第一篇：美國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的地震動(dòng)參數(shù)概念(中英文對(duì)照)

Design earthquakes.The design earthquakes for hydraulic structures are the OBE and the MDE.設(shè)計(jì)地震：

水工結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)地震有OBE和MDE，即運(yùn)行基準(zhǔn)地震和最大設(shè)計(jì)地震。

The actual levels of ground motions for these earthquakes depend on the type of hydraulic structure under consideration, and are specified in the seismic design guidance provided for a particular structure in conjunction with ER 1110-2-1806.地震動(dòng)參數(shù)的實(shí)際取值跟水工建筑物的類型有關(guān)，具體可參照ER 1110-2-1806。

(1)Operating basis earthquake(OBE).The OBE is an earthquake that can reasonably be expected to occur within the service life of the project, that is, with a 50 percent probability of exceedance during the service life.The associated performance requirement is that the project function with little or no damage, and without interruption of function.運(yùn)行基準(zhǔn)地震（OBE）：OBE是指在工程的服務(wù)生命周期中可能合理預(yù)期發(fā)生的地震，即在工程生命周期中超過50%的發(fā)生概率，在該地震作用下，工程的相關(guān)性能要求幾乎沒有或沒有破壞，工程的相關(guān)功能沒有中斷。

(2)Maximum design earthquake(MDE).The MDE is the maximum level of ground motion for which the structure is designed or evaluated.The associated performance requirement is that the project performs without catastrophic failure, such as uncontrolled release of a reservoir, although severe damage or economic loss may be tolerated.The MDE is set equal to the maximum credible earthquake(MCE)or to a lesser earthquake, depending on the critical nature of the structure(see ER 1110-2-1806 and paragraph 2-4b).最大設(shè)計(jì)地震（MDE）：MDE是結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)或評(píng)估的最大地震動(dòng)水平。在該地震作用下，雖然引發(fā)嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失和破壞，但是水工結(jié)構(gòu)的相關(guān)性能要求不至于遭到毀滅性的破壞，比如，水庫庫水不至于不受控制地下泄。依據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵特性，MDE等于或小于MCE（最大可信地震），參見ER 1110-2-1806的2-4b段。

(3)The MCE is defined as the greatest earthquake that can reasonably be expected to be generated by a specific source on the basis of seismological and geological evidence.最大可信地震（MCE）：MCE是基于地震和地質(zhì)證據(jù)，某個(gè)震源合理預(yù)期可能發(fā)生的最大地震。

e.Earthquake ground motion(s).The ground motions for the design earthquakes are defined in terms of smoothed elastic response spectra and, if required, also in terms of acceleration time-histories.Standard ground motions selected from published ground motion maps can be used in

preliminary and screening studies, and for final design or evaluation in areas of low to moderate seismicity where the earthquake loading does not control the design.Site-specific ground motions, as described in Chapter 3, are required for projects with high to significant hazard potential in case of failure and located in areas of high seismicity, and in areas of moderate seismicity where the earthquake loading controls the design(ER 1110-2-1806).地震動(dòng)參數(shù)：設(shè)計(jì)地震的地震動(dòng)參數(shù)可以是光滑后的彈性反應(yīng)譜，如果有需要，也可以示加速度-時(shí)間歷程曲線。對(duì)初步的或者方案比選階段的研究，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地震動(dòng)參數(shù)可以從已出版的地震動(dòng)參數(shù)圖上面獲取。在較低或中等地震強(qiáng)度區(qū)域的最終設(shè)計(jì)和評(píng)估，地震產(chǎn)生的荷載并不是控制因素。第三章所講述的特定場地的地震動(dòng)參數(shù)針對(duì)的是處于高地震地區(qū)的工程、地震是其失事的高影響因素的工程，或者雖然位于中等地震地區(qū)，但地震荷載是設(shè)計(jì)的控制因素的工程。

Design Earthquakes and Ground Motions 設(shè)計(jì)地震和地震動(dòng)

a.Maximum credible earthquake(MCE).This earthquake is defined as the greatest earthquake that can reasonably be expected to be generated by a specific source on the basis of seismological and geological evidence.Since a project site may be affected by earthquakes generated by various sources, each with its own fault mechanism, maximum earthquake magnitude, and distance from the site, multiple MCE’s may be defined for the site, each with characteristic ground motion parameters and spectral shape.The MCE is determined by a DSHA.1、最大可信地震（MCE）

MCE定義為基于地震學(xué)理論和地質(zhì)證據(jù)某個(gè)震源合理預(yù)期產(chǎn)生的最大地震。一個(gè)工程可能同時(shí)被幾個(gè)震源產(chǎn)生的地震所影響，每個(gè)震源有它自己的震源機(jī)制、最大地震強(qiáng)度，距離工程場地的距離也不同，因此，一個(gè)場地對(duì)應(yīng)多個(gè)MCE，對(duì)應(yīng)各自的地震動(dòng)參數(shù)和反應(yīng)譜。MCE由確定性地震危險(xiǎn)性分析（DSHA）確定。

b.Maximum design earthquake(MDE).The MDE is the maximum level of ground motion for which a structure is designed or evaluated.The associated performance requirement is that the project perform without catastrophic failure, such as uncontrolled release of a reservoir, although severe damage or economic loss may be tolerated.For critical features, the MDE is the same as the MCE.For all other features, the MDE shall be selected as a lesser earthquake than the MCE which provides

economical designs meeting appropriate safety standards.The MDE can be characterized as a deterministic or probabilistic event.2、最大設(shè)計(jì)地震（MDE）

MDE是設(shè)計(jì)或評(píng)估某結(jié)構(gòu)所遭受的最大地震動(dòng)水平。相應(yīng)的性能要求是即使因?yàn)榈卣鹌茐漠a(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重的破壞和經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，但結(jié)構(gòu)功能不發(fā)生災(zāi)難性失效，比如水庫的不受控泄水。對(duì)關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)，MDE等于MCE，對(duì)其他結(jié)構(gòu)，在考慮合適的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下，也考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)的因素，MDE相應(yīng)的小于MCE。MDE可分為確定性和概率性結(jié)果。c.Operating basis earthquake(OBE).The OBE is an earthquake that can reasonably be expected to occur within the service life of the project, that is, with a 50-percent probability of exceedence during the service life.(This corresponds to a return period of 144 years for a project with a service life of 100 years.)The associated performance requirement is that the project function with little or no damage, and without interruption of function.The purpose of the OBE is to protect against economic losses from damage or loss of service, and therefore alternative choices of return period for the OBE may be based on economic considerations.The OBE is determined by a PSHA.3、運(yùn)行基準(zhǔn)地震（OBE）

OBE是指在工程的使用壽命周期中可能合理預(yù)期發(fā)生的地震，即在工程生命周期中超過50%的發(fā)生概率（如果一個(gè)工程的使用壽命是100年，那么需研究的重現(xiàn)期是144年），在該地震作用下，工程的相關(guān)

性能要求幾乎沒有或沒有破壞，工程的相關(guān)功能沒有中斷。設(shè)定OBE的目的是避免工程因?yàn)樾阅芷茐幕騺G失而產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，因此OBE的重現(xiàn)期選擇可基于經(jīng)濟(jì)性考慮。OBE通過概率性地震風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估決定。

d.Estimating OBE and MDE ground motions.Estimates are usually made in two phases.The first estimates are used as a starting point for the study and are obtained from the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program(NEHRP)spectral acceleration maps(Appendix D).Site-specific studies in accordance with paragraph 5h(2)are often required for selecting the final estimates of OBE and MDE ground motions.Both DSHA and PSHA approaches are appropriate.Combining the results of deterministic and probabilistic analyses is often an effective approach for selecting MDE ground motions.4、OBE和MDE地震動(dòng)的評(píng)估

OBE和MDE地震動(dòng)的評(píng)估通常劃分為兩個(gè)階段。第一個(gè)階段的評(píng)估是研究的起點(diǎn)，可通過國家地震減災(zāi)計(jì)劃（NEHRP）提供的加速度圖（附錄D）獲得相應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)資料。5h(2)段中的特定場地研究常常要求選取一個(gè)最終的OBE和MDE地震動(dòng)參數(shù)。DSHA和PSHA方法均為建議的方法。綜合確定的和概率的分析方法常常是選擇MDE的有效途徑。

Typical results of a probabilistic analysis are a hazard curve and an equal

hazard spectrum which relate the level of ground motion to an annual frequency of exceedance or return period.This information can be used to complement the deterministic analysis by removing from consideration seismic sources that appear unreasonable because of low frequencies of occurrence, by justifying mean or mean-plus-standard deviation estimates of deterministic ground motion, or by ensuring consistency of MDE ground motions with some performance goal.概率分析的典型結(jié)果是與地震動(dòng)水平的年超越頻率或重現(xiàn)期相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)曲線和等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)譜。這些信息可作為確定性分析的補(bǔ)充，通過剔除已考慮的震源發(fā)震概率很低的不合理震源，或者通過判斷確定地震動(dòng)參數(shù)的平均偏差或分位值偏差（mean-plus-standard deviation），或者通過確保一些性能目標(biāo)和MDE地震動(dòng)參數(shù)的一致性。

第二篇：齒輪參數(shù) 中英文對(duì)照

EXTERNAL SPUR GEAR DATA（外圓柱齒輪參數(shù)）manufacturing data（制造參數(shù)）part number（零件號(hào)）tooth form（齒面）gear type（齒輪類型）number of teeth（齒數(shù)）normal module（法向模數(shù)）

normal pressure angle(at ref circle)法向壓力角（在分度圓上）helix angle(at ref circle)螺旋角（在分度圓上）helical lead（螺旋導(dǎo)程）hand of helix（旋向）

reference face width（參考齒寬）outside diameter（齒頂圓直徑）chamfer diameter（倒圓直徑）

reference(pitch)circle diameter（分度圓直徑）或節(jié)圓 start of active profile diameter有效漸開線起始圓直徑 form diameter 展成直徑 root diameter齒根圓直徑 base circle diameter基圓直徑 whole depth全齒高

normal circular tooth thickness(at reference circle)法向弧齒厚（在分度圓上）root type齒根形式

root fillet radius 齒根圓角半徑 lead crown齒向鼓形 HOB DATA滾刀參數(shù) pressure angle壓力角

tooth thickness at reference line分圓齒厚 protuberance凸角 tip radius齒頂圓半徑

reference part number 零件號(hào) INSPECTION DATA檢驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)

profile tolerance and modifications齒形公差和修形 profile hollow齒形中凹

refernce pitch circle runout節(jié)圓跳動(dòng) pitch variation齒距偏差 lead variation齒向偏差 lead hollow齒向中凹

profile surface finish漸開線齒面精加工 ball diameter量球直徑

dimension over two balls in same plane跨棒距

REFERENCE DATA-MATING GEAR對(duì)嚙齒的參考參數(shù)

normal center distance 中心距

mating gear part number對(duì)嚙齒輪零件號(hào) mumber of teeth on mating gear對(duì)嚙輪齒數(shù)

backlash(nominal CD ,ROOM TEMP)側(cè)隙(法線方向，室溫)general notes(通用技術(shù)要求)1.DO not scale drawing(不要在圖上量取尺寸)2.all surfaces corners and edges must be free from burrs

and sharp edges-break 0.075 MM MAX(所有面,角和邊不能有毛刺,銳邊倒鈍不超過0.075mm)3.unless otherwise stated(除非特別注明,否則)

A.all dimensions and tolerance are in millimeters per

Chinese standard(所有以毫米為單位的尺寸和公差均按中國標(biāo)準(zhǔn))

B.all surface finishes to be 3.2 micrometer or better(所有表面粗糙度不應(yīng)低于3.2)

C.all dimension are finished dimensions;no allowance has been

made for any change in maximum or least material condition

due to heat treatment(所有尺寸均為最終尺寸;熱處理導(dǎo)致的最大或最小實(shí)體條件的變化不應(yīng)超出允差)

D linear dimensions to be +/-0.25 MM(線性尺寸偏差為+/-0.25 MM)

E angular dimensions to be +/-0.5o(角度尺寸偏差為+/-0.5o)4.mark part number as shown(如圖作零件號(hào))5.mark serial number as shown(如圖作系列號(hào))6.heat treatment to be applied to all surfaces(整體熱處理)

gear notes(齒輪技術(shù)要求)1.do not grind roots and fillets after heat treatment(熱處理后不得磨及齒根和圓角)2.no steps or grooves permissible in root and fillet region after

honing or grinding(珩磨后,齒根和圓角區(qū)域不允許有臺(tái)階或凹痕)3.profile tolerance based upon floating band fit(齒形誤差應(yīng)以公差帶為計(jì))4.gear must be free from grind burns and tempering(齒面不得燒傷)5.pitch line runout and other tooth tolerances are with respect to

datum A(節(jié)圓跳動(dòng)和其它齒輪公差均以基準(zhǔn)A為測量基準(zhǔn))6.profile tolerance to be measured between form and chamfer(齒形誤差應(yīng)由漸開線起始(或終止)圓測量至齒頂?shù)菇?7.min hardness must be achieved in tooth root and fillet region(齒根和圓角處的硬度不得低于硬度下差)8.root radius tangent to profile not to extend above form diameter(齒根圓角要與齒面相切,而且不能超過漸開線起始(或終止)圓直徑。

9.do not thru harden tooth tips(齒尖不得淬透)

行星齒輪系

Planetary gear train

齒輪基本術(shù)語 工作齒面

Working flank

齒輪

Toothed gear；Gear

球面漸開線

Spherical involute 齒面

Tooth flank

齒輪傳動(dòng)

Gear drive；Gear transmission

長幅內(nèi)擺線

Prolate hypocycloid 非工作齒面

Non-working flank

齒輪副

Gear pair

漸開螺旋面

Involute helicoid 右側(cè)齒面

Right flank

配對(duì)齒輪

Mating gears

短幅內(nèi)擺線

Curtate hypocycloid 相嚙齒面

Mating flank

平行軸齒輪副

Gear pair with parallel axes

阿基米德螺旋面

Screw helicoid 左側(cè)齒面

Left flank

小齒輪

Pinion

漸開線

Involute；Involute to a circle 共軛齒面

Conjugate flank

相交軸齒輪副

Gear pair with intersecting axes

球面漸開螺旋面

Spherical involute helicoid 同側(cè)齒面

Corresponding flank

大齒輪

Wheel；Gear

延伸漸開線

Prolate involute 可用齒面

Usable flank

齒輪系

Train of gears

圓環(huán)面

Toroid 異側(cè)齒面

Opposite flank

主動(dòng)齒輪

Driving gear

縮短漸開線

Curtate involute 有效齒面

Active flank

圓環(huán)面的母圈

Generant of the toroit 從動(dòng)齒輪

Driven gear

上齒面

Addendum flank

圓環(huán)面的中性圈

Middle circle of the toroid 行星齒輪

Planet gear

下齒面

Dedendum flank

圓環(huán)面的中間平面

Middle-plane of the toroid 行星架

Planet carrier

齒根過渡曲面

Fillet

圓環(huán)面的內(nèi)圈

Inner circle of the toroid 太陽輪

Sun gear

齒頂

Crest；Top land

嚙合干涉

Meshing interference 內(nèi)齒圈

Ring gear；Annulus gear

槽底

Bottom land

切齒干涉

Cutter interference 外齒輪

External gear

齒廓

Tooth profile

齒廓修型

Profile modification； Profile correction 內(nèi)齒輪

Internal gear

端面齒廓

Transverse profile

修緣

Tip relief 中心距

Centre distance

法向齒廓

Normal profile

修根

Root relief 軸交角

Shaft angle

軸向齒廓

Axial profile

齒向修形

Axial modification； Longitudinal correction 連心線

Line of centres

背錐齒廓

Back cone tooth profile

齒端修薄

End relief 減速齒輪副

Speed reducing gear pair

齒線

Tooth trace

鼓形修整

Crowning 增速齒輪副

Speed increasing gear pair

齒棱

Tip；Tooth tip

鼓形齒

Crowned teeth 齒數(shù)比

Gear ratio

模數(shù)

Module

挖根

Undercut 傳動(dòng)比

Transmission ratio

端面模數(shù)

Transverse module

瞬時(shí)軸

Instantaneous axis 軸平面

Axial plane

法向模數(shù)

Normal module

瞬時(shí)接觸點(diǎn)

Point of contact 基準(zhǔn)平面

Datum plane

軸向模數(shù)

Axial module

瞬時(shí)接觸線

Line of contact 節(jié)平面

Pitch plane

徑節(jié)

Diametral pitch

端面嚙合線

Transverse path of contact 端平面

Transverse plane

齒數(shù)

Number of teeth

嚙合曲面

Surface of action 法平面

Normal plane

當(dāng)量齒數(shù)

Virtual number of teeth

嚙合平面

Plane of action

分度曲面

Reference surface

頭數(shù)

Number of starts；Number of threads 嚙合區(qū)域

Zone of action 節(jié)曲面

Pitch surface

螺旋線

Helix；Circular helix

總作用弧

Total arc of transmission 齒頂曲面

Tip surface

圓錐螺旋線

Conical spiral

端面作用弧

Transverse arc of transmission 齒根曲面

Root surface

螺旋角

Helix angle； Spiral angle

縱向作用弧

Overlap arc

基本齒廓

Basic tooth profile

導(dǎo)程

Lead

總作用角

Total angle of transmission 基本齒條

Basic rack

導(dǎo)程角

Lead angle

端面作用角

Transverse angle of transmission 產(chǎn)形齒條

Counterpart rack

阿基米德螺旋線

Archimedes spiral

縱向作用角

Overlap angle

產(chǎn)形齒輪

Generating gear of a gear

外擺線

Epicycloid

總重合度

Total contact ratio 產(chǎn)形齒面

Generating flank

長幅外擺線

Prolate epoicycloid

端面重合度

Transverse ratio 基準(zhǔn)線

Datum line

短幅外擺線

Curtate epoicycloid

縱向重合度

Overlap ratio 輪齒

Gear teeth；Tooth

擺線

Cycloid

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)齒輪

Standard gears 齒槽

Tooth space

長幅擺線

Prolate cycloid

非變位齒輪

X-gero gear

右旋齒

Right-hand teeth

短幅擺線

Curtate cycloid

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中心距

Referencr centre distance 左旋齒

Left-hand teeth

內(nèi)擺線

Hypocycloid

名義中心距

Nominal centre distance 變位齒輪

Gears with addendum modification； X-gears

直齒輪

Spur gear

分度圓柱面

Reference cylinder 高度變位圓柱齒輪副

X-gear pair with reference centre distance

斜齒輪

Helical gear；Single-helical gear

節(jié)圓柱面

Pitch cylinder 角度變位圓柱齒輪副

X-gear pair with modified centre distance

直齒條

Spur rack

基圓柱面

Basic cylinder 高度變位錐齒輪副

X-gear pair without shaft angle modification

斜齒條

Helical rack

齒頂圓柱面

Tip cylinder 角度變位圓柱齒輪副

X-gear pair with shaft angle modification

人字齒輪

Double-helical gear

齒根圓柱面

Root cylinder 變位系數(shù)

Modification coefficient

漸開線齒輪

Involute cylindrical gear

節(jié)點(diǎn)

Pitch point 變位量

Addendum modification

擺線齒輪

Cycloidal gear

節(jié)線

Pitch line 徑向變位系數(shù)

Addendum modification coefficient

圓弧齒輪

Circular-arc gear；W-N gear

分度圓

Reference circle 中心距變位系數(shù)

Centre distance modification coefficient

雙圓弧齒輪

Double-circular-arc gear

節(jié)圓

Pitch circle 圓柱齒輪

Cylindrical gear

假想曲面

Imaginary surfance

基圓

Basic circle 頂圓

Tip circle

任意點(diǎn)法向壓力角

Normal pressure angle at a point 定位面

Locating face 根圓

Root circle

任意點(diǎn)端面壓力角

Transverse pressure angle at a point

外錐距

Outer cone distance 齒距

Pitch

嚙合角

Working pressure angle

內(nèi)錐距

Inner cone distance 齒距角

Angular pitch

頂隙

Bottom clearance

中點(diǎn)錐距

Mean cone distance

公法線長度

Base tangent length

圓周側(cè)隙

Circumferential blacklash

背錐距

Back cone distance

分度圓直徑

Reference diameter

法向側(cè)隙

Normal blacklash

安裝距

Locating distance 節(jié)圓直徑

Pitch diameter

徑向側(cè)隙

Radial blacklash

輪冠距

Tip distance；crown to back 基圓直徑

Base diameter

錐齒輪

Bevel gear

冠頂距

Apex to crown

頂圓直徑

Tip diameter

錐齒輪副

Bevel gear pair

偏置距

Offset

根圓直徑

Root diameter

準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪副

Hypoid gear pair

齒線偏移量

Offset of tooth trace 齒根圓角半徑

Fillet radius

準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪

Hypoid gear

分錐角

Reference cone angle 齒高

Tooth depth

冠輪

Crown gear

節(jié)錐角

Pitch cone angle

工作高度

Working depth

端面齒輪

Contrate gear

頂錐角

Tip angle

齒頂高

Addendum

直齒錐齒輪

Straight bevel gear

根錐角

Root angle

齒根高

Dedendum

斜齒錐齒輪

Skew bevel gear； Helical bevel gear

背錐角

Back cone angle 弦齒高

Chordal height

曲面齒錐齒輪

Curved tooth bevel gear 齒頂角

Addendum angel

固定弦齒高

Constant chord height

弧齒錐齒輪

Spiral bevel gear

齒根角Dedendum angle

齒寬

Facewidth

擺線齒錐齒輪

Enicycloid bevel gear

任意點(diǎn)壓力角

Pressure angle at a point 有效齒寬

Effective facewidth

零度齒錐齒輪

Zero T bevel gear

任意點(diǎn)螺旋角

Spiral angle at a point 端面齒厚

Transverse tooth thickness

圓柱齒輪端面齒輪副

Contrate gear pair

中點(diǎn)螺旋角

Mean spiral angle 法向齒厚

Normal tooth thickness

錐齒輪的當(dāng)量圓柱齒輪

Virtual cylindrical gear of bevel gear

大端螺旋角

Outer spiral angle 端面基圓齒厚

Transverse base thickness

8字嚙合錐齒輪

Octoid gear

小端螺旋角

Inner spiral angle 法向基圓齒厚

Normal base thickness

圓柱齒弧錐齒輪

Spiral bevel gear with circle arc tooth profile

蝸桿

Worm 端面弦齒厚

Transverse chordal tooth thickness

分度圓錐面

Reference cone

蝸輪

Worm wheel 固定弦齒厚

Constant chord

節(jié)圓錐面

Pitch cone

蝸桿副

Worm gear pair 端面齒頂厚

Crest width

齒頂圓錐面

Face cone；tip cone

圓柱蝸桿

Cylindrical worm 法向齒頂厚

Normal crest width

齒根圓錐面

Root cone

圓柱蝸桿副

Cylindrical worm pair 端面齒槽寬

Transverse spacewidth

背錐面

Back cone

環(huán)面蝸桿

Enveloping worm 法向齒槽寬

Normal spacewidth

前錐面

Front cone

環(huán)面蝸桿副

Enveloping worm pair 齒厚半角

Tooth thickness half angle

中錐面

Middle cone

阿基米德蝸桿

Straight sided axial worm；ZA-worm 槽寬半角

Spacewidth half angle

分錐頂點(diǎn)

Reference cone apex

漸開線蝸桿

Involute helicoid worm； 壓力角

Pressure angle

軸線交點(diǎn)

Crossing point of axes

法向直廓蝸桿

Straight sided normal worm； 齒形角

Nominal pressure angle

齒根圓環(huán)面

Root tosoid

橢圓齒輪

Elliptical gear

咽喉面

Gorge

非圓齒輪副

Non-circular gear pair平面蝸桿

Planar worm wheel；P-worm wheel

喉平面

Gorge plane

圓柱針輪副

Cylindsical lantern pinion and wheel

平面包絡(luò)環(huán)面蝸桿

Planar double enveloping worm；TP-worm

喉圓

Gorge circle

針輪

Cylindsical tan tein gear ；pin-wheel

平面二次包絡(luò)蝸桿

Planar double-enveloping worm wheel；TP-worm wheel

分度圓蝸旋線

Reference helix

諧波齒輪副

Harmoric gear drive

錐面包絡(luò)環(huán)面蝸桿

Toroid enveloping worm wheel；TK-worm wheel

螺紋

Thread

波發(fā)生器

Wave generator

蝸桿齒寬

Worm facewidth

柔性齒輪

Flexspine 錐蝸桿

Spiroid

蝸輪齒寬

Worm wheel facewidth

剛性齒輪

Circular spline 錐蝸輪

Spiroid gear

直徑系數(shù)

Diametral quotient

非圓齒輪

Non-circular gear 錐蝸桿副

Spiroid gear pair

咽喉半徑

Gorge radius

分度圓環(huán)面

Reference tosoid 中平面

Mid-plane

齒寬角

Width angle

第三篇：美國鋼鐵協(xié)會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)AISI1(中英文對(duì)照)

美國鋼鐵協(xié)會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，AISI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

About AISI

For over a century, North American steel producers have left their day-to-day rivalries behind to work as partners and members of the American Iron and Steel Institute in furthering its mission to promote steel as the material of choice and to enhance the competitiveness of the North American steel industry and its member companies.AISI's overall mission centers around common goals and a clear vision for the future: To provide high-quality, value-added products to a wide array of customers;

lead the world in innovation and technology in the production of steel;

produce steel in a safe and environmentally friendly manner;andincrease the market for North American Steel in both traditional and innovative applications.近一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，北美鋼鐵商已經(jīng)將在他們背后工作的對(duì)手作為美國鋼鐵協(xié)會(huì)的伙伴和成員了。在將來，其目的是促使鋼鐵成為材料首選，并增強(qiáng)北美鋼鐵業(yè)和其成員公司的競爭力。AISI的總體任務(wù)都圍繞著一個(gè)共同目標(biāo)并對(duì)未來有比較清晰的視野：

向大范圍客戶提供高品質(zhì)，物超所值的產(chǎn)品；

帶領(lǐng)世界創(chuàng)新，提高鋼材生產(chǎn)技術(shù)；

在安全，環(huán)境友好的狀態(tài)下生產(chǎn)鋼材；

在傳統(tǒng)和創(chuàng)新應(yīng)用下拓寬北美鋼鐵市場。

1AISI 153-1985Steel Pile Load Test Data

鋼樁荷載試驗(yàn)測試數(shù)據(jù)

2AISI 156-1981Handbook of Corrosion Protection for Steel Pile Structures in Marine Environments

在海洋環(huán)境下，鋼管樁結(jié)構(gòu)腐蝕防護(hù)手冊

3AISI 157-1982Steel Pile;Pile Cap Connection

鋼樁，樁帽連接

4AISI A-1-1991Performance of Steel Buildings in Past Earthquakes

過去地震中鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑的性能表現(xiàn)

5AISI A-2-1991Steel;An Investment in Seismic Safety

鋼材，地震安全中的投資

6AISI AU-101-1987Sheet Steel Thickness Tolerances as Frequently Specified for Automotive Applications Hot Rolled Sheet Steels

鋼板厚度公差作為汽車應(yīng)用熱卷鋼板的常用規(guī)定

7AISI AU-230-1990Automotive Steels Critical Issues: Weight Cost Safety Recycling Manufacturing

汽車鋼關(guān)鍵問題：重量，成本，安全性，回收性，制造性

8AISI AU-603C-1990Coatings for Automotive Sheet Steels

汽車鋼板涂料

9AISI AU-603D-1990High Strength Sheet Steel Source Guide

高強(qiáng)度鋼板源指南

10AISI AU89-1-1989Automotive Sheet Metal Formability

汽車金屬薄板成型性能

11AISI BR-901-1990Capabilities of the Following North American Steel Bar Producers: Companies Bethlehem Steel Co.Bar, Rod & Wire Div.Inland Bar and Structural Republic Engineered Steels Sidbec-Dosco, Inc.Stelco Steel Co.USS/Kobe Steel Co.北美鋼筋生產(chǎn)能力：伯利恒鋼鐵有限公司，共和國工程鋼結(jié)構(gòu)聯(lián)合公司，美國鋼鐵公司，神戶鋼鐵公司

12AISI CF-91-1-1991Preliminary Design Guide for Cold-Formed C-and Z-Members 冷成型C系和Z系鋼初步設(shè)計(jì)指南

13AISI CF-93-1-1992Tensile Strength of Welded Connections

焊接連接的抗壓強(qiáng)度

14AISI CF87-1-1987Development of a Unified Approach to the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Members

冷成型鋼系列統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展

15AISI CF92-1-1992Test Methods for Mechanically Fastened Cold-Formed Steel Connections

機(jī)械連接冷成型鋼連接件的測試方法

16AISI CF92-2-1992Shear Resistance of Walls with Steel Studs

帶有鋼螺栓墻的抗剪強(qiáng)度

17AISI E-1-1992Steel Tanks for Liquid Storage Steel Plate Engineering DataVolume 2

冊2——鋼板工程設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)有用信息的數(shù)據(jù)

19AISI E-3-1989Welded Steel Pipe Steel Plate Engineering DataPart I

冷成型鋼設(shè)計(jì)手冊第一部分——1986年8月19日版冷成型鋼構(gòu)件設(shè)計(jì)說明書以及1989年11月11日版附錄

30AISI SG-673 PART II-1986Commentary on the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members August 19, 1986 Edition with December 11, 1989 Addendum Cold-Formed Steel Design ManualPart III

冷成型鋼設(shè)計(jì)手冊第三部分——1986年8月19日版冷成型鋼構(gòu)件設(shè)計(jì)說明附加信息

32AISI SG-673 PART IV-1986Illustrative Examples Based on the August 19, 1986, Edition of the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members Cold-Formed Steel Design ManualPart V

冷成型鋼設(shè)計(jì)手冊第五部分——1986年8月19日版冷成型鋼構(gòu)件設(shè)計(jì)說明中圖表的使用

34AISI SG-673 PART VI-1986Computer Aids for Use with the August 19, 1986, Edition of the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members Cold-Formed Steel Design ManualPart VII

冷成型鋼設(shè)計(jì)手冊第三部分——1986年8月19日版冷成型鋼構(gòu)件設(shè)計(jì)說明中測試程序的使用 36AISI SG-731-1991Cracking down on Corrosion Cooperative Efforts Toward Vehicle Durability

保證車輛耐久性的防腐工作

37AISI SG-787-1980Fastening of Lightweight Steel Framing

緊固輕鋼框架

38AISI SG-836-1981Sheet Steel Properties and Fatigue Design for Ground Transportation Engineers

鋼板性能和疲勞設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)地面交通運(yùn)輸工程影響

39AISI SG-861-1993Handbook of Steel Drainage & Highway Construction Products 鋼排水和公路建筑產(chǎn)品手冊

40AISI SG-862-1990Modern Sewer Design

現(xiàn)代污水管設(shè)計(jì)

41AISI SG-910-1991Cold-Formed Steel Design Computer Programs

冷成型鋼設(shè)計(jì)的電腦程式

42AISI SG-913-1991LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual

冷成型鋼鋼結(jié)構(gòu)負(fù)載抗阻因素設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范手冊

43AISI SG-913 PART I-1991Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members March 16, 1991 Edition LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design ManualPart II

冷成型鋼鋼結(jié)構(gòu)負(fù)載抗阻因素設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范手冊第二部分——冷成型鋼構(gòu)件負(fù)載抗阻因素設(shè)計(jì)說明評(píng)論

45AISI SG-913 PART III-1991Supplementary Information on the March 16, 1991 Edition of the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design ManualPart V

冷成型鋼鋼結(jié)構(gòu)負(fù)載抗阻因素設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范手冊第五部分——1991年3月16日版冷成型鋼構(gòu)件負(fù)載抗阻因素設(shè)計(jì)說明中圖表的使用

48AISI SG-913 PART VI-1991Computer Aids for Use with the March 16, 1991 Edition of the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design ManualPart VII

冷成型鋼鋼結(jié)構(gòu)負(fù)載抗阻因素設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范手冊第七部分——1991年3月16日版冷成型鋼構(gòu)件負(fù)載抗阻因素設(shè)計(jì)說明中測試程序的使用

50AISI SG-936-1986Spot Welding Sheet Steel Cost-Effective Strength for Automotive Applications

汽車工業(yè)中鋼板電焊的最優(yōu)強(qiáng)度

51AISI SG-937-1982Automotive Steels: They Still Do It Better Cost Savings/Corrosion Protection/Weight Reductions in Components Seen at the 1982 AISI/SAE Exhibit

汽車鋼材：1982版AISI/SAE展覽上盡量節(jié)約成本、防腐保護(hù)、部件重量減輕

52AISI SG02-2-2001Commentary on North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members

北美冷成型鋼構(gòu)件設(shè)計(jì)的評(píng)論

53AISI SG81-5-1981Welding in the Automotive Industry

汽車工業(yè)中的焊接

54AISI SG83-1-1983Review of Testing Methods and Existing Data on Corrosion Fatigue 回顧腐蝕疲勞的測試方法和現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)

55AISI SG84-1-1984Effect of Type and Magnitude of Forming Strains on Fatigue Behavior of Two Hot-Rolled Sheet Steels

類型和大小對(duì)兩塊熱軋板鋼壓力疲勞形成的影響

56AISI SG85-2-1985Solutions to Manufacturing Problems Using Galvanized Steel 使用鍍鋅鋼時(shí)，生產(chǎn)問題的解決方法

57AISI SG86-7-1986How to Achieve Quality Sheet Metal Automotive Stampings 如何獲得高質(zhì)量汽車沖壓件金屬板

58AISI SG503-1976Design and Fabrication of Cold-Formed Steel Structures

冷成型鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和制造

59AISI SG538-1985Sheet Steel Thickness Tolerances as Frequently Specified for Automotive Applications Cold Rolled and Coated Sheet Steels One-Half ASTM Standard Thickness Tolerances with ISO Minimum Edge Distance

鋼板厚度公差經(jīng)常用于汽車工業(yè)冷軋和涂層鋼板上（ASTM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)厚度 和ISO最小邊緣距離）60AISI SG631R-1977Cost-Effective Weight Reduction with Sheet Steel

薄鋼板低成本減重法

61AISI STAINLESSStainless Steel Cold-Formed Structural Design Manual 1974 1974版不銹鋼冷成型設(shè)計(jì)手冊

62AISI Z-5-1979Fire-Safe Structural Steel

防火鋼結(jié)構(gòu)

63AISI Z-6-1981Fire Protection Through Modern Building Codes

現(xiàn)代建筑防火規(guī)范

第四篇：美國簡歷中英文對(duì)照

美國簽證需要用到的個(gè)人簡歷模板（中英文）

Nonimmigrant Visa Resume Template

Name:

Date and country of birth:

Gender:

Name and date of birth of spouse:(if applicable)

Names and dates of birth of children:(if applicable)

Address and Contact information:

Education

List here all universities and higher education institutions you have attended, starting with the most recent.You should include the following information:

Name of university

Dates of study

Degree level

Degree major and minors

Area of research

Title of thesis

Work experience

List here all paid and voluntary work you have performed and positions held, starting with the most recent.You should include the following information:

Name of company, organization or institutions

Job titles

Dates of jobs

Detailed area of responsibility, research interests, project descriptions and applications of research

Expertise in special software, machinery op equipment

Awards and patents

Have you received/won any awards related to your research or work at university or at work? Please list these.Do you hold any patents? List name, patent number and year registered.List of publications

List here all your publications you have published in China and overseas.Include the title of the published article, the date it was published and the name of the magazine, newspaper, book, etc it was published in.Other outside interests/experience List here any clubs you belong to, any memberships you hold, your interests and hobbies

Other skills

For example computer skills, languages you speak, driver's license or other permits, etc

Travel

Have you ever traveled overseas? List countries, purpose and dates of travel

Statement of Intent

For students and exchange scholars:

Proposed Study

Give a brief but detailed description of proposed area of study, including research methods and applications of the research

State supervisor's/professor's name and his/her area of expertise

State institution and department where this research is to be done

For business-related travel:

Proposed schedule

State names of contacts in the US, including the name of the company, their job title and area of expertise/business

Include an itinerary of travel detailing dates, cities to be visited, companies and people to be visited in each city

Detailed content, site and length of any training to be attended as well as applications of this training

Details of conferences, meetings, exhibitions with dates, contact info and purpose of attending

美國簽證需要用到的個(gè)人簡歷模板（中文）

非移民簽證簡歷模板

姓名：

出生日期和國家：

性別：

名稱及配偶出生日期：（如適用）

姓名和孩子的出生日期：（如適用）

地址及聯(lián)系方式：

教育經(jīng)歷

（列舉你參加過的學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的情況，按照時(shí)間的倒敘記錄，內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括以下：）

大學(xué)名稱

在校時(shí)間

學(xué)位

專業(yè)

研究領(lǐng)域

論文題目

工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)

你參加過的工作或者志愿工作，你的表現(xiàn)和所擔(dān)任的職位，首先是最新的。你應(yīng)包括下列資料：

公司名稱，組織或機(jī)構(gòu)

職稱

工作的日期

詳細(xì)領(lǐng)域的責(zé)任，研究方向，項(xiàng)目說明和研究中的應(yīng)用

在特殊軟件技術(shù)，機(jī)械設(shè)備運(yùn)

獎(jiǎng)和專利

你收到/獲得有關(guān)你的研究獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)或在大學(xué)工作或在工作？請列出這些。

你是否擁有任何專利？列表名稱，專利號(hào)和73030。

出版物列表

在此列出所有你在中國及海外出版的出版物。

包括標(biāo)題，發(fā)表文章，這是出版的雜志，報(bào)紙，書籍等，將其命名為日發(fā)表英寸

其他外部利益/經(jīng)驗(yàn)，任何俱樂部名單這里屬于你，你持有的任何成員，你的興趣和愛好

其他技能

例如電腦技能，語言你說，駕駛執(zhí)照或其他許可證等

旅行

你有沒有出國旅游？名單的國家，目的和旅行日期

學(xué)習(xí)意向聲明

學(xué)生和交流學(xué)者：

擬議的研究

給出了建議的領(lǐng)域的研究，包括研究方法和研究中的應(yīng)用簡短但詳細(xì)描述

國家主管的/教授的名字和他/她的專長領(lǐng)域

國家機(jī)構(gòu)和部門在這項(xiàng)研究提出的解決辦法

對(duì)于商務(wù)或旅游簽證申請者：

擬議時(shí)間表

國名在美國的接觸，包括公司名稱，他們的職位和專業(yè)領(lǐng)域/業(yè)務(wù)

包括詳細(xì)的行程日期，要訪問的城市，企業(yè)和市民，在每個(gè)城市訪問

詳細(xì)的內(nèi)容，網(wǎng)站和任何培訓(xùn)的長度將出席的，以及這種培訓(xùn)申請

詳細(xì)的會(huì)議，會(huì)議的日期，聯(lián)系信息和參加展覽的目的

第五篇：美國憲法中英文對(duì)照..

Constitution of the United States

美國憲法中英文版

導(dǎo)言

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.序言

我們美利堅(jiān)合眾國的人民，為了組織一個(gè)更完善的聯(lián)邦，樹立正義，保障國內(nèi)的安寧，建立共同的國防，增進(jìn)全民福利和確保我們自己及我們后代能安享自由帶來的幸福，乃為美利堅(jiān)合眾國制定和確立這一部憲法。

Section 1House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative.Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned.Enumeration.Vacancies to be filled.Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.1.The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.眾議院應(yīng)由各州人民每兩年選舉一次之議員組成，各州選舉人應(yīng)具有該州州議會(huì)中人數(shù)最多之一院的選舉人所需之資格。

2.Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.(The previous sentence was superceded by Amendment XIV，前面語句已由憲法修正案XIV替代).The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct.The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative;and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.眾議員人數(shù)及直接稅稅額，應(yīng)按聯(lián)邦所轄各州的人口數(shù)目比例分配，此項(xiàng)人口數(shù)目的計(jì)算法，應(yīng)在全體自由人民－－包括訂有契約的短期仆役，但不包括末被課稅的印第安人－－數(shù)目之外，再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。實(shí)際人口調(diào)查，應(yīng)于合眾國國會(huì)第一次會(huì)議后三年內(nèi)舉行，并于其后每十年舉行一次，其調(diào)查方法另以法律規(guī)定之。眾議員的數(shù)目，不得超過每三萬人口有眾議員一人，但每州至少應(yīng)有眾議員一人，在舉行人囗調(diào)查以前，各州得按照下列數(shù)目選舉眾議員 : 新罕布什爾三人、馬薩諸塞八人、羅德島及普羅維登斯墾殖區(qū)一人、康涅狄格五人、紐約州六人．新澤西四人、賓夕法尼亞八人、特拉華一人、馬里蘭六人、弗吉尼亞十人、北卡羅來納五人、南卡羅來納五人、喬治亞三人。

3.When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.任何一州的眾議員有缺額時(shí)，該州的行政長官應(yīng)頒選舉令，選出眾議員以補(bǔ)充缺額。4.The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers;and shall have the sole power of impeachment.眾議院應(yīng)選舉該除議長及其他官員，只有眾議院具有提出彈劾案的權(quán)力。

Section 3Times, etc., of holding elections, how prescribed.One session in each year.1.The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof;but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.各州州議會(huì)應(yīng)規(guī)定本州參議員及眾議員之選舉時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)及程序，但國會(huì)得隨時(shí)以法律制定或變更此種規(guī)定，惟有選舉議員的地點(diǎn)不在此例。

2.The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,(The words in italics were superceded by Amendment XX，憲法修正案對(duì)此有修改)unless they by law appoint a different day.國會(huì)應(yīng)至少每年集會(huì)一次，開會(huì)日期應(yīng)為十二月的第一個(gè)星期一，除非他們通過法律來指定另一個(gè)日期。

Section 5Compensation, Privileges, Disqualification in certain cases.1.The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same;and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.參議員與眾議員得因其服務(wù)而獲報(bào)酬，報(bào)酬的多寡由法律定之，并由合眾國國庫支付。兩院議員除犯叛國罪、重罪以及擾亂治安罪外，在出席各該院會(huì)議及往返各該院途中，有不受逮捕之特權(quán)，兩院議員在議院內(nèi)所發(fā)表之演說及辯論，在其它場合不受質(zhì)詢。2.No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have increased during such time;and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office.參議員或眾議員不得在其當(dāng)選任期內(nèi)擔(dān)任合眾國政府任何新添設(shè)的職位，或在其任期內(nèi)支取因新職位而增添的俸祿，在合眾國政府供職的人，不得在其任職期間擔(dān)任國會(huì)議員。Section 7Powers of Congress The Congress shall have the power

1.To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States;but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States: 國會(huì)有權(quán)規(guī)定并征收稅金、捐稅、關(guān)稅和其它賦稅，用以償付國債并為合眾國的共同防御和全民福利提供經(jīng)費(fèi)，但是各種捐稅、關(guān)稅和其它賦稅，在合眾國內(nèi)應(yīng)劃一征收

2.To borrow money on the credit of the United States: 以合眾國的信用舉債

3.To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states,and with the Indian tribes: 管理與外國的、州與州間的，以及對(duì)印第安部落的貿(mào)易

4.To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States: 制定在合眾國內(nèi)一致適用的歸化條例，和有關(guān)破產(chǎn)的一致適用的法律

5.To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures: 鑄造貨幣，調(diào)議其價(jià)值，并確定外幣價(jià)值，以及制定度量衡的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

6.To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States: 制定對(duì)偽造合眾國證券和貨幣的懲罰條例 7.To establish post-offices and post-roads: 設(shè)立郵政局及建設(shè)驛路

8.To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries: 為促進(jìn)科學(xué)和實(shí)用技藝的進(jìn)步，對(duì)作家和發(fā)明家的著作和發(fā)明，在一定期限內(nèi)給予專利權(quán)的保障

9.To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court: 設(shè)置最高法院以下的各級(jí)法院

10.To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations: 界定并懲罰海盜罪、在公海所犯的重罪和違背國際公法的罪行

11.To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water: 宣戰(zhàn)，對(duì)民用船舶頒發(fā)捕押敵船及采取報(bào)復(fù)行動(dòng)的特許證，制定在陸地和海面虜獲戰(zhàn)利品的規(guī)則

12.To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years: 募集和維持陸軍，但每次撥充該項(xiàng)費(fèi)用的款項(xiàng)，其有效期不得超過兩年 13.To provide and maintain a navy: 配備和保持海軍

14.To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces: 制定管理和控制陸海軍隊(duì)的各種條例

15.To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions: 制定召集民兵的條例，以便執(zhí)行聯(lián)邦法律，鎮(zhèn)壓叛亂和擊退侵略

16.To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress: 規(guī)定民兵的組織、裝備和訓(xùn)練，以及民兵為合眾國服務(wù)時(shí)的管理辦法，但各州保留其軍官任命權(quán)，和依照國會(huì)規(guī)定的條例訓(xùn)練其民兵的權(quán)力

17.To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district(not exceeding ten miles square)as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings: And, 對(duì)于由某州讓與而由國會(huì)承受，用以充當(dāng)合眾國政府所在地的地區(qū)(不超過10平方英里)，握有對(duì)其一切事務(wù)的全部立法權(quán)，對(duì)于經(jīng)州議會(huì)同意，向州政府購得，用以建筑要塞、彈藥庫、兵工廠、船塢和其它必要建筑物的地方，也握有同樣的權(quán)力并且

18.To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.為了行使上述各項(xiàng)權(quán)力，以及行使本憲法賦予合眾國政府或其各部門或其官員的種種權(quán)力，制定一切必要的和適當(dāng)?shù)姆?/p>

Section 9States prohibited from the exercise of certain powers.1.No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation;grant letters of marque and reprisal;coin money;emit bills of credit;make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts;pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.各州不得締結(jié)任何條約、結(jié)盟或組織邦聯(lián)，不得對(duì)民用船舶頒發(fā)捕押敵船及采取報(bào)復(fù)行動(dòng)之特許證，不得鑄造貨幣，不得發(fā)行紙幣，不得指定金銀幣以外的物品作為償還債務(wù)的法定貨幣，不得通過任何剝奪公民權(quán)的法案、追溯既往的法律和損害契約義務(wù)的法律，也不得頒發(fā)任何貴族頭銜。

2.No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws;and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States;and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.未經(jīng)國會(huì)同意，各州不得對(duì)進(jìn)口貨物或出口貨物征收任何稅款，但為了執(zhí)行該州的檢查法律而有絕對(duì)的必要時(shí)，不在此限，任何州對(duì)于進(jìn)出囗貨物所征的稅，其凈收益應(yīng)歸合眾國國庫使用，所有這一類的檢查法律，國會(huì)對(duì)之有修正和監(jiān)督之權(quán)。

3.No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in a war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.未經(jīng)國會(huì)同意，各州不得征收船舶噸位稅，不得在和平時(shí)期保持軍隊(duì)和軍艦，不得和另外一州或國締結(jié)任何協(xié)定或契約，除非實(shí)際遭受入侵，或者遇到刻不容緩的危急情形時(shí)，不得從事戰(zhàn)爭。Article II Section 1-President: his term of office.Electors of President;number and how appointed.Electors to vote on same day.Qualification of President.On whom his duties devolve in case of his removal, death, etc.President's compensation.His oath of office.1.The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.He shall hold office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 行政權(quán)力賦予美利堅(jiān)合眾國總統(tǒng)?？偨y(tǒng)任期四年，總統(tǒng)和具有同樣任期的副總統(tǒng)，應(yīng)照下列手續(xù)選舉

2.Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves.And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for each;which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate.The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted.The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed;and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President;and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President.But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote;a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President.But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.(The clause in italics was superceded by Amendment XII)每州應(yīng)依照該州州議會(huì)所規(guī)定之手續(xù)，指定選舉人若干名，其人數(shù)應(yīng)與該州在國會(huì)之參議員及眾議員之總數(shù)相等，但參譏員、眾議員及任何在合眾國政府擔(dān)任有責(zé)任及有俸祿之職務(wù)的人，均不得被指定為選舉人。各選舉人應(yīng)于其本身所屬的州內(nèi)集會(huì)，每人投票選舉二人，其中至少應(yīng)有一人不屬本州居民。選舉人應(yīng)開列全體被選人名單，注明每人所得票數(shù)，他們還應(yīng)簽名作證明，并將封印后的名單送至合眾國政府所在地交與參議院議長。參議院議長應(yīng)于參眾兩院全體議員之前，開拆所有來件，然后計(jì)算票數(shù)。得票最多者，如其所得票數(shù)超過全體選舉人的半數(shù)，即當(dāng)選為總統(tǒng)，如同時(shí)不止一人得票過半數(shù)，旦又得同等票數(shù)，則眾議院應(yīng)立即投票表決，選畢其中一人為總統(tǒng)，如無人得票過半數(shù)，則眾議院應(yīng)自得票最多之前五名中用同樣方法選舉總統(tǒng)。但依此法選舉總統(tǒng)時(shí)，應(yīng)以州為單位，每州之代表共有一票，如全國三分之二的州各有一名或多名眾議員出席，即構(gòu)成選舉總統(tǒng)的法定人數(shù)，當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)者需獲全部州的過半數(shù)票。在每次這樣的選舉中，于總統(tǒng)選出后，其獲得選舉人所投票數(shù)最多者，即為副總統(tǒng)。但如有二人或二人以上得票相等時(shí)，則應(yīng)由參議院投票表決，選學(xué)其中一人為副總統(tǒng)。（憲法修正案XII已經(jīng)替代本條款）

3.The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes;which day shall be the same throughout the United States.國會(huì)得決定各州選出選舉人的時(shí)期以及他們投票的日子，投票日期全國一律。

4.No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President;neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.只有出生時(shí)為合眾國公民，或在本憲法實(shí)施時(shí)已為合眾國公民者，可被選為總統(tǒng)，凡年齡未滿三十五歲，或居住合眾國境內(nèi)未滿十四年者，不得被選為總統(tǒng)。.In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.(This clause has been modified by Amendment XX and Amendment XXV)如遇總統(tǒng)被免職，或因死亡、辭職或喪失能力而不能執(zhí)行其權(quán)力及職務(wù)時(shí)，總統(tǒng)職權(quán)應(yīng)由副總統(tǒng)執(zhí)行之。國會(huì)得以法律規(guī)定，在總統(tǒng)及副總統(tǒng)均被免職，或死亡、辭職或喪失能力時(shí)，由何人代理總統(tǒng)職務(wù)，該人應(yīng)即遵此視事，至總統(tǒng)能力恢復(fù)，或新總統(tǒng)被選出時(shí)為止（憲法修正案XX和XXV對(duì)本條款作了修改）。

6.The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.總統(tǒng)得因其服務(wù)而在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)接受俸祿，在其任期之內(nèi)，俸金數(shù)額不得增加或減低，他亦不得在此任期內(nèi)，自合眾國政府和任何州政府接受其它報(bào)酬

7.Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: 在他就職之前，他應(yīng)宣誓或誓愿如下:

“I do solemnly swear(or affirm)that I will faithfully execute the office of the President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.” 「我鄭重宣誓(或 矢言)我必忠誠地執(zhí)行合眾國總統(tǒng)的職務(wù)，并盡我最大的能力，維持、保護(hù)和捍衛(wèi)合眾國憲法。

Section 2President shall communicate to Congress.He may convene and adjourn Congress, in case of disagreement, etc.Shall receive ambassadors, execute laws, and commission officers.He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;he may receive ambassadors, and other public ministers;he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.總統(tǒng)應(yīng)經(jīng)常向國會(huì)報(bào)告聯(lián)邦的情況，并向國會(huì)提出他認(rèn)為必要和適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧?，供其考慮，在特殊情況下，他得召集兩院或其中一院開會(huì)，并得于兩院對(duì)于休會(huì)時(shí)間意見不一致時(shí)，命令兩院休會(huì)到他認(rèn)為適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)期為止，他應(yīng)接見大使和公使，他應(yīng)注意使法律切實(shí)執(zhí)行，并任命所有合眾國的軍官。

4Judicial power;to what cases it extends.Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court Appellate.Trial by Jury, etc.Trial, where 1.The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made under their authority;to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls;to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;to controversies to which the United States shall be a party;to controversies between two or more states, between a state and Citizens of another state, between Citizens of different states, between Citizens of the same state, claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign states, Citizens or subjects.(This section modified by Amendment XI)司法權(quán)適用的范圍，應(yīng)包括在本憲法、合眾國法律、和合眾國已訂的及將訂的條約之下發(fā)生的一切涉及普通法及衡平法的案件，一切有關(guān)大使、公使及領(lǐng)事的案件，一切有關(guān)海上裁判權(quán)及海事裁判權(quán)的案件，合眾國為當(dāng)事一方的訴訟;州與州之間的訴訟，州與另一州的公民之間的訴訟，一州公民與另一州公民之間的訴訟，同州公民之間為不同之州所讓與之土地而爭執(zhí)的訴訟，以及一州或其公民與外國政府、公民或其屬民之間的訴訟。

2.In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction.In all the other cases before-mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.在一切有關(guān)大使、公使、領(lǐng)事以及州為當(dāng)事一方的案件中，最高法院有最初審理權(quán)。在上述所有其它案件中，最高法院有關(guān)于法律和事實(shí)的受理上訴權(quán)，但由國會(huì)規(guī)定為例外及另有處理?xiàng)l例者，不在此限。

3.The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury;and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed;but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.對(duì)一切罪行的審判，除了彈劫案以外，均應(yīng)由陪審團(tuán)裁定，并且該審判應(yīng)在罪案發(fā)生的州內(nèi)舉行，但如罪案發(fā)生地點(diǎn)并不在任何一州之內(nèi)，該項(xiàng)審判應(yīng)在國會(huì)按法律指定之地點(diǎn)或幾個(gè)地點(diǎn)學(xué)行。

Section 3Each State to give credit to the public acts, etc.of every other State.Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other state.And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.各州對(duì)其它各州的公共法案、記錄、和司法程序，應(yīng)給予完全的信賴和尊重。國會(huì)得制定一般法律，用以規(guī)定這種法案、記錄、和司法程序如何證明以及具有何等效力。Section 2Admission of new States.Power of Congress over territory and other property.1.New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union;but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress.國會(huì)得準(zhǔn)許新州加入聯(lián)邦，如無有關(guān)各州之州議會(huì)及國會(huì)之同意，不得于任何州之管轄區(qū)域內(nèi)建立新州，亦不得合并兩州或數(shù)州、或數(shù)州之一部分而成立新州。

2.The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States;and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state.國會(huì)有權(quán)處置合眾國之屬地及其它產(chǎn)業(yè)，并制定有關(guān)這些屬地及產(chǎn)業(yè)的一切必要的法規(guī)和章則，本憲法中任何條文，不得作有損于合眾國或任何一州之權(quán)利的解釋。Section 4-Republican form of government guaranteed.Each State to be protected.The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union, a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion;and on application of the legislature, or of the executive(when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.合眾國保證聯(lián)邦中的每一州皆為共和政體，保障它們不受外來的侵略，并且根據(jù)各州州議會(huì)或行政部門(當(dāng)州議會(huì)不能召集時(shí))的請求，平定其內(nèi)部的**。Article V

Constitution: how amended;proviso.The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which，in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress: Provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year 1808, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article;and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.舉凡兩院議員各以三分之二的多數(shù)認(rèn)為必要時(shí)，國會(huì)應(yīng)提出對(duì)本憲法的修正案，或者，當(dāng)現(xiàn)有諸州三分之二的州議會(huì)提出請求時(shí)，國會(huì)應(yīng)召集修憲大會(huì)，以上兩種修正案，如經(jīng)諸州四分之三的州議會(huì)或四分之三的州修憲大會(huì)批準(zhǔn)時(shí)，即成為本憲法之一部分而發(fā)生全部效力，至于采用那一種批準(zhǔn)方式，則由國會(huì)議決，但一八零八年以前可能制定之修正案，在任何情形下，不得影響本憲法第一條第九款之第一、第四兩項(xiàng)，任何一州，沒有它的同意，不得被剝奪它在參議院中的平等投票權(quán)。Article VI

Certain debts, ect.declared valid, Supremacy of Constitution, treaties, and laws of the United States, Oath to support Constitution, by whom taken.No religious test.1.All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this constitution, as under the confederation.合眾國政府于本憲法被批準(zhǔn)之前所積欠之債務(wù)及所簽訂之條約，于本憲法通過后，具有和在邦聯(lián)政府時(shí)同等的效力。

2.This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof;and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States shall be the supreme law of the land;and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.本憲法及依本憲法所制定之合眾國法律;以及合眾國已經(jīng)締結(jié)及將要締結(jié)的一切條約，皆為全國之最高法律，每個(gè)州的法官都應(yīng)受其約束，任何一州憲法或法律中的任何內(nèi)容與之抵觸時(shí)，均不得有違這一規(guī)定。

3.The senators and representatives before-mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution;but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.前述之參議員及眾議員，各州州議會(huì)議員，合眾國政府及各州政府之一切行政及司法官員，均應(yīng)宣誓或誓愿擁護(hù)本憲法，但合眾國政府之任何職位或公職，皆不得以任何宗教標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為任職的必要條件。Article VII What ratification shall establish constitution.The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying the same.第七條

本憲法經(jīng)過九個(gè)州的制憲大會(huì)批準(zhǔn)后，即在批準(zhǔn)本憲法的各州之間開始生效。