第一篇:寫(xiě)小論文摘要的典型語(yǔ)句講解
摘要的典型語(yǔ)句
一.介紹文章作者的觀點(diǎn)和研討課題內(nèi)容的常用語(yǔ)句 Ⅰ.文章內(nèi)容與作者觀點(diǎn)的常用語(yǔ)句。
常用詞有:deal with, describe, explain, illustrate, introduce, present, report 等。1.The physical and chemical properties of the crystal are dealt with.論及了此晶體的物理、化學(xué)性質(zhì)。
2.Performance goals and measuring methods are briefly described.簡(jiǎn)述了性能目標(biāo)與測(cè)量方法。
3.The applications of this technique to nuclear detection are illustrated.說(shuō)明了這種技術(shù)對(duì)核探測(cè)的應(yīng)用。
4.Research and development tools are introduced immediately.立即引入了研究與開(kāi)發(fā)的工具。
5.The basic concepts and data collected are presented.給出了基本概念與收集的數(shù)據(jù)。
Ⅱ.文章研究課題的常用語(yǔ)句
常用詞有:analyze, consider, develop, discuss, investigate, state, study等.6.The main experimental problems are also analyzed with such ultra-low-frequency measurements.用這種超低頻測(cè)量,也分析了主要的實(shí)驗(yàn)問(wèn)題。
7.The phenomena associated with breakdown phase are considered as initial conditions.與破損階段有關(guān)的現(xiàn)象被認(rèn)為是初始條件。
8.A lumped parameter for concrete-structure interaction is developed.導(dǎo)出了混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)相互作用的集總參數(shù)。
9.Some applications of the two-phase flow in reactors are briefly discussed.簡(jiǎn)要地討論了反應(yīng)堆里兩相流的一些應(yīng)用。10.A particular system is investigated numerically.對(duì)一特定系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了數(shù)值性研究。
11.The relationship between mass and energy in nature is stated briefly.簡(jiǎn)述了自然界中質(zhì)量與能量的關(guān)系。
12.The continuity of this function is studied under a certain boundary condition.研究了這個(gè)函數(shù)在某一邊界條件下的連續(xù)性。
Ⅲ.文章涉及范圍的語(yǔ)句
常用詞有:consist of, contain, cover, include 等。
13.This article consists of four parts: introduction, theory, experimental method, and conclusion.本文由引言、理論、實(shí)驗(yàn)方法與結(jié)論四部分組成。
14.The configuration, structural design and results of a parametric structural optimization analysis are contained.本文包含一種參數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化分析的構(gòu)成、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)果。
15.The cited reports cover research on the use of tracers to study lower atmospheric air pollution movements.所引用的報(bào)告包括用示蹤元素研究大氣底層污染移動(dòng)的研究。
16.Asphaltic products and specifications are covered in the scope of the research.本研究的范圍涉及瀝青產(chǎn)品和規(guī)格。
17.So many elements such as Fe, Au, Ag, Al, Cu, etc, are included in this project.此項(xiàng)目中包括了像Fe、Au Ag、Al、Cu 等許多元素。11.Coal properties, boiler operation, dust collector operation, and sidestream system are included in the subject.此課題中包括煤的性質(zhì)、鍋爐的運(yùn)行、煤灰塵收集器操作和邊流系統(tǒng)。
Ⅳ.綜述與概括對(duì)某一個(gè)領(lǐng)域的研究課題的常用語(yǔ)句。常用詞有:abstract, outline, review, summary等。
19.All the operating procedures, such as general procedures(GP), abnormal operating procedures(AOP), emergency operating procedures(EOP), are abstracted.所有的運(yùn)行規(guī)程如總規(guī)程(GP)、異常運(yùn)行規(guī)程(EOP)、應(yīng)急運(yùn)行規(guī)程(EOP)都撰寫(xiě)了摘要。
20.The experimental technique for the measurement of these properties is outlined only.對(duì)測(cè)量這些特性的實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)僅作概要敘述。
21.The development of the computer aided design(CAD)in mechanical engineering is reviewed.評(píng)述了在機(jī)械工程中計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)的發(fā)展過(guò)程。22.The theory based on materials science is summarized briefly.簡(jiǎn)要概述了基于材料科學(xué)的理論。
23.The design planning to be used is summarized in detail.詳細(xì)地總結(jié)了要采用的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則。
Ⅴ.文章重點(diǎn)的常用語(yǔ)句
常用詞有:be, concentrate, focus, give, pay等;
常用句型:attention is concentrated on, there is a focus on, attention is paid to, the emphasis is on 等。
24.Attention is concentrated on grasping the quantum theory.重點(diǎn)是在掌握量子理論上。
25.Attention is concentrated on extending the lead time to 24 hours.重點(diǎn)是把超前時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)到24h。
26.There is a focus on energy-saving everywhere now.現(xiàn)在到處都重視節(jié)能。
27.The research is focused on collisions between neutrons and uranium nuclei.本文集中研究中子與鈾原子核的碰撞。
28.Attention is being paid to management of environmental effluents and disposal of hazardous wastes.現(xiàn)在都重視對(duì)環(huán)境污水的管理和對(duì)有害廢物的處理。
29.More attention is paid to the evaluation of the economic current density in the conductors.很重視對(duì)導(dǎo)體中的經(jīng)濟(jì)電流密度的評(píng)估。
30.Particular attention is given to the start-up procedure of nuclear reactor operations.特別重視核反應(yīng)堆運(yùn)行的啟動(dòng)規(guī)程。
31.The greatest emphasis is on the peaceful utilization of nuclear energy.極其重視核能的和平利用。
32.The emphasis is also placed on the implications of attitudes taken toward nuclear power.重點(diǎn)還在于對(duì)核電所采取的態(tài)度。
Ⅵ.文章目的常用語(yǔ)句。
常用詞有:aim, objective, purpose, seek 等。
另外,經(jīng)常要用動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ),或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的目的狀語(yǔ)等。
33.The aim of this research is to carry out the critical experiment and obtain important critical parameters on the zero power reactor.此研究的目的是在零功率反應(yīng)堆上進(jìn)行臨界實(shí)驗(yàn),并獲得重要的臨界參數(shù)。34.The main objective of this study is to determine the nuclear properties of graphite as reactor moderators.本研究的主要目標(biāo)是要確定反應(yīng)堆減速劑石墨的核特性。35.An answer to this question is sought for many investigators.許多研究者在尋求這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案。
36.This paper seeks to justify the remedial measures in terms of the final safety analysis report(FSAR).本文追求的目標(biāo)是從最終安全分析報(bào)告的角度來(lái)論證這些補(bǔ)救措施的正確性。37.To provide health planner with useful information about systematical changes is sought in this research.這項(xiàng)研究試圖為保健規(guī)劃人員就體系上的變化提供有用的信息。
38.The purpose for this study is to show that the method mentioned before is promising.本研究的目的就是要表明先前提到的方法有前途。
39.The purpose of this research is to obtain the heavy concrete of much higher stability.本項(xiàng)研究的目的是要獲得具有很高穩(wěn)定性的重混凝土。
二.介紹文章成果的的語(yǔ)句 Ⅰ.成果的獲取和開(kāi)發(fā)等常用語(yǔ)句.常用詞有:achieve, construct, derive, design, develop, establish, give, improve, obtain, produce, provide, realize, record, reduce, solve 等。
40.The normal operating pressure value can also be achieved in the summer.正常工作壓力值在夏季也能達(dá)到。
41.A dissolution diagram was constructed which can be used in heat treatment.繪制了用于熱處理的溶解圖。
42.The special equations are derived based on the quantum theory.基于量子理論,推導(dǎo)了這些特殊的方程式。
43.The system is designed to be used for transferring the heat produced from the reactor core.此系統(tǒng)要設(shè)計(jì)成能傳輸出從反應(yīng)堆堆芯產(chǎn)生的熱量。44.Two methods of the boiler design are developed.開(kāi)發(fā)了鍋爐設(shè)計(jì)的兩種方法。
45.A simulation model is established on a full scope simulator.在全范圍模擬機(jī)上建立了一種仿真模型。
46.The four-factor formula obtained in the stastic reactor physics is given for critical calculation.給出了臨界計(jì)算所要求的,得自靜態(tài)反應(yīng)堆物理的四因子公式。47.The steam generator design has been greatly improved.蒸汽發(fā)生器設(shè)計(jì)已得到了很大地改進(jìn)。
48.Good agreement with the corresponding results from the reactor dynamics is obtained.得到了與相應(yīng)反應(yīng)堆動(dòng)力學(xué)很一致的結(jié)果。
49.Highly enriched uranium can be produced in China now.中國(guó)現(xiàn)今能生產(chǎn)高富集鈾。
50.This paper provides an ideal source of radiation for an optical communication system.本文為光通信系統(tǒng)提供了一種理想的輻射源。
51.The start-up procedure is provided for the nuclear power plant.為此核電廠(chǎng)提供了啟動(dòng)規(guī)程。
52.Fatigue endurance enhancement is realized by using a thin layer of nitrile rubber.借助于一薄層腈橡膠,實(shí)現(xiàn)了抗疲勞性能的增強(qiáng)。53.Effects of the small tube rupture on the pressure of the reactor coolant system are recorded.記錄了小管破對(duì)反應(yīng)堆冷卻劑系統(tǒng)的壓力的影響。
54.Switching time of the new type transistor will be reduced three times.這種新晶體管的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間將縮短三分之二。
55.The problem of steady-state rotation of a cylindrical dielectric rotor with a metal core with a weakly conducing liquid in an electric field is solved.裝有金屬芯的圓柱形不導(dǎo)電轉(zhuǎn)子在電場(chǎng)的弱傳導(dǎo)液體中的穩(wěn)態(tài)旋轉(zhuǎn)問(wèn)題得到了解決。
Ⅱ.觀察和指示的常用語(yǔ)句
常用詞有:demonstrate, exhibit, find, indicate, observe, point out, show 等。56.Effects of improper mining procedures on bump occurrence were demonstrated.例證了不適當(dāng)?shù)牟删虺绦驅(qū)γ绊敯l(fā)生的影響。
57.All the salts studied, except NaCl, exhibit good catalytic activity.所研究的所有鹽類(lèi),除氯化鈉外,都有很好的催化作用。58.No evidence for any phase transition is found.沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何相位躍遷的證據(jù)。
59.Application fields for these types of nuclear reactions are indicated.指出了這幾種核反應(yīng)的使用領(lǐng)域。
60.An application to the study of muscles mechanics is also indicated.也指出了在肌肉力學(xué)研究方面的一種應(yīng)用。
61.A relationship between the apparent viscosity and particle coupling ratio Rn is observed, 觀察了視黏度與顆粒耦合比Rn之間的關(guān)系。62.The importance of the ratio of water to uranium is pointed out in reactor physical design.指出了水鈾比在反應(yīng)堆物理設(shè)計(jì)中的重要性。
63.A great improvement in sensitivity and reproductivity is showed in the results by using this method.這些結(jié)果表明,使用此方法能使靈敏度和再現(xiàn)性有很大的改善。
Ⅲ.運(yùn)算和計(jì)量的常用語(yǔ)句
常用詞有:calculate, determine, estimate, measure 等。64.The probability of activation per unit time is calculated.計(jì)算了單位時(shí)間的激活概率。
65.The earth-moon distance can be determined to an accuracy of ± 15cm by using this technique.用這種技術(shù)測(cè)得的地球—月亮間距離準(zhǔn)確度可達(dá)±15 cm。66.The deviation in each method is carefully estimated.仔細(xì)地估計(jì)了每種方法的誤差。
67.The model parameters are estimated by using a recursive extended least square method, 用遞歸擴(kuò)展最小乘法估算了模型參數(shù)。
68.Neutron flux distributions in the reactor core were measured.測(cè)量了反應(yīng)堆堆芯里的中子通量分布。
Ⅳ.應(yīng)用與用途的常用語(yǔ)句 常用詞有:apply, use等。
69.The developed technique was applied to ambient air and automobile exhaust analysis.將研究所得的技術(shù)應(yīng)用于環(huán)境空氣和汽車(chē)廢氣的分析。
70.The system was applied to the analysis of a series of practical coal mine problems.應(yīng)用此系統(tǒng)于一系列煤礦實(shí)際問(wèn)題的分析。
71.These facilities are used to measure neutron flux distributions in the reactor core.這些設(shè)施被用來(lái)為若干項(xiàng)目研制計(jì)算機(jī)硬件。
72.This method is used to measure neutron flux distributions in the reactor core, 這種方法被用來(lái)測(cè)量反應(yīng)堆堆芯的中子通量分布。
Ⅴ.評(píng)估與比較的常用語(yǔ)句
常用詞有:agree with, assess, compare, evaluate 等。
73.The calculated results agree with experimental results with regard to the effects of machine stiffness on stress amplitude.就機(jī)械鋼度對(duì)應(yīng)力幅度的影響而言,計(jì)算結(jié)果與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致。74.The calculated mobilities agree well with the experimental analysis.所計(jì)算的機(jī)動(dòng)性與實(shí)驗(yàn)分析符合得很好。
75.The role of heterogeneous reactions and processes in the troposphere was strictly assessed.嚴(yán)格地評(píng)審了對(duì)流層中的異性反應(yīng)與過(guò)程的作用。
76.Two portable microcomputers are compared by using six basic programs.使用了六個(gè)基本程序?qū)煞N便攜式微機(jī)進(jìn)行了
77.These data are compared with those from the published experiments.將這些數(shù)據(jù)與已發(fā)表的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行了比較。78.Various rate and energy parameters were evaluated.估算了各種速率和能量參數(shù)。Ⅵ.實(shí)驗(yàn)與試驗(yàn)的常用語(yǔ)句
常用詞有:experiment, test 等。
79.The ascend rocket in the upper half of the Lunar Module was tested hundreds of times.登月艇上半截的上升火箭,試驗(yàn)過(guò)幾百次了。
80.The tests were carried out on a unit including the investigated horizontal reactor.試驗(yàn)是在一臺(tái)包括這里所研討的水平反應(yīng)器的裝置上進(jìn)行的。
Ⅶ.論證與依據(jù)的常用語(yǔ)句
常用詞組有:base on, be based on, take as reference 等。81.Methods of analysis are based on Maxwell equations.分析的方法是依據(jù)麥克斯韋方程式。
82.The remedial measures can be adopted, based on the probabilistic safety analysis(PSA).根據(jù)概率安全分析,這些補(bǔ)救措施能被采用。
83.The interactions between the basic particles are studied, based on the quantum mechanics.根據(jù)量子力學(xué),研究了基本粒子間的相互作用。
84.A simplified diagram of the reactor vessel and internals is taken as reference.將反應(yīng)堆容器與內(nèi)部構(gòu)件的簡(jiǎn)化圖作為參考。
Ⅷ.推薦與建議的常用語(yǔ)句。
常用詞有:propose, recommend, suggest等。85.A modular tooling system is proposed.提出了一種模塊化加工系統(tǒng)。
86.A formula of calculating the critical mass in reactors is recommended for checking the two-group theory.介紹了一個(gè)計(jì)算反應(yīng)堆臨界質(zhì)量的公式,用來(lái)校驗(yàn)雙群理論。
87.An alternative theory is suggested for the generation and migration of petroleum.提出了石油生成和遷移的另一種理論。
88.Suggestions are made for further study of the frequency spectrum analysis.就頻譜分析的進(jìn)一步研究提出了建議。
Ⅸ.結(jié)論的常用語(yǔ)句
常用詞有:arrive at, conclude等。
89.The basic aim of engineering studies is to arrive at an optimum design.工程研究的根本目的是要達(dá)到最優(yōu)設(shè)計(jì)。
90.By studying the seismic patterns, Latham concluded that the moon, like the earth, is a multi-layered body with a crust and an interior core.萊瑟姆通過(guò)對(duì)地震方式的研究得出結(jié)論:月球和地球一樣,是個(gè)有一層硬殼和一個(gè)內(nèi)芯的多層體。
三.介紹進(jìn)一步研究的必要性的語(yǔ)句。
常用詞有:desirable, expect, important, necessary, necessity, need, require等。91.The development of tools to support the engineer is desirable during establishing such a simulation model.工程師在建立這一仿真模型時(shí),開(kāi)發(fā)一些工具是必要的。
92.It is expected that the Technical Specifications will really be one of the most important operational documents in nuclear power plants.期望技術(shù)規(guī)格書(shū)將真正成為核電廠(chǎng)最重要的運(yùn)行文件之一。
93.It is important that the experimental results should be checked again and again.再三核對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果是重要的。
94.It is important to combine theory with practice.理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際是重要的。
95.It is necessary to carefully compare the experimental results with the theoretic value.仔細(xì)用理論值與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較是需要的。
96.There is no necessity for the experimental results to be checked again.沒(méi)有再校對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的必要
97.This technical specification needs to be explained soon.這條技術(shù)規(guī)范需要盡快解釋。98.The machine needs repairing.這臺(tái)機(jī)器需要修理。
99.The operational knowledge and ability are required for an engineer working in a nuclear power plant.運(yùn)行的知識(shí)與能力對(duì)核電廠(chǎng)工作的工程師是需要的。
100.A different set of ingredients are required for going from “invention” to “product”.從“發(fā)明”過(guò)渡到“產(chǎn)品”有另外一套要求。
第二篇:科技論文英文摘要的典型語(yǔ)句練習(xí)
摘要的典型語(yǔ)句練習(xí)
一、介紹作者的觀點(diǎn)和研討課題內(nèi)容的語(yǔ)句
1.文章內(nèi)容與作者觀點(diǎn)的常用語(yǔ)句
(1).論及了此晶體的物理、化學(xué)性質(zhì)
Physical and chemical properties of this crystal is reported.(2).簡(jiǎn)述了性能目標(biāo)與測(cè)量方法
The performance goals and its measuring methods are briefly described.(3).臨界實(shí)驗(yàn)解釋了由中子引起鈾核的鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)
The chain reaction caused by the uranium nuclei is explained in the critical experiment.(4).說(shuō)明了這種技術(shù)對(duì)核探測(cè)的應(yīng)用
The application of this technique to nuclear detection is described.(5).立即引入了研究與開(kāi)發(fā)的工具
Research and development tools are induced immediately.(6).給出了基本概念與收集的數(shù)據(jù)
Basic ideas and data collected are given.2.文章研究課題的常用語(yǔ)句
(1).用這種超低頻測(cè)量分析了主要的實(shí)驗(yàn)問(wèn)題
The main experimental problems are analyzed with the ultra-low-frequency measurements.(2).與破損階段有關(guān)的現(xiàn)象被認(rèn)為是初始條件 Phenomena associated with the breakdown phase is regarded as the initial conditions.(3).導(dǎo)出了混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)相互作用的集總參數(shù)
Lumped parameter of the concrete-structure interaction is derived
(4).簡(jiǎn)要的討論了反應(yīng)堆里兩相流的一些應(yīng)用 Applications of the two-phase flow in the reactor is briefly discussed.(5).對(duì)一特定系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了數(shù)值性研究
A particular system is investigated numerically.(6).簡(jiǎn)述了自然界中質(zhì)量與能量之間的關(guān)系
Relationship between mass and energy in nature is briefly described.(7).研究了這個(gè)函數(shù)在某一邊界條件下的連續(xù)性
The function continuity under a certain boundary is studied.3.文章涉及范圍的語(yǔ)句
(1).本文由引言、理論、實(shí)驗(yàn)方法與結(jié)論四部分組成This paper consists of 4 parts: introduction, theory experimental method and conclusion.(2).本文包含一種參數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化分析的構(gòu)成、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)果
The paper includes the configuration as well as the structural design and the results of parameter structural optimization analysis.(3).本文包括了反應(yīng)堆堆芯里約200個(gè)帶燃料棒的組建的測(cè)試結(jié)果
This paper covers the testing results of about 200 assemblies of fuel and control rods in the reactor core.(4).所引用的報(bào)告包括示蹤元素研究大氣層污染移動(dòng)的研究
The cited reports cover the research on the lower atmospheric air pollution movements by using the tracers elements.(5).本研究的范圍涉及瀝青產(chǎn)品和規(guī)格
The research concerns the asphaltic products and their specifications.(6).此項(xiàng)目包括了像Fe、Au、Ag、Al、Cu等許多元素
Many elements are involved in this program such as Fe, Au, Ag, Cu and so on.(7).此課題包括了煤的性質(zhì)、鍋爐的運(yùn)行、煤灰塵收集器操作和邊流系統(tǒng)
The topic covers the coal properties, boiler operation, dust collector operation and the sidestream system.4.綜述于概括對(duì)某一個(gè)領(lǐng)域的研究課題常用語(yǔ)句
(1).所有的運(yùn)行規(guī)程如總規(guī)程(GP)、異常運(yùn)行規(guī)程(AOP)、應(yīng)急運(yùn)行規(guī)程(EOP)都撰寫(xiě)了摘要
All the operating procedures are abstracted such as the general procedures(GP), abnormal operating procedures(AOP), emergency operating procedures(EOP).(2).對(duì)測(cè)量這些特性的實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)僅作概要敘述
The experimental technique is outlined for measuring these properties.(3).評(píng)述了在機(jī)械工程中計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)的發(fā)展過(guò)程
The development of CAD is reviewed in the mechanical engineering
(4).簡(jiǎn)單概述了基本材料科學(xué)的理論
The theory based on basic material science is summarized.(5).詳細(xì)地總結(jié)了要采用的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則
The design planning to be used is summarized in detail.5.文章重點(diǎn)的常用語(yǔ)句
(1).重點(diǎn)是在掌握量子理論上
Attention is concentrated on the quantum theory.(2).重點(diǎn)是把時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)到24h
The point is to extend the lead time to 24h.(3).現(xiàn)在到處都重視節(jié)能
Focus is on energy reserving everywhere.(4).本文集中研究中子與鈾原子核的碰撞
The research is concentrated on the collisions of neutrons and uranium nuclei.(5).現(xiàn)在到處都重視環(huán)境污水的管理和對(duì)有害廢物的處理
Attention is being paid to the management of environmental effluent and disposal of hazardous wastes.(6).很重視對(duì)導(dǎo)體中的經(jīng)濟(jì)電流密度的評(píng)估
Much attention is paid on the economic current density in the conductor.(7).特別重視核反應(yīng)堆的啟動(dòng)規(guī)程
Particular attention is given to the start-up procedure of nuclear reactor operations.(8).及其重視核能的和平利用
The greatest emphasis is paid on the peaceful utilization of nuclear energy.(9).重點(diǎn)還在于對(duì)核電所采取的態(tài)度
Attention is concentrated on the implications of attitudes to nuclear power.6.文章目的的常用語(yǔ)句
(1).此研究的目的是在零功率反應(yīng)堆上進(jìn)行臨界實(shí)驗(yàn),并獲得重要的臨界參數(shù) This research aims to carry out the experiment on the zero power reactor and obtain import critical parameters.(2).許多研究者都在尋求這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案
The answer to this question is sought for by many investigators.(3).本文追求的目的是從安全分析報(bào)告的角度來(lái)論證這些補(bǔ)救措施的正確性
The paper seeks to justify the remedial measures in terms of the final safety analysis report(FSAR).(4).這項(xiàng)研究試圖為保健規(guī)則人員就體系上的變化提供有用的信息
The research is to provide healthy planners with useful information on systematic changes.(5).本研究的目的就是要表明先前提到的方法有前途
The purpose of this study is to show the methods mentioned above/aforesaid are promising.(6).本研究的目的是要獲得具有很高穩(wěn)定性的重混凝土
The purpose of this study is to obtain the heavy concrete of much higher stability.
第三篇:論文摘要怎么寫(xiě)
(一)論文摘要怎么寫(xiě)?
論文摘要一般要回答五個(gè)問(wèn)題:
1,目的部分應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明研究的目的,說(shuō)明提出問(wèn)題的緣由,表明研究的范圍及你研究的中心問(wèn)題是什么,以及是在什么情況下(研究背景)談?wù)撛搯?wèn)題的,從而能夠說(shuō)明你選題的意義。
2,研究視角和研究發(fā)現(xiàn),就是講你是怎么看待這個(gè)問(wèn)題的,通過(guò)你的觀察,你又發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么問(wèn)題。研究視角是非常重要的,它能夠揭示你認(rèn)識(shí)問(wèn)題的深度,從而能夠折射出你的研究在方法論方面的啟示。
3,研究方法應(yīng)說(shuō)明研究課題的基本設(shè)計(jì),使用了什么材料和方法,如何分組對(duì)照,研究范圍以及精確程度,數(shù)據(jù)是如何取得的以及經(jīng)過(guò)何種統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法處理。往往通過(guò)這一過(guò)程來(lái)證明你的研究是科學(xué)的可信的。
4,結(jié)果部分要列出研究的主要結(jié)果和數(shù)據(jù),有什么新發(fā)現(xiàn),說(shuō)明其價(jià)值及局限,敘述要具體、準(zhǔn)確,并需給出結(jié)果的可信值和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)顯著性檢驗(yàn)的確切值。
5,結(jié)論部分應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明、論證取得的正確觀點(diǎn)極其理論價(jià)值或應(yīng)用價(jià)值,是否值得推薦或推廣等。
不用“本文”或“作者”“筆者”等做主語(yǔ);不要寫(xiě)成提綱或評(píng)論形式;字?jǐn)?shù)一般控制在200字以?xún)?nèi)。
(二)現(xiàn)在,學(xué)術(shù)期刊刊登的論文一般都有文章的“摘要”部分,因此編輯部要求作者投稿時(shí)就要自己寫(xiě)好摘要。但是很多作者寫(xiě)的摘要都不合格,大部分寫(xiě)成了前言、序言、引語(yǔ)、“論文宣傳推銷(xiāo)語(yǔ)”之類(lèi)的東西。有的論文的摘要甚至與文章的內(nèi)容沒(méi)有多少關(guān)系,象是在掛羊頭賣(mài)狗肉。不少作者害怕和討厭寫(xiě)摘要,說(shuō)是“我只會(huì)寫(xiě)論文,不會(huì)寫(xiě)摘要”。有些教授、專(zhuān)家向刊物投寄稿件時(shí),摘要也寫(xiě)得不很到位,有的教授、專(zhuān)家則干脆不寫(xiě)摘要,大概他們也覺(jué)得寫(xiě)摘要挺麻煩的,“多一事不如少一事”。
論文的摘要,應(yīng)該怎么寫(xiě)才好呢?
首先,論文的摘要,應(yīng)該是在論文寫(xiě)好、寫(xiě)定之后,才去寫(xiě)它。既然是摘要,主要內(nèi)容應(yīng)是從文章中摘錄出來(lái)的,是論文這只母雞下出來(lái)的蛋,得先有母雞才有蛋。但是有的作者在寫(xiě)論文時(shí),先寫(xiě)摘要,再寫(xiě)正文,順序搞反了。文章都還沒(méi)有定型,怎么寫(xiě)得出摘要來(lái)呢?難怪很多稿件的摘要要么未說(shuō)到點(diǎn)子上,要么寫(xiě)得象序言、前言,放在文章的開(kāi)頭部分倒比較合適。
其次,摘要應(yīng)是文章的主要內(nèi)容、觀點(diǎn)、精華、結(jié)論,是池塘里的大魚(yú),是精簡(jiǎn)提煉的、直接了當(dāng)?shù)?、直接陳述的、不帶自評(píng)的。不是引導(dǎo)的、次要的、非文章主旨的、與文章無(wú)關(guān)的、羅羅嗦嗦的、遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)道來(lái)的、含糊不清的、莫名其妙的、自我吹噓式的東西。
再次,論文的摘要,其主要的成分、句子,應(yīng)在論文中出現(xiàn)過(guò)的,挑選出來(lái)整理、連接一下即可,用不著作者去全部用另外的語(yǔ)言寫(xiě)一段“摘要”。
再次,論文的摘要也應(yīng)講究意思完整、語(yǔ)言流暢,做到有頭有尾、有條有理,讓人看得清楚明白。
另外,理工科論文的摘要,一般應(yīng)交待實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的、方法、過(guò)程、結(jié)論。
如果論文的正文本來(lái)就寫(xiě)得比較“爛”,條理不清,廢話(huà)連篇,沒(méi)有多少深度、新意、價(jià)值,連作者自己都不清楚到底說(shuō)了些什么,那就確實(shí)會(huì)覺(jué)得“摘要”也不大好寫(xiě)。這就象是:如果母雞肚子里本來(lái)就沒(méi)有孕育出蛋,就下不出蛋來(lái);如果池塘里全部是小魚(yú)、小蝦和水,就會(huì)撈不出大魚(yú)來(lái)。
(三)摘要是論文的重要組成部分,撰寫(xiě)論文的摘要,是為了把研究工作的主要內(nèi)容以最簡(jiǎn)練的文字予以介紹,協(xié)助讀者對(duì)該工作的目的、設(shè)計(jì)及研究結(jié)果較快地得出概括性的理解。目前科技期刊的論文摘要一般要求按結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的格式書(shū)寫(xiě),即明確寫(xiě)出目的、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論四部分。結(jié)構(gòu)式論文摘要具有固定格式,其撰寫(xiě)格式與科研設(shè)計(jì)思維方法相一致,有助于作者理清思路,準(zhǔn)確表達(dá),甚至可促使作者在實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)始時(shí)就明確各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容,使各部分更趨嚴(yán)密、合理,以得出正確結(jié)論,便于轉(zhuǎn)載和傳播。
因此,摘要寫(xiě)得好壞直接影響讀者對(duì)論文的理解,影響論文被利用的程度,論文作者必須重視摘要的寫(xiě)作。
不同期刊對(duì)論文摘要的寫(xiě)法有不同的要求,《中國(guó)煙草學(xué)報(bào)》采用的是結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要?,F(xiàn)針對(duì)本刊部分來(lái)稿在摘要撰寫(xiě)中存在的問(wèn)題,對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的書(shū)寫(xiě)方法和注意事項(xiàng)介紹如下。1論文摘要寫(xiě)作中存在的問(wèn)題
1.1摘要過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單,信息量不足,不能反映出論文的主要內(nèi)容; 1.2摘要不精煉,條理不清,結(jié)構(gòu)混亂;
1.3摘要內(nèi)容表達(dá)不確切,摘要中出現(xiàn)對(duì)論文內(nèi)容的主觀見(jiàn)解、解釋或評(píng)論; 1.4未按國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求書(shū)寫(xiě),如句子中出現(xiàn)“本文“、“作者”等第一人稱(chēng)做主語(yǔ);??。摘要的結(jié)構(gòu)目的:應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明研究的背景和目的,一般用1~2句話(huà)簡(jiǎn)要概括,不宜太過(guò)冗長(zhǎng)。
目的部分的文字最好不是對(duì)文題中已有信息的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)。
方法:應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)述研究的材料(對(duì)象)、方法、設(shè)計(jì)方案、資料的收集處理和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析方法等。 結(jié)果:應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)要列出主要的結(jié)果,描述結(jié)果要盡量用具體數(shù)據(jù),不要過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)。盡可能不用“高于“、“低于”、“大于“、“小于”等籠統(tǒng)表達(dá)方法,應(yīng)用具體數(shù)字說(shuō)明是多高或多低,并注明統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析結(jié)果。
結(jié)論:應(yīng)根據(jù)研究的目的和結(jié)果,得出客觀適當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)論,并指出研究的價(jià)值和今后有待探討的問(wèn)題。 書(shū)寫(xiě)摘要注意事項(xiàng)撰寫(xiě)論文摘要應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題:① 客觀如實(shí)地反映所做的研究或工作,不加作者的主觀見(jiàn)解、解釋或評(píng)論; ② 著重反映新內(nèi)容和作者特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn);③排除在本學(xué)科領(lǐng)域已成常識(shí)的內(nèi)容; ④ 不要用第一人稱(chēng)如“本文“、“我們”、“作者“等作為主語(yǔ),而應(yīng)采用第三人稱(chēng)的寫(xiě)法,如 “對(duì)??進(jìn)行了研究”、“報(bào)告了??現(xiàn)狀“、“進(jìn)行了??調(diào)查”等記述方式; ⑤ 采用規(guī)范化名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)(包括地名、機(jī)構(gòu)名和人名); ⑥ 縮略語(yǔ)、略稱(chēng)、代號(hào),除非本專(zhuān)業(yè)讀者能清楚理解,否則首次出現(xiàn)時(shí)不論中、英文均應(yīng)給出全稱(chēng); ⑦ 應(yīng)采用國(guó)家頒布的法定計(jì)量單位;⑧ 注意正確使用簡(jiǎn)化字和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào); ⑨ 一般不用引文(除非論文證實(shí)或否定了他人已發(fā)表的著作); ⑩ 一般不分段落。論文摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)要得當(dāng),書(shū)寫(xiě)論文摘要的主要目的是為了便于讀者用最短的時(shí)間獲得有關(guān)研究的主要信息。
字?jǐn)?shù)少了難以說(shuō)明問(wèn)題,字?jǐn)?shù)多了又無(wú)必要,故論文摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)應(yīng)該適當(dāng)。一般而言,中文摘要一般不超過(guò)300字,英文摘要可適當(dāng)長(zhǎng)一些,因?yàn)橛⑽恼饕墙o非漢語(yǔ)國(guó)家和地區(qū)讀者看的,他們大多沒(méi)有能力閱讀中文全文。英文摘要內(nèi)容可較中文摘要稍詳細(xì)一些,字?jǐn)?shù)一般不超過(guò)400個(gè)英文單詞。中英文摘要各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容要基本相同。
第四篇:論文摘要怎么寫(xiě)
論文摘要怎么寫(xiě)
摘要:簡(jiǎn)潔、具體的摘要要反映論文的實(shí)質(zhì)性?xún)?nèi)容,展示論文內(nèi)容足夠的信息,體現(xiàn)論文的創(chuàng)新性,展現(xiàn)論文的重要梗概,一般由具體研究的對(duì)象、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論四要素組成。
對(duì)象——是論文研究、研制、調(diào)查等所涉及的具體的主題范圍,體現(xiàn)論文的研究?jī)?nèi)容、要解決的主要問(wèn)題,是問(wèn)題的提出,研究方向的確立與目標(biāo)的定位。
方法——是論文對(duì)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行研究的過(guò)程中所運(yùn)用的原理、理論、條件、材料、工藝、結(jié)構(gòu)、手段、程序,是完成研究對(duì)象的必要手段。
結(jié)果——是作者運(yùn)用研究方法對(duì)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)、研究所得到的結(jié)果、效果、數(shù)據(jù),被確定的關(guān)系等,是進(jìn)行科研所得的成果。
結(jié)論——是作者對(duì)結(jié)果的分析、研究、比較、評(píng)價(jià)、應(yīng)用、提出的問(wèn)題等,是結(jié)果的總結(jié),顯示研究結(jié)果的可靠性、實(shí)用性、創(chuàng)新性,體現(xiàn)論文研究的價(jià)值與學(xué)術(shù)水平,是決定論文被檢索的窗口。
中文摘要的寫(xiě)作要求:
1.摘要以主題概念不遺漏為原則,中文摘要字?jǐn)?shù)為200-300字,英文摘要為100-150words
2.用重要的事實(shí)開(kāi)頭,突出論文新的信息,即新立題、新方法、結(jié)論與結(jié)果的創(chuàng)新性等
3.敘述要完整,清楚,簡(jiǎn)明扼要,邏輯性要強(qiáng),結(jié)構(gòu)完整,刪去背景與過(guò)去的研究信息,不應(yīng)包含作者將來(lái)的計(jì)劃,杜絕文學(xué)性修飾與無(wú)用的敘述
4.摘要中涉及他人的工作或研究成果的,盡量列出他們的名字
5.不以數(shù)字開(kāi)頭,中英文必須對(duì)應(yīng)
舉例:
題目:聲帶振動(dòng)功能模式識(shí)別
摘要:應(yīng)用小波變換估計(jì)傳導(dǎo)語(yǔ)音的諧波噪聲比(具體方法),研究了不同發(fā)聲方式、發(fā)音及聲帶病變對(duì)傳導(dǎo)語(yǔ)音諧波噪聲比的影響,并與口腔語(yǔ)音的諧波噪聲比進(jìn)行了對(duì)比研究(具體對(duì)象),發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)不同元音時(shí),傳導(dǎo)語(yǔ)音諧波噪聲比的變化范圍是5bB,口腔語(yǔ)音諧波噪聲比的變化范圍為20dB;不同發(fā)聲方式的傳導(dǎo)語(yǔ)音諧波噪聲比的變化范圍可達(dá)18dB,口腔語(yǔ)音的變化范圍為12dB(具體結(jié)果)。結(jié)果表明傳導(dǎo)語(yǔ)音諧波噪聲比能夠更好地反映聲帶振動(dòng)模式,是一種研究聲帶振動(dòng)功能和模式及喉部疾病診斷的有效方法(具體結(jié)論)。
關(guān)鍵詞:口腔語(yǔ)音;傳導(dǎo)語(yǔ)音;諧波噪聲比;小波變換(2)英文摘要實(shí)例
THEME:Identification of vocal cords vibration functions and modes
Abstract: This paper studied the estimation of harmonic to noise ratio(HNR)in transmitted sound signals(具體對(duì)象)by wavelet transform(具體方法).When normal and laryngeal pathological subjects phonate sustained vowels in breathy, falsetto, leakage and pressed modes in normal loudness, these HNRs in transmitted sound signals were estimted and compared with the HNR in human voice(過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)).It is pointed that for normal subjects in a variety of vowels, the 20 dB.For normal subject in a variety of phonation modes, the variation of HNR in transmitted sound signals exceeds 18 dB and in human voice signals in within 12 dB(具體結(jié)果).The results indicate that the NHR in transmitted sound signals could more accurately image vocal cords vibration characteristics and could be an effective measurement for studying vocal cords vibration and clinical laryngeal disease diagnosis(具體結(jié)論)(現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)).Keywords: human voice;transmitted sound;harmonic to noise ratio;wavelet transform
中文摘要
摘要是對(duì)論文內(nèi)容的簡(jiǎn)短而全面的概括,能夠讓讀者迅速總攬論文的內(nèi)容。與題名一樣,摘要也是各種數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中常見(jiàn)的檢索對(duì)象。
摘要是整篇論文中最重要的組成部分。就作者而言,一旦論文刊登在期刊上,論文摘要就將作為印刷版或電子版的摘要總集的一部分,開(kāi)始其活躍而又長(zhǎng)久的“生涯”。就讀者而言,與某篇心理學(xué)論文的第一次接觸多是從閱讀其摘要開(kāi)始的。多數(shù)人通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)檢索系統(tǒng)對(duì)所需的文獻(xiàn)http://轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處,謝謝!
第五篇:論文摘要怎么寫(xiě)
論文摘要雖然是放在論文的開(kāi)頭,但在實(shí)際的寫(xiě)作當(dāng)中,卻是和結(jié)論一樣,都是最后才動(dòng)筆寫(xiě)的。
實(shí)際上,不同的學(xué)校,對(duì)論文的要求也是不一樣的,其中摘要的寫(xiě)法要求,也會(huì)被明確的要求出來(lái)。
●有的學(xué)校,其中大專(zhuān)院校居多,對(duì)摘要的寫(xiě)法要求并不算嚴(yán)苛,只要說(shuō)明了研究的背景意義,并引出論文的選題即可。結(jié)構(gòu)為:研究背景、意義或目的(三者選一個(gè)角度去寫(xiě)即可)+在此背景下,本文對(duì)“什么什么”這一課題進(jìn)行了研究,希望能起到一定的指導(dǎo)意義。
●本科學(xué)校,對(duì)論文摘要的寫(xiě)法相對(duì)于大專(zhuān)院校,要求較為嚴(yán)苛點(diǎn),當(dāng)然依然有模板可言,基本上逃離不了這兩大段。第一段為研究背景、意義或目的;第二段為本文的結(jié)構(gòu)。第一段的寫(xiě)法不在細(xì)說(shuō),較為簡(jiǎn)單。重點(diǎn)說(shuō)下第二段的寫(xiě)法,結(jié)合我寫(xiě)論文的經(jīng)驗(yàn),一般都是用自己的語(yǔ)言,把論文的目錄給捋一遍。例如:本文先寫(xiě)什么,再寫(xiě)什么,最后寫(xiě)什么,得出了什么結(jié)論的方式去寫(xiě)。
●進(jìn)階篇:捋大綱的寫(xiě)法,對(duì)于重點(diǎn)學(xué)校而言,可能這種寫(xiě)法是不能通過(guò)的,那么我們可以把捋大綱的寫(xiě)法,給進(jìn)一步的完善,例如。本文通過(guò)查找參考文獻(xiàn)等途徑,先對(duì)什么進(jìn)行了分析,并在此基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)什么方法對(duì)什么進(jìn)行了研究,最后得出了什么結(jié)論,即可。
摘要的寫(xiě)法似乎到這里也算是告一段論了,最后一種進(jìn)階篇的寫(xiě)法,在本科階段,實(shí)用度幾乎可以高達(dá)99%了。
根據(jù)“論文摘要”的百度百科的解釋?zhuān)梢钥闯稣撐恼慕M成部分是:明確寫(xiě)出目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論四部分。
而捋大綱這種方法,是能夠很好的涵蓋這幾個(gè)方面的,并且寫(xiě)法簡(jiǎn)單,按照目錄結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)即可完成。