第一篇：外語教學與研究出版社高中英語必修1重難點解析1

Module 7 Revision 重難點解析（1）

定冝詞的基本用法

定冝詞主要和名詞連用

a.表示某個或某些特定的人或東西：

Where are the other students?

其他同學在哪里？

This is the head of our delegation.這是我們代表團的團長。

Did you go to the opening ceremony?

你去沒去參加開幕典禮？

Let's go and water the vegetable plots.咱們去給菜地澆水吧。

He put the paper aside and turned on the radio.他把報紙擱在一邊，打開無線電。

We must catch the next bus.我們必須趕下一班公共汽車。

She couldn't go, so she returned the ticket.她不能去，所以把票退掉了。

分析：例1中的“同學”不是指隨便哪些同學，而是指某幾個特定的同學。反過來說，如果不是指特定的某個或某些人或東西，就不宜加定冝詞，這時或者不加冝詞，或者需加a, some, a few這樣的詞。試比較下面的句子：（1.特指；2.泛指）

1.Give me the book.把那本書給我。

2.Give me a book.給我一本書（不拘是什么書）。

1.Take the medicine.把這藥吃掉。

2.Take some medicine.吃點藥吧。

第 1 頁 1.Did you hear the talk given by Dr.Li? 你聽了李博士做的報告了嗎？

2.Do you often hear talks by foreign friends? 你常聽外國朋友做的報告嗎？

1.I liked the children's performances.我喜歡那些孩子們的表演。2.I like children's performances.我喜歡看兒童演出。

b.在談到彼此都知其何所指的東西時也常加定冝詞：

She goes to the theatre every week.她每星期都去看戲。

What's in the papers(on the radio)?

報上（收音機里）有什么新聞？

Let's meet at the railway station.咱們火車站見吧。

但television前可加可不加：

There's an interesting play on(the)television.c.在第二次提到某東西（甚至和它有關的東西）時常常需加定冝詞：

He bought a TV and a video recorder, but he returned the video recorder.他買了一臺電視機和一臺錄象機，但把錄象機退了。

She bought a bicycle, but when she rode it one of the wheels came off.她買了一輛自行車，她騎上去時一個輪子掉了。

He saw a house in the country, isolated and far away from the nearest town.He stood outside the house for a while before going in.In the front room there was a fire burning in the fireplace.The room was clean, small and very warm.他在田野里看到一棟房子，孤零零的，離最近的城鎮(zhèn)也很進。他在房子外面站了一會兒才迚去。在前面房間的壁爐里燃著爐火。房間窄小卻很干凈暖和。

第 2 頁 d.在某些詞組中，表示身體部位的名詞前常加the, 如：

They pulled her by the hair.他們扯她的頭發(fā)。

He gave me a pat on the back.他拍了一下我的背。

He hit me on the chin.他沖我下巴打了一拳。

e.定冝詞還可和某些名詞連用，表示一個民族、階級或階層：

The Chinese people are industrious and brave.中國人民勤勞勇敢。

Life was hard for the working class.那時工人階級生活是苦的。For years she lived among the peasants.她在農民中間生活了許多年。the proletariat 無產階級

the bourgeoisie 資產階級

the intelligentsia(intellectuals)知識分子

the peasantry(peasants)農民階級

the petty-bourgeoisie 小資產階級

the aristocracy(nobility)貴族

the landlord class(landlords)地主階級

另外某類人的總稱前也多加定冝詞：

We must have faith in the masses.我們應當相信群眾。

the science circles 科學界

the government employees 政府雇員

第 3 頁 the railway workers 鐵路工人

the London dockers 倫敦碼頭工人

f.某些河流、海洋、山脈、群島、海峽、海灣等專有名詞前，常加定冝詞。例如： the Yangtze, the Atlantic Ocean（大西洋）, the Alps（阿爾卑斯山）, the Philippines（菲律賓群島）, the English Channel（英吉利海峽）, the Persian Gulf（波斯灣）

g.定冝詞也可和一可數名詞單數連用，代表一類人或東西：

The burnt child dreads the fire.挨過燙的孩子害怕火。（諺）

The careful writer should avoid it.仔細的作家應避免這樣做。

The transistor is small in size and highly reliable.半導體體積小而且極為可靠。

The lion is found in Africa.獅子出在非洲。

The rose is my favourite flower.玫瑰是我最喜歡的花。

分析：這里說的“孩子”，“半導體”不是指哪一個具體東西，而是指整個類屬。在這種情況下多以加定冝詞的辦法表示這類東西。如果用一個人或東西能說明整個類屬的特點，則也可以加不定冝詞來表示類屬。有時兩種辦法都可以用，也可用名詞的復數形式表示類屬。A horse is a useful animal.The horse is a useful animal.Horses are useful animals.馬是有用的動物。

如果不是說每一個（人或東西）的情況，而是說整個類屬，則不能以加不定冝詞的辦法來表示。例如：

第 4 頁 The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.老虎有絕種的危險。

就不能改為“A tiger...”。

h.表示世界上獨一無二的東西（如太陽，月亮，世界，地球，天空，宇宙）的名詞，通常要加定冝詞：

The sun is down.太陽已經落山。

The moon moves round the earth.月亮繞著地球轉。

The sky is quite blue and cloudless.天空蔚藍，明凈無云。

這類名詞還有the globe（地球），the Equator（赤道），the universe（宇宙），the atmosphere（大氣層），the outer space（外層空間）等。

i.定冝詞還可和一個形容詞連用，代表一類人或東西：

Soon he would be among the unemployed.不久他將加入失業(yè)大軍。

Take care of the wounded.注意照顧受傷人員。

You can't expect them to do the impossible.你不能指望他們做出不可能的事。

This was nothing out of the ordinary.這沒有什么異乎尋常的地方。

此外還有the rich（富人），the poor（窮人），the deaf（聾人），the blind（盲人），the dead（死者），the oppressed（受壓迫的人）等。

j.在序數詞、形容詞的最高級和表示方位的名詞前加定冝詞。例如： The second tax is for the state government.第二種稅是州政府征收的。

The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad.最簡單的一種廣告是分類廣告。

The sun rises in the east.太陽從東方升起。

第 5 頁

k.在某些習慣用語中的名詞前加定冝詞。例如：

in the morning, afternoon or evening（在上午，下午或晚上），by the way（順便說），for the time being（暫時），on the whole（總的來說），out of the question（毫無可能的）

第 6 頁

第二篇：外語教學與研究出版社高中英語必修1重難點解析

重難點解析

Module 1 1.What are the main differences between Junior High school and

Senior High school? 初中和高中的主要不同是什么？

difference 可用作可數名詞亦可用作不可數名詞，常與介詞 between 連用，表兩者間的不同。

典例 ： 初中和高中的主要不同是什么？

It's hard to see many differences between the two parties.很難看出兩黨之間有多少不同。（兩黨之間并沒有很多差異。）

What is the difference between American food and Chinese food?

中國食物與美國食物有什么不同？

There is not much difference in price.在價格上沒有太大差異。

拓展 ： different 形容詞

different from 與 …… 不同； different in 在某方面不同

典例 ：

The two boys are very different from each.這兩個男孩有很大不同。

Our bags are different in color.我們的書包顏色不同。

反饋練習：

1.-----Can you see any differences __________________(這兩幅畫之間)?

-----Yes, I can see __________________________{ 有兩點不同 }.2.The color of her skirt is different _____ that of mine.A.in B.with C.between D.from

答案 ：

1.between the two pictures;there are two differences 2.D 2.Are Senior High teachers similar to Junior High teachers?

高中的老師與初中老師相似嗎？

similar 形容詞 相似的 , 類似的 表與 …… 相似時，常與介詞 to 搭配。

典例：

We have similar tastes in music.我們在音樂上有相似的愛好。

They are all similar.他們都類似。

My opinions on the matter are similar to Mary's.我在這件事上的觀點與瑪麗相似。

拓展 ：

1.be similar to 與 be different from 構成反義詞組

similarity [U ； C] 相似之處

反饋練習：

．____________________________________

這本書和那本書相似。

答案： This book is similar to that one 3.The teachers are very enthusiastic and friendly and the

classrooms are amazing.老師們很熱情友好，教室也（好的）令人驚奇。

（1）enthusiastic 熱心的； 熱情的；感興趣的 表示對某事熱心，感興趣時常與 about 連用

典例：

The football star got an enthusiastic reception.那位足球明星受到了熱情的招待。

All teachers in our school are enthusiastic.我們學校所有的老師都很熱情。

Xiao'ming is very enthusiastic about the concert.小明對這場音樂會很感興趣。

（2）.friendly 友好的 表對某人友好時通常與 to 連用

典例：

My classmates are all very friendly.我的同學都很友好。

There was a friendly smile on her face.她臉上掛著友好的微笑。

People in Qingdao are always friendly to visitors.青島人對游客很友好。（3）amazing 形容詞（好到）令人驚奇的； 令人吃驚的； 難以相信的 典例：

He is an amazing player to watch.他是一個（好的）讓人驚奇的運動員。

Something amazing happened last night.昨天晚上發(fā)生一件令人驚奇的事情。

反饋練習：

．____________________________________

湯姆給我們講了很多令人難以置信的故事。

答案： Tom told us a lot of amazing stories.4.The teacher is a very enthusiastic woman called Ms Shen.老師是一個非常熱情的姓申的女士。

called 在此處為過去分詞作定語，修飾 the woman ；同 named;可譯為“被稱 / 叫做 …… ； 名叫 …… ”

典例：

A girl named Wangping won the game.一個叫王萍的女孩贏了比賽。

Do you know a person named John Wilson? 你知道一個叫約翰。威爾遜的人嗎？

反饋練習：

____________________________________

他們有一個叫朋朋的三歲的兒子。

答案： They have a three-year-old son called Pengpeng.5.We are using a new textbook and Ms Shen's method is nothing like

that of the teachers at my Junior High school.我們用新的教科書，而且申老師的教學方法和我們初中老師的一點也不同。

nothing like

（1）。一點兒也不像

典例：

He is nothing like his brother.他和他的弟弟一點也不像。Your mobile phone is nothing like mine.你的手機和我的一點也不像。

（2）。沒有比某事更好的了

典例：

There is nothing like a hot bath after a day's work.一天工作之后，沒什么比洗個熱水澡更舒服的了。

There is nothing like music when you are tired.當你疲勞的時候，沒有什么比音樂更好的了。

that 可用來代替前面提到的物體，避免重復。(注意，當指代物為復數名詞時，用 those)

典例 ：

The climate of Beijing is quite different from that of Qingdao.北京的氣候與青島（的氣候）有很大不同。

The size of my shoes is larger than that of yours.我的鞋的號碼比你的大。反饋練習：

1;____________________________________

His way of life is nothing like his father's.2;______________________________________.我家鄉(xiāng)的建筑和北京的一點也不同。

答案 ：

1;他的生活方式和他父親的一點也不同。

2;The buildings in my village are nothing like those in Beijing.6 ． And we have fun.我們很開心。

fun 不可數名詞 樂趣； 玩笑； 娛樂（在美語中有時可用作形容詞，表“有趣的”）

典例：

What fun it is to do sth!做某事是多么快樂的事??！

What fun it is to visit Suzhou gardens!參觀蘇州園林是多么令人開心的事??！

---We are going to have a party.我們計劃開一個晚會。

---Have fun!玩的開心一點。

We do this in a fun way.我們以一種有趣的方式

反饋練習：

1：______________________________________.每天學習一些新東西是多么快樂的事啊！

答案： What fun it is to learn something new every day!7.In other words, there are three times as many girls as boys.換句話說，女生是男生的三倍。

（1）.in other words 換句話說

I don't want to leave you here.In other words, I want you to run

away with us too.我不想讓你留在這兒。換句話說，我想讓你和我們一起逃走。

拓展 ：

that is to say 也就是說 in a word 總之； 總起來說

（2）倍數表達法 表示 A 是 B 的幾倍時，可用下列幾種方法表達

① A+ B + 倍數 + as B

典例 ：

There are half as many students in this school as in that one.這所學校的學生數是那所學校的一半。

The husband is twice as old as the wife.丈夫年齡是妻子的兩倍。

② A + B + 倍數…than B

典例：

The population in this town is three times more than it was in 1980.這個小鎮(zhèn)的人口是它在 1980年時的三倍。

The laptop is three times more expensive than that desktop.這臺手提電腦比那臺臺式電腦貴三倍。

③ A + be + 倍數 + the size/length/height/width…of B

典例：

Our school is three times the size of yours.我們的學校面積是你們學校的三倍。

反饋練習：

1： ______________________________________.---------這所房子（面積）是那所的兩倍大。

答案：

This house is twice as big as that one.(This house is twice the size of that one.)8.I'm looking forward to doing it!

我正期待著做這件事呢！

look forward to 期待； 期望； 期盼（注意其中的to為介詞，其后需接名詞或動名詞）

典例：

We are looking forward to your arrival.我們正期盼著你的到來。

I'm looking forward to receiving your letter.我期待著收到你的來信。

反饋練習：

? ______________________________________.很多學生期盼著去參觀長城。

答案：

Many students are looking forward to visiting the Great Wall.9.So have I.我也是。

So + 助動詞 + 主語 表”某人也……”

典例：

He is sixteen, so am I.他十六了，我也是。

Tom likes playing football, so do I.湯姆喜歡踢足球，我也是。

注意： 助動詞及其時態(tài)的選擇要根據前句確定

He has finished his homework, so has Mary.（so have the other

students.）他已經完成了他的家庭作業(yè)，瑪麗也完成了。(其他學生也完成了。)

The teacher will go to America, so will the students.老師要去美國，學生們也要去。

拓展：

So + 主語 + 助動詞 表示對前一說話者的意思進行肯定

典例：

---Mary is good at music.瑪麗音樂很好。

---So she is.(是的，的確很好。)

--They have moved away.(他們已搬走了。)

--So they have.(是的，他們已搬走了。)

10．Secondary school in the US usually covers seven years, grades six

to twelve.美國中學通常要上七年，從六年級到十二年級。

cover在本句中作及物動詞 意為“涵蓋（內容）； 覆蓋（面積，長度，寬度等）； 包含； 包括”，有時也作“報導”講

典例：

The city covers 50 square miles.這座城市（覆蓋）面積為50平方公里。

The book covers all the information you want.這本書包含有所有你想要的信息。

They covered 100 miles yesterday.他們昨天走了100英里。

The plan would cover only a few of the three million people without

jobs.這項計劃只涉及到 300萬失業(yè)人口中的少數人。

Qingdao Daily has sent a reporter to cover the event.《青島日報》已了一名記者去報導（采訪）此事。

反饋練習：

1． ____________________________________.我們的學校占地兩百畝。

2;___________________________________.他的回答涵蓋了大部分要點。

答案：

1;Our school covers 200 mu.2;His answer covered most of the key points.

第三篇：外語教學與研究出版社高中英語必修 2Module 2 No Drugs重難點解析

Module 2 No Drugs重難點解析（1）

1．Facts About Smoking關于吸煙的事實

吸煙可以導致死亡，而在英語中表達死亡的用法有很多種，可以用die，也可以用cause death，be killed等，因患病而死，可以使用die from illnesses。

例如：

During the 1990 s，(21 thousand／21 million)people died as a result of smoking cigarettes．20世紀90年代，(2，100／21，000，000)人因為吸煙而死亡。

A quarter of young people who smoke more than(10／20)cigarettes a day will die prematurely as a result of smoking．每天吸煙(10支／20支)的年輕人，有四分之一的人會因吸煙而夭折。

In the United Kingdom，smoking causes(12，000／121，000)deaths a year．在英國，吸煙每年造成(12，000／121，000)人死亡。

Thirteen people die(every hour／every day)from illnesses related to smoking tobacco，such as cancer，bronchitis and heart disease．(每小時／每天)有十三個人死于與吸煙有關的疾病，如癌癥、支氣管炎和心臟病。

Every year，about(20／200)people are killed and(200／2，000)are seriously injured in fires caused by smoking．吸煙引起的火災每年造成大約(20／200)人死亡、(200／2，000)人嚴重受傷。

2．Thirteen people die(every hour／every day)from illnesses related to smoking tobacco，such as cancer，bronchitis and heart disease．(每小時／每天)有十三個人死于與吸煙有關的疾病，如癌癥、支氣管炎和心臟病。

1)英語中，表示“與什么有關”的短語有：be related to，be connected with，be associated with等。例如：

This case was related to drug dealers．這一案例與販毒者有關。

Language teaching is connected with the nature of language and the nature of language learning．語言教學與語言屬性和語言學習屬性有關。

This is a phenomenon associated with physical change．這是一個與物理變化有關的現象。

2)for example與such as的用法及區(qū)別：

①for example和such as都可當作“例如”解。但such as用來列舉事物，插在被列舉事物之間。

例如：

The farm grows various kinds of crops，such as wheat，corn，cotton and rice．

這個農場種植各種各樣的莊稼，例如麥子、玉米、棉花和稻米。

要特別注意：such as一般不宜與and so on連用，對前面的復數名詞部分起列舉作用，一般不全部列出。如不可以說He knows four languages，such as Chinese，English，French and German．在這種情況下，應將such as改成namely，后面加逗號。

②for example用來舉例說明，有時可作為獨立語，插在句中，不影響句子其他部分的語法關系。例如：

A lot of people here，for example，Mr John，would rather have coffee．這兒的許多人，例如約翰先生，寧愿喝咖啡。

第 1 頁

3)heart disease心臟病

心臟病還可以用heart attacks來表示。英語中表示疾病的常用詞匯有：have a(cold患感冒：have a toothache牙痛；have a headache頭痛；have a fever發(fā)燒；等等。除了與have連用外，表示疾病的名詞還通常與suffer from和die of連用。例如：

He suffers from a chest cancer．他患有胃癌。

He died of a heart disease last year．他去年死于心臟病。

3．I'm 19 years old and I used to be a drug addict．我19歲，過去是一個吸毒者。

used to和be used to的用法與區(qū)別：

1)be used to為被動語態(tài)。意為“被用來……”，to為動詞不定式符號，其后跟動詞原形。例如：

Golden trumpets are used to express public opinion here．這兒金喇叭是用來表達公共輿論的。

Bamboo can be used to carry water．竹子可用來輸水。

2)“used to”后接動詞原形，意思是“過去慣?！保硎具^去經常發(fā)生的動作(或存在的狀態(tài))現在已不再發(fā)生(或存在)了。

例如：

People used to think the sun travelled round the earth．人們過去曾經認為太陽繞地球轉動。(暗指人們現在并不這樣認為了。)

used to的否定式可用didn't use to，也可以用used not to(縮寫為usedn't to或 usen't to讀音為[ju：snt])。

2)若“be used to+名詞或v-ing"意思是“習慣于”。試比較：

He used to walk to school．他過去總是步行到校。

He is used to walking to school．他現在習慣于步行上學了。

值得注意的是：

①used to只用于過去時，不能用于別的時態(tài)；be used to則可用于各種時態(tài)。例如：

He is(was，will be，has been，etc．)used to walking to school．

②be used to中的be可以用get，become，grow代替，用這些動詞構成的動詞詞組表示由不習慣到習慣的過程。如：

You'll soon get used to the life in the countryside．你很快就會習慣鄉(xiāng)下的生活的。

4．I continued to buy cannabis from the same man for about six months．我繼續(xù)不停地從那個人那里買了大約6個月的大麻。

continue常用作及物動詞，意為“繼續(xù)”；后跟名詞、不定式或動詞-ing形式。例如：

We made up our minds to continue the experiment．我們下決心繼續(xù)進行這項實驗。

He continued his study of Chinese in some college．他繼續(xù)在某所大學學中文?

She continued to teach us English then．她那時繼續(xù)教我們英語。

They continued walking along the river after a short rest．他們休息了一下，繼

第 2 頁 續(xù)沿著小河散步。

The hot weather continued for a long time this year．今年炎熱的天氣持續(xù)了好長一段時間。(本句中continue用作不及物動詞，意為“延續(xù)”。)

5．One day．he offered me some crack cocaine．一天，他給了我一些強效純可卡因。

offer用作動詞，意為“提出，表示提供”，可以說“offer(sb．)sth．”(提供某 物)，offer to do sth．(提出／主動做某事)。例如：

When they arrived at our school，we offered them warm reception．當他到達我校時，我們熱情接待了他們。

I offered him a cup of tea．我給他上了一杯茶。

When we meet with difficulties he always offers his help．當我遇到困難時，他總是提供幫助。

He offered to help me with my English, and I made great progress．他主動幫助我學英語，我進步很大。

When she gets home from school she offers to do housework．當她放學回家時，就主動做家務活。

6．Users who inject the drug are also in more danger if they share needles with other users．注射毒品者，如果與其他人共用注射針頭，他們將更加危險了。

1)in danger意為“處境危險”。例如：

The little girl is not in danger now．這個小女孩脫離了危險。

While in danger you may ask the police for help．處于危險情況時，可向警察求助。

注意比較以下短語：be in great danger處境極其危險；be in no danger處境不危險；be out of danger脫險(脫離險境)；be in danger of處于……危險之中；be in safety(處境)安全;cannot do sth．with safety做某事不可能沒有危險。

又如：

He has been out of danger，that is to say，he is in no danger or he is in safety．他已經脫離了危險，也就是說，他的處境不危險了，或者說他處于安全之中了。

2)if引導的條件狀語從句

Users become addicted to crack cocaine much more easily if they smoke it．如果吸毒者吸了這種強效可卡因，他們將更容易吸毒上癮。

If you call wait two minutes，you won't want to smoke．如果你能等上兩分鐘，你就不想吸煙了。

If you're sitting down，take a short walk．如果你在坐著，就起來走走。

If you drink water．you reduce the need to have something in your mouth．如果你喝水的話，你就減少了吸煙的需求。

3)share意為“分享；共用；共同具有”，通常與with連用。例如：

He shared the food left with his father．他和他爸爸分享了剩下的食物。

I don't want to share the room with a stranger．我不想和一個陌生人同居一室。

第 3 頁

Now that there are not enough seats for everyone；we can share some of them．

既然沒有足夠的座位，有些我們可以合用。

They share the same interests．他們的興趣相投。

Who can share(in)my troubles as well as my joys?誰能和我同甘共苦?

7．Remember to record these “topic” sentences carefully in order to understand the main idea of the passage．為了理解段落大意，記住要仔細記錄主題句。

1)本句是一個祈使句，表示指令性。其中，remember to do sth．意為“記住去做

某事”(事情還沒有做)，注意區(qū)別于remember doing sth．

(記得做過某事)。例如：

Please remember to post the letter for me．請記住為我寄封信。

I remember posting the letter for you．我記得為你寄了那封信。

2)in order to是固定詞組，后接動詞原形。既可用在句首，也可用于句中，表示目 的。例如：

She went to the hall early in order to get a good seat．她很早就到大廳去了，以便找到一個好座位。

3)in order that相當于so that，用來引導目的狀語從句，句中常用的情。態(tài)動詞can，may，could，might，will等。例如：

She got up early in order that she could catch the first bus．她起床很早，以便能趕上第一班汽車。

注意：in order that引導的從句的主語如果和主句的主語一致，那么可改為in order to引導的狀語短語。上個例句可改為：She got up early in order to catch the first bus．

8．But he asked me for a lot of money．但是他向我索要大量的錢。

ask for意為“要求得到”，在不同情況下有不同譯法。例如：

You can write to VOA English and ask for any information you need．你可以寫信給VOA英語詢問一些你所需要的資料。

If you get into trouble，don't hesitate to ask for help．你要是碰到麻煩，要趕快向人求助。

She sent me a postcard asking for your address．她寄給我一張明信片，要你的地址。

9．I was in terrible pain．我痛苦得要命。

1)pain用作名詞，指“痛苦”時，常用作不可數名詞。但有時可與不定冠詞“a” 連用，指“辛苦”“努力”時，常用其復數形式“pains”。例如：

You will forgive me if I have given you pain．如果我給你帶來痛苦，請原諒我。

第 4 頁

He has been in pain since he returned from Hong Kong．自從香港回來，他一直處于痛苦之中。

He is in pare since he was injured in that accident．自從在那次事故中受傷以來，他一直在痛苦之中。

I have a pain in my head．我頭痛。

I have a continued pain in stomach．我腹部連續(xù)的疼痛。

No wonder he has taken the first place．for he has been at the pains of learning．他一直學習刻苦，難怪獲得第一名。

No pains，no gains．(No gains without pains)不勞則無獲。

You may save your pains．你不必費心。

It was done with pains．它是艱辛所為。

We have been demanded to spare no pains to finish it．要求我們不遺余力地完成這項任務。

2)pain用作動詞，“作痛，覺得痛”，“使疼痛，使痛苦”。例如：

She was pained to hear of his death．聽到他的死訊，她很痛苦。

His head pained this morning．他今天早晨頭痛。

[注意]pain作為名詞，主要指肉體上的痛苦(常與介詞in連用)，或精神心理方面的苦痛；而“ache”作為名詞，只指具體意義的疼痛，常與表身體部位的名詞構成一個復合名詞。如：

I was absent from school because of my headache．因為頭痛，我沒有去上學。

Not all persons think that toothache is a serious illness．并不是所有的人都認為牙痛是一種嚴重的病癥。

[辨析]wound，injure，hurt：

wound可用作名詞，一般指外傷，如槍傷、刀傷，尤其指戰(zhàn)爭、戰(zhàn)斗中的受傷。wound用作動詞時，注意與injure，hurt的區(qū)別。

wound指戰(zhàn)爭，戰(zhàn)斗中受傷，有時也可指“(感情)傷害”。

injure一般指由于意外或事故而造成的損傷，有時也可指“(感情)傷害”。

hurt為一般用語，可指肉體上傷害，也可以指精神上的傷害。另外，hurt還可作為不及物動詞，是“痛”的意思。

例如：

Since he had a headache，he have been in pain from time to time．自從他患了頭痛病以后，他不時地處于痛苦之中。

He went on fighting though he was badly wounded．他受了傷，但仍然繼續(xù)堅持戰(zhàn)斗。

I was sorry to hear that he had been badly injured in that accident．聽到他在事故中受了重傷我很難過。

He hurt his leg when he fell from the ladder．他從梯子上摔下來傷了腿。

What he said hurt me．他的話傷了我的心。

-What's wrong with your legs?你的腿怎么了?

-They hurt much．疼得很厲害。

How I wish I hadn't injured her．我是多么希望我沒有傷害她的感情啊!

What you have said has wounded me．你所說的話已經傷害了我。[考試要點]

第 5 頁 1．May this country never again know the ______of war．

A．ache

B．pain

C．hurt

D．wound 2．Chocolate gives me ______．

A．toothache

B．tooth hurt

C．tooth wound

D．tooth pain 3．His unkind behaviour caused his parents ______(許多痛苦)． 4．A hibernating animal can not feel any ______(疼痛)． 5． ______(他腿部受了傷)when he was shot at． 6． ______(受傷的人)lay on the carts．

7．Since the old man's daughter died，he has always been in ______．

A．ache

B．aches

C．pain

D．pains 8．My feelings ______(hurt)when he didn't invite me to the party．

[答案1．B 2．A 3．a great deal of pain 4．pain 5．He received a bad wound in the leg或He was badly wounded in the leg．

6．The wounded，或The wounded men 7．C 8．were hurt] Module 2 No Drugs重難點解析（2）

10．The next day，I broke into a house and stole a television and a video recorder．第二天，我闖進一戶人家，偷了一臺電視機和一部錄像機。

1)break into意為“強行而入；闖入”。例如：

The robbers broke into his house and robbed him of many possessions． 強盜們闖入他的家里，搶走了許多財物。

A house was broken into between midnight and 5 a．m． 在午夜到早上五點這段時間內，有人強行進入一家房子。They broke into the prison and set free more than 200 prisoners． 他們攻入監(jiān)獄，釋放了200多名犯人。2)break into還可以表示“突然開始”。例如：

Everybody broke into roars of laughter． 大家哄堂大笑起來。

On hearing the terrible news，they broke into tears． 一聽到這一可怕的消息，他們都哭了起來。The people broke into loud cheers at the news． 人們聽了這個消息，都大聲歡呼起來。

3)steal(stole，stolen)①“偷，竊”，作及物動詞。例如：

My bike was stolen while I was in the shop． 我進了商店后，自行車被偷了。

She used to steal money from her father's desk drawer． 她以前常從父親的辦公抽屜里偷錢。

He stole a look at the pretty girl across the table． 他偷偷地看了一眼桌子那邊那個漂亮的女孩。

②“偷，做賊，偷偷行動”，作不及物動詞。例如：

第 6 頁

He was arrested for stealing．他因偷竊被拘捕。

It's wrong to steal．偷竊是錯誤的。

He stole into the room．他溜進了房問。[注意]

①偷東西的結構為steal sth．from sb．／some place或steal sb．'s sth．；②steal sb．sth．的含義并不是“偷了某人的××東西”，而是“偷××東西來給某人”；③rob(robbed，robbed，robbing)意為搶劫。常用于結構：rob sb．／some place of sth．或sth．+be+robbed of(即“偷”的賓語是“物”，“搶劫”的賓語是“人／地點”)。[考試要點]1)steal與rob含義上的區(qū)別

2)二者結構上的區(qū)別 1．Jean had his purse ______on the back home from work．

A．steal

B．stolen

C．robed of

D．robbed 2．The little boy used to be made ______from the store．

A．use of stealing

B．to use stealing

C．use of to steal

D．to rob of 3．She looked down and found the purse gone，not knowing when it was ______．

A．robbed of

B．robbed

C．stolen from

D．stolen

[答案：1．B 2．C 3．D]

11．Using cocaine increase the user's heart rate and blood pressure．使用可卡因增加了使用者的心律和血壓。

increase既可用作動詞，也可用作名詞，意為“增加；增長”。例如：

The number of tigers in India has greatly increased in recent years．

在最近幾年中，印度老虎的數量有了很大的增長。(increase用作不及物動詞)Reading books can help you to increase your knowledge． 讀書可使人增長知識。(increase用作及物動詞)There was a good talk about the increase of the world's population． 有一個很好的關于世界人口增長的談話。(increase用作名詞)The increase of population will cause a lot of social problems． 人口的增加將會引起許多社會問題。

12．Smoking cack cocaine also causes anti-social behaviour．

吸取強效純可卡因還會導致違

法犯罪行為，給社會造成危害。

1)anti-為一個否定前綴，意為“反對，抵抗”。例如：

anti-social behaviour反社會行為，即違法犯罪行為

They fought against the Japanese during the Anti-Japanese War．在抗日戰(zhàn)爭期間，他們曾經同日本人打過仗。

For five minutes the three girls tried their best to give out anti-sickness pills and comfort the passengers．三位姑娘用5分鐘時間，將暈車藥片分發(fā)給乘客并安慰他們。

2)英語中表示否定的前綴還有：un-，dis-，il-，im-，ir-，mis-等。例如：

unhappy不快樂的，discourage泄氣，illegal不合法的，impossible不可能的，第 7 頁 irregular不規(guī)則的，misunderstand誤解。

13．He told me that I could die if I didn't stop taking crock cocaine．So I took his advice and stopped immediately．他告訴我如果我不停止吸強效純可卡因我就要死掉了，因此，我接受了他的建議，并立刻停止吸毒。

advice是不可數名詞，“一條建議”為a piece of advice。advice前常用的修飾詞有some，any，much，pieces of，one's等。常與advice連用的動詞或短語有：give，ask for，take，follow，offer等。如：

Ask for Lao Wang's advice and he'll give you some good advice． 征求老王的意見，他會給提出些很好的建議的。

In one of his books，Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language． 馬克思在他的一本書里對如何學習外語提出了一些建議。

14．How many of them break the law in order to pay for their drugs? 為了購買毒品，他們有

多少人犯法?

so as to／in order to常用來表示目的，構成動詞不定式短語，其否定形式是so as not to／in order not to。例如：

He worked very hard in order to catch up with the top student in our class． 他學習很努力，以便趕上我班最好的同學。

I'm going to make an early start so as not to get stuck in the traffic． 我要早點動身，以免碰上交通堵塞。

He came in quietly in order not to wake his wife． 他輕輕地進來，為了不把他妻子吵醒。

I took the doctor's advice in order not to continue taking drugs． 為了不繼續(xù)吸毒我接受了醫(yī)生的建議。

I refused to take the drug so as not to become addicted． 我拒不吸毒，以防成癮。

15．About 21 million people died during the 1990s as a result of smoking． 20世紀90年代，大約2，100萬人由于吸煙而死亡。

as a result(of)是一個介詞短語，意為“由于……的結果”，常用在有上下文(表示

原因)的情況下。例如：

She had so much cold drink yesterday．As a result，she fell ill and had a high fever today．

由于她昨天喝了那么多的冷飲，所以今天她病了并且發(fā)高燒。

As a result I have to wash all the plates and things after meals，and do a lot of work in the garden．

其結果是，我只得在晚飯后刷完所有的盤子等餐具，而且要在花園中干許多活。

第 8 頁 As a result of the flood，thousands of parents lost their food． 由于洪澇災害，成千上萬的農民沒有糧食吃。

As a result of his absence，we had to put off the meeting． 由于他的缺席，我們只好推遲會議。

16．Which word refers to somewhere that you can buy things? 哪個單詞指的是你可以買到東西的某個地方?

refer to的具體用法如下：

① 論及，談到。例如：

His name was referred to in the meeting．他的名字在會議中被提及。

② 參考，參照。例如：

He cooked dinner by referring to a cookbook．他的晚餐是參考一本食譜做的。

③ 和……有關，涉及。例如：

What do these numbers refer to?這些數字表示什么意思? ④ refer to sth．as sth．將……稱為……。例如：

California is referred to as the “Golden State”．加利福尼亞被稱作“黃金之州”。

refer sb．to…叫某人去……。例如：

He referred the student to the counselor．他叫那名學生去找輔導員。

refer…to…提交，交付。例如：

The problem was referred to the committee．該問題已交付委員會處理。

17．Which one means that something is against the law?哪一個意思是與法律相違背的?

1)be against作“反對”解，雖是介詞卻有動詞意味，相當于object to(“反對，不

贊成”，其中to為介詞)，后接名詞、代詞、動名詞。例如：

Those who are against the plan may put up your hands． 反對這項計劃的人請舉起手來。

I will speak against anything I know to be wrong． 我對自己認為不正確的事情是從來不說好話的。

All the workers on strike voted against going back to work． 所有進行罷工的工人都投票反對復工。

I won't say anything against you．我是不會講對你不利的話的。

[注意]與某些動詞連用，其含義并非都譯作“反對”。又如：

We'd fight／struggle against our bad fate．我們應當與我們不幸的命運抗爭。

Everyone should fight against pollution to protect our surroundings against(from)being polluted．每人都應當與污染作斗爭，以保護我們的環(huán)境不受污染。

第 9 頁 3)be against表示位置關系“靠著，頂著、迎著、對著”。例如：

Please lean the ladder against the wall．That will be a bit safer．請將梯子依在墻上，這樣更安全一點。

The picture looks good against that light wall．襯著那色彩明快的墻壁，這幅畫看上去很漂亮。

The pine tree were black against the morning sky．黑黑的松樹映襯在清早的天空下。

It's hard to boat against the wind．逆風行船是很艱難的。

[注意]be against(反對)的反義詞組是be for(支持、贊同)。例如：

You are against the idea while I am for it．你反對這個主意，但我卻很支持它。

[考試要點]1)against／for是介詞不是動詞。2)against的其它具體含義。

18．Some people feel so nervous that they call the police．有些人感到如此緊張，以致于他們給警察打電話。

so…that引起表示程度或結果的狀語從句，作“如此……以致(因而)”解，常用在下列結構中：①so+adj．(+a／an)+n．+that； ②so+adj．／adv．

+that clause其中so是副詞，用以修飾其后的形容詞或副詞，說明其程度的大小。

例如：

I'm always so busy with my work that I have no time to see my mother．我總是工作很忙，沒有時間去看望母親。

We worked so hard that we didn't go home even on Sundays．我們工作是如此努力，連星期天都沒有回家。

They were so deeply moved that they couldn't fall asleep that night．他們深受感動，以致當天晚上睡不著覺。

He is so clever a boy that he call solve any problem himself．他是個那么聰明的一個孩子，他能獨立解決一切問題。

The weather is so fine that we decide to go out for an outing．天氣很好，我們決定外出郊游。

[注意]1)so…that與such…that在結構上的區(qū)別

①so+ adj．(+a／an)+n． +that-clause．

②such[+(a／an)+adj.]+ n． +that-clause．

He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper．他進步很快，不久就開始用英文給一家美國報紙撰稿。

They are such boys that we all like them．他們是一群這樣(可愛的)的孩子，我們都喜歡他們。

She is such a lovely girl that we all like her．她是一個活潑可愛的女孩，我們大家都喜歡她。

2)so that可引導目的狀語，也可引導結果狀語，但such that僅能引導結果狀語。

3)so…that結構中so后可跟不定代詞many，few，much，little(少的)；但such不能，有時such后跟little，但其含義已發(fā)生變化，little不再是“少(的)”含義，而是“小的”。

第 10 頁 4)引導結果狀語從句時，so…／such…可以放在句首，這時主句謂語動詞或謂語的一部分必須倒裝放在主語前。

例如：

So interesting was the novel that I read it four times．這部小說如此興趣盎然，我都讀四遍了。

[考試要點]主要考查上述三點注意事項及so as to和in order to的位置問題。1． ______get up late，he went to bed early last night．

A．So as to

B．In order not to

C．Not so as to

D．Not in order to 2．He is so kind ______help anyone who needs help．

A．so as to

B．as to

C．in order to

D．that he 3．Swimming in hot summer is ______ that we all enjoy it．

A．such fun

B．so fun

C．such a great fun

D．so funny 4．“I want to buy so large a tank ______I Can store more water for future，”said Tom．

A．so that

B．such that

C．that

D．in order 5．They were ______little children that they couldn't live on their own．

A．so

B．such

C．that

D．this 6．She told us ______story that we all forgot about the time．

A．such all interesting

B．such interesting

C．so an interesting

D．a so interesting 7． ______that he was greatly praised．

A．So good deeds Tom did

B．So Tom did good deeds

C．Such good deeds did Tom do

D．Such good deeds that Tom did 8． ______times have I seen the film that I could almost recite it．

A．So few

B．Such many

C．So many

D．Such

[答案1．B 2．B 3．A 4．A 5．B 6．A 7．C 8．C] 19．In fact，I think it would be a good idea to ban smoking in parks as well．事實上，我認為在公園里也禁止吸煙是一個好主意。

it用作形式主語的句型是：It is／was+adj．／n．+(for sb．)to do sth．在這一句子

中，不定式短語是真正的主語。例如：

It is possible for us to learn English well in ten years．我們在10年內學好外語是可能的。

It is well-known that it is necessary to develop agriculture and industry．眾所周知，發(fā)展工農業(yè)是必要的。

It is possible I should return this afternoon．我今天下午返回是可能的。

Is it important that he should improve his method of study?他改進學習方法是重要的嗎?

It is very good for us to put some powder on the soil．我們在田地里灑些肥粉是很好的。

It is difficult for them to employ more men for the harvest．他們很難雇到更多的人收莊稼。

It is important for the students to read English every day．同學們每天讀英語是很

第 11 頁 重要的。

It is a good idea to protect wild animals in the forest．保護森林野生動物是一個好主意。

Module 2 No Drugs重難點解析（3）

20．Do you think you would follow this advice if you were a smoker?如果你是吸煙者，你是否認為應該接受這一建議?

1)if引導的是一個虛擬條件句，表示與現在實事相反的假設，動詞用一般過去式，對應的主句一般使用would+動詞原形。例如：

If I were you．I would go there immediately．如果我是你的話，我就馬上去那兒了。

If I had your brain．I would take part in the competition．如果我有你的好腦袋的話，我就參加比賽了。

2)follow意為“遵循”、“按照……行事”。例如：

The have followed some of my advice on the new textbook．他們已經接受了我的一些關于新教材的建議、Finally we made our decision to follow her suggestion．最后我們決定按照她的建議行事。

21．Participants learn to recognise smoking triggers(things that start them smoking)and they try to set a date in the future when they will stop smoking．參與者學會認清吸煙的引發(fā)因素(造成他們吸煙的因素)，他們試圖設定將來戒煙的日期。

1)stop doing sth．意為“不做某事了(停止做某事)”；stop to do sth．意為“停下(正在進行的行為而開始)做某事”。例如：

It has stopped raining．雨停了。

When the teacher came into the classroom，the students stopped talking．老師一走進教室，學生們就停止了談話。

-The baby has stopped cuing．那個嬰兒已經停止了哭聲。

-Who stopped it(from)cuing and what did it stop to do?是誰阻止他哭叫，而他停下來后又開始了些什么呢? 2)跟短語stop sb．(from)doing sth．意思相同的還有prevent sb．(from)doing sth.(from可以省略)和keep sb．from doing sth．

(from不可省略)，但在它們的被動結構中from都不能省。

例如：

There was nothing to prevent us serving the people．什么也無法阻止我們?yōu)槿嗣穹铡?We can never be prevented／stopped from serving the people．)

That matter did not prevent us getting on very well together．那件事沒有阻止我們彼此之間的融洽相處。

第 12 頁

Your quick thinking prevented a serious accident happening in time．你敏捷的思維及時地阻止了一場嚴重事故的發(fā)生。

(=Thanks to your quick thinking，a serious accident was prevented，in time，from happening．)

We'd keep the little children from entering the classroom．我們應阻止小孩子進入教室。

(=Little children must be kept from entering the classroom．)

keep sb．from doing sth．≠keep sb．doing sth．前者是阻止／禁止某人干某事，后者是使／讓某人(不停地)一直干某事。又如：

I wonder what kept her crying．我不知道什么事使得她哭個不停。

I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long．讓你久等了，真抱歉。

22．Look at your watch and wait for a couple of minutes．看看手表，等上幾分鐘。

wait for等待。例如：

Can you wait for me for some time，I'll be back soon．你能等我一會兒嗎?我馬上就回來。

We'll wait for no one after time．我們不等那些遲到的人。

It is important to wait for his invitation before we can attend the conference．重要的是我們要等他的邀請才能去參加會議。

23．If you drink water，you reduce the need to have something in your month．如果你喝水的話，你就減少了吸煙的需求。

reduce用作及物動詞，意為“減少、縮小、降低、縮減”，其反義詞為increase。例如：

The only way to do that is to reduce expenses．做到這一點的唯一辦法是減少開支。

I bought the book because it was reduced from 15 yuan to 5 yuan．我買這本書，是因為它從15元降到5元。

The price of the computer has been reduced 30 per cent this year．今年，電腦的價格已經降了百分之三十。

The wages of the teachers have been increased by 20％recently．最近，教師的工資增加了百分之二十。

The population of the city has increased from less than half a million in 1949 to over two million．這座城市的人口從1949年的不到50萬人增長到200萬人。

Goats and sheep have increased by more than 5，000 in this small village．這個村子的羊的數量增加了5，000多只。

His words only increased the anger of the workers．他的話僅僅增加了工人的憤怒。

24．Breathe in slowly and deeply．Count to five when your lungs are full．Then breathe out slowly．慢慢地進行深呼吸。數數到5時，肺中就吸滿了氣。然后慢慢呼出。

breathe為動詞，breath為名詞。breathe in／breathe out吸入／呼出。例如：

When he got to the top of the hill，he was quite out of breath．當他到達山頂時，第 13 頁 他已經是氣喘噓噓了。

“Breathe deeply，”said the doctor．醫(yī)生說：“深呼吸?！?/p>

25．And here are some ideas to help people to give up smoking．這兒有一些幫助人們戒煙的主張。

短語動詞give up作“停止，放棄”講，在句中作及物動詞用，它的賓語可以是名詞，代詞或v-ing形式。當賓語是名詞或v-ing形式時，賓語通常放在give up之后，當賓語是代詞時，賓語通常可以放在give與up之間?！皌o give up smoking”也可以說“to stop smoking”，因為“to give up doing sth?！焙汀皌o stop doing sth．”都有“不再做某事”的意思。例如：

Don't give up your plan for experiment．不要放棄你的實驗計劃。

Your idea is good．Don't give it up．你的想法很好，不要放棄它。

You'd better give up drinking．There's something wrong with your stomach．你最好把酒戒了，你的胃有毛病。

He isn't in good health；he has given up playing football．他身體不好，已經不再踢足球了。

26．Make a list of friends who smoke and places where you smoke．列出吸煙的朋友和你吸

煙的地點。

who，whom，whose一般引導一個修飾人的定語從句，其中在從句中who作主語；whom作賓語；whose作定語，表示所屬關系，whose也可引導修飾物的定語從句。例如：

I know the man who lives in the next door．我認識住在隔壁的那個人。

Luckily only a few of the people whom I know were injured lightly．幸運的是，我認識的人中只有幾個受了輕傷。

The student whose handwriting is the best in our class is admired by the classmates．同學們都羨慕我班那個書法最好的學生。

They live in a house whose door faces north．他們住在一幢門朝北的房子里。(face是及物動詞“面向、面對著”)

Do you know the woman who came to see Mr．Li?你認識來看李先生的那個婦女嗎?

He is just the man whom we are looking for．他正是我們要找的人。

Liu Ying is the girl whose parents have passed away．劉影就是那個父母雙亡的女孩。

The police have surveyed the building whose glasses were all broken．警察已察看了玻璃全部破損的那幢大樓。

27．Choose a time when you will be relaxed but also too busy to think about smoking．選定一個你忙于放松、而忘記吸煙的時間。

1)too后面跟形容詞或副詞的原級，to后面是動詞原形。意思是“太……以致于不

能做某事”。例如：

第 14 頁

The room is too small to hold so many people．房間太小，容不下這么多人。

One can never be too old to learn．[諺]活到老學到老。

The water is too dirty for people to drink．這水太臟了，人不能飲用。

They ran too slowly to catch up with others．他們跑得太慢了，趕不上別人。

[注意]當too…to…結構中，too后接easy及表示心理體驗或情感體驗的詞(如ready，happy，eager，anxious，excited，frightened等等)時，它常表達“……太……”(而不是“太……以致于不能……”之意)。

例如：

This book is too easy to read．這本書讀起來太容易了。

Mary is too easy to be annoyed．瑪麗太容易生氣了。

Saturday is drawing near，and we are all too anxious／eager to go home．星期六將近了。我們大家都很急著想回家。

She is only too happy to see her mother at the airport．在機場看到她母親，她真是太高興了。

You were too ready to give up your idea．你也太輕易地放棄你自己的主張了。

He is only too frightened to see the snake．看到這條蛇，他簡直是害怕極了。

注意在下列情況下，該句型常表示肯定。例如： ① only／but too．．．to意為“非常(十分)……”，表示肯定c 例如：

He is only too pleased to help you．他非常樂于幫助人。

② too…not to…意為“太……不能不”，表示肯定。例如：

You are too angry not to say it．你在氣憤之下，不免要說出這樣的話來。

He is too careful not to have noticed it．他那么細心，不會不注意到這一點的。

③@not too…to…意為“并非太……而不能”，表示肯定。例如：

His grandfather is not too old to do so．他祖父并非老到不能做這事。

③ ready，eager，prepared，anxious等形容詞用于該句型，也表肯定。例如：

The girl is too eager to see the film star．She has been waiting outside for 3 hours．這個女孩太想見到這位明星了，她已經在外面等了三個小時了。

2)think about sth．動詞短語意為“考慮……”。think about doing=think of doing sth．意為“考慮，打算干某事”。例如：

He thought about the problem and found the answer to it．他思考了一下這個問題便找到了答案。

He thought about／of building a new house next spring．他打算明年春天建一座新房子。

[注意]think about sth．和think over sth．的區(qū)別：think about sth．意為“考慮……”，其中about為介詞，所以其賓語只能放在about后，無論是名詞還是人稱代詞；think over sth．意為“仔細／反復考慮……”，其中over為副詞，如果其賓語是普通名詞，可以放在over的前邊或后邊。但如果賓詞是人稱代詞就只能放在over的前邊。例如：

He thought the question over and over．他反復思考這個問題。

第 15 頁

He thought over the advice before he accepted it．他仔細考慮了這個建議然后才接受了。

Don't accept something before you think it over．在仔細考慮之前，不要輕意接受任何觀點。

[考試要點]考查think about和think over的區(qū)別。

1．Don't ______any more，I think you've already ______．

A．think about it，thought over it

B．think about it，thought it over

C．think it over，thought about it

D．think over it，thought about it 2．I'm ______going to Beijing tomorrow．

A．thinking of

B．thinking about

C．think over

D．A or B

[答案1．B 2．D]

28．Instead of smoking，make a phone cell，take a short walk，talk with a friend．用打電話、短程散步、與朋友交談來取代吸煙。

instead of是介詞短語，它的前后是并行的成分，表示取前者而舍后者，所以它一般被譯為“代替，而不是”。其后可接動名詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語。例如：

When water freezes，it becomes larger in volume instead of smaller．當水結冰時，它的體積變得更大而不是更小。

We have made up our mind to stick to the plan instead of to give it up．我們已下決心把那計劃堅持下去，而不是放棄它。

Instead of working，he idles away his time．他無所事事，虛度光陰。

We'd better go there on foot instead of by bus．我們別乘車了，還是步行去為好。

You should be out instead of in on such a fine day．天氣這么好，你應當出去走走，不要呆在家中。

Module 2 No Drugs重難點解析（4）

語法項目

1．不定式作狀語

1)不定式作目的狀語：

He broke into the house to steal something．

Many drug addicts are now in treatment centres to stop taking drugs．

He's saving up to buy a new car．

He uses a computer to send emails．

2)有時候在不定式前面加上in order to或so as to，否定式為in order not to和so as not to：

Let's hurry so as to go to school in time．

Let's hurry so as not to be late for school．

She studied very hard in order to catch up with others．

She studied very hard in order not to lag behind．

3)不定式表示目的時，通常它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語，但如果不是的話，第 16 頁 就要用for…

結構表示邏輯主語，如：

Mom opened the door for Jane and Betty to come in．

We are now using the series “New Standard English” for students to make great progress．

請注意以下結構：

It is so kind of you to come and help us．

(這時，you既是to come and help us又是kind的邏輯主語)

再如：

It's rude of him to say so．

4)不定式還可以作結果或原因狀語：

表結果：

What have I done to get all this?

She went abroad never to return．

He was so．late as to miss half of the lecture．

She is such a good student as to be respected by all her classmates．

The house is large enough to hold two hundred people．

He is too young to do the job．

表原因：

She was surprised to see us in the street of London．

He laughed to hear the news．

The old lady rejoiced to learn that her son was the champion of the match．

2．so…that…和such(a，an)…that…引導的結果狀語從句

1)so…that…和such(a，an)…that…都引導結果狀語從句，如：

Some of them behave so badly that people call the police．

It was such a dangerous drug that he nearly died．

It was such loud music that we couldn't hear ourselves speak．

2)so的后面跟形容詞或副詞：

The night scene of the lake was so beautiful that we didn't want to come back at all．

They played so happily that they forgot the time．

3)such(a，an)后面跟名詞：

They were such dangerous drug dealers that people had to ask the police for help．

It is such an interesting story that all of them like it．

4)請注意本模塊語法項目1.4中討論的某些不定式作結果狀語的句子：

He was so late as to miss half of the lecture．

She is such a good student as to be respected by all her classmates．

The house is large enough to hold two hundred people．

He is too young to do the job．

我們可以把它們改變成結果狀語從句：

He was so late that he missed half of the lecture．

She is such a good student that she is respected by all her classmates．

第 17 頁

The house is so large that it can hold two hundred people．

He is so young that he can't do the job．

第 18 頁

第四篇：高中物理必修一1重難點知識歸納總結典型題目及解析

物理必修一第一章知識要點解析及訓練 第一章 運動的描述

第一節(jié) 質點 參考系和坐標系

質點定義：忽略物體的大小和形狀，把物體看成一個有質量的點，這個點就是質點。物體看作質點的條件：忽略物體的大小和形狀而不影響對物體的研究。物體可視為質點主要是以下三種情形：(1)物體平動時；(2)物體的位移遠遠大于物體本身的限度時；(3)只研究物體的平動，而不考慮其轉動效果時。題目：

1．下列物體是否可以看作質點？

飛馳的汽車 旋轉的乒乓球 地球繞太陽轉動 地球的自轉 體操運動員的動作是否優(yōu)美

解析：能 不能 能 不能 不能

參考系定義：要描述一個物體的運動，首先要選定某個其他物體作參考，觀察物體相對于這個其他物體的位置是否隨時間變化，以及怎樣變化，這個用來做參考的物體叫做參考系。運動是絕對的，靜止是相對的。

要描述一個物體的運動狀態(tài)，必須先選取參考系 要比較兩個物體的運動狀態(tài)，必須在同一參考系下

參考系可以任意選擇，一般選取地面或運動的車船作為參考系。

2．臥看滿天云不動，不知云與我俱東。陳與義詩中描述了哪些物體的運動，是以什么物體作為參考系的？

解析：云不動以船作為參考系，云與我俱東以地面為參考系。

第二節(jié)

時刻和時間：時刻指的是某一瞬時，是時間軸上的一點，對應于位置。時間是兩時刻的間隔，是時間軸上的一段。對應位移。對“第”“末”“內”“初”等關鍵字眼的理解。3．以下各種說法中，哪些指時間，哪些值時刻？

前3秒鐘 最后3秒 3秒末 第3秒初 第3秒內 解析：時間 時間 時刻 時刻 時間

路程和位移：路程是物體運動軌跡的長度，是標量，只有大小沒有方向。位移表示物體位置的變化，是矢量，位移的大小等于初位置與末位置之間的距離，位移的方向由初位置指向末位置。

4，運動員繞操場跑一周（400跑道）時的位移的大小和路程各是多少？ 解析：0 400米

第三節(jié)速度

速度定義：位移與發(fā)生這個位移所用時間的比值表示物體運動的快慢叫做速度。定義式：v=Δx/Δt 適用于所有的運動 單位：米每秒（m/s）千米每小時（km/h）速度是矢量，既有大小，又有方向。

物理意義：描述物體運動的快慢的物理量。平均速度：物體在某段時間的位移與所用時間的比值，是粗略描述運動快慢的。瞬時速度：運動物體經過某一時刻或某一位置的速度，其大小叫速率。

平均速率：物體在某段時間的路程與所用時間的比值，是粗略描述運動快慢的。平均速率的定義式：v=s，適用于所有的運動。t平均速率是標量，只有大小，沒有方向。

平均速度和平均速率往往是不等的，只有物體做單向直線運動時二者才相等。典型題目

1．物體沿直線向同一方向運動，通過兩個連續(xù)相等的位移的平均速度分別為v1=10m/s和v2=15m/s，則物體在這整個運動過程中的平均速度是多少？ 解析：設每段位移為x，由平均速度的定義有 v=

2x2x2vv??12=12m/s t1?t2x/v1?x/v2v1?v2第四節(jié) 用打點計時器測速度

打點計時器分電磁打點計時器和電火花計時器，工作電壓分別為10伏以下、220伏，交流電頻率為50Hz時，兩個點間的時間間隔為0.02s。是計時儀器。

1、實驗目的 用打點計時器測速度

2、實驗器材

電磁打點計時器（或電火花計時器），木板，紙帶，導線。

3、實驗步驟：

（1）把打點計時器固定在桌子上，把紙帶裝好，接好電源。

（2）接通電源，然后用手水平拉動紙帶，紙帶上就會打出一系列點跡。隨后立即關閉電源。（3）取下紙帶，分析

4、用紙帶計算平均速度

v=Δx/Δt 點跡密集 速度小 點跡稀疏 速度大

5、用紙帶測瞬時速度

用打過點的紙帶，如圖C點的瞬時速度。VC=XAD/0.04s

6、用圖象表示速度

質點運動的速度可以用圖象來表示。在平面直角坐標系中，用縱軸表示速度，用橫軸表示時間，將各個時刻的速度在坐標平面上表示出來。這就是速度一時間圖象或v-t圖象

7、可以利用公式?x?aT檢驗是否是勻變速直線運動，若是可求加速度。典型題目

1，下列關于打點計時器的說法中正確的是（）

A.打點計時器使用直流電源

2B.打點計時器使用交流電源

C.使用打點計時器打出的紙帶相鄰兩個點的時間間隔為0.02s D.使用打點計時器打出的紙帶相鄰兩個點的時間間隔為0.1s 解析：BC 2，使用打點計時器時應注意（）

A.無論使用電磁打點計時器還是電火花打點計時器，都應該把紙帶穿過限位孔，再把套在軸上的復寫紙片壓在紙帶的上面

B.使用打點計時器時，應先接通電源，再拉動紙帶 C.使用打點計時器時，拉動紙帶的方向應與限位孔平行 D.使用打點計時器時，應將打點計時器先固定在桌子上 解析：BCD 3，利用打點計時器打出的紙帶（）

A.能準確地求出某點的瞬時速度 B.只能粗略地求出某點的瞬時速度 C.能準確地求出某段時間內的平均速度 D.可以任意地利用某段時間內的平均速度代表某點的瞬時速度 解析：AC 4，用接在50Hz交流電源上的打點計時器，測定小車的運動情況。某次實驗中得到一條紙帶，如圖所示，從比較清晰的點起，每五個打印點取一個記數點，分別標明0、1、2、3??，量得0與1兩點間距離x1＝30mm，2與3兩點間的距離x2＝48mm，則小車在0與1兩點間平均速度為v1＝ m／s，在2與3兩點間的平均速度v2＝ m／s。據此可判定小車做。

解析：v1 =0.03m/0.1s=0.3m/s v2 =0.048/0.1=0.48m/s 加速運動

第五節(jié) 加速度

定義：速度的變化量與發(fā)生這一變化所用時間的比值。定義式：a =Δv/Δt =vt?v0 t2,單位：米每二次方秒（m/s）

加速度是矢量，既有大小，又有方向。

物理意義：描述物體運動變化快慢的物理量。

速度 加速度 速度變化量和時間之間的關系，由定義式分析。

判斷物體加速還是減速的依據：a v 同向做加速運動，a v反向做減速運動

第五篇：外語教學與研究出版社高中英語必修5Module 4 同步練習

Module 4 同步練習

Section A Reading and Vocabulary

詞語

I.根據所給單詞的首字母提示或漢語注釋，寫出各句中所缺單詞的正確形式。

1.I've b_________ a table for two at Beijing Restaurant tonight.2.The c_____ showed that Christmas fell on a Tuesday.3.In the Torch Festival, the Yi people danced in their national c_____.4.This kind of apples is more expensive because they are i_________ from abroad.5.After breaking out of jail, he h____ from the police in a deserted farmhouse.6.Abraham Lincoln a____ slavery in the United States.7.The Earth was here long before the _________(起源)of the human species.8.The guests were deeply impressed with the girl’s _________(優(yōu)雅的)manners.9.I have pleasant __________(記憶)of our friendship.10.The land __________(延伸)for more than 10 miles.11.She was very angry with her husband because he made their rooms in ________(混亂).12.The flowers will _________(復活)if you water them at once.1.— What means of _____ do you have?

— I go by car.2.The company has been __________ in cotton with a foreign one.3.Women have gained the __________ to decide whether to marry or not.4.Now man has entered the __________ of space travel.5.His feet left dirty __________ all over the floor.6.What great pleasure it is to _________through the ancient town.7.The two words have a lot in common in meaning, and as a result, we often _________the two when using them.8.A committee __________of nine members has been sent there to look into the matter.9.Little Tom stood up, opened his note-book and _______ that he had understand everything.In fact, it was quite difficult.10.He was _____ in Corean clothes, looking like a sailor.翻譯

1.在演戲時．他不得不裝成一個小丑。（dress up）

2.去年的七八月間一連幾個星期沒有下雨。(on end)

3.他自稱有很多關于這個學科的知識。（pretend to）

4.他今天帶了一定很奇怪的帽子，他的朋友拿他開玩笑。（make fun of）

5.這次旅途大約需要十天的時間。（more or less）

6.這種湯由西紅柿、肉和豌豆構成。（consist of）

Section B Grammar

語法專練

1.Customers are asked to make sure that they_____ the right change before leaving the shop.(2006重慶)

A.will giveB.have been given

C.have givenD.will be given

2.The construction of the two new railway lines __________by now.(2006陜西)

A.has completedB.have completed

C.have been completedD.has been completed

3.Although the causes of cancer ____, we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it.(2006山東)

A.are being uncoveredB.have been uncovering

C.are uncoveringD.have uncovered

4.Millions of pounds' worth of damage _____ by a storm which swept across the

north of England last night.（2005 重慶）

A.has been causedB.had been causedC.will be causedD.will have been caused.5.— Don't you think it necessary that he _______ to Miami but to New York?

— I agree, but the problem is ________ he has refused to.（2005江蘇）

A.will not be sent;thatB.not be sent;that

C.should not be sent;whatD.should not send;what

6.—What do you think of the speech?

—The speaker said almost nothing worth _______.A.listeningB.being listened to

C.listening toD.being listening

7.The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people to eat more fruit and vegetables.A.persuadeB.will persuadeC.be persuadedD.are persuaded

8.The car which ______ my cousin was lost last week.A.was belonged toB.belonging to

C.was belonging toD.belonged to

9.—According to the agreement, you must finish the work by this month.—Don’t worry.We’re trying hard and it _______ that long.A.doesn’t lastB.won’t last

C.won’t be lastedD.isn’t lasted

10.The bank is reported in the local newspaper ______ in broad daylight yesterday.A.being robbedB.having been robbed

C.to have been robbedD.robbed

11._______ that he would make greater progress in his study of French.A.He was hopedB.It was hoped

C.He is hopedD.It is hoping

12.A library with five thousand books ______ to the nation as a gift.A.have offeredB.has offered

C.is offeredD.are offered

Section C Everyday English

情景對話

Expressing likes, dislikes and preferences

Jerry: I really love pop music.What about you, Tony?

Tony: To be frank, pop music is OK, but __1__.Jerry: So what’s your favorite kind of music?

Tony: Er, in fact, __2__.I like sports better.Jerry: Why!So do I!And __3__.Tony: Oh, no!I hate volleyball!It’s so boring.__4__.Jerry: Football!__5__.It’s sometimes dangerous.You can easily get hurt in a football match.And I think all the players and their fans are crazy.Tony: I’m afraid I can’t agree with you.Football is exciting and it’s probably the most popular sport in the world.I guess it has attracted the largest number of people.Jerry: Maybe, but …

A.I am crazy about volleyball

B.I like anything but football

C.It runs in my blood

D.I don’t go wild about it

E.I prefer football

F.I don’t think much of music

G.I can stand it.Section D Challenge Yourself

選詞填空

從方框中選擇單詞并用其適當形式填空，其中有兩項是多余的。

M: I wonder if you could give me some about active holidays.W: Active holidays, sir? Can you tell mewhat you mean, please?

M: Well, you see, when I go on holidays, I like to get plenty of.I don' t like sitting around and doing nothing.What I mean is that I'm the sort of man who enjoy swimming, water skiing, thoseof things.W: Yes, sir, very interesting.Um...active holidays, let me see.Oh, yes.What about diving, sir? We can you two weeks off the coast of Cornwall: one week diving and one week fishing with the local.It' s a very good bargain.M: Fishing? Is there anyof getting in a bit of sailing?

W: I’m sorry we don’t do many sailing holidays, sir.They’re mostly by the sailing school.But rowing, yes.Are youin rowing, sir?

M: Well, I did a lot of rowing when I was at university.W: Why don’t you lookthese brochures(小冊子), sir, and see if there’s anything that

interests you?

M: OK.Thanks.參考答案

詞語

I.1.booked2.calendar3.costumes4.imported5.hid6.abolished 7.origin

8.elegant9.memory10.extends11.confusion12.revive

II.1.transportation / transport2.trading3.freedom4.era5.marks

6.wander7.confuse8.consisting9.pretended10.dressed

翻譯

1.He had to dress up as a clown in the play.2.There was no rain for weeks on end during July and August last year.3.He pretended to great knowledge on this subject.4.Today he wore such a strange hat that his friends made fun of him.5.This trip will take ten days, more or less.6.The soup consists of tomatoes, meat and peas.語法專練 1-6 BAAABC7-12 DDBCBC

情景對話1-5 DFAEB

選詞填空

1.information 2.exactly 3.exercise 4.sorts5.offer

6.fishermen 7.chance 8.organized 9.interested10.through