________ the girl and took her away, ________ into the woods.A.seizing;disappeared

B.seized;disappeared

C.seizing;disappearing D.seized;disappearing 26._______ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A.To wait

B.Have waited

C.Having waited D.To have waited 27.European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.A.making

B.makes C.made

D.to make 28.______ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.A.Not completing

B.Notcompleted

C.Not having completed D.Having not completed 29.Though _______ money, his parents managed to send him to university.A.lacked

B.lacking of

C.lacking

D.lacked in 30.Having been attacked by terrorists, _______.A.doctors came to their rescue

B.the tall building collapsed C.an emergency measure was taken

D.warnings were given to tourists 31.As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not ________, and asked myself what I was going to do.A.moved

B.moving

C.to move

D.being moved 32.The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, ________ in the natural light during the day.A.to let

B.letting

C.let

D.having let 33.________ that she didn’t do a good job, I don’t think I am abler than her.A.To have said

B.Having said

C.To say

D.Saying 34.Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ________ the same thing.A.saying B.said C.to say

D.having said 35.Don’t sit there ________ nothing.Come and help me with this table.A.do

B.to do

C.doing

D.and doing 36.When ________ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.A.compared

B.being compared

C.comparing

D.having compared 37.While watching television, ________.A.the doorbell rang

B.the doorbell rings

C.we heard the doorbell ring

D.we heard the doorbell rings 38.______ the program, they have to stay there for another 2 weeks.A.Not completing

B.Not completed

C.Not having completed

D.Having not completed 39.“We can’t go out in this weather”, said Bob, ____ out of the window.A.looking

B.to look

C.looked

D.having looked

第三篇：不定式和動(dòng)詞-ing練習(xí)

九年級(jí)英語講義

不定式和動(dòng)詞-ing

不定式和動(dòng)詞-ing 形式都可以作賓語，為了方便記憶，現(xiàn)總結(jié)一些技巧和口訣：

1．通常只能接動(dòng)詞-ing 形式作賓語的動(dòng)詞(或動(dòng)詞短語)：

建議抵制享受——(suggest，advise； resist； enjoy)

考慮承認(rèn)冒險(xiǎn)——(consider； admit； risk)

避免推遲實(shí)踐——(avoid； delay； practise)

期待成功完成——(look forward to； succeed in； finish)

2．通常只能接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞：

agree(同意)； offer(提出)； intend，plan(打算，計(jì)劃)； demand，ask(要求)； promise(答應(yīng))； help(幫忙)； prepare(準(zhǔn)備)； decide(決定)； refuse(拒絕)； dare(敢于)； choose(選擇)； wish，hope，want，expect(希望，想要)； fail（不能；忘記）； pretend(假裝)； manage(設(shè)法)； determine（決心）同意提出做計(jì)劃，要求答應(yīng)來幫忙。

準(zhǔn)備決定遭拒絕，敢于選擇有希望。

不能做到莫假裝，設(shè)法做成決心堅(jiān)。

3． 既能接不定式，又能接動(dòng)詞-ing 形式，但意思不同的動(dòng)詞或詞組：

即“四?記?”“力爭(zhēng)”“不后悔”。四“記”指“記得、記?。╮emember）”；“忘記（forget）”“計(jì)劃、打算（mean）”；“繼續(xù)（go on)”；力爭(zhēng)指“try”；“不”“后悔”指stop與regret。

[跟蹤練習(xí)]

請(qǐng)翻譯下列句子，并用心體會(huì)動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)詞-ing 形式的不同含義。

1.The doctor tried to cure the woman of her illness, so he tried treating her with a new medicine.2.The teacher asked us to go on reading the text instead of going on to do the exercises.3.What a poor memory!I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday.But today I forgot to return the money to him again.4.When the teacher said angrily, “Stop talking, children”, the pupils stopped to write their compositions.5.I regretted to tell him that he had been dismissed.To my surprise, he said to me, “I am not sad, I only regret having taken the wrong job.”

6.— Remember to return the bat to me.— But I remember having returned it to you.綜合練習(xí):

一、選擇正確答案（25個(gè)小題）

1.It was clever ______ you ______ this question.A.of;to answerB.of;answerC.for;to answerD.for;answer

2.Andy has ______ for five years.Five years______ a long time.A.come back home;isB.come back home;are

C.been at home;isD.been at home;are

3.I?m hungry.I would like to have __________ nice to eat.A.anyB.somethingC.anythingD.some

4.I?ve decided _________ it myself.A.doB.doingC.didD.to do

5.You ______ be late for class.You must get to school on time.A.canB.mustC.can?tD.may

6.taking photos in the park this afternoon?

A.Let?sB.You shouldC.Why notD.How about

7.We didn?t hold the football match ________ the heavy rain.A.becauseB.sinceC.because ofD.about

there?

A.Do, goB.Have , goneC.Did, goneD.Have, been

9.Have you finisheddinner, Mum?I?m hungry now.A.cookingB.cooksC.cookD.cooked

10.So far, China up man-made satellites to space.A.sendB.sentC.have sentD.has sent

11.---do you clean your classroom?---Once a day.A.How manyB.How longC.How oftenD.How much

12.---have you lived in that old house?

---For nearly twenty years.(Or: Since nearly twenty years ago.)

A.How soonB.How farC.How oftenD.How long

13.Children?s Day is coming.Mrs.Lee is going to buy some DVDs for her son, ?

A.isn?t heB.isn?t sheC.is sheD.ishe

14.Mr.Green has little time today, ?

A.have heB.hasn?t heC.does heD.doesn?t he

15.---What was he doing at this time yesterday?

---Heto sing a song in English.A.was tryingB.is triedC.is tryingD.was tried

16.Please stop ?s time for class.A.talkB.to talkC.talkedD.talking

17.---How much do youfor your new bike?--About $300.A.costB.payC.takeD.spend

18.of your parents are teachers.A.AllB.BothC.NeitherD.Either

19.---Why does he look ?---He doesn?t feel today.A.sad, wellB.sadly, wellC.sad, goodD.sadly, good

20.If you want to

A.buy some foodB.read booksC.have dinner D.call your friends

21.Let me tell you my house.A.the wayB.way toC.the way toD.way

22.We decided to the teahouse.A.goingB.wentC.goD.to go

23.the weather like today?It?s rainy.A.How?sB.HowC.WhatD.What?s

24.It will be tomorrow.A.snowB.snowyC.snowsD.to snow

25.3.I have a garden _______ many flowers and trees.A.withB.ofC.inD.to

二、典型句型練習(xí)：根據(jù)所給漢語提示, 寫出所缺的英文.A)完成句子

1.謝謝你的上一封信，收到你的信真開心

Thanks for your last message, it was great to _______________ you.2.我還喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)，特別是打網(wǎng)球。

I enjoy sports ________________, especially tennis.3.但是想起那些瀕危動(dòng)物來，真讓人傷心。

But it?s sad to think about all those animals _______________.4.故事發(fā)生在老北京的一個(gè)茶館里。

It ___________________ in a teahouse in old Beijing.5.帶上你的照相機(jī)是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的主意。

It is a _________________ to bring your camera.B.句型轉(zhuǎn)換

A）按每小題的要求轉(zhuǎn)換下面的句子，每空一詞。

1.He likes classical music.（改為一般疑問句）

________ he like classical music?

2.He has never been to the USA.（完成反意疑問句）

He has never been to the USA, _________ he?

3.I have some bread for my breakfast.（對(duì)劃線部分提問）

How ________ bread do you have for your breakfast?

4.The policemen haven?t found anything in the room yet.(改為同義句)

The policemen have found _______ in the room yet.5.Because it?s raining, we must stay at home.（改為同義句）

We must stay at home ____________________ the rain.三.完形填空。（20分）

Jane is a nice girl and likes small animals.On her way back from schoolafternoon, she always stopsthe animals in the pet(寵物)shop.She likes to see the dogs.One of them is a little white dog, and Jane likes it.Shethe dog in the pet shop.She often forgets(忘記)the time.So she comes home very.One day her parents asked she was late.Jane told them about the dog in the pet shop.The next day Jane stopped to lookthe window of the pet shop, but she could notthe dog.She was very sad and went home early.When she home, her mother showed her a big cake and her father gave her the little white dog from the pet shop.It was her birthday.Jane was very glad.From that day, she did not come home late.She ran home early to play with the little white dog every day.1.A.each oneB.everyC.thisD.×

2.A.looking atB.looks atC.to look atD.looked at

3.A.very manyB.very muchC.veryD.little

4.A.watchesB.watchC.seeD.saw

5.A.to playB.playC.playedD.plays

6.A.lateB.earlyC.fastD.first

7.A.whatB.whyC.whenD.where

8.A.atB.toC.intoD.onto

9.A.lookedB.looked atC.sawD.see

10.A.gotB.got toC.arrived inD.arrived at

四、閱讀理解練習(xí)：A

“Cool”is a word with many meanings．Its old meaning is used to express（表達(dá)）a temperature that is a little bit cold．As the world has changed，the word has had many different meaning．

“Cool”can be used to express feelings of interest in almost anything．

When you see a famous car in the street，maybe you will say，“It?s cool．”You may think，“He?s so cool，”when you see your favourite footballer．

We all maximize（擴(kuò)大）the meaning of“cool”．You can use it instead of many words such as “new” or “surprising”．Here?s an interesting story we can use to show the way the word is used．A teacher asked her students to write about the waterfall（瀑布）they had visited．On one student?s paper was just the one sentence（句子），“It?s so cool．Maybe he thought it was the best way to show what he saw and felt．

But the story also shows a scarcity（缺乏）of words．Without “cool”，some people have no words to show the same meaning．So it is quite important to keep some credibility（可信性）．Can you think of many other words that make your life as colourful as the word “cool”？ I can．And I think they are also very cool．

1．We know that the word“cool has had ________.A．only one meaningB．no meanings

C．many different meaningsD．the same meaning

2．In the passage，the word“express”means“________”.A．seeB．showC．knowD．feel

3．If you are _______ something，you may say，“It?s cool．”

A．interested inB．a(chǎn)ngry about

C．a(chǎn)fraid ofD．unhappy with

4．The writer takes an example to show he is ________ the way the word is used．

A．pleased withB．strange toC．worried aboutD．careful with

5．In the passage，the writer suggests（暗示）that the word “cool”________．

A．can be used instead of many wordsB．usually means something interesting

C．can make your life colourfulD．may not（可能不）be as cool as it seems

B

The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modem traffic and modern communication means(通訊設(shè)備).Life today is much easier than it was hundreds of years ago, but it has brought new problems.One of the biggest is pollution(污染).To pollute means to make things dirty.Pollution comes in many ways.We see it, smell it, drink it and even hear it.Man has been polluting the earth.The more people, the more pollution.Many years ago, the problem was not so serious because there were not so many people.When the land was used up（用完）or the river was dirty in one place, Man moved to another place.But this is no longer true.Man is now slowly polluting the whole world.Air pollution is still the most serious.It's bad for all living things in the world, but it is not the only one kind of pollution.Water pollution kills our fish and pollutes our drinking water.Noise pollution makes us angry more easily.Many countries are making rules(法規(guī))to fight pollution.They stop people from burning coal(煤)in houses and factories in the city, and from putting dirty smoke into the air.Pollution by SO2 is now the most dangerous kind of air pollution.It is caused(引起)by heavy traffic.It is sure that if there are fewer people driving, there will be less air pollution.The earth is our home.We must take care of it.That means keeping the land, water and air clean.And we must take care of the rise in population at the same time.1.Our world is becoming much smaller ___.A.because the earth is being polluted day and night.B.thanks to science development

C.because of the rise in population

D.because the earth is blown away by the wind every year

2.Thousands of years ago, life was ____ it is today.A.much easier thanB.as easy asC.as hard asD.much harder than

3.Pollution comes in many ways.We can even hear it.Here “it” means ____.A.water pollutionB.air pollutionC.noise pollutionD.rubbish(垃圾)

4.Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because ____.A.it's bad for all living things in the worldB.it makes much noise

C.it makes our rivers and lakes dirtyD.it makes us angry more easily

5.Which of the following is NOT true? ______

A.Many countries are making rules to fight pollution.B.The pollution of the earth grows as fast as the world's population does.C.If people could go to work by bus or bike instead of car or motorbike it would be helpful in fighting against the problem of SO2.D.The problem of pollution is not so serious because there are not so many people living on the earth.

第四篇：動(dòng)詞ing和第三人稱單數(shù)

牛津版小學(xué)六年級(jí)上期英語名詞復(fù)數(shù)和動(dòng)詞三單復(fù)習(xí)及練習(xí)

一、名詞復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則

1．一般情況下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2．以s.x.sh.ch結(jié)尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3．以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4．以“f或fe”結(jié)尾，變f或fe為v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5．不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children foot-feet,.tooth-teeth fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 練習(xí)：寫出下列各詞的復(fù)數(shù)。

I _________ him _________ this _______ her ______ watch _______ book_______ child _______ photo ________ diary ______ day________ foot________ dress ________ tooth_______ sheep ______ box_______ strawberry _____ thief _______yo-yo ______ peach______ sandwich ______ man______ woman_______ paper_______ people________ 二．動(dòng)詞三單的變化規(guī)則

1．一般情況下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks 2．以s.x.sh.ch.o結(jié)尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3．以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如：study-studies 練習(xí): 寫出下列動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)。

drink ________ go _______ stay ________ make ________ look _________ have_______ pass_______ carry ____ come________ watch______ plant_______ fly ________ study_______ brush________ teach_______

動(dòng)詞ing形式的用法及變化規(guī)則

一．動(dòng)詞ing形式的用法

1.正在進(jìn)行時(shí)中,謂語動(dòng)詞后加ing.如:I'm playing football.2.一些特殊表達(dá)..如: be good at doing sth enjoy doing sth.be busy doing

feel like doing

thank you for doing

do some cooking/cleaning/reading/shopping/washing

go swimming/fishing/shopping/skating/boating

二．動(dòng)詞二．動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞由動(dòng)詞原形在詞尾加

ing構(gòu)成，其規(guī)則如下：

1）一般情況下直接加ing think---thinking sleep---sleeping study---studying speak---speaking carry---carrying say---saying

2）以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的單詞，去掉字母e，再加ing

wake---waking make---making come---coming take---taking leave---leaving have---having

3）以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，呈現(xiàn)“輔，元，輔”結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞，先雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加ing。初中學(xué)過的這類詞有：begin，cut, get, hit, run, set, sit, spit, stop, swim, beg, drop, fit, nod, dig, forget, regret, rid, 等。(visit 不是以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，不用雙寫)travel雖然重讀第一音節(jié)，詞尾音節(jié)不重讀，但是現(xiàn)在分詞仍要雙寫末尾輔音字母，然后再加ing，如：travel---travelling.初中階段此類詞只有這一個(gè)。

4）以 y 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞 直接加 ing

carry—— carrying enjoy—— enjoying

5）以ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，把ie改為y，再加ing

die---dying lie---lying

要特別注意有些動(dòng)詞沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài).1、表示狀態(tài)、思想、感情和感覺的動(dòng)詞，如：see, hear, love, know, want, hope, think等，沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。

2、當(dāng)have/has作為“擁有”時(shí)，沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，但表示“開會(huì)，吃飯，玩得高興”等意思時(shí)，可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)。

I am having many books.（這是錯(cuò)誤的句子）

I am having a good time.（這才是正確的句子）

一.寫出下列動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式

work___________

visit__________

play__________

study__________

dance__________

have__________

travel__________

take__________

drop__________

sing __________

shop__________

swim__________ lie__________

二．選擇題練習(xí)

1.Who ______________ over there now?

A.singing

B.are sing

C.is singing

D.sing

2.It’s eight o’clock.The students _____ an English class.A.have

B.having

C.is having

D.are having 3.Listen!The baby _____ in the next room.A.crying

B.cried

C.is crying

D.cries 4.Look!The twins _____ new sweaters.A.are wearing

B.wearing

C.are wear

D.is wearing 5.Don’t talk here.Grandparents _____.A.is sleeping

B.are sleeping

C.sleeping

D.sleep

三.填空：

1.Miss Li _______(like)sleeping in the day.2.Listen!Who ________(talk)with your parents 3.The girl ________(not dance)on Wednesday.She dances on Friday.4.He wants ________(be)a teacher.5.Everyone _________(say)she is a good shop assistant.6.Can she _________(sing)in English 7.They like ________(read)under the tree.Look!They ________(sit)there to read.8.Let's ________(eat)lunch together(一起).9.Look!A cat ________(run)up the tree.10.It's 6:30.My brother ________(see)a movie.11.Sam ________(go)to school at 7:00 every day.12.Peggy is ________(clean)the bedroom now.She is a good girl.13.---Where ________ Mr.Green ________(live)---He ________ in London.14.---________ you ________(clean)your bedroom---No, I'm not.I'm cleaning the living room.15.---________ Nancy ________(talk)on the phone---No, she isn't.She ________(eat)lunch now.

第五篇：動(dòng)詞ing形式教案

動(dòng)詞的ing形式

1.-ing分詞的構(gòu)成

-ing分詞是由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。-ing分詞同樣有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化.-ing分詞的否定形式是由not 加-ing分詞構(gòu)成。如：

Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等著。

His not coming made all of us angry.他沒來使我們大家都很生氣。

2.-ing分詞的一般式和完成式：

-ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

Being a student, he was interested in books.作為一個(gè)學(xué)生，他對(duì)書本很感興趣。

3.-ing分詞的被動(dòng)式：

-ing分詞的被動(dòng)式表示它的邏輯主語是-ing分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。

The question being discussed is very important.正在被討論的問題很重要。

注意：在need, want, require, be worth等動(dòng)詞(短語)后，作賓語的-ing分詞常用主動(dòng)形式來表示被動(dòng)含義。如：

Your shoes need cleaning.= Your shoes need to be cleaned.你的鞋需要清洗一下了。

This book is well worth reading.這本書很值得一看。

4.-ing分詞的語法作用

-ing分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞或形容詞、副詞，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語等。

1)–ing分詞（短語）作主語：

Laying eggs is the ant queen??s full-time job.產(chǎn)卵是蟻后的專職工作。

Saying is easier than doing.說比做容易。

2)-ing分詞（短語）作表語：

His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是收集郵票。

The problem is quite puzzling.這個(gè)問題很令人困惑。

3)-ing分詞作賓語：

①–ing分詞作動(dòng)詞賓語。如：I suggest doing it in a different way.我建議用另一種方法做這件事。

We enjoy attending Miss Li??s class.我們喜歡聽李老師的課。

②-ing分詞作賓語也可用在復(fù)合賓語中作真正的賓語，而用it作形式賓語。如：

I don?t think it possible living in such a cold place.我認(rèn)為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。

Do you consider it any good trying again? 你覺得再試一次會(huì)有好處嗎？

③-ing分詞作介詞賓語，經(jīng)常用在一些短語的后面。如：

I??m against inviting him to dinner.我反對(duì)邀請(qǐng)他來吃飯。

They don?t feel like walking that much.他們不喜歡走那么多路。

He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter.他去了倫敦，希望能成為一個(gè)著名的畫家。

此類短語還有很多。如：look forward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以……自豪）, insist on（堅(jiān)持）, think of（考慮，想到）, dream of（夢(mèng)想）, hear of（聽說）, prevent…from（防止，阻止）, keep…from（防止，阻止）, stop…from（防止，阻止）, depend on（依靠，依賴）, thank…for（因……而道謝）, excuse…for（因……而道歉）, aim at（目的在于）, devote…to（獻(xiàn)身于）, set about（著手做）, be/get used to（習(xí)慣于）, be fond of（喜歡）, be afraid of（害怕）, be tired of（對(duì)……厭煩）, be interested in（對(duì)……感興趣）

注意：在有些句子中，介詞?？墒∪?。如：

I have no difficulty(in)talking with foreigners.我在和外國人交談方面沒有什么困難。

He used to spend a lot of time(in)playing games.過去他?；ê芏鄷r(shí)間玩游戲。

另外，-ing分詞可以和一些介詞如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等構(gòu)成短語，在句中作狀語。

He left ahead of time without saying a word.他一句話也沒說就提前離開了。

Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.除了做飯和縫紉以外，她還要照顧四個(gè)孩子。

4)-ing分詞作定語：

①單個(gè)的分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如：

reading room 閱覽室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐車 sleeping car 臥車 singing competition 歌詠比賽 waiting room 候車室 a waiting car 一輛等待著的車 a sleeping child一個(gè)酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飛魚 the exciting news令人振奮的消息 a boring speech令人乏味的演出

②-ing分詞短語作定語應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面，也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：

Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在門邊的同志是誰？ They lived in a house facing south.他們住在一所朝南的房子里。

5)-ing分詞做狀語：

①-ing分詞短語作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句，有時(shí)可由連詞when, while引出。如：

While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.他一邊看書，一邊不時(shí)地點(diǎn)頭。

Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.看到那些畫，他想起了她的童年。

②-ing分詞短語作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。如：

Not knowing his address, I can?t send this book to him.因?yàn)椴恢浪牡刂?，我不能把這本書送給他。

Many of us, being so excited, couldn?t go to sleep that night.因?yàn)榉浅＜?dòng)，那晚我們?cè)S多人都沒睡著。

③–ing分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語。如：

His father died, leaving him a lot of money.他父親死了，留給他許多錢。

④-ing分詞作伴隨狀語，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間，表示主語的另一個(gè)、較次要的動(dòng)作。如：

They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.他們?cè)谀莾赫玖税胄r(shí)，觀察著天上的星星。

Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.年輕人跟在老人的后面開始慢慢地走起來。

⑤-ing分詞間或也可作條件狀語和讓步狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句。如：

A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.一個(gè)人如站在大山的腳下會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很渺小。

Knowing all this, they made me pay for the books.盡管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我把書買下。

注：-ing分詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語就是整個(gè)句子的主語。

⑥“with/without+名詞普通格或代詞賓格+-ing分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語，表示伴隨情況或時(shí)間、原因等。如：

His hair became grey with the years passing.隨著時(shí)間的推移，他的頭發(fā)變花白了。

Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.沒人注意，他從窗戶溜了出去。

6)-ing分詞作補(bǔ)語：

①--ing分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等動(dòng)詞后面和一個(gè)名詞或代詞構(gòu)成一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語，作賓語補(bǔ)語。如：

I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.我下車的時(shí)候注意到一個(gè)男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行里跑出來。

Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一個(gè)小孩在偷東西。

②上面這類句子也可變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，這時(shí)，-ing分詞可看成是主語補(bǔ)語。如：

We were kept waiting for quite a long time.讓我們等了好長時(shí)間。

Jily was never heard singing that song again.人們?cè)僖矝]有聽到吉麗唱這首歌了。

5.-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：

-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)通常由物主代詞、人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或者名詞的普通格+-ing分詞構(gòu)成，在句子開頭時(shí)必須用物主代詞和名詞所有格，通常在句中作主語和賓語。如：

His coming made us very happy.他的到來使我們大家都很高。

He was awakened by someone?s knocking at the door.他被某人的敲門聲吵醒了。

1.–ing分詞作主語和表語時(shí)與不定式的區(qū)別：

-ing分詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作主語和表語的主要區(qū)別在于：在表示比較抽象的一般的多次性行為時(shí)多用-ing分詞；在表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式。如：

Smoking is forbidden here.（泛指吸煙）這里禁止吸煙。

It?s not good for you to smoke so much.（指你吸煙）吸這么多煙對(duì)你的身體不好。

My job is teaching.我的工作是教書。

My job is to teach you English this term.我這一學(xué)期的工作是教你們英語。

2.能接-ing分詞作賓語的常見動(dòng)詞：

mind（介意）, enjoy（欣賞，）, finish（完成）, keep（保持）, miss（錯(cuò)過）, 等。

3.有些動(dòng)詞既能接不定式，又能接-ing分詞，含義有所不同。如：

①forget, remember, regret等詞后面接不定式表示不定式動(dòng)作后于謂語動(dòng)作，而后接-ing分詞作賓語表示分詞動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)作。如：

Do you remember seeing me before? 你記得以前見過我嗎？

Remember to lock the door when you leave.離開時(shí)要記得鎖門。

②動(dòng)詞mean, stop, try, go on等動(dòng)詞后面接分詞和接不定式作賓語，意思也有所不同。如：

I try not to think about that.我盡量不去想那件事。

Would you please try doing that again? 請(qǐng)你再試一次好嗎？

He stopped talking when the bell rang.鈴響的時(shí)候，他停止了講話。While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times.工作的時(shí)候，他不時(shí)地停下來和湯姆談話。

注意：有時(shí)人們把stop后的動(dòng)詞不定式理解為目的狀語。

③動(dòng)詞allow, advise等可直接跟-ing分詞作賓語，不可以接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語，但可接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語。如：

Please allow me to say a few words.請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我說幾句話。

We don?t allow smoking here.我們這兒不允許吸煙。

④動(dòng)詞need, require, want作“需要”解時(shí)，后面接-ing分詞或不定式的被動(dòng)式。如：

The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned.這個(gè)房間需要打掃。

These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.這些小孩需要細(xì)心地照料。

⑤動(dòng)詞like, hate, prefer等后面，如表示一般性動(dòng)作，多用-ing分詞；如指特定的具體的某次動(dòng)作，多用不定式。

I like swimming, but I don?t like to swim with you.我喜歡游泳，但我不喜歡和你一起游泳。

I prefer walking to school every day.我情愿每天步行去學(xué)校。

I prefer to stay at home today.今天我情愿呆在家里。

V-ing形式的用法和意義

V-ing形式包括動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）1.動(dòng)名詞

動(dòng)名詞是指具有名詞性質(zhì)，可以在句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語。但不能單獨(dú)做謂語的v-ing形式； 1)動(dòng)名詞作主語的用法：

動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)，往往表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，在口語中也可以表示具體的動(dòng)作。e.g.Painting is his hobby.(繪畫是他的愛好。)注意：①動(dòng)名詞作主語和不定式作主語一樣，也可以用it作形式主語。e.g.It is no use talking without doing.(光說不做沒有用。)②不定式作主語往往表示具體的特別是將來的動(dòng)作；

e.g.It?s so hot, what I want to do now is to have a swim in a river.(天這么熱，現(xiàn)在我想做的事就是在河里游泳。)2)動(dòng)名詞作賓語的用法：

(1)有些動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞后常用動(dòng)名詞作賓語；

e.g.advise, advise, admit, appreciate, avoid, can?t help, consider, delay, excuse, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep(on), mind, practice, suggest, understand, miss, give up, insist on, think of, dream of, hear of, depend on, feel like, devote…to…, get used to, can?t stand, prevent / stop / keep…from…, look forward to, have difficulty in, be fond of…, be proud of, object to, set about, thank for, put off , stick to, suggest, think of, dream of, hear of, depend on, get used to, prevent / stop / keep…from ,have difficulty in, be fond of, be proud of, object to, set about, thank for等。

(2)在allow, advise, forbid, permit后直接跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，如有名詞或代詞作賓語，則構(gòu)成“～名詞/代詞+to do sth.(賓補(bǔ))”形式。

e.g.We don’t allow smoking here.(我們這兒不允許吸煙。)We don?t allow anybody to smoking here.(我們這兒不允許任何人吸煙。)(3)動(dòng)詞need, regret want意為“需要”時(shí)，后跟動(dòng)名詞得到主動(dòng)式(表示被動(dòng)的含義，)或不定式的被動(dòng)式作賓語，意義沒有區(qū)別；

e.g.The window needs / requires / wants cleaning.= The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned.(4)下列動(dòng)詞可用動(dòng)名詞，也可用不定式作賓語，意義區(qū)別不大：

begin, continue, like, love, prefer, start, hate等。(5)下列動(dòng)詞可用動(dòng)名詞，也可用不定式作賓語，意義有明顯的區(qū)別：

to do sth.：忘記去做某事(未做)①forget

doing sth.：忘記做過某事(已做)

to do sth.：記著去做某事（未做）②remember

doing sth.：記著做了某事（已做）

to do sth.：對(duì)即將做的事表示遺憾 ③regret

doing sth.：對(duì)做過的事表示遺憾 e.g.I regret to tell you that his father died.(很抱歉告訴你他父親過世了。)

I regret having done such a thing.(很后悔做了這樣的事。)

to do sth.：停下做另一件事（狀語）④stop

doing sth.：停止正在做的事情（賓語）

to do sth.：盡力去做某事

⑤try

doing sth.：試著做某事

to do sth.：打算要做某事

⑥mean

doing sth.：意味著，意思是，就是 e.g.Accepting the job means living abroad.(接受這項(xiàng)工作就意味著在國外居住。)

I didn?t mean to start an argument.(我不想和你吵。)

to do sth.：做完一件，繼續(xù)另一件事 ⑦go on

doing sth.：繼續(xù)原來做的那件事

e.g.Go on reading Lesson 3.Go on to read Lesson 3.⑧be used to

doing sth.習(xí)慣于做某事

to do sth.被用來作某事

e.g.He id used to getting up early.Wood is used to make paper.⑨can’t help doing sth.禁不住做某事

to do sth.不能幫助做某事

e.g.After hearing the story, we couldn?t help laughing.I?m sorry that I can?t help you to finish the task.3)動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：

(1)形容詞性的形容詞性的物主代詞 + 動(dòng)名詞

e.g.his coming(2)名詞’s + 動(dòng)名詞

e.g.Tom’s arriving(3)代詞的賓格 + 動(dòng)名詞

e.g.him finishing(4)名詞 + 動(dòng)名詞

e.g.Tom coming 4)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)

在時(shí)態(tài)上，動(dòng)名詞有一般時(shí)(doing)和完成時(shí)(having dong)兩種形式。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生地時(shí)間不明確或與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，或發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后，用動(dòng)名詞的一般式；當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前時(shí)，常用動(dòng)名詞的完成式。

e.g.I enjoy playing football.(playing 的時(shí)間不明確)

He’s been used to going to bed late.(①和②兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)

①

②

He is looking forward to seeing you soon.(②在①之后)①

②

I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.(②在①之前)

①

② 5)動(dòng)名詞的語態(tài)

在語態(tài)上，動(dòng)名詞有主動(dòng)式(doing, having done)和被動(dòng)式(being done, having been done).e.g.He insisted on sending her to hospital.He insisted on being sent to work in the countryside.2.現(xiàn)在分詞

由于V-ing形式的用法比較復(fù)雜，故在此只是對(duì)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語做一總結(jié)，(其與動(dòng)名詞的異同見3.)因此在這要特別注意現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作和主句謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系：

在時(shí)態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)兩種形式。當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與主句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式；當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的的動(dòng)作之前，則用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式；

e.g.Walking in the park, she saw an old friend.(當(dāng)她在公園散步時(shí)，他看到了一個(gè)老朋友。)

Having lived in the city for many years, I know it well.(因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)城市住了多年，所以我對(duì)它非常了解。)

在語態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞有主動(dòng)式(doing, having done)和被動(dòng)式(being done, having been done)兩種形式。一般式表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或與主句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行；完成式表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作在主句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成了；

e.g.When being asked why he was late, he made no answer.(當(dāng)被問及為什么遲到的時(shí)候，他沒有回答。)

Having been rebuilt this way, these temples look even more beautiful.(這些寺廟經(jīng)過這樣重建以后，更加美麗了。)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語

現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）作狀語時(shí)，分詞的邏輯主語必須是主句的主語，分詞必須和主句的主語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。

現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）可以在句中作狀語來修飾謂語動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子，用來表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、讓步和伴隨狀況。其句型是：“現(xiàn)在分詞（短語），主語 + 謂語 + 其他成分”

e.g.Standing on the top of the mountain, I could see the whole city.(站在山頂上，我能看見整個(gè)城市。)1)現(xiàn)在分詞作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句；

Not knowing her telephone, we couldn?t get in touch with her.2)現(xiàn)在分詞作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于when, while所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句；

(1)當(dāng)分詞的動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，主句的動(dòng)作隨之也發(fā)生時(shí)，可用分詞作狀語，放在主句前面，譯作“當(dāng)?的時(shí)候”，此時(shí)它可以置換成“on + 動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，這種用法的動(dòng)詞都是瞬間動(dòng)詞，如：look, hear, see, return, open, leave, close等；

e.g.Hearing the news, they couldn?t help jumping.= On hearing the news, they couldn?t help jumping.(2)當(dāng)分詞的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行時(shí)，主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生了，此時(shí)可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，譯作“當(dāng)?的時(shí)候”，但它的前面一般加“when / while”。

e.g.When leaving the station, he waved again and again to me.(離開車站時(shí)，他向我頻頻揮手。)(3)當(dāng)分詞的動(dòng)作完成以后，主句的動(dòng)作才發(fā)生，用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)作狀語，譯作“在?之后”，此時(shí)可以置換為“after + 動(dòng)名詞”。

3)現(xiàn)在分詞作方式狀語或伴隨狀語，說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生地背景或情況；

當(dāng)分詞的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，它可以轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句。

e.g.We explored the cave, Black acting as a guide.= We explored the cave, and Black acted as a guide.4)現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語，通常放在句末，中間用逗號(hào)隔開，表示一種自然的結(jié)果

e.g.The snow lasted a week, resulting in serious traffic confusion in the whole city.(雪下了一星期，造成整個(gè)城市交通癱瘓。)5)現(xiàn)在分詞作讓步狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語從句，有時(shí)分詞前可帶有連詞although, whether, even if, even though等；

e.g.Admitting what she said, I still think that she hasn?t tried her best.(盡管承認(rèn)她所說的話，但我仍然認(rèn)為她沒有盡最大努力。)6)現(xiàn)在分詞作條件狀語，分詞短語有時(shí)表示一種假設(shè)的條件情況，相相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句。在這種情況下，有時(shí)在分詞前面加上if, unless使條件更明顯；

e.g.Working hard, you?ll succeed.= If you work hard, you?ll succeed.3.動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的異同點(diǎn) 1)V-ing形式作表語

(1)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作表語的區(qū)別：

①動(dòng)名詞作表語一般表示抽象性的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，主語和表語的位置可以互換；

e.g.Her job is teaching.②現(xiàn)在分詞作表語說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征，主語和表語不能交換位置；

e.g.He is washing the dishes.(2)表語是動(dòng)名詞或現(xiàn)在分詞的判斷方法：

①倒置法：即將句子中的主語和表語位置互換，謂語動(dòng)詞不動(dòng)，若新組成的句子與原句的意思相符，則句中的V-ing形式就是動(dòng)名詞，否則為現(xiàn)在分詞；

e.g.Her job is teaching English.(動(dòng)名詞)

Her job is interesting.(現(xiàn)在分詞)②加入法：在表語前加上副詞very，so, 或more, most等，句子意思通順、明確，則句中的V-ing形式為現(xiàn)在分詞，否則為動(dòng)名詞；

e.g.My job is(very)interesting.(現(xiàn)在分詞)

My job is(so)teaching English.(動(dòng)名詞)同時(shí)，還可以在表語后加個(gè)能作賓語的名詞，若句子正確則V-ing為動(dòng)名詞，否則為現(xiàn)在分詞； e.g.My job is interesting(you).(×)(現(xiàn)在分詞)

My job is teaching(you)English.(√)(動(dòng)名詞)③提問法：能用how對(duì)表語提問的是現(xiàn)在分詞，反之為動(dòng)名詞；能用what對(duì)表語提問的是動(dòng)名詞，反之為現(xiàn)在分詞；

e.g.My job is interesting.How is your job?(現(xiàn)在分詞)

My job is teaching English.What is your job?(動(dòng)名詞)2)V-ing形式作定語

單個(gè)的V-ing形式作定語時(shí)，一般放在被修飾詞的前面，而V-ing短語(一般為現(xiàn)在分詞短語)作定語時(shí)，一般放在被修飾詞之后，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句； e.g.a waiting room

a dancing girl The man talking in my headmaster is my father.動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的區(qū)別：

(1)現(xiàn)在分詞(短語)作定語與它所修飾的名詞之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示該動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行。即：將被修飾的名詞作主語，用be連接V-ing形式，邏輯上行得通，v-ing形式就為現(xiàn)在分詞，否則為動(dòng)名詞。

e.g.a sleeping boy = a boy is sleeping(現(xiàn)在分詞)

a dinning room ≠ a room is dinning(動(dòng)名詞)(2)動(dòng)名詞作定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途，它們之間不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。即：我們也可以把be換成for來判斷。

e.g.a barking dog ≠ a dog for barking(現(xiàn)在分詞)

a sleeping car = a car is sleeping(動(dòng)名詞)3)V-ing形式(一般為現(xiàn)在分詞短語)作賓語補(bǔ)足語

在感管動(dòng)詞(see, find, notice, watch等)后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語，這時(shí)V-ing形式和句子的賓語之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，并且V-ing形式表示賓語正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

e.g.They saw the boys playing on the playground.