第一篇：天津?qū)W位英語歷年試題知識(shí)點(diǎn)分析總結(jié)

天津?qū)W位英語歷年試題知識(shí)點(diǎn)分析總結(jié)

賓語從句

1、賓語從句用陳述句的語序

（1）Can you tell me _____ about the city that makes people love it so much?

A.it is what

B.what it is

C.what is it

D.is it what

（答案：B。賓語從句用陳述句的語序。）（1999年47題）

（2）No one doubts _____ it is true.A.whether

B.if

C.that

d.what（答案：C。I doubt whether/if…我懷疑。I don’t doubt that …我毫不懷疑。又如：I doubt whether he can speak English.我懷疑他是否會(huì)說英語。）（1997年38題）

2、介詞后面的賓語從句

（1）The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware _____ she had gone.A.where that

B.of where

C.of the place

D.the place

（答案: B。where 引導(dǎo)的從句做介詞的賓語。）（1998年48題）

（2）He was a man of fine character in all points _____ he was rather timid.A.in that

B.except that

C.for that

D.except for

（答案：B）（1997年53題）

3、suggest，insist，order，demand等動(dòng)詞后作賓語時(shí)，表示欲望、建議、命令等時(shí)，用虛擬語氣。

①His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out.A.put on

B.puts on

C.to put

D.putting on

（答案：A）（1999年58題）

②The doctor advised that Mr.Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life.A.had

B.would have

C.have

D.was going to have

（答案：C）（1998年28題）

4、在下列情況下不能用if , 而用whether。

后跟不定式：He didn’t tell me whether to go or stay.他沒有告訴我是走還是留下。

前面有介詞：He raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money.他提出我們能否籌集到必要的資金這個(gè)問題。

引導(dǎo)主語從句：Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.他們勝利也好，失敗也好，對(duì)我來說都是一樣的。

后面直接跟or not：I wonder whether I’ll catch the last bus or not.我不知道我能否趕上末班車。

時(shí)間狀語從句

考試重點(diǎn)：常用的連詞有：when，whenever（無論什么時(shí)候），since，as，until，hardly…when，no sooner…than，as soon as，before，after，the moment，the minute（一…就…）

1、No sooner had they got the goods covered up _____ it started raining hard.A.when

B.than

C.then

D.after

（答案：B。no sooner…than 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。）（2002年57題）

2、She has wanted to become a nurse _____ since she was a young girl.A.long

B.often

C.always

D.ever

（答案：D。時(shí)間狀語從句，ever since表示從…以后一直。）（1997年56題）

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

考試重點(diǎn)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成時(shí)

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用來表示能力、允許、許諾、可能、勸告、意愿等概念或態(tài)度。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無人稱變化，在句子中和動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語。根據(jù)這幾年的考試看，著重測(cè)驗(yàn)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞接完成時(shí)的用法。

一、must +現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情的一種肯定的猜測(cè)。

1、Mr.Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.A.must have received

B.must have failed to receive

C.must receive

D.must fail to receive

（答案：B）（1998年44題）

2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.A.would have had

B.could have had

C.should have had

D.must have had

（答案為D）（2001年58題）

二、should（ought to）+完成時(shí)

表示應(yīng)該做的事情而沒有做，否定式表示不該做的事情做了。含有對(duì)過去的動(dòng)作的責(zé)備、批評(píng)。

1、They have done things they ought _____.A.not to do

B.not to be done

C.not to have done

D.not having done

（答案為C）（1999年59題）

2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier.A.had a telephone

B.have phoned

C.should have phoned

D.should be phoned

（答案為C）（2000年26題）

三、could +完成時(shí)

表示能做的事情而沒有做。表示對(duì)過去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遺憾。

1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time.他本來能夠參加我們的，但是他沒有收到我們的請(qǐng)貼。

2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough.我本來能及格的，但是沒有努力學(xué)習(xí)。

主語從句

考試重點(diǎn)：主語從句常用的連詞的用法；it is desirable that引導(dǎo)的主語從句的用法。

在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語的是一個(gè)從句，這個(gè)從句就叫主語從句。主語從句可以由下列連詞、連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)，且不能省略。

連詞：that，whether

連接代詞：what，whatever，who，whoever等。

連接副詞：when，where，how，why

1、由連詞that，whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句。

連詞that，whether在主語從句中的作用只是引導(dǎo)主語從句，它在從句中不

擔(dān)任成分，不能省略，且由它們引導(dǎo)的主語從句，多用it做形式主語。

（1）_____ was unimportant.A.Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not

B.No matter how he enjoyed our dinner

C.If he enjoyed our dinner

D.What he enjoyed our dinner

（答案：A）（2000年40題）

（2）That the earth is round is true.（It is true that the earth is round.）

地球是圓的，是個(gè)事實(shí)。

2、由連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句

它們分別在從句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語和狀語，不能省略。注意翻譯時(shí)不能把它們譯為疑問句。由它們引導(dǎo)的主語從句，也可以用形式主語it引導(dǎo)。

（1）Who let out the news remained unknown.（It remained unknown who let out the news.）

誰泄露了那個(gè)消息仍舊無人知道。

（2）When we’ll start is not clear.（It is not clear when we’ll start.）

我們何時(shí)出發(fā)還不清楚。

3、以關(guān)系代詞what, whatever, whoever…引導(dǎo)的主語從句。

What有時(shí)可以用來表示the thing which這種意思，引導(dǎo)從句，表示一樣?xùn)|西或一件事情。Who，whom，which，what，可以和ever構(gòu)成合成詞，和what一樣引導(dǎo)從句，ever起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。此類句子不能用形式主語it引導(dǎo)，它們?cè)诰渥又袚?dān)任成份，不能省略，語序?yàn)殛愂鼍涞恼Z序。

（1）_____ I saw was two men crossing the street.A.What

B.Whom

C.Who

D.That

（答案：A）（2001年38題）

4、句型It is desirable（suggested, necessary, requested, ordered, proposed, urgent）+that+主語+should（可省略）+V（動(dòng)詞原形）。

（1）It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made.A.will be arranged

B.must be arranged

C.be arranged

D.would be arranged

（答案：C）（2003年45題）

定語從句

（一）關(guān)系代詞who，whom，whose，which，that引導(dǎo)的定語從句

1、The company official _____ I thought would be fired received a raise.A.whom

B.whoever

C.who

D.of whom

（答案：A。關(guān)系代詞whom在定語從句中做賓語，修飾先行詞official）（1998年40題）

2、The investigation , _____ will soon be published, was made by John.A.at which the results

B.the results on which

C.whose results

D.at whose results

（答案：C。關(guān)系代詞whose 在定語從句中做定語。）（1998年58題）

（二）關(guān)系副詞 when ,where, why, 引導(dǎo)的定語從句

1、The time will come _____ man can fly to outer space freely.A.that

B.when

C.in that

D.which

（答案：B。when在定語從句中做狀語。）（1996年35題）

2、I will never forget the ten years _____ we both spent in the little village.A.when

B.during which

C.which

D.in which

（答案：A）（2001年54題）

（三）關(guān)系代詞前帶介詞的定語從句

1、Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai, _____ she belonged.A.which

B.to where

C.to which

D.at which

（答案：C。關(guān)系代詞which和whom 還可以做“動(dòng)詞詞組”后面的前置賓語。這里的動(dòng)詞詞組是belong to。）（1998年56題）

2、The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _____ are separated from the others by land or water.A.them

B.that

C.which

D.those

（答案：C）（2003年23題）

（四）非限定定語從句對(duì)被修飾的名詞起附加說明，或進(jìn)一步描述或補(bǔ)充。

這種從句有一定的獨(dú)立性，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整，只是內(nèi)容相對(duì)

地不夠具體。與主句之間常用逗號(hào)分開，所用的關(guān)系代詞與限定性定語從句基本相同，但不能用關(guān)系代詞that 引導(dǎo)。

（1）An Old friend from abroad, _____I was expecting to stay with, telephoned me from the airport.A.that

B.whom

C.who

D.which

（答案：B）（2000年31題）

（2）His brother had become a teacher, _____he wanted to be.A.who

B.what

C.which

D.that

（答案：C。which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，在從句中做賓語，修飾先行詞a teacher）（1997年39題）

（3）He has made another wonderful discovery, _____of great importance to science.A.which I think it is

B.of which I think it is

C.I think which is

D.which I think is

（答案：D。which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，修飾前面整個(gè)句子。）（1995年50題）

（五）“名詞（代詞）+介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出，一般是非限定性定語從句。

We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, _____is completely water proof.A.no of which

B.none of which

C.some of which

D.neither of which

（答案：B?！懊~（代詞）+of+which（whom）”引起的定語從句常表示部分與整體的關(guān)系。）（1995年36題）

表語從句

考試重點(diǎn)：表語從句的基本用法；含有suggestion，proposal等詞的表語從句的用法。

1、在從句中做表語的從句叫表語從句。它位于主句中的系動(dòng)詞之后，常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞和主語從句相同。

（1）This is what he wants.這就是他想要的東西。

（2）The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.問題是我們明天上午能否完成任務(wù)。

2、用suggestion等詞表示愿望、建議、命令等情緒時(shí)，用虛擬語氣，從句中用should（可省略）+動(dòng)詞原形。

（1）The general’s command was that the soldiers _____ their fort and carry out more important tasks.A.would leave B.leave C.left D.have left

（答案：B）（2002年48題）

（2）His proposal is that they（should）challenge the other groups to a friendly competition.他提議他們和別的組挑戰(zhàn)進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)友誼競(jìng)賽。

含蓄條件句

含蓄條件句

有時(shí)一個(gè)假設(shè)的情況不用條件從句表示，而用其它方式來表示，這樣的句子叫含蓄條件句。常用with，without，but for。

1、Without your help, we _____ so much.A.didn’t achieve

B.would not have achieved

C.will not achieve

D.don’t achieve

（答案：B。這是一句含蓄條件句，條件暗含在介詞短語without your help中，因此要用虛擬語氣。）（1996年33題）

2、But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday.A.should have

B.would have had

C.would have

D.will have had

（答案：B。2003年28題）

第二篇：天津美術(shù)學(xué)院歷年試題匯總03

天津美術(shù)學(xué)院歷年試題匯總03-09 天津美術(shù)學(xué)院2003年考題試題

一、色彩： 任意組合 時(shí)間3個(gè)小時(shí)

2個(gè)胡蘿卜、2個(gè)桔子、2個(gè)蘋果、1個(gè)盛著桔子汁的高腳杯、啤酒一瓶、不銹鋼勺子一把、襯布為油畫用亞麻布一塊。

二、素描： 青年男子頭像 3小時(shí)

三、速寫：

共3張： 站 30分鐘、坐和蹲各15分鐘

天津美術(shù)學(xué)院2004年考題試題

素描

寫生：男青年（軍人）色彩

寫生：灰黃布、棕色酒瓶子、兩堆葡萄、一個(gè)餐刀、一支高腳杯、兩個(gè)油菜、一個(gè)白盤、兩個(gè)蘋果（紅、黃），兩個(gè)桔子 速寫

一站兩坐三人組合

天津美術(shù)學(xué)院2005年專業(yè)考試試題 素描 ： 男青年頭像寫生，8開 3小時(shí)

色彩 ： 寫生白布襯布 盤子 4 個(gè)水果 3 個(gè)辣椒 8 開 3 小時(shí) 2006年天津美術(shù)學(xué)院考題

色彩寫生：醋瓶子，大蔥兩個(gè)，洋蔥兩個(gè)，西紅柿一個(gè)，小西紅柿若干，高腳杯一個(gè)，土豆兩個(gè)，白盤

子一個(gè)，亞麻色襯布一塊 素描：男青年

速寫：橫構(gòu)圖坐、蹲、站

天津美術(shù)學(xué)院考題-----07年沈陽考點(diǎn) 設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)色彩：

一個(gè)大的礦泉水瓶，一個(gè)藍(lán)色襯布，一個(gè)白色水杯，一本書扣著，一個(gè)鉛筆放在書上，方形水粉紙。

素質(zhì)測(cè)試（不計(jì)入總分）：

１、為什么報(bào)天美？２、你對(duì)你的專業(yè)喜歡嗎？３、講講你最感動(dòng)的一件事。４、你從什么時(shí)間開始學(xué)畫畫？５、你畫畫受誰的影響？６、你的理想是什么？（任選三題筆答）

設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)素描: 男青年半身手托腮胸像,８開紙,３小時(shí)。速寫：站姿，半小時(shí)；坐姿、蹲姿各十五分鐘。

2007年天津美術(shù)學(xué)院四川考點(diǎn)考題 素描 是 素描紙8K 胸像帶手

色彩 是一個(gè)紅帽子 一個(gè)農(nóng)夫山泉瓶子 一個(gè)白盤子 四塊面包 一個(gè)白色紙杯 一塊白色襯布和一塊用 肉色熟褐調(diào)出的比較淺的襯布

速寫 是 站30分鐘 坐蹲各15分鐘 2008年天津美術(shù)學(xué)院考題 素描:男(女)青年.寫生.8開紙

水粉:男(女)青年水粉.寫生(男青年頭上包一塊白色頭巾,女青年頭上包一塊粉色頭巾).6開紙

速寫:男(女)青年站 坐 蹲 的動(dòng)態(tài)各一個(gè).寫生.三個(gè)都畫在一張8開紙上.2009年天津美術(shù)學(xué)院專業(yè)試題

素描：右手拖腮的男青年。

速寫：三個(gè)動(dòng)作，站，坐，蹲三個(gè)動(dòng)作都是看 手里拿報(bào)紙 色彩：寫生男青年

第三篇：20學(xué)位英語考題分析

2011年11月北京地區(qū)成人本科學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試真題及答案

PartⅠReading Comprehension（30%）

Directions: There are three passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1 Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: The reflective towers of New York City, which is on the Atlantic migrating（遷徙的）route , can be deadly for birds.“We live in an age of glass,” said Ms.Laurel, an architect.（76）“It can be a perfect mirror in certain lights, and the larger the glass, the more dangerous it is.” About 90,000 birds are killed by flying into building in the city each year.Often, they strike the lower levels of glass towers after searching for food in nearby parks.Such crashes are the second-leading cause of death for migrating birds, after habitat（棲息地）loss, with an estimated number of death ranging up to a billion a year.（77）As glass office and apartment towers have increased in the last decade, so, too, have calls to make them less deadly to birds.San Francisco adopted bird-safety standard for new building in July.The United States Green Building Council, a nonprofit industry group that encourages the creation of environmentally conscious buildings, will introduce a bird-safety credit this as part of its environmental certification process.There are no easy fixes, however.A few researchers are exploring glass designs that use ultraviolet（紫外線的）signals, but they are still in their infancy.Covers, dot patterns, shades and net are the main options available.Often, only one section of a building needs to be changed.“You don't necessarily have to treat every window,” Ms.Laurel said.“It would be too expensive to do the whole building.” The Jacob Convention Center, which has been undergoing alterations, is the most recent building to voluntarily correct the problem of bird crashes.The architects used less reflective glass and dot patterns.1.What is the main idea of the passage? A.New York is a city of glass towers.B.Glass tower are dangerous for migrating birds.C.New York adopted new safety standards for buildings.D.Glass towers are a new trend in the United States.2.What is the number one cause of death for migrating birds? A.Climate change B.Habitat loss C.Lack of food D.Crashing into buildings.3.What does the word “fixes” in the third paragraph probably mean? A.Choices B.Explanations C.Solutions D.Developments 4._____are used in the alteration of the Jacob K.Javits Convention Center.A.Dot patterns B.Shades C.Nets D.Covers 5.Which of the fowling statements is TRUE according to the passage? A.In many cases, the whole building needs to be altered to prevent bird crashes.B.The Jacob K.Javits Convention Center is the first building to deal with the problem of bird crashes.C.About 90,000 birds are killed due to habitat loss in New York City each year.D.Unfortunately, glass designs that use ultraviolet signals are still in their early stages.Passage 2 Question 6 to 10 are based on the fowling passage: Today's students have grown up hearing more about Bill Gates than F.D.R., and they live in a world where amazing innovations（革新）are common.The current 18-year-olds, after all, were 8 when Google was founded by two students at Stanford;Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook in 2004 while he was Harvard and they were entering high school.Having grown up digital（數(shù)字的），they are impatient to get on with life.The easiest way to find kids like these is to check in on entrepreneurship（企業(yè)家才能）education, in which colleges and universities try to prepare their students to recognize opportunities and seize them.A report published last year by the Kauffman Foundation, which finances programs to promote innovation on campuses, noted that more than 50,000 entrepreneurship programs are offered on two-and four-year campuses—up from just 250 courses in 1985.Lesa Mitchell , a Kauffman vice president, says that the foundation is extending the reach of its academic influence, which used to be found only in business schools.Now, the concept of entre preneurship is blooming in engineering programs and medical school, and even in the liberal arts.“Our interest is the programs,” she says.“We need to spread out from the business school.”

Either as class projects or on their own, students in a variety of majors are coming up with ideas, writing business plans and seeing them through to prototype and, often, market.In their spare time, students in agricultural economics at Purdue invent new uses for bean;industria l design majors at Syracuse, in a special laboratory, create wearable technologies.（78）The entrepreneurship movement has its critics, especially among those who see college as a time for extensive academic exploration.“I just don't think that entrepreneurship ranks so high

in terms of national need,” says Daniel S.Greenberg, author of Science for sale: The perils, Rewards and Delusions of Campus Capitalism.Leonard A.Schlesinger, Babson College's president, says that the question of whether innovation can really be taught is “an age-old argument”.6.When Google and Facebook were established, the founders were still_____.A.in high school B.in the army C.in primary school D.at college 7.According to the passage, what is the main purpose of entrepreneurship education? A.To prepare students for future academic life B.To prepare students to find opportunities and seize them.C.To prepare students for overseas career.D.To prepare student to develop interpersonal skills.8.The word “prototype” in the fourth paragraph is most likely to mean_____.A.model B.strategy C.method D.stage 9.What does Daniel S.Grennberg think of entrepreneurship education? A.Entrepreneurship, or at least certain elements of it, can be taught.B.An entrepreneurship program can help students find what they really like and entrepreneurship isn't all about business.C.Entrepreneurship should be spread across different fields.D.Colleges shouldn't put too much emphasis on entrepreneurship programs.10.What is the main idea of the passage? A.Entrepreneurship courses in business schools.B.Qualities of an entrepreneur.C.Entrepreneurship education in colleges.D.Kids in the information age.Passage 3 Question 11 to 15 are based on the following passage：

Regret is as common an emotion as love or fear, and it can be nearly as powerful.So, in a new paper, two researchers set about trying to find out what the typical American regrets most.In telephone surveys, Neal Rose, a psychologist and professor of marketing at the School of Management at Northwestern University, and Mike Morrison, a doctoral candidate in psychology at University of Illinois, asked 370 Americans, aged 19 to 103,to talk about their most notable regret.Participants were asked what the regret was, when it happened, whether it was a result of something they did or didn't do, and whether it was something that could still be fixed.The most commonly mentioned regret involved romance（浪漫的事）（18%）——lost loves or unfulfilled relationships.Family regrets came in second（16%），whit people still feeling badly about being unkind to their brothers or sisters in childhood.Other frequently reported regrets involved career(13%),education(12%)，money（10%）and parenting（9^%）.Rose and Morrison's study, which is to be published in Social Psychological and Personality Science, is significant in that it surveyed a wide range of the American public, including people of all ages and socio-economic and educational backgrounds.Previous studies on regret have focused largely on college students, who predictably tend to have education-focused regrets, like wishing they had studied harder or a different major.The new survey shows that in the larger population, a person's “l(fā)ife circumstances—accomplishments, shortcomings, situation in life—inject considerable fuel into the fires of regret,” the authors write.（79）People with less education, for instance were more likely to report education regret.People with higher levels of education had the most career regrets.And those with no romantic partner tended to hold regrets regarding love.Broken down（分解、細(xì)分）by sex, more women（44%）than men（19%）had regrets about love and family—not surprising, since women “value social relationships more than men,” the authors write.In contrast ,men（34%）were more likely than women（27%）to mention work-related regrets, wishing they'd chosen a different career path, for instance ,or followed their passion.（80）Many participants also reported wishing they had worked less to spend more time with their children.There was an even split between regrets about inaction（not doing something）and action（do something you wish you didn't）.But, like previous studies, the current research found that some regrets are more likely than others to persist over time: people tend to hang on longer to the regret of inaction;meanwhile, regrets of action tend to be more recent.11.In the second paragraph, the author shows ______.A.the researchers' findings B.the importance of family C.the importance of money D.the importance of career 12.According to the passage, college student participants mainly had regrets about their ______.A.family and childhood B.study and major C.career and job D.romance and fear 13.The word “notable” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.A.common B.capable C.wonderful D.remarkable 14.Which of the following statements is TRUE? A.The less education he or she has, the more regrets she or he would have.B.The more B.education he or she has, the less regrets she or he would have.C.More women than men had regrets about love and family.D.The regret of action seems to last longer than that C.of inaction.15.What is the main idea of this passage? A.How regret is understood D.by a typical American.B.Common regrets is more important than love and hate.E.C.Why regret is more important than love and hate.D.How regret has shaped Americans.PartⅡ Vocabulary and Structure（30%）

Directions: In this part there are 30 incomplete sentences.For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentences.Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.16.Mr Smith is coming to visit us soon.We'd better get everything ready before he _______.A.arrives B.arrive C.will arrive D.arrived 17._______yesterday, you would have met Professor Jones.But now he has left for London.A.Did you come B.Had you come C.Should you come D.Were you to come 18.The man denied_____ into the neighbor's garden and ______his cow.A.going??stealing B.going?stole C.went?stealing D.went?stole

19.Ted worked like a horse in his youth, ______contributed to his great success later as a businessman.A.that B.who C.what D.which 20.A few hours ago, a small suitcase with some important papers _______ stolen from the general manager's office.A.is B.are C.were D.was 21.______ on the New World, he felt like crying.A.land B.Landed C.To land D.Having landed 22.Visit our store.Nowhere else ______ such good bargains.A.you find B.find you C.do you find D.you do find 23.After______ seemed an endless wait, it was his turn to go into the doctor's office.A, this B.that C.which D.what 24.Ever since the Smiths moved to the lake area a year ago, they ______ better health.A.could have enjoyed B.had enjoyed C.have been enjoying D.are enjoying 25.The boss doesn't want to talk about the accident;now he is in no ______ to do so.A.feeling B.attitude C.emotion D.Mood 26.I can't understand why you regard it as music.It ______ me mad!A.puts B.sets C.drivers D.changes 27.Yesterday Mr Blake was caught in the rain and got wet through.______ he caught a bad cold.A.Consequently B.Finally C.Lately D.Strangely 28.William likes to eat out, but he is not ______ about what he eats.A.peculiar B.unusual C.particular D.special 29.Their house stands at a hilltop, _____ the Hudson River down below.A.seeing B.viewing C.looking at D.overlooking 30.I can't understand why my boss is always _____fault with my work.A.finding B.seeking C.looking D.making 31.This is the same knife _____ I lost yesterday.A.which B.what C.like D.as 32.—— When will you be back? —— I'll be back _____a couple of days.A.after B.for C.about D.in 33.We hear that they will _____ a new school here.A.set down B.set up C.set off D.set out 34.He will never forget the days _____ he spent in Japan.A.when B.after C.that D.how 35.Interestingly enough, the two brothers have noting in_______.A.ordinary B.common C.general D.particular 36.The scientists are trying to find out the facts to _______ their theory.A.support B.carry C.design D.raise 37.The performance of the English team was ________.They played much worse than expected.A.disappoint B.disappointing C.disappointed D.to disappoint 38.You are welcome to order the goods now.But payment should be made________.A.for advance B.from advance C.in advance D.to advance 39.Speak louder so that you can make yourself _______.A.heard B.to hear C.hearing D.have been heard 40.Now it won't be long before we meet again, ________? A.will it B.do we C.won't we D.does it 41.Americans eat______ vegetables per person today as they did in the 1960s.A.more than twice B.as twice many C.twice as many D.more than twice as many 42.I was so familiar with her that I recognized her voice ______ I picked up the phone.A.the moment B.since C.before D.while 43.The education of ________ young is always ______ hot and serious topic.A./, / B.the, a C./, the D.the, the 44.Dad wondered where I'd been, and I ________ a story about being at Grandma's A.made out B.made up C.looked out D.looked up 45.Your sister doesn't study as _______ as you do.A.hard B.hardly C.harder D.hardest PartⅢ Identification（10%）

Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D.Identify the one that is not correct.Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.46.No sooner had they entered the room when the telephone rang.A B C D 47.As a graduate from high school, Tom is faced with three choices: attending college, A B C finding a job or the army.D 48.Those freshmen hope to offer some part-time jobs to support themselves financially.A B C D 49.It was his nervousness in the interview what probably caused him to lose the job.A B C D 50.Lucy's parents give her everything she asks;what else does she need? A B C D 51.I must work hard, however I'll fail in the exam.A B C D 52.I am used to read the paper after lunch.That's one of the things I really enjoy.A B C D 53.He told us that John, as well as his brother, were coming to the party.A B C D 54.Ted has sat at the table and drank more beer than is good for his health.A B C D 55.With no one to turn over for help in such a frightening situation, she was in despair.A B C D Part IV Cloze（10%）

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A , B , C , and D at the end of the passage.You should choose ONE answer that best fits into the passage.Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Experts suggest using a different password for every website you visit, and changing the password every few months.It takes trouble to keep them in mind, but it's well worth the 56.Be 57.with your passwords and make it difficult it is for someone to enter Your 58.The more 59 you make your password, the more difficult it is for someone else to figure it 60.Use privacy settings（設(shè)置）on social websites to 61 entry into your personal information and limit the 62 of private information you share.Even seemingly innocent information you expose about yourself could be used 63 you.I once read about a burglary（入室盜竊）.It 64 that the thieves selected that particular home 65 they discovered the owner was out of town by 66 a Facebook message.According to personal safety experts, it isn't a（n）67 experience.The information you post on websites can 68 criminal activity.You may not think 69 about posting the concert you are going to or your weekend away, but could be a（n）70 for trouble.Information on the Internet has made it easier for thieves to steal any information about you.Never 71 your full birth date.Never respond to e-mails 72 personal or financial information.Do not freely offer personal information to anyone 73 you are certain who you are dealing with.74 the necessary precautions（預(yù)防措施）is the best way to 75 you and your personal information stay protected.56.A.effect B.effort C.labor D.matter 57.A.proud B.true C.honest D.creative 58.A.accounts B.records C.directions D.collections 59.A.complex B.careful C.diligent D.elastic 60.A.away B.on C.out D.in 61.A.respond B.resign C.restrict D.resemble 62.A.number B.amount C.pile D.piece 63.A.with B.for C.about D.against 64.A.turned out B.turned in C.picked out D.picked up 65.A.which B.while C.because D.although 66.A.knowing B.reading C.inspecting D.realizing 67.A.impacted B.collected C.repaired D.isolated 68.A.lead to B.result from C.see off D.make up 69.A.out B.aloud C.once D.twice 70.A.resistance B.statement C.invitation D.struggle 71.A.reveal B.revise C.resemble D.require 72.A.threatening B.requesting C.worshipping D.delivering 73.A.since B.as C.when D.until 74.A.Replacing B.Liberating C.Taking D.Depending 75.A.ensure B.separate C.spread D.switch Part Ⅴ Translation（20%）

Section A Directions: In this part there are five sentences which you should translate into Chinese.These sentences are all taken from the 3 passages you have just read in Reading Comprehension.You can refer back to the passages to identify their meanings in the context.76.It can be a perfect mirror in certain lights, and the larger the glass, the more dangerous it is.77.As glass office and apartment towers have increased in the last decade, so, too, have calls to make them less deadly to birds.78.The entrepreneurship movement has its critics, especially among those who see college as a time for extensive academic exploration.79.People with less education, for instance were more likely to report education regrets.80.Many participants also reported wishing they had worked less to spend more time with their

children.Section B Directions: In this part there are five sentences in Chinese.You should translate them into English.Be sure to write clearly.81.他站在窗戶旁邊，思考著自己的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃。82.她設(shè)法按時(shí)完成了任務(wù)。

83.這本小說，我已經(jīng)看了三遍，很感人。84.他一回來我就告訴他這個(gè)消息。85.思想是可以通過詞語來表達(dá)的。答案：

一：閱讀理解： 第一篇： 1-5 C B C A D 第二篇： 6-10 A B A D C 第三篇： 11-15 A B D C B

二：詞匯語法題 16-20 A B A D D 21-25 D C B C D 26-30 C A A D A 31-35 D D B A B 36-40 A C C A A 41-45 C D C A A 三；挑錯(cuò)題 46-50 C D D C A 51-55 C C D C B 四：完形填空 56-60 B D A A C 61-65 CBCAB 66-70 BDAAA 71-75 ABDCA 五：英漢互譯 76 在某些光線下，它可能成為一面極好的鏡子，玻璃越大，危險(xiǎn)越多

77.近幾十年里，隨著玻璃設(shè)置的辦公室和公寓大樓的逐漸增加，也因此在建造房屋時(shí)使它們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)能減少鳥類的死亡。

78.企業(yè)家才能的活動(dòng)也遭受了一些負(fù)面評(píng)論，特別是那些把學(xué)校視為擴(kuò)展學(xué)術(shù)研究地方的人。

79.比方說，人的文化程度越低，對(duì)教育方面的遺憾就越強(qiáng)烈。

80.報(bào)道說，許多參與者希望減少工作量，能獲得更多的時(shí)間陪伴自己的孩子。81.Standing by the window, he is thinking about his study programme。82.She tries every effort to finish the work on time。83.This novel,which I have read three times, is so moving.84.I will tell him the news as soon as he comes back。85 Thoughts can be expressed by words。

第四篇：管理案例分析歷年試題

判斷

按編寫方式，案例可分為自編、翻譯、縮刪和改編等類型。(T)案例必須是實(shí)例，不是實(shí)例就不是案例。(T)案例教學(xué)法，是由美國西北大學(xué)在20世紀(jì)20年代借鑒法學(xué)“判例法”開創(chuàng)的。(F)案例教學(xué)具有啟發(fā)式的教學(xué)特點(diǎn)，就是指改變學(xué)生和老師的地位，由學(xué)生成為學(xué)習(xí)主角，老師進(jìn)行輔助指導(dǎo)。(T)案例內(nèi)容的表述涉及很多方面，第一個(gè)就是寫好案例的開頭和結(jié)尾，即指案例的開頭必須要和結(jié)尾相呼應(yīng)。(F)案例寫作原則的中立原則是指案例作者不能帶有任何偏袒的觀點(diǎn)和個(gè)人感情，要客觀真實(shí)反映案例中的企業(yè)問題。(T)案例寫作原則中的仿真原則是指案例作者根據(jù)企業(yè)實(shí)際，自己杜撰案例中的人物和內(nèi)容，設(shè)計(jì)案例作者關(guān)心的問題。(F)案例寫作原則中的前瞻原則是指案例作者根據(jù)企業(yè)實(shí)際發(fā)生的事件，推斷未來可能產(chǎn)生的后果，啟發(fā)人們思考。(F)案例與舉例不同，是因?yàn)榕e例在內(nèi)容和特征．上達(dá)不到案例的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(T)被迫決策型案例要求學(xué)生在內(nèi)、外部環(huán)境條件約束和時(shí)間限制下，對(duì)某些棘手的問題進(jìn)行分析，確定決策方案的案例類型。(T)從管理案例是一個(gè)故事這個(gè)角度來判斷，好的管理案例應(yīng)該達(dá)到如下要求：一是進(jìn)人“角色”；二是進(jìn)人“現(xiàn)場(chǎng)”；三是面臨“問題”。(T)對(duì)管理案例的一個(gè)基本要求是:案例中應(yīng)包含一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)管理問題，啟發(fā)學(xué)生思考。(T)對(duì)于案例的結(jié)構(gòu)安排通常可以遵循兩種順序:一是時(shí)間順序，二是內(nèi)容順序。(F)范例是指在教學(xué)中介紹的，已發(fā)生的某種事件及前人處理某問題的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教學(xué)，它多半是已解決的問題。(T)管理案例不用于習(xí)題，是因?yàn)榘咐恍枰窳?xí)題那樣帶人解題公式或使用計(jì)算方法。(T)管理案例的核心有三點(diǎn)，即案例的真實(shí)性、案例的可讀性和案例中的人物與故事情節(jié)。(F)管理案例教學(xué)的主要特征之一，就是沒有唯一或固定的答案。(T)管理案例就是圍繞著一定的管理問題而對(duì)某一真實(shí)的管理情景所作的文字描述。不包括聲像等其他媒介采編撰寫方式。(F)管理案例強(qiáng)調(diào)“歸納與演繹”原則，所謂演繹是指從個(gè)別到一般的思維運(yùn)動(dòng)，所謂歸納是指一般到個(gè)別的思維運(yùn)動(dòng)。(F)管理案例是由美國哈佛大學(xué)商學(xué)院首創(chuàng)的，主要是借鑒軍事上的“戰(zhàn)例”而來的。(F)好的管理案例應(yīng)該達(dá)到如下要求:一是進(jìn)入“角色”;二是進(jìn)入“現(xiàn)場(chǎng)”;三是面臨“問題”。(T)教學(xué)型案例的主要特征之一，就是沒有唯一正確的答案。(T)教學(xué)型管理案例的核心有三點(diǎn)，即案例的真實(shí)性、案例的問題點(diǎn)和案例中的人物與故事情節(jié)。(F)擬定案例撰寫提綱，主要是安排案例撰寫的時(shí)間。(F)與其他文學(xué)創(chuàng)作不同的是，案例在主題內(nèi)容和情節(jié)上可以虛構(gòu)，名稱與數(shù)據(jù)出于保密需要可加以掩飾。(F)在案例分析的過程中，有4 個(gè)具體的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，即確認(rèn)問題、提出方案、預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果和作出決策。(F)

在案例分析過程的五個(gè)步驟中，第一步是確認(rèn)問題，在此基礎(chǔ)上才是分析形勢(shì)、提出方案等。(F)

在案例學(xué)習(xí)中，討論法自始自終貫穿著啟發(fā)和誘導(dǎo)。(T)簡答

按照教學(xué)用途分類，有哪幾種案例類型？

根據(jù)案例在教學(xué)中的不同用途，可以將案例分為以下類型：(1）引導(dǎo)型案例。即在每章內(nèi)容或每次講課前為引出正文和主題，啟發(fā)學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)和思考的短小案例。

(2）實(shí)務(wù)操作型案例．即設(shè)計(jì)模仿工商企業(yè)的一些管理情景或事例，讓學(xué)生按案例設(shè)定條件、情景和要求，來操作管理工作的某一方面實(shí)務(wù)，練習(xí)并掌握相應(yīng)的技能和過程．通過案例分析，使學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)掌握設(shè)計(jì)者要求的技能和方法。

(3）辯論型案例．案例按照正方和反方設(shè)置情景素材，提出相互矛盾的論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)，組織學(xué)生站在正方與反方相互對(duì)立的立場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行分析論證；或者根據(jù)案例描述的情節(jié)，提出有爭議、矛盾沖突的、值得辯論的問題，通過辯論來開闊學(xué)生視野，提高分析問題和解決問題的能力。

(4）角色扮演型案例。即描述一定的情景和人物角色，學(xué)生在閱讀給定角色的背景材料后，在給定的管理情景下各自扮演指定的角色，通過模擬實(shí)際管理活動(dòng)來體驗(yàn)管理過程和角色感受，獲得相關(guān)管理的親身經(jīng)驗(yàn)與體會(huì)。

(5）考試型案例。即以案例作為考試內(nèi)容，衡量考生的獨(dú)立綜合能力。

(6）綜合分析型案例．綜合分析案例的信息量較大，涉及多知識(shí)領(lǐng)域，場(chǎng)景也較為復(fù)雜，需要學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)過的知識(shí)或者直接或者間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)來分析問題，理清思路，并制定出合理的解決方案．

案例分析需注意的要點(diǎn)與問題包括哪些方面？ 案例分析需注意的要點(diǎn)主要有：(1)重視課前案例的閱讀與思考(2)積極參與小組學(xué)習(xí)

(3)置身課堂討論，提高表述水平(4）注意記錄學(xué)習(xí)心得

學(xué)生在進(jìn)行管理案例分析時(shí)，通常會(huì)遇到以下問題：(1)案例材料中深層次信息的發(fā)掘(2)圍繞案例中心線索，切人主題(3)分析結(jié)論缺少依據(jù)支持

案例分析中的分析形勢(shì)環(huán)節(jié)包括哪些層面的工作?

首先是收集信息，把所有主要信息都篩選出來，盡量做到完整詳細(xì)，這是案例分析或者管理決策的基礎(chǔ)。其次是梳理信息，就是對(duì)掌握的信息進(jìn)行綜合分類，去粗取精，使信息變得條理化。再次是評(píng)價(jià)信息，就是辨別信息的真?zhèn)?、?zhǔn)誤和輕重，通過信息價(jià)值的評(píng)價(jià)，去掉不真實(shí)、不準(zhǔn)確和不重要的信息，并對(duì)缺少的必要信息進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充。最后，根據(jù)信息提供的情況，了解決策主體所處的環(huán)境，并做下一步思考的準(zhǔn)備?！?案例使用說明包括哪些內(nèi)容? 案例使用說明應(yīng)該包括以下幾個(gè)部分:(1)教學(xué)目的與用途;(2)啟發(fā)性思考題;(3)分析思路;(4)理論依據(jù);(5)背景信息;(6)關(guān)鍵要點(diǎn);(7)建議課堂計(jì)劃;(8)參考文獻(xiàn)及其他教學(xué)支持。案例撰寫的基本原則是什么？ 案例撰寫的基本原則主要有：(1)仿真原則(2)中立原則(3)矛盾原則(4）前瞻原則” 案例撰寫內(nèi)容主要包括哪幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)？ 案例撰寫內(nèi)容主要包括以下要點(diǎn)：

(1）案例撰寫的準(zhǔn)備。包括編制案例撰寫計(jì)劃、企業(yè)實(shí)地調(diào)研與搜集資料

(2）案例寫作。包括撰寫案例正文、撰寫案例使用說明等。案例撰寫時(shí)需要收集相關(guān)資料，主要采取哪三種方法? 案例撰寫時(shí)收集相關(guān)資料主要有三種方法:(1)文獻(xiàn)法。文獻(xiàn)是指用文字、圖形、符號(hào)、聲頻、視頻等技術(shù)手段記錄人類知識(shí)的一種載體。文獻(xiàn)可作為案例資料收集的一個(gè)重要來源。

(2)訪談法。訪談法常被用作是收集初級(jí)資料常用的方法之一，這種方法在于通過被訪問者的溝通交流來弄清案例的細(xì)節(jié)資料，或弄清一些有爭議、差異性較大的問題。

(3)問卷調(diào)查法。問卷調(diào)查法是根據(jù)一定的調(diào)查目的，以嚴(yán)格設(shè)計(jì)的問卷為工具，向研究對(duì)象收集研究資料和數(shù)據(jù)的一種調(diào)查方法。

管理案例教學(xué)作用表現(xiàn)在哪些方面？ 管理案例教學(xué)作用表現(xiàn)在以下方面：

(1）幫助學(xué)生建立起知識(shí)體系，深化課堂理論教學(xué)；(2）增強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)專業(yè)知識(shí)的認(rèn)識(shí)，加速知識(shí)向技能的轉(zhuǎn)化；(3）具有“啟發(fā)式”教學(xué)特點(diǎn)，有助于提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量；(4）培養(yǎng)學(xué)生分析和解決問題的能力，提高決策水平；(5）提高學(xué)生處理人際關(guān)系的能力，與人和諧相處；(6）開發(fā)學(xué)生的智能和創(chuàng)造性，增強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)興趣。簡述案例分析方法中的“角色扮演法”。

角色扮演法最初是被用來測(cè)評(píng)和培訓(xùn)管理者技能的一種方法，即角色扮演法既是要求被試者扮演一個(gè)特定的管理者角色來觀察被試者的多種表現(xiàn)，了解其心理素質(zhì)和潛在能力的一種測(cè)評(píng)方法，也是通過情景模擬，要求其扮演指定行為角色，并對(duì)其行為表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)和反饋，以此來幫助其發(fā)展和提高行為技能最有效的一種培訓(xùn)方法。

簡述案例分析方法中的“"討論法”“。

討論法是指學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下，為解決某個(gè)問題而進(jìn)行探討，進(jìn)而相互啟發(fā)、相互學(xué)習(xí)以獲取知識(shí)的一種教學(xué)互動(dòng)方法。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于能更好地發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主動(dòng)性、積極性，有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立思維能力、口頭表達(dá)能力，促進(jìn)學(xué)生靈活地運(yùn)用知識(shí)。簡述案例分析過程的五個(gè)基本環(huán)節(jié)。

(1）分析形勢(shì)

分析形勢(shì)是指對(duì)當(dāng)前處境的了解和掌握。(2）確認(rèn)問題

就是以一定的分析框架，找到?jīng)Q策主體需要解決的問題。(3）提出方案

找到問題所在，明確了問題的癥結(jié)，下一步的工作就是“對(duì)癥下藥”，制定解決問題的方案。(4）預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果

預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果是一個(gè)邏輯推理的過程。(5）作出決策

這是解決問題的最后一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。根據(jù)決策目標(biāo)和現(xiàn)實(shí)條件，對(duì)各種備選方案進(jìn)行利弊權(quán)衡，進(jìn)行正反兩方面的比較，從中選擇較優(yōu)的方案，拍板決定。簡述管理案例的含義。管理案例的含義:

(1)案例必須以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，體現(xiàn)出真實(shí)性。

(2)案例中應(yīng)包含一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)管理問題，啟發(fā)學(xué)生思考。(3)案例需要界定教學(xué)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，使學(xué)生明確目的與意義。簡述管理案例分析四個(gè)方面的基本原則。管理案例分析的基本原則主要包括以下四個(gè)方面：(1)理論和實(shí)際相結(jié)合。(2)創(chuàng)新性。(3)歸納與分析。(4)可操作性?！?/p>

簡述管理案例教學(xué)的作用。管理案例教學(xué)作用表現(xiàn)在以下方面:

(1)幫助學(xué)生建立起知識(shí)體系，深化課堂理論教學(xué);(2)增強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)專業(yè)知識(shí)的理解，加速知識(shí)向技能的轉(zhuǎn)化;(3)具有“"啟發(fā)式”“教學(xué)特點(diǎn)，有助于提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量;(4)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生分析和解決問題的能力，提高決策水平;(5)提高學(xué)生處理人際關(guān)系的能力，與人和諧相處;(6)開發(fā)學(xué)生的智能和創(chuàng)造性，增強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)興趣。

簡述談判法在案例討論中應(yīng)用的時(shí)候要注意把握的三個(gè)要點(diǎn)。第一，談判法是學(xué)生掌握談判技能及其他管理技能的重要方法． 第二，談判法是一種開放循環(huán)式的教學(xué)模式。

第三，為了增強(qiáng)談判法的效果，激發(fā)學(xué)生參與的積極性，要注意合理的模擬設(shè)計(jì)；選擇合適的談判案例；做好仿真的談判環(huán)境；給予恰當(dāng)?shù)恼勁兄笇?dǎo)；及時(shí)總結(jié)模擬談判問題。什么是案例學(xué)習(xí)中的“角色扮演法”?

角色扮演法最初是被用來測(cè)評(píng)和培訓(xùn)管理者技能的一種方法，即角色扮演法既是要求被試者扮演一個(gè)特定的管理者角色來觀察被試者的多種表現(xiàn)，了解其心理素質(zhì)和潛在能力的一種測(cè)評(píng)方法，也是通過情景模擬，要求其扮演指定行為角色，并對(duì)其行為表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)和反饋，以此來幫助其發(fā)展和提高行為技能最有效的一種培訓(xùn)方法。

討論法在案例教學(xué)中的特點(diǎn)主要表現(xiàn)為哪幾個(gè)方面? 討論法在案例教學(xué)中的特點(diǎn)主要表現(xiàn)為以下四個(gè)方面:(1)啟發(fā)誘導(dǎo)。(2)鼓勵(lì)和激勵(lì)。(3)目的性。(4)層次性?！?學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)案例時(shí)，要重視課前案例的閱讀與思考，主要須注意哪幾個(gè)方面？

學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)案例時(shí)，要重視課前案例的閱讀與思考，主要應(yīng)注意以下方面：

(l）確定案例分析的基本角度。(2）關(guān)鍵問題的確定。

(3）找出隱含的重要問題。真正把握案例的實(shí)質(zhì)和要點(diǎn)。(4）明確分析的系統(tǒng)與主次。

在進(jìn)行管理案例分析時(shí)，遇到的常見問題主要有哪些？ 學(xué)生在進(jìn)行管理案例分析時(shí)，通常會(huì)遇到以下問題：(1）案例材料中的深層次信息發(fā)掘不夠。(2）不能圍繞案例的中心線索切人主題。(3）分析結(jié)論缺少客觀依據(jù)。

在撰寫案例時(shí)，需要篩選、加工案例素材資料，主要包括哪幾個(gè)方面？

在撰寫案例時(shí)，需從下面三個(gè)方面來考慮對(duì)素材資料進(jìn)行篩選加工問題：

(1）本案例所要體現(xiàn)的管理主題及有關(guān)的關(guān)鍵問題是什么。(2)案例中的當(dāng)事人（主要是決策者）必須掌握的情況有哪些。(3）案例分析者需要哪些必要的信息。案例

比特麗公司的分權(quán)管理 問題：

(1）你認(rèn)為公司新的董事長的做法比他的前任更好嗎，為什么？(2）德姆的增加參謀人員的舉措能起到效果嗎？你認(rèn)為直線與參謀人員之間的關(guān)系本質(zhì)是什么？

(1）新董事長的做法不是很有效，主要原因是需要分析原有問題成因。產(chǎn)品線較多，分公司管理失控，不一定轉(zhuǎn)賣就更好。缺少核心支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，那樣公司規(guī)模會(huì)大幅度降低。核心需要激發(fā)分公司經(jīng)理和主要業(yè)務(wù)人員積極性。獎(jiǎng)金過少缺少有效激勵(lì)，還是和業(yè)績緊密聯(lián)系，而且重獎(jiǎng)。

(2）公司要增加參謀人員，前提是確保直線人員的權(quán)利和能力，參謀人員需要明確職責(zé)，否則會(huì)帶來更多的管理矛盾。格蘭仕的競(jìng)爭戰(zhàn)略

(1)格蘭仕采用的是戚本領(lǐng)先戰(zhàn)略，這種戰(zhàn)略模式優(yōu)點(diǎn)是降低替代品的威脅;形成進(jìn)入障礙;具有討價(jià)還價(jià)的能力和保持領(lǐng)先的競(jìng)爭地位等。

(2)但格蘭仕不能永久使用這一戰(zhàn)略，特別是當(dāng)競(jìng)爭對(duì)手也有這種優(yōu)勢(shì)時(shí)，就需要改變戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展模式，如多元化發(fā)展、實(shí)行差異化和密集市場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)略。實(shí)際上近年來格蘭仕已經(jīng)向多元化戰(zhàn)略演變。黃工程師為什么要走? 問題:(1)請(qǐng)分析黃工程師離職的原因。

(2)如果你是黃廠長，將采取什么激勵(lì)措施來留住黃工程師?(1)黃工程師離職的主要原因是其待遇與廠領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的重視程度嚴(yán)重不符。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是表面重

視，但實(shí)際上是使用，而且是缺乏激勵(lì)的使用。這與管理激勵(lì)理

論不符，員工需要精神激勵(lì)，更需要物質(zhì)激勵(lì)。

(2)廠領(lǐng)導(dǎo)留住黃工程師的做法可以有很多形式，但必須談如何使其有實(shí)際管理權(quán)限和與職位匹配的待遇。惠普公司的組織變革 問題：

(1）請(qǐng)根據(jù)組織理論，給約翰?A ?楊對(duì)于惠普公司組織模式的變革定義？

(2）你認(rèn)為能實(shí)現(xiàn)這一變革最主要的原因是什么？

(1)惠普公司組織變革的定義就是由高聳的組織模式變革為扁平化的組織模式，這是組織變革發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)和方向。

(2）要實(shí)現(xiàn)這種變革，一定是組織的主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)明確目標(biāo)，大力支持，并能采取有效措施推行。李開復(fù)“跳槽” 問題：

(1)請(qǐng)分析微軟能否留住李開復(fù)？

(2)公司應(yīng)該怎樣做才能進(jìn)一步激發(fā)以李開復(fù)為代表的知識(shí)型員工的積極性？

(l）回答微軟公司能留住李開復(fù)或者不能留住都可以，但關(guān)鍵要寫出留住與留不住的理由，這非常重要。

(2）回答這一問題一方面要結(jié)合相關(guān)激勵(lì)理論，另一方面要寫出知識(shí)型員工的特點(diǎn)，高學(xué)歷、創(chuàng)造性、自我認(rèn)知等，強(qiáng)調(diào)給員工自主性和創(chuàng)造性空間。兩個(gè)完全不同風(fēng)格的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者 問題:

(1)張總經(jīng)理與唐副總經(jīng)理各自采用的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式是什么?各自的優(yōu)劣勢(shì)體現(xiàn)在哪些方面?

(2)結(jié)合領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式理論分析為什么他們都能在工作中取得好成績?

(1)兩位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)分別采用了集權(quán)和民主式領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式。兩種領(lǐng)導(dǎo)風(fēng)格在現(xiàn)實(shí)中都存在。

(2)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)風(fēng)格有效主要取決于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者個(gè)人魅力、被領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的基本素質(zhì)、組織特性及職權(quán)體 系狀況。美泰玩具公司 問題:

(1)公司為什么要不斷改變做生意的方式呢?這樣做的根本目的是什么呢?

(2)公司要真正做到有效改變，需要有哪些資源和支持?(1)美泰采用的不斷變化的交易方式，就是在競(jìng)爭中爭取主動(dòng)。市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭有個(gè)規(guī)則是“"人無我有、人有我好、人好我巧，人巧我轉(zhuǎn)”“。

(2)公司要實(shí)現(xiàn)這一戰(zhàn)略變化需要資源主要是銷售渠道成熟、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新性強(qiáng)和高素質(zhì)公司員工。為什么員工失去了工作樂趣 問題:

(1)為什么管理流程”“科學(xué)化”"后，員工反而失去了工作樂趣?(2)請(qǐng)分析如何激勵(lì)員工產(chǎn)生新的工作樂趣?

(1)管理流程科學(xué)化要包括兩個(gè)方面，一是生產(chǎn)流程管理的科學(xué)和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，由于專業(yè)化極強(qiáng)，確實(shí)會(huì)帶來員工作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)聯(lián)系緊密，工

作單調(diào)等問題，因此，管理流程科學(xué)化的另一方面還要有對(duì)于員工作為不同個(gè)體的人文關(guān)懷，以及能夠激發(fā)其創(chuàng)造性和積極性的制度和措施。

(2)答題者提出的解決方案可以多樣，只要能夠自圓其說就可以。汶川太地震救助的組織管理模式 問題：

(1)抗震救災(zāi)工作組在組組結(jié)構(gòu)上主善于何種類型的結(jié)棋?(2)溫家寶總理擔(dān)任總指揮對(duì)于抗震救災(zāi)工作組的高效運(yùn)作具有何粹主意義?(1)是矩陣的組織模式。

(2）注重分析過程的條理和主要觀點(diǎn)． 銷售經(jīng)理的辭職 問題：

(1)你認(rèn)為李興應(yīng)該走嗎?公司應(yīng)該挽留李興嗎?(2)如果你是新任總經(jīng)理，該如何解決這個(gè)問題?(1）如果運(yùn)用公平理論分析，李興是要走的，因?yàn)樗睦锔杏X不平衡。如果從公司角度看，如果挽留李興違反了公司制度規(guī)定，那還是不能夠打破。但可以從親情和其他方面挽留。

(2）強(qiáng)調(diào)此事一定要解決圓滿，或者有比較有效的措施。因?yàn)殇N售員工是公司的核心員工，典型員工離職會(huì)給公司帶來極大的負(fù)面影響。

第五篇：生存分析知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

生存分析知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

09統(tǒng)計(jì)（經(jīng)濟(jì)分析1班）周姍琪 32009121215

一、基本概念

1、生存分析：將事件的結(jié)果和出現(xiàn)此結(jié)果所經(jīng)歷的時(shí)間結(jié)合起來分析的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法。研究生存現(xiàn)象和響應(yīng)時(shí)間數(shù)據(jù)及其統(tǒng)計(jì)規(guī)律的一門學(xué)科。對(duì)一個(gè)或多個(gè)非負(fù)隨機(jī)變量（生存時(shí)間）進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析研究。對(duì)生存時(shí)間進(jìn)行分析和推斷，研究生存時(shí)間和結(jié)局與眾多影響因素間關(guān)系及其程度的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法。

2、生存時(shí)間：生存時(shí)間也叫壽命、存活時(shí)間、失效時(shí)間等等

3、研究目的：

①描述生存過程：估計(jì)不同時(shí)間的總體生存率，計(jì)算中位生存期，繪制生存函數(shù)曲線。統(tǒng)計(jì)方法包括K-M法、壽命表法。

②比較：比較不同處理組的生存率，如比較不同療法治療腦瘤的生存率，以了解哪種治療方案較優(yōu)。統(tǒng)計(jì)方法log-rank檢驗(yàn)等。

③影響因素分析：研究某個(gè)或某些因素對(duì)生存率或生存時(shí)間的影響作用。如為改善腦瘤病人的預(yù)后，應(yīng)了解影響病人預(yù)后的主要因素，包括病人的年齡、性別、病程、腫瘤分期、治療方案等。統(tǒng)計(jì)方法Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型等。④預(yù)測(cè)：建立Cox回歸預(yù)測(cè)模型。

4、研究內(nèi)容：描述生存過程和對(duì)生存過程影響因素分析及結(jié)局預(yù)測(cè)。

5、主要分析方法：參數(shù)法方法、非參數(shù)方法、半?yún)?shù)方法。

二、生存分析數(shù)據(jù)類型

1、完全數(shù)據(jù)：每個(gè)個(gè)體確切的生產(chǎn)時(shí)間都是知道的。這樣的數(shù)據(jù)稱為完全數(shù)據(jù)。但在實(shí)際的生存分析中，數(shù)據(jù)在很多情況下是很難完全觀察到的。

2、刪失：在研究結(jié)束時(shí)，無法獲得某些個(gè)體確切的生存時(shí)間。

①右刪失：在進(jìn)行觀察或調(diào)查時(shí)，一個(gè)個(gè)體的確切生存時(shí)間不知道，而只知道其生存時(shí)間大于時(shí)間L，則稱該個(gè)體的生存時(shí)間在L上是右刪失的，并稱L為右刪失數(shù)據(jù)。

②左刪失：研究對(duì)象在時(shí)刻Ct開始接受觀察，而在此之前我們感興趣的時(shí)間已經(jīng)發(fā)生，這就是左刪失。

③區(qū)間刪失：若個(gè)體的確切生存時(shí)間不知道，只知道其生存時(shí)間在兩個(gè)觀察時(shí)間 L和R之間（L

3、截?cái)?在研究或者觀測(cè)中，淘汰了一些對(duì)象（樣本），使得研究者“意識(shí)不到他們的存在”。

①左截?cái)?只有個(gè)體經(jīng)歷某種初始事件以后才能觀察到其生存時(shí)間，稱為左截?cái)?此時(shí)獲得的數(shù)據(jù)稱為左截?cái)鄶?shù)據(jù).②右截?cái)啵褐挥薪?jīng)歷了某種終止事件才能觀察到生存時(shí)間（將要經(jīng)歷該事件的個(gè)體不包含在實(shí)驗(yàn)樣本中），稱為右截?cái)啵藭r(shí)獲得的數(shù)據(jù)稱為右截?cái)鄶?shù)據(jù)。

三、基本函數(shù)

1、生存函數(shù)：描述生存時(shí)間統(tǒng)計(jì)特征的基本函數(shù),也叫生存率：設(shè)T 表示生存

S(t)?P(T?t)?1?F(t),0?t??；時(shí)間，F(xiàn)(t)為T分布函數(shù),生存函數(shù)定義為：

?當(dāng)T連續(xù)：S(t)?P(T?t)?1?F(t)??f(u)du，f(t)??S?(t)??tdS(t)dt2、危險(xiǎn)率函數(shù)：描述觀察個(gè)體在某時(shí)刻存活條件下，在以后的單位時(shí)間內(nèi)死亡的概率：?(t)?lim?h?0P(T?t?hT?t)h；

當(dāng)T連續(xù)：?(t)?f(t)/S(t)??dln[S(t)]/dt；

當(dāng)T離散，取值為a1?a2??且f(ai)?P(T?ai)，i?1,2,?則ai處的危險(xiǎn)率：?i?P(T?aiT?ai)?f(ai)S(ai?1)?S(ai)S(ai)??1?,i?1,2,?S(ai?1)S(ai?1)S(ai?1)ai?ttS(t)??S(ai)/S(ai?1)??(1??i)

ai?t3、累積危險(xiǎn)率函數(shù)：?(t)???(u)du；

0t當(dāng)T連續(xù)：S(t)?exp[??(t)]?exp[???(u)du]，?(t)??ln[S(t)]；

0當(dāng)T 離散時(shí)，危險(xiǎn)率函數(shù)有兩種定義形式：?(t)??iai?t??i；?(t)?iai?t?ln(1??)

i4、平均剩余壽命函數(shù)：r(t)?E(T?tT?t)?

5、中位壽命

?(s?t)f(s)dstS(t)，r(0)為平均壽命

四、常用的參數(shù)模型

1、指數(shù)分布：

（1）生存函數(shù)形式為：s(t)?exp(??t),??0,t?0（2）密度函數(shù)為：f(t)??exp(??t)（3）危險(xiǎn)率函數(shù)為：?(t)??

（4）指數(shù)分布的一個(gè)重要性質(zhì)：無記憶性，即P(T?t?hT?t)?P(T?h)

2、威布爾分布：

（1）生存函數(shù)形式為：s(t)?exp[?(?t)?],??0,??0（2）危險(xiǎn)率函數(shù)為：?(t)???(?t)??1

3、伽馬分布：

?t生存函數(shù)：s(t)?1?[?u??1exp(?u)du]/?(?),??0,??0，0?其中?(?)??u??1exp(?u)du稱為伽馬函數(shù)

04、對(duì)數(shù)羅吉斯蒂（logistic）分布

5、對(duì)數(shù)正太分布

五、生存分析的非參數(shù)方法

1、生存函數(shù)的估計(jì)

?(t)?生存時(shí)間?t的個(gè)數(shù)（1）在無刪失條件下：S個(gè)體總數(shù)?(T?tT?t)?Yi?di,i?1,2,?，D（2）存在右刪失下：PiiYid~（3）左截?cái)嘤覄h失數(shù)據(jù)生存函數(shù)的估計(jì)：S(t)??[1?i]

ti?tYi（4）左刪失數(shù)據(jù)生存函數(shù)估計(jì)：P(??X?t)?P(X???t)（5）同時(shí)存在左、右刪失情況：P(R?tR?0)?P(X???tX??)

?(t)?Z?（6）生存函數(shù)點(diǎn)估計(jì)的置信區(qū)間：(S1??/2?s(t),S(t)?Z1??/2?s(t))

1,t?t1???(t)??d2、乘積限估計(jì)：S ?(1?i),t?t1?Yi?ti?t3、累積死亡率的估計(jì)

（1）無刪失條件下危險(xiǎn)率函數(shù)的估計(jì)：

?(t)??在時(shí)間t開始的區(qū)間中死亡的個(gè)數(shù)

在時(shí)間t存活著的個(gè)體數(shù)?區(qū)間寬度（2）有刪失條件下累計(jì)死亡率估計(jì)：

①直接利用累積死亡率與生存函數(shù)的關(guān)系：?(t)??ln[S(t)]

?0,t?t1?(t)??②Nelson-Aalen估計(jì)：H?di,t?t，具有更好的小樣本性質(zhì)。

?1?Yt?ti?i（3）累積死亡力函數(shù)的置信區(qū)間

?(t)?Z?①線性置信區(qū)間：(?1??/2?H(t),?(t)?Z1??/2?H(t))

②其他變換形式的非線性置信區(qū)間：對(duì)數(shù)變換區(qū)間；反正弦平方根變化區(qū)間

4、生存時(shí)間均值的估計(jì)

?(t)dt ????S（1）平均生存時(shí)間估計(jì)式：?0??(t)dt]2?ar?????[?S（2）方差：vi?1tiD?di

Yi(Yi?di)

5、生命表中生存函數(shù)的估計(jì)

6、固定時(shí)間點(diǎn)生存率的比較：

（1）兩個(gè)生存率比較：?2?(S1?S2)2/(V1?V2)，df=1（2）兩個(gè)以上生存率比較：?2?W1?(S1?S)2?W2?(S2?S)2?W3?(S3?S)2，df=3-1

7、生存曲線的比較：（1）Log rank 檢驗(yàn)

（2）廣義Wilcoxon檢驗(yàn)

（3）Cox-Mantel檢驗(yàn)

六、半?yún)?shù)模型

1、Cox相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型：

（1）相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型：?(t;x)??0(t)exp[Z(t)??]（2）Cox模型下生存時(shí)間分布函數(shù)：

?t?S(t;x)?P(T?tx)?exp????0(u)exp[Z(u)??]du?

?0?（3）密度函數(shù)：f(t;x)??(t;x)F(t;x)

2、比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型：?(t;x)??0(t)exp[Z??]