第一篇：英語口語試題與答案

英語口語考試題目

1.Do you think man lives in harmony with nature now?

No, the relationship between man and nature is not as harmonies as before.With the development of our economy, our environment has become more and more serious while this issue affects people’s work study and daily life.Human develop economy at the expense of nature, therefore, severe environmental deterioration like soil erosion, droughts and green house take place frequently.It seems like that we fall into a vicious circle, which makes our life becoming worse.2.Can you give some examples to show environmental problems which are the consequences of man’ activities? According to you, what can we do to solve or to prevent the problems you have just mentioned?

Nowadays, the relationship between man and nature is not as harmonies as before.Man’s unreasonable activities cause series of environmental problems, like green house, soil erosion, droughts etc.In my view, we shouldn’t develop our economy at the expense of nature.And we should be aware that natural resources are not inexhaustible.Therefore, we must take some active actions to protect our environment.We’d better plan more trees, reduce waste, limit pollution pour and strengthen cyclic utilization.In a word, we should take as little as possible from nation and put back into it as much as we can.3.How has technology made our life easier? Could you give some examples?

Through technology, mankind has united the globe in a continuous civilization that is capable of living standards and life expectancy never before experienced.Take the Internet for example.Surfing on the Internet can expand our horizon and add to our knowledge.Almost everything that you are interested in can be found on the Internet easily.The development of the email and net-chatting make it more convenient to get in touch with our friends, making the earth a small village.What’s more, it also brings a revolution in business because the restrict of the region is less and less important and the efficiency is improved a lot.4.Is the advance of technology always a good thing? How should we avoid its negative points? No.In a strict sense, technology is a double-edged sword, which can be used equally for good or evil.Through technology, mankind has united the globe in a continuous civilization that is capable of living standards and life expectancy never before experienced.But on the other hand, technology has hidden a big security risk, like weapons of mass destruction, Identity theft.In my view, effective measures should be taken to avoid its negative points.First, we should bring the theory of “correct use technology” into countries, set technology management rules and conduct education activities.Second, it is essential that law and regulations be worked out and enforced by the government.Only by the co-efforts of the whole society could technology work reasonable and bring benefit to people’s well-beings.5.There are millions of students graduating from university every year.Most of them may go to work right afterwards, while others may delay their employment plan to further their education such as being engaged in postgraduate programs.In your opinion, which of the following choice is more rational—“work first and then postgraduate education, or vice versa?”

In my opinion, I think work first and then postgraduate education is more rational.In this way, one person can come into contact with varies kinds of work and gain a lot of practical experiences, broaden his horizon and have a general impression of knowledge that mentioned in books.After that, when he review or learn knowledge points that refers to what he had experienced, it will be easier for him to full awareness contents of books.Besides, it’s also a good chance to learn new ways to do his work better.Generally speaking, I think it’s a better way to combine theory with practice, and benefit one’s growing best.6.Nowadays finding a job is not easy, which involves such factors as job hunters’ experience, ability, diploma, personality and so on.As for the ability and diploma, which do you think plays the more important role in securing a job?

There is not doubt that ability and diploma are all take the more important place.Although many Chinese people advocate that diploma is the best evidence of a talent, I insisted that only a person have real ability and learning, can he accomplish his tasks successfully and serve our motherland worthily.I order to get a better diploma, many people sit at his desk studying day and night, but don’t pay attention to the improvement of personnel ability like work ability, communication ability, organization ability etc.Then this had very the multi-high-grades but low ability person.7.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? “Literature can teach you a lot about real life.”

Sure, I am agreeing that literature can teach us a lot of our real life.Literature, contains varies kinds of form like poetry、novel、play、essay etc.It’s the reaction of social life in a certain era.As a reader, the function of literature is to convey inner ideas feelings and imagines of writer.And literature has drawn its materials from real life.We experience the drama when we read the literature, and share different kinds of from all over the world.Then, we connect it with our real life, and express more feelings.Therefore, we learn a lot of our real life from it.8.Describe a book, a story or a movie you like most and its influence on your life.“The Notebook” is my favorite movie.In this movie, the elder Noah is battling with his pain and suffering to a woman who has fallen victim to an illness and tries his best to help her remember.When she does, it is one of the best moments in the film;as melodramatic as all of it is, we come to the movies to be swept away into another time and place, and that's where “The Notebook” gets it right.The movie is so simple and yet so honest about love that I couldn't help but get swept up in the whole melodrama of it all.It makes me start to discover and to feel the love besides me.

第二篇：英語口語試題

2.假設(shè)你是一名求職者，請用英語作一個不少于100字的自我介紹，內(nèi)容包括：為什么應聘該職位，個人的學習、工作經(jīng)歷，獲獎情況，興趣愛好等。(總計30分，內(nèi)容20分，語音語調(diào)10分）

3.Speech(總計30分，內(nèi)容20分，語音語調(diào)10分）

Lady gaga a role model?

口語試題第三題題目如下

（第二題和第三題題目可以提前告訴學生）

Book 2 Unit 4

We know that nowadays it is common for people to be a volunteer and devote their time and effort in some activities.Why do some people do it?

Book 2 Unit 7

What are the advantages of economic development?

Book 3 Unit 1

Who do you think is the real hero? What qualities can you learn from him/her? Book 3 Unit 2

How do you communicate with your parents?

Book 3Unit 4

Will you go to study abroad? Why? /Why not?

第一題暫時沒有哈，親們……

第三篇：試題與答案

什么叫“樣品的唯一性標識”？

答：保證樣品在任何時候都不會發(fā)生混淆的識別措施。樣品的唯一性標識通常用代碼或數(shù)字組成。樣品的狀態(tài)標識通常用顏色或顯著的標志標識。

“審核”與“評審”有什么區(qū)別？各由誰執(zhí)行？為什么說堅持每年進行“審核”與“評審”非常重要？ 答：1．“審核”的目的是檢查質(zhì)量體系運行的符合性和有效性。執(zhí)行人是與被審核領(lǐng)域無直接責任關(guān)系的審核員。對檢查中發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題，審核員應對問題的行為者所采取糾正或預防措施的實施跟蹤實現(xiàn)。

2、“評審”的目的是檢查質(zhì)量體系運行的有效性和適應性。執(zhí)行人通常是最高管理者。最高管理者應對存在的問題及時調(diào)整質(zhì)量體系。

3．質(zhì)量體系經(jīng)過一個周期（一年）的運行，通過周期性質(zhì)量計劃的實施和質(zhì)量活動的開展，會暴露出

質(zhì)量體系運行中的許多問題。因此每年堅持安排至少一次的審核與評審會為提高和改進質(zhì)量管理提供很多的素材。

什么叫“驗證試驗”？實驗室在什么情況下需要進行驗證試驗？

答：1．驗證試驗是利用實驗室間比對來確定實驗室的檢測和測量能力。目的是在檢測類型、檢測能力和檢測水平相當?shù)膶嶒炇抑g開展的反映檢測系統(tǒng)偏差的一種方法。

2．實驗室應在每4年中對所有檢測項目有計劃地安排一次驗證試驗。

什么叫“期間檢查”？它與周期檢定有什么不同？

答：1．期間檢查是指儀器設(shè)備在二次校準之間對其穩(wěn)定性或保持校準狀態(tài)進行的一種核查，目的和作用在于防止儀器設(shè)備出現(xiàn)量值失準以及可以縮短失準后的追溯時間。

2．周期檢定是根據(jù)檢定規(guī)程或?qū)嶒炇易约旱囊髮嵤┑亩c、定時間、定方法的一種例行檢查，其目的在于給儀器設(shè)備賦值或驗證儀器設(shè)備的量值準確性。

對“監(jiān)督員”和“內(nèi)審員”的任職各有什么要求？他們的職責各是什么？

答：1．監(jiān)督員的任職要求有三：第一，熟悉校準或檢驗方法及程序；第二，了解校準或檢驗目的；第三，懂得結(jié)果評審。

2．內(nèi)審員的任職要求有二：第一，經(jīng)過培訓：第二，有資格。

3．監(jiān)督員的職責是對校準或檢測活動的過程監(jiān)督，對發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題應采取糾正措施。內(nèi)審員的職責是參加審核與自己無直接責任關(guān)系領(lǐng)域里的質(zhì)量活動。對審核中發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題，內(nèi)審員有責任對問題的行

為者所采取糾正或預防措施的實施跟蹤實現(xiàn)。

試說出影響測量不確定度的因素是什么？

答：1．人員影響因素；2．環(huán)境影響因素；3．儀器設(shè)備技術(shù)能力的影響因素；4．樣品不均勻性影響因素；

5．樣品的制備影響因素；6．測量方法的影響因素；7．儀器設(shè)備校準或檢定質(zhì)量的影響因素。

簡述質(zhì)量體系文件的層次和作用。

答：1．質(zhì)量手冊：是闡明一個組織的質(zhì)量方針并描述其質(zhì)量體系的文件，是實驗室的綱領(lǐng)性文件。

2．程序文件：為進行某項質(zhì)量活動所規(guī)定的途徑，是質(zhì)量手冊的支持性文件。

3．作業(yè)指導書：開展技術(shù)活動的操作文件。

4．質(zhì)量記錄：為證明滿足質(zhì)量要求的程度或為質(zhì)量體系的要素運行的有效性提供客觀證據(jù)。質(zhì)量記錄是程序文件和作業(yè)指導書的支持性文件。

5．質(zhì)量計劃：針對特定的項目，規(guī)定專門的質(zhì)量措施、資源和活動順序的文件。質(zhì)量計劃是質(zhì)量手冊和程序文件的支持性文件。

第四篇：中國政法大學 法律英語口語試題及答案整理

1.To discuss the differences between the civil law system and the common law system.(P4)There are many differences between civil law system and common law system.Ⅰ The original places are different.The civil law system originated in ancient Rome, and the common law system originated in England.起源地不同，民法起源于古羅馬，普通法起源于英格蘭

Ⅱ The main traditional source of the common law is cases, while the main traditional source of the civil law is legislation.Thus there are many codes in civil law countries instead of unwritten laws in common law system.普通法的主要傳統(tǒng)淵源是案例法，民法的主要傳統(tǒng)淵源是成文法。因此民法國家用許多成文法典取代普通法國家的不成文法

Ⅲ The civil law system pays more attention to substantive law;the common law system pays more attention to procedural rules.民法法系更多關(guān)注實體法，普通法更關(guān)注程序規(guī)則

Ⅳ The classification of law is different.The civil law is separated into public law and private law, the common law is separated into common law and equity.法的分類不同，民法法系分為公法和私法，普通法法系分為普通法和衡平法

Ⅴ The role of judges and professors is another difference.Since theory and doctrines is important in legal education of civil law system, professor plays the important role to expose laws to students.In the contrary, case-law is the main source of common law, thus the judges has the discretion to make laws while trialing cases.法官和學者的作用不同，因為理論和學說在民法法系中的重要性，學者在教授學生法律時十分重要。相反的，案例法是普通法法系的主要淵源，因此法官在審理案件時有造法的自由裁量權(quán)

Ⅵ The civil procedure: Adversary system(對抗式訴訟)of common law system needs the parties to show the case the jury or the judges.And the judges need to be neutral and impartial.Inquisitorial system（糾問式訴訟）in civil law countries give the judges the power to investigate the case during the trail and also can ask the parties and the witnesses.民事訴訟程序：普通法法系的對抗式需要雙方把案件展示給法官或陪審團。法官應該中立和公正。民法法系的糾問式訴訟給予法官在審理過程中調(diào)查案件的權(quán)力，也可以訊問雙方當事人和證人。

To discuss the main features of the American court system(P17-19)There are fifty-two court systems in the U.S.----each of the fifty states has its own system of courts, one for the District of Columbia and a federal system.They are independent systems of court.美國存在52個法院系統(tǒng)，每一個州都有自己的法院系統(tǒng)，還有一個是哥倫比亞特區(qū)的和一個聯(lián)邦法院系統(tǒng)。它們都是獨立的法院系統(tǒng)。

In the state court systems, court structures and court nomenclature vary from state to state.But all the state court systems exhibit a hierarchical structure, in which the decisions of lower courts may be taken for review to a higher court.Typically a state system will include several tiers of court：

在州法院系統(tǒng)中，法院的結(jié)構(gòu)和名稱各不相同。但所有的州法院系統(tǒng)都是一種層級結(jié)構(gòu)，低級法院的判決可能被高級法院所推翻，但型的州法院系統(tǒng)通常包括以下幾個層級： 1)Trial courts of inferior jurisdiction 2)trial courts of general jurisdiction 3)appellate courts 下級管轄權(quán)的初審法院 普遍管轄權(quán)的初審法院 上訴法院

The trial courts of inferior jurisdiction hear civil suits involving relatively small amounts of money and minor violations of the criminal law.While the trial courts of general jurisdiction can hear all kinds of cases, without monetary or subject matter limitation.下級管轄權(quán)的初審法院審理標的額相對小的民事案件和輕微的刑事違法案件。普遍管轄權(quán)的初審法院審理各種類型的案件，沒有數(shù)額或標的的限制。Every case should first be heard at the trial court.Then the party who loses at the trial court stage has a right to appeal case to the appellate court.Every state has its court of last resort, the appellate court which makes the final decision(subject to occasional review on ―federal questions‖ by the Supreme Court of the United States)of what the law is and should be.Most states have created intermediate appellate courts, empowered to finally dispose of the bulk of appellate cases.每個案件都應該先在初審法院審理，輸?shù)舻囊环接袡?quán)將案件上訴到上訴法院，每個州都有它的終審法院，受理上訴的法院會作出最終的裁決（受制于美國最高法院作出的關(guān)于聯(lián)邦問題的臨時性的判決對法律的解釋）大多數(shù)州都有中級上訴法院，有權(quán)最終處理大多數(shù)經(jīng)上訴法院審理的案子。

The structure of the federal judicial system is similar to what is found in the various states.There are three levels of courts:(1)U.S.district courts(trial courts of general jurisdiction)and various courts of limited jurisdiction

(2)U.S.courts of appeals(intermediate courts of appeals), and(3)the United States Supreme Court.Not like the other courts in federal judicial systems which are created by congress, the Supreme Court is created by Constitution.There are a few specialized federal courts(e.g., the claims courts or the tax court)which operate like District court in their specialized jurisdiction.聯(lián)邦法院的結(jié)構(gòu)類似于各州的結(jié)構(gòu)，分為三層：

有普遍管轄權(quán)的聯(lián)邦地區(qū)法院，和有各種有限管轄權(quán)的法院 聯(lián)邦上訴法院（中級上訴法院）和

美國最高法院。不像聯(lián)邦司法系統(tǒng)的由國會產(chǎn)生的其他法院，最高法院由憲法產(chǎn)生。還有一些聯(lián)邦專門法院，比如索賠法院和稅務法院，運作類似于聯(lián)邦地區(qū)法院，只是擁有專門管轄權(quán)。

3.To discuss the main features of the American court system There are fifty-two court systems in the U.S.each state has its own system of courts, one for the District of Columbia and a federal system.In the state court systems, court structures vary from state to state.But they all exhibit a hierarchical structure;decisions of lower courts may be reviewed by higher courts.A state system includes:

1)Trial courts of inferior jurisdiction 2)trial courts of general jurisdiction 3)appellate courts The trial courts of inferior jurisdiction hear civil litigations involving small amounts of money and minor violations of the criminal law.While the trial courts of general jurisdiction can hear all kinds of cases.Every case should first be heard at the trial court.Then it can be appealed to the appellate court.Every state has its court of last resort.The structure of the federal system is similar.There are three levels of courts:

(1)U.S.district courts(2)U.S.courts of appeals

(3)the United States Supreme Court.Not like the other courts in federal systems which are created by congress, the Supreme Court is created by Constitution.There are a few specialized federal courts

翻譯：請簡述美國法庭系統(tǒng)的特點

美國的52個州都有其自己的法院系統(tǒng)。州與州之間法院結(jié)構(gòu)和法院的名稱也各不相同，但是所有州的法院體制都表現(xiàn)出所謂的層級結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是一種組織方式的不同——低一級法院做出的判決可以在更高一級審判組織重新審查。學生閱讀的案例書中90%或者更多的州法院案例是上訴案件的判決，但是所有這些上訴案件在到達州最高法院之前都經(jīng)過了初審階段，也許還經(jīng)過中級上訴法院階段。

1具有有限管轄權(quán)的初審法院2具有普遍管轄權(quán)的初審法院3上訴法院

每個州都有自己的初級或低級法院，它的管轄權(quán)限定在涉及小數(shù)額金錢爭議的民事訴訟案件，和輕微的刑事案件。具有普遍管轄權(quán)的法院可以審判所有案件。

每個案子必須先有初審法院進行審理，然后可以上訴到上訴法院，每個州都 有自己的終審法院 聯(lián)邦法院系統(tǒng)很相似，法院受理的大部分案件可以歸入一下三種案件：（1）聯(lián)邦地方法院（2）聯(lián)邦上訴法院（3）聯(lián)邦最高法院。最高法院是唯一的一個依聯(lián)邦憲法直接設(shè)置的法院

另一個版本：

There are fifty-two court systems in the U.S.----each of the fifty states has its own system of courts, one for the District of Columbia and a federal system.They are independent systems of court.In the state court systems, court structures and court nomenclature vary from state to state.But all the state court systems exhibit a hierarchical structure, in which the decisions of lower courts may be taken for review to a higher court.Typically a state system will include several tiers of court：

1)Trial courts of inferior jurisdiction 2)trial courts of general jurisdiction 3)appellate courts The trial courts of inferior jurisdiction hear civil suits involving relatively small amounts of money and minor violations of the criminal law.While the trial courts of general jurisdiction can hear all kinds of cases, without monetary or subject matter limitation.Every case should first be heard at the trial court.Then the party who loses at the trial court stage has a right to appeal case to the appellate court.Every state has its court of last resort, the appellate court which makes the final decision(subject to occasional review on ―federal questions‖ by the Supreme Court of the United States)of what the law is and should be.Most states have created intermediate appellate courts, empowered to finally dispose of the bulk of appellate cases.The structure of the federal judicial system is similar to what is found in the various states.There are three levels of courts:(1)U.S.district courts(trial courts of general jurisdiction)and various courts of limited jurisdiction

(2)U.S.courts of appeals(intermediate courts of appeals), and(3)the United States Supreme Court.Not like the other courts in federal judicial systems which are created by congress, the Supreme Court is created by Constitution.There are a few specialized federal courts(e.g., the claims courts or the tax court)which operate like District court in their specialized jurisdiction.4.To discuss the significance of jurisdiction.First, it can enable the participants to institute a legal proceeding in a specific way.Next, it makes justice understand the whole case easily.It is convenient for the parties take part in the litigation.Finally, save legal resources and smooth the legal proceedings.請討論一下管轄權(quán)的重要性。

首先，它可以使參與者以獨特的方式提起訴訟

其次，它可以使法院更容易的了解整個案件。為公民進行訴訟提供方便

最后，節(jié)省法律資源并且有助于法律程序的流暢化。另一個版本：

First, defining jurisdiction, and make it simple will help agencies, organizations and citizens to institute legal proceedings to the judicial authorities which have jurisdiction over it, in order to protect the public interests and legitimate rights and interests of the citizens.Next, most ordinary cases will be placed under the primary jurisdiction of the judiciary, it is not only easy for the judiciary to spot investigation to verify the case , conduct legal education, but also to facilitate the participants to take part in the proceedings and the people to hear the case.Finally, this can save manpower, money and time, and smooth the conduct of legal proceedings to protect the procedural rights of participants in the proceedings.5)Please explain a part of the Constitution that impresses you the most.What impress me most is the Constitution includes many significant principles.For example: checks and balances.The government structure is established by Articles Ⅰ through Ⅶ of the Constitution.The document outlines the three main branches , the legislative branch is embodied in the bicameral Congress，the United State Congress which includes the House of Representatives and the Senate ,In addition, it establishes limits on federal and state legislative power;the executive branch is headed by president who is elected by all the qualified Americans;the judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court.This genius institutional design prevents one of the three branches from acquiring dominance over the other.These structural and procedural safeguards help the government rule fairly and justly.令我印象最深刻的是美國憲法中包含很多重要的憲法原則，例如制約與平衡原則。

美國憲法的第一條至第七條規(guī)定了政府的結(jié)構(gòu)組織，條文概括了關(guān)于政府職能的三個分支，立法權(quán)歸屬于兩院制國會,國會分為參議院和下議院，行政大權(quán)由總統(tǒng)為首的內(nèi)閣掌握，總統(tǒng)由全美人民投票選舉，司法權(quán)則歸屬于以聯(lián)邦最高法院為首的各級法院。這種天才的制度設(shè)計防止權(quán)力過分集中。這些制度上和程序上的保障使得政府的統(tǒng)治更加公平和正義。

6.To discuss the significance of case Marbury vs.Madison.P47-59 Marbury vs.Madison is a landmark case in United States law.It formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under the Constitution.In this case, Chief Justice Marshall ruled that the Supreme Court could not grant relief to the plaintiff Marbury because it did not has the jurisdiction of the case.This satisfied the immediate concerns of the Republicans and sidestepped the controversy, but the great significance of the case lay in the Court‘s assumption to itself of the final authority to determine if the Judiciary Act or any other act of Congress was constitutional.Thus the opinion ceded the immediate issue while profoundly enhancing the Court‘s authority.So the case was the first strong pronouncement of the principle of judicial review, which is the power of the Court to examine legislation and other acts of Congress and to decide their constitutionality.The doctrine also embraces the power of the Court to explain the meaning of the various sections of the Constitution as they apply to particular case brought before the Court.The principle of judicial review has great influence in United States, it has been a nature and necessary part of United States government structure.Over the years, a serious of Court decisions has affected a change in the way many Constitution clauses are interpreted, without amendment to the actual text of the Constitution.And if the actions of Congress or federal agencies are challenged as to the constitutionality, it is the court system that ultimately decides whether or not they are allowable under the Constitution.The case and judicial review also enhance the Court‘s authority and assert the power of the judiciary under the principle of checks and balances.The other branches such as the legislative bodies and executive offices and levels of government have not always been happy with this, but by now the principle is firmly established and asserted, even the President could not challenge it.In a word, the case established the principle of judicial review which has been a permanent and indispensable feature of United States constitutional system.So the constitutional scholars, by consensus, regard the case as the most important case the Supreme Court ever has decided.馬伯里訴麥迪遜案，是美國法律歷史上具有里程碑意義的案件。它奠定了美國憲法中司法審查的先例。

本案中，首席大法官馬歇爾裁定聯(lián)邦最高法院不能判原告馬伯里勝訴，因為它不具有此案的司法管轄權(quán)。判決解決了了共和黨的燃眉之急，避開了爭議，但爭議是它最大的意義在于法庭假定自己擁有審查立法或者國會的舉動違憲與否的權(quán)力。這種評價在擱置爭議的同時極大的提升了法院的權(quán)威。

所以這個案件第一次確立了司法審查原則，賦予了最高法院向最高行政當局和國家立法機構(gòu)進行違憲審查的權(quán)力。此項原則同時也賦予了最高法院的憲法最終解釋權(quán)。

司法審查原則的確立在美國具有非凡的意義，它成為美國政府組織結(jié)構(gòu)中理所當然且必須存在的的組成部分。這么多年來，最高法院的判決已經(jīng)改變了很多憲法條文的解釋，卻沒有對原文進行修正。當國會或者行政當局的行為面臨違憲質(zhì)疑的時候，是法院系統(tǒng)擁有最終的判決權(quán)。

這個案件以及司法審查原則同時也提升了最高法的權(quán)威，進一步確認了制衡原則中的司法權(quán)。立法和行政對此并不滿意，但是現(xiàn)在，這項制度已經(jīng)建立起來，并且連總統(tǒng)也不能挑戰(zhàn)它。

總之一句話，這個案件確立了美國憲法制度中不可或缺的司法審查制度。所以憲法學者，一致認為此案件是美國歷史上最重要的案件。

7.The main differences between substantive law and procedural law.(P99-P101)實體法與程序法的區(qū)別

Procedural law are said to define the form and method by which legal rights are enforced.While substantive law are said to define the legal rights themselves.Thus, procedure is often referred to as ―adjective law“，because procedural rules function to secure the objectives of substantive law.程序法一般規(guī)定權(quán)利實現(xiàn)的形式和方法，實體法則規(guī)定權(quán)利內(nèi)容本身，因此，程序法經(jīng)常被稱作“法律程序法”，因為程序法的功能在于保障實體法中的權(quán)利的實現(xiàn)。The differences are as follows:兩者區(qū)別

They contain different rules and substances.Substantive law provides for the rules about duties or rights.While procedural law sets rules about form or method.For example, in the area of tort law, substantive tort rules govern how the injured person‘s damages should be measured.In contrast, the law of procedural establishes the method to begin a lawsuit and the degree of detail with which the plaintiff must describe the ―claim‖.Also, it also provide for the rules of evidence.它們包含了不同的規(guī)則和內(nèi)容。實體法提供了有關(guān)權(quán)利和義務的規(guī)則。而程序法規(guī)定了實現(xiàn)權(quán)利和履行義務的方法。例如，在侵權(quán)法領(lǐng)域，侵權(quán)責任法（實體法）規(guī)定了損害賠償?shù)挠嬎惴椒?，相反，程序法確立了訴訟程序以及被告陳述“訴求“時所應具備的細節(jié)程度，同時，它還規(guī)定了有關(guān)證據(jù)規(guī)則。

Statutes of frauds reflect both procedural policy and substantive policy.They are often designed to avoid the difficulties that one party asserts the existence of an oral contract and the other party denies its existence.However, instead of this procedural purpose, statutes of frauds are sometimes supported by a ―cautionary‖ policy.This policy is a substantive one because it focus on behavior outside the context of litigation rather than problems that oral contracts would cause in the litigation process.反欺詐法反映了實體決策和程序決策的不同。反欺詐法中制度設(shè)計的初衷在于解決這種困難：雙方當事人約定口頭合同，但另一方反悔否認此合同的存在。然而，反欺詐法,有時是由一個警示性政策而不是基于程序性目的。該策略是實體法上的，因為它專注于訴訟背景下的外在行為，而不是口頭合同在訴訟過程中所能引發(fā)的問題。

8.Whether the death penalty should be abolished in America.(P66-P68)在美國死刑是否應當被廢除？

These are the reasons why the death penalty should be abolished:Capital punishment is a flawed machine.Evidence proves that the criminal justice system(CJS)is riddled with errors, corrupt officials, and flawed practices, yet this system is still permitted to execute people.The fact so many individuals have been exonerated from death row, including twelve in 2003 alone, should be a red flag that the system needs overhauled.The moral argument: In many instances the moral argument with regard to capital punishment is centered on the ―eye for an eye,‖ or ―life for a life‖ philosophy.This argument advocates for the death penalty as morally just punishment for capital offenses.However, the real moral question should be whether anyone is qualified to say who should live and who should die.Taking another person‘s life via a criminal act, or via capital punishment is wrong.In most cases, offenders who have been sentenced to death have taken a life.Yet, isn‘t it ironic that a society, which supposedly values human life so much that it will take the life of a murderer, will subscribe to a criminal justice system that can potentially execute innocent people? The expense: Housing inmates on death row is much more expensive than housing inmates in a maximum security facility.This statement is true.The pre-trial and trial costs of death penalty cases are much greater than non-capital cases.Also, the cost of appeals and retrials for death penalty cases is astronomical.Instead of spending billions of dollars nationwide to condemn criminals to death, the money saved by sentencing prisoners to life without parole should be spent on crime prevention programs and education, rehabilitation, and putting back into the economy.為什么應當廢除死刑有這樣幾個理由：死刑是一個有缺陷的機制。證據(jù)表明，刑事司法系統(tǒng)（CJS）充斥著錯誤、貪官污吏和有缺陷的做法，但這個系統(tǒng)是仍然被授權(quán)作為執(zhí)行死刑的機構(gòu)。事實上，許多死囚被宣布無罪，僅在2003年就包括12例，這警示我們該系統(tǒng)需要大修。從道德的角度來說：在許多情況下，關(guān)于死刑的道德爭論集中在―以眼還眼‖，或―以命抵命‖的經(jīng)營理念。這個論點主張死刑的道義上的公正地懲罰死罪。然而，真正的道德問題應該是是否有人有資格說應由誰生誰死。以另一個人的生命通過一種犯罪行為，或者通過死刑是錯誤的。在大多數(shù)情況下，已被判處死刑的罪犯被保留了生命。然而，具有諷刺意味的是，一個理應重視人的生命社會，卻剝奪一個殺人犯的生命，而這個刑事司法系統(tǒng)有可能對無辜的人執(zhí)行死刑？就費用而言：死囚監(jiān)獄需要比囚犯監(jiān)獄最為更昂貴的安全設(shè)施。這種說法是真實的。預審和審判死刑案件的成本遠遠大于非死刑案件。此外，死刑案件的上訴和再審的成本是天文數(shù)字。省下來的錢應該花在預防犯罪方案和教育，重塑，回到發(fā)展經(jīng)濟，而不是花費數(shù)十億美元在全國范圍內(nèi)譴責罪犯死刑，判處終身監(jiān)禁的囚犯。

9.To discuss the importance of Miranda warning(P62)Miranda warning is a warning that is required to be given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody before they are interrogated to inform them about their constitutional rights.It includes the right toremain silent;being clearly informed of that anything the person says will be used against that person in court;the right to consult with an attorney and to have that attorney present during questioning, if he or she is indigent, an attorney will be provided at no cost to represent her or him.Miranda warning gurantees the constitutional rights citizens have during the criminal investigating process.Those rights are mainly from the fifth and sixth amendments.Miranda warning also means the confession made by the suspects cannot be used as the evidence in court to make a sentence.Therefore, this warning restrains the police from using illegal methods through undue process to investigate the crime and to get confession from suspects.米蘭達警告：在刑事犯罪嫌疑人被詢問之前，警察將其羈押時應該告訴他們的憲法權(quán)利。內(nèi)容包括：有權(quán)保持沉默；但其說的每一句話都將作為呈堂證供；有權(quán)咨詢律師，包括在其被詢問的過程中律師也可以在場。如果嫌疑人沒有錢請律師，也會為他免費請代理律師。

米蘭達警告保證了公民在刑事犯罪調(diào)查過程中的憲法權(quán)利，主要是憲法修正案五和修正案六中的權(quán)利。米蘭達警告同時也意味著嫌疑人的供述不能作為法庭審判的依據(jù)。

因此，米蘭達警告限制了警察用非法的訴訟程序去調(diào)查犯罪以及從嫌疑人出得到供述。

10.To discuss the function of voir dire（P89）

The voir dire is the process used to select a jury.The prospective jurors are questioned about their backgrounds and potential biases before being chosen to sit on a jury.The function is to select a jury acceptable to both sides.Jurors are excluded by one or two methods: preemptory challenge and the challenge for cause.Jurors are excluded who 1)have already formed an opinion about the guilt or innocence of the accused;2)are related to any of the parties or legal actors in the case;

3)are physically or mentally impaired to the extent that the impairment will interfere with their decision-making process or 4)are otherwise considered to be incapable of remaining impartial until the case is presented.There are no limits to the number challenges for cause that either side may employ.Actually one of the unspoken purposes of the voir dire for the attorneys to get a feel for the personalities and likely views of the people on the jury panel.陪審團資格審查程序是用來選擇一個合格的陪審團。

在被選擇成為一個真正的陪審團成員之前，準陪審員們被詢問關(guān)于他們的背景和潛在的偏見的問題。陪審團資格審查程序的功能是選擇一個可以被雙方當事人接受的陪審團。排除不符合條件的準陪審員是通過一個或者兩個辦法，即無因回避和有因回避。被排除的陪審員是以下幾種人：（1）已經(jīng)形成一個關(guān)于控告是否有罪或者無罪的觀點的人（2）和本案中任何一方當事人有關(guān)系或者法律問題參與者有關(guān)系的（3）曾經(jīng)在生理上和精神上受到過傷害的人，從某種程度上而言，這種傷害會干預到他們的決策過程（4從其他方面而言，是那些被認為不能保持公正直到案件被呈報的人。

這里沒有限制對于任何一方可能被雇傭的有因回避的數(shù)量。

事實上，陪審團資格審查程序不言而喻的目的之一是對于律師來說可以得到一種對于他們的人格和可能的觀點被采納而且出現(xiàn)在陪審團成員的名單中的滿足感。

11.on what do you think it is proper for the appellate courts to focus?(p19)(你認為上訴法院應該如何合理行使權(quán)力?)

The exercise of appellate jurisdiction is to review the action of the lower judicial tribunals of the state.Actually,the scope of judicial review which the court exercises in such cases is relatively narrow;it does not retry the case on the merits,and it does not substitute its idea of justice for those of the trial court;what it does is to review the record of the proceedings to determine whether or not the lower court committed error on its procedure or in applying the substantive law to the facts of the case.(行使上訴管轄權(quán)的法院職責即接收下級州司法審判機關(guān)的上訴。事實上，這些法院在上訴案件上的司法審查權(quán)限是相對狹窄的。它不對上訴案件的事實曲直進行重審，也并不完全推翻一審法院做出的審判意見；它要所的是檢查一審法院的審判記錄來判定是否下級法院有在程序和具體案件事實的法律適用上存在錯誤。)In my view,it is proper to restrict the functions of appellate court in the law applying and procedure aspects,instead of consuming another period of time to retry the case,which leads to a waste of judicial resources and failure to give its full attention to the novel and socially important controversies.This funtion may also better protect the appellate review right of each individual involved in the case.(在我看來，應該限制上訴法院在法律適用和程序等方面的權(quán)限，而非耗費時間進行重新審理，這樣會導致司法資源的浪費而忽視新的真正重要的社會矛盾。上訴法院的這種功能也將更有利于重新審查案件中每個個體的權(quán)利。)

12.What‘s the differences between the torts and crimes?（P62）

(侵權(quán)與犯罪的差異何如？)As we all kown,important distinctions exist between civil and criminal laws.[Civil violations(civil wrongs)are often referred to as torts.] Here is a list of the main differences between crimes and torts:(眾所周知，民法和刑法之間存在著十分顯著的差異。民法上的過錯一般就指向侵權(quán)。以下是犯罪與侵權(quán)之間一些差別：)Ⅰ Nature A crime is considered to be a wrong against all of society,whereas a tort is considered to be a private matter between the parties directly involved.（1、本質(zhì)上的差異

犯罪指一種有違社會整體利益違法行為，而侵權(quán)則是發(fā)生在直接相關(guān)的當事人之間的一種私法上的違法行為。)

Ⅱ The persons who actually prosecute the case.A specially designated state prosecutor/federal official directs the proceedings when crimes are involved,However,in tort action the individual against whom the wrong has been committed generally hire an attorney to process the claim（2、提起訴訟的主體上的差異 一旦有犯罪行為產(chǎn)生，特殊授權(quán)的檢察機關(guān)或者聯(lián)邦機構(gòu)將提起公訴；而在侵權(quán)行為中，過錯方的相對方個體（即受害人）通常聘請一名律師進行訴訟。)

Ⅲ Punishments

One who commits a crime may be required to provide some forms of monetary restitution, additional punishments are also available, including fines, jail sentences, removal from public office and even execution.Excepting fines,the above remedies are not available in tort law,tort restitution relies primarily on monetary compensation.（3、法律責任的差異

實施犯罪的人將可能被判要支付一定形式的金錢賠償，并且同時需要接受包括罰金、監(jiān)禁、解除公職甚至剝奪生命等懲罰。

而在侵權(quán)法上，除了罰金之外，以上的所有救濟方式都不適用。侵權(quán)法中的救濟主要依靠金錢賠償。)

Ⅳ Civil damages categorized in three types Compensation paid in civil courts is called damages.There are general, special, and punitive damages.General damages---compensate for any specific and demonstrable harm that has been caused.Special damages---compensate for conscious pain and suffering.Punitive/exemplary damages---the behavior of the actor was the result of an intentional disregard for the safety or well-being of others.In many cases a person‘s behavior may bring about both criminal and tort liability.(For example, any time an individual has been intentionally and physically harmed by another, the state may prosecute and punish, and the injured individual may also sue to recover civil damages.)（4、民事?lián)p害賠償在分類上具有特殊性，分為三種類型

民事法庭中所判的補償稱為損害賠償，分為一般損害賠償、特殊損害賠償以及懲罰性損害賠償。一般損害賠償指對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的任何特定和可證的損害的補償；特殊損害賠償指對精神痛苦的補償；而懲罰性賠償適用于行為人故意漠視他人安全或健康而產(chǎn)生的損害行為。

在很多案例中，行為人的行為可能同時引發(fā)刑事責任和侵權(quán)責任。譬如：一旦一個人遭受到行為人故意的身體侵害，聯(lián)邦就可能予以公訴并進行刑事處罰，同時，受害者也可以訴諸法院來請求加害人承擔民事上的損害賠償。）

13.To discuss the process of the creation of case law（by）

(談一下判例法的形成過程)The decisions of judges, or of other officials empowered by the constitution or laws of a political entity to hear and decide controversies, create case law.As the name ―case law‖ suggests, a particular decision, or a collection of particular decisions, generate rules of general application, namely case law.It is a policy of the common law system that past judicial decisions are formally and generally binding for the disposition of similar present controversies before the decisions are overruled by higher courts.(法官的判決，或者其他某一政治實體的憲法或法律授權(quán)審理和決定爭議的官員所做的決定，創(chuàng)設(shè)了判例法。就像“判例法”這一名稱所表示的，一個特定的判決或特定判決的總匯產(chǎn)生了法律——即普通適用的原則。

普通法系的規(guī)則就在于，已經(jīng)生效的司法裁決在被上級法院推翻之前對現(xiàn)有的相似爭議的解決有正式和普遍的約束力。)

14.To discuss the differences between the binding precedents and persuasive precedents(by)(談論一下具有約束力的判例和不具有約束力的判例的區(qū)別)

Binding precedent is the precedent that a court must follow(it is law).All prior judicial decisions in a specific court's jurisdiction heard at that court's level or higher are considered to be binding precedent.In contrast, persuasive precedent is precedent that a court need not follow(it is not law, but as the name suggests, may be persuasive because it suggests a line of reasoning and can be made use of as sources of guidance and justification).All prior judicial decisions outside of that court's jurisdiction or from a lower court are considered to be persuasive only.(具有約束力的判例是法院必須遵守的（它是法律）。在特定法院管轄區(qū)范圍內(nèi)的所有同級或上級法院先前的司法裁判都是有約束力的判例。

與之相反，不具有約束力的判例指法院不用遵守的判例（它不是法律，但是如它的名字暗示的，或許有說服力，因為它提供了合理性的準線，也能作為公平導向的源頭）。所有法院管轄區(qū)之外的先前的司法裁判或者低級法院的裁判都只能作為不具有約束力的判例。)

15.Do you think it is reasonable to have a dual court system in America?

(你認為美國的雙重法律系統(tǒng)合理嗎？)The dual court system is the distinction of state and federal courts that make up the judicial branch of the government.The federal court includes the district courts of the United States, courts of appeals of the United States and the supreme court of the United States.Among them, the judgment of the Supreme Court is binding.The state court includes trial court of inferior jurisdiction, trial court of general jurisdiction and appellate court.The appellate serve to review the decisions of trial courts for errors of law.The reason why it has the dual system is that new states joining the union were assured of limited federal intervention into local affairs.It meets the need for the state to retain significant legislative authority and judicial autonomy separate from federal control.Because the system is too complex, the efficiency of the it may be slightly inefficiency.However, the pursuit of justice is really fair value, not efficiency.（雙重法律制度是指州法院和聯(lián)邦法院組成了政府的法律分支。聯(lián)邦法院包括聯(lián)邦最高法院、聯(lián)邦上訴法院、和聯(lián)邦地區(qū)法院,其中聯(lián)邦最高法院的判決對全國一切法院皆有約束力。州法院系統(tǒng)包括低級管轄權(quán)的初審法院，有普通管轄權(quán)的初審法院和上訴法院。上訴法院是為了復審初審法院是否有判決的錯誤。

擁有此體系的原因在于保證新加入的聯(lián)邦的州對當?shù)厥聞論碛杏邢薜慕槿搿Ｋ葷M足了給予州獨立于聯(lián)邦的審判權(quán)，又滿足了對其權(quán)限的限制。

由于此系統(tǒng)的復雜性，美國司法體系的效率在制度設(shè)計上是略顯低下的，但司法追求的優(yōu)先價值確實是公正，而不是效率。)To discuss the differences roles of judge and attorneys in court（by）

（法官和律師在法庭上的區(qū)別？）

Although powers of judges and rights of attorneys are different in different legal system, judge and attorneys play very different roles in court.First of all, judges have authority to decide questions of law and fact in civil law system and only question of law in common law system.Attorneys only have right to show their evidence to convince judges of their opinions, but can‘t decide cases at last.Second, the status is different.Judges have educational background, judicatory experiences and power to decide cases finally.So judges are more respectable and get more honor in court.Attorneys are legal practitioner, only can advise judge and jury how to decide cases.So they are inferior to judges in court.（第一，法官有權(quán)決定法律問題，但僅僅是在普通法系中，而律師只有權(quán)出示證據(jù)去說服法卻無權(quán)決定案例。第二，法官有教育背景，司法經(jīng)驗和最終決定權(quán)，所以法官在法庭上得到更多尊重，而律師是法律的參與者，只能建議法官判案，所以在法庭上相對低一等。）

17.To discuss whether it is reasonable to choose common people as jurors？（試論選擇普通民眾作為陪審員是否合理）

It is reasonable to choose common people as jurors.With the participation of common people, the trial will become more impartial, because it‘s more difficult to bribe the jurors than the judges.We can avoid the professional prejudice of the judges in the trial, which is formed in the long-term adjudication.It also reflects the democratization in the judicial area.In addition, there are good practices in the western counties.（選擇普通民眾作為陪審員是合理的。普通民眾的參與能讓審判更合理，原因在于賄賂陪審員要難于賄賂法官。陪審員能避免法官在長期審判中形成的職業(yè)偏見，同時也能反應司法領(lǐng)域的民主化。另外，在西方國家，此項制度得到了很好的實踐。）

18.Please discuss the meaning of the right of judicial review of the court?（試論述法院司法審查權(quán)的意義。）

The ability of the courts to interpret the Constitution was decided early in the history of the United States，in the 1803 case of Marbury v.Madison.It is the power of the court to examine legislation and other acts of congress and to decide their constitutionality.Without judicial review the Constitution would be nothing but a piece of paper.The Constitution states that it is the supreme law of the land.There has to be an authority to decide whether a particular law is constitutional or unconstitutional.If not, then the legislative branch would be free to pass any law without regard to its constitutionality.Judicial authority has always included the power to interpret laws.The Constitution gives the Judicial branch power over all cases arising under the Constitution.The courts must be able to interpret both the Constitution and laws and to determine whether one prohibits the other.checks and balances 權(quán)力制衡

protection to human rights 人權(quán)保護

（法院對憲法的解釋權(quán)源于1803年發(fā)生在美國的馬伯里訴麥迪遜案。司法審查權(quán)是對立法以及立法機關(guān)的行為進行審查以決定其是否違憲的權(quán)力。

沒有司法審查權(quán)，憲法將是一紙空文。憲法本身強調(diào)其為國家的最高法律，那就必須要有一種權(quán)力來決定法律是否違憲來維護憲法的權(quán)威性。否則，立法機關(guān)將在不考慮合憲性的前提下任意通過法律。司法機關(guān)一直以來擁有解釋法律的權(quán)力。憲法授權(quán)司法機關(guān)對有關(guān)憲法案件的審查權(quán)。法院必須能夠解釋憲法和法律以及在二者之間做出選擇解決憲法和法律的沖突。）

To discuss the differences between motive and intent(by p60-61)討論動機與犯罪目的的不同

Motive and intent have completely different legal meanings.Ⅰ Motive is defined as the cause or reason that moves the will and induces action.It represents the stimulus for behavior.Intent relates to the state of mind at the time of the commission of the unlawful act.The motive may be regarded as the reason why a person commit a crime but does not necessarily represent an individual‘s mental design or resolve to actually commit the act.Ⅱ the state is not required to prove the defendant‘s motive for behavior and the failure on the part of the state to establish the why dose not necessarily mean the jury will vote for acquittal.And with the exception of strict liability offenses, failure to establish an unlawful intent must result in acquittal.Ⅲ the motive may help to establish a justifiable reason for the otherwise illegal behavior.For example, if one establishes that the motive for the killing was self-defense or an attempt to prevent the killer from killing another, an acquittal will result.And a good motive does not necessarily absolve the actor of criminal.動機和犯罪目的是完全不同的法律概念。

Ⅰ動機被定義為移動的意志和誘導行動的原因或理由。它代表了刺激的行為。犯罪目的涉及到的心理狀態(tài)，是當時從事非法行為的原因，一個人犯罪，但并不代表一個人的心理設(shè)計或解決實際承諾的行為可能會被視為動機。Ⅱ被告的行為動機狀態(tài)不須被舉證，并且缺乏有效要件也并不一定意味著陪審團認定無罪釋放。除嚴格法律責任罪行以外，如果沒有一個非法的目的，必然導致無罪釋放。

Ⅲ 動機可能有助于提供定罪的一個正當理由，否則就是違法違規(guī)行為。例如，如果一個成立的殺人動機，是出于自衛(wèi)或試圖阻止殺人而殺死另一個，那么他將被無罪釋放。而且一個良好的動機并不必然免除刑事處罰。

20.To discuss the difference between information, complaint and indictment.Information: An accusation for some criminal offense, in the nature of an indictment, but which is prepared and signed by the prosecuting attorney instead of a grand jury.Information:對一些刑事犯罪的提出的控告，在性質(zhì)上是一種公訴書，但它是由檢察官準備和簽名的，而不是由大陪審團。

Complaint: In the civil lawsuit, it‘s a legal document in which the plaintiff gives the facts and reasons for the suit;

In a criminal action, it‘s a written accusation that a felony, misdemeanor, or ordinance violation has been committed and probable cause exists that the person is guilty of the offense.Complaint:在民事訴訟中，它是一個在訴訟案件中用于原告闡述事實和原因的法律文件。

在刑事訴訟中，它是一個書面指控，包括所犯了的重罪、輕罪或者違反法令以及被認為有罪的充分理由。Indictment: A formal accusation ,―true bill‖, presented by a grand jury which charges a person with a crime.Indictment:一種正式的控告，“真正的法案”，由大陪審團提交的控告有罪的人的。

Difference: Compared with information, complaint is often associated with misdemeanor criminal charges presented by the prosecutor without the grand jury process.2.Both information and complaint are presented by prosecutors, who file a charging document directly with the court, while indictment must be made by grand jury.區(qū)別：

1、相比于information，complaint經(jīng)常與由檢察官提起的而不是大陪審團程序提起的輕罪指控相聯(lián)系。

2、information和complaint都是由直接向法庭提交指控文件的檢察官提起的，而indictment必須由大陪審團做出。

21.To discuss the difference between verdict , judgment and sentencing（by）

First of all, verdict is used to solve substantive issues, judgment can solve both substantive and procedural isses.second，in one case, there is only one judgment , but maybe many verdicts, besides, judgment can only be prepared in written, however, as for verdict, written and oral formalities are both ok.if t

he accused is found guilty, the sentencing stage follows.首先，裁判是用來解決實體問題，判決既可以解決實體問題也可以解決程序問題。其次，在一個案例里面，只有一個判決，但是可以有多個裁判。除此之外，判決只在文書中被準備，然而，作為裁判，在文書和口頭中均可以。如果被指控的證明是犯罪，將會被判為緩刑，22.to explain the difference between the proof by preponderance of evidence and proof beyond a reasonable doubt

(by)Belief，based on all of the evidence presented, that it is more likely than not，that the individual committed a crime in preponderance of evidence, and variation of this standard is used in some jurisdictions for preliminary hearing bindover and issuance of information.As for proof beyond a reasonable doubt，belief，considering all of the evidence presented，that individual is so clearly guilty as to eliminate any reasonable doubt.And it can be used for conviction for crime.信念，基于所有的被呈現(xiàn)的證據(jù)面前，更像是不存在一般，實施了犯罪的個人在證據(jù)上有數(shù)量上的優(yōu)勢，并且各種這樣的標準被用在首次司法管轄權(quán)的效力和信息保險中。

作為排除合理懷疑的證據(jù)v，信念，被認為是所有的被呈現(xiàn)的證據(jù)，那就是這個人是如此的被清晰地證明有罪以至于排除了任何懷疑。并且這可以用來對犯罪的確認/

23、Please discuss the main characteristics of adversary system.（書P101）

請討論下對抗制的主要特征

23.To discuss the main characteristics of adversary system

1.requires the parties to begin the lawsuit, define the issues, develop proof in support of their positions, present that proof to a court.需要雙方進入訴訟階段，明確問題，尋找證據(jù)來支持自己的觀點，向法庭呈交證據(jù)

2.the parties try to present their evidence in the best possible light and the opponent‘s evidence in the worst possible light.雙方要盡力的闡明對自己有力的證據(jù)，反駁對方的證據(jù)

3.this system assumes that parties will develop and present their cases more efficiently than a public agent with no interest in the outcome.這個制度的假設(shè)條件是雙方對于自己的案子可以比對案子結(jié)果沒有興趣的代理人會處理的更高效

4.lawyers act as advocates for the parties.律師所充當?shù)慕巧菗碜o雙方的當事人

5.it also assumes that the financial resources available to each side are relatively equal.它的另一個假設(shè)條件是雙方的財政資源是相對平等的

6.the judge‘s role is reactive.He play a limited, nonintrusive role in the investigation and litigation.法官的作用是被動的。他在調(diào)查、起訴階段所扮演的是有限的、不具有侵犯性的角色。

Defect:缺點 7.but the parties may tend to mislead the judge 但是當事人可能會誤導法官

8.different lawyers have different competence.、不同的律師有不同的能力

Under the adversary system, the case moves forward only in response to the demands of parties.The opposing parties frame the factual issues, seek out possible evidence, choose that evidence they will present, and advance the interpretation of the law that is most favorable to their side.The decision-makers, the judge and the jury, are neutral, passive participants.They have no responsibility to go out and develop a case.Instead, they sit back and largely work with what they are given.In other words, this process requires the parties to begin the lawsuit, define the issues, develop proof in support of their respective positions, and present that proof to a court.So , under the adversary system, the parties try to present their own evidence in the best possible light and the opponent‘s evidence in the worst possible light.Under the adversary system, lawyers ordinarily act as advocates for the parties.Traditionally, the judge‘s role in the adversary system is reactive, he just plays a relatively limited, nonintrusive role in the investigation and presentation of the litigation.24、Please discuss a lawyer’s work before actually filing a complaint（書P108）

請討論下律師在提起訴訟之前所應該做的準備工作

The ―client,‖ when he first comes to a lawyer, does not have a case;he has a problem.The lawyer‘s first task is to ascertain ―the facts.‖ This task is crucial, and it is not as easy as it sounds, even in uncomplicated situations.Clients are no less-sometimes they are more – prone to misunderstanding, misimpression, and faulty recollection as the next person.Sometimes clients lie, and even when they aim at the truth, they often miss – for all of the reasons encountered in non-legal contexts.當“委托人”第一次接觸律師時帶來的并不是一個案例而是一個“問題”，律師的首要任務即是確認“事實”——這項任務事關(guān)重要，即使在簡單的案件中它也并非如聽起來般容易。委托人有時可能會誤解，留下錯誤印象或者是回憶錯誤。委托人還可能撒謊，甚至他們想說出真相時也經(jīng)常會漏掉一些事實——基于通常能夠理解的原因。

Next, you will need to determine if these facts state a claim under the applicable law.In many instances, the existence of a legal violation(if the facts alleged are proved)will be clear.然后你會需要決定這些事實所陳述的賠償要求是否在適當?shù)姆煞秶鷥?nèi)。在許多案例中，違法的存在（如果提供的事實被證實）會更清楚。

At last, if you are satisfied that the facts your client alleges can be proved, and that they make out a legal violation ,you will now have to determine in what court you will ―bring your action.‖

最后，如果你很滿意，你的當事人提出的主張能夠被證明，并且這些事實證明違背了法律，那么你現(xiàn)在要決定向哪個法院提出訴訟請求。

25.How to prove the existence of false imprisonment?

The tort of false imprisonment involves cases in which the plaintiff has allegedly been unlawfully confined by the defendant.For false imprisonment to be proven these elements must be present: 1.intent to confine a person within a certain area;2.actual confinement;3.awareness of plaintiff of the confinement or injury to plaintiff due to confinement;4.prevention of exit or no sale exit possible by plaintiff.Of course the elements as in all legal descriptions must be clarified.What, for example, is a legal exit or what constitutes confinement.所謂非法監(jiān)禁侵權(quán)行為，是指在案件中，原告宣稱曾被被告以非法手段監(jiān)禁。要證明非法拘禁的侵權(quán)行為確實發(fā)生過，原告需證明一些要件：

1.被告有將被拘禁人禁錮在某一確定地點的故意；

2.被告實際實施了拘禁行為；

3.原告知道自己被監(jiān)禁或因監(jiān)禁而受到傷害；

4.禁止原告離開拘禁場所或?qū)υ鎭碚f無安全出口。

當然這些要素在法律上的描述必須十分清晰，比如說，什么是安全的逃跑可能或者構(gòu)成監(jiān)禁要素是什么？ 26.what is the trespass?What is the basis for such tort? How to prove it?

Trespass, the most familiar of the property torts,prohibits the unauthorized entry of a person or thing onto the property of another.(1).Property interests are such that failure to remove something from the land can be considered a trespass;(2).Threspass can even be remaining on another‘s land after a privilege expires;(3).Causing another to enter plaintiff‘s land may also be held a trespass.非法侵入是最為人熟知的侵犯財產(chǎn)權(quán)的方式，指禁止人或物未經(jīng)授權(quán)侵犯他人土地。(1).沒有從別人的財產(chǎn)上除去妨害也是一種非法侵入。(2).非法侵入還可以發(fā)生在當限期屆滿時仍停留在他人領(lǐng)地上。(3).教唆他人進入原告的土地同樣是非法侵入。

What is the basis for such tort? The right to exclusive possession of the land is the basis for this tort.對土地的排他財產(chǎn)權(quán)是這種侵權(quán)法的基礎(chǔ)

How to prove it? A prima facie case of trespass must include an act, coupled with the intent to cause entry by the defendant, and an invasion of the plaintiff‘s land.In other words, the person must have intended to enter another‘s land.Damages are not required to be proven for intentional trespass.Only when the entry onto another‘s land is negligent is there any requirement for showing actual damages.一個被初步證明的非法入侵案件必須包括行為、被告人侵入的故意、以及對原告土地的侵入。換句話說，一個人必須有侵入他人土地的故意。

故意非法侵入無須證明有損害。只有在過失進入他人土地（此時已為過失侵權(quán)）的時候才要求出示實際損害的證明。

The intent to cause entry does not mean that the defendant must have knowledge that the land he or she enters belongs to another but only that he or she intends the act that would effect an entry.故意侵入并不意味著被告必須知道他進入的是他人的土地，而只要求他計劃了導致侵入的行為。

27)What is a contract? What are the sources of contract law in America? A contract is a promise between two or more persons involving the exchange of some goods or service.Some of the basic elements of a contract include: an offer and an acceptance;‘capacity,‘ or being of legal age and sound competence;‘ mutual assent,‘ or agreement on the terms of a contract;and ?consideration‘ or compensation for goods or services rendered.The element that distinguishes a contract from an informal agreement is that it is legally binding: the law provides a remedy in the event that the promise is no fulfilled.By law, certain types of contracts must be writing, but oral contracts are valid in many situations.An oral contract may be held to exist even in the absence of agreement as to all its terms.The sources conclude: The Statute of Frauds，The Uniform Commercial Code(UCC),The Restatement of Contracts。

合同是兩個或兩個以上的人之間的涉及某些商品或服務的交易達成的協(xié)議。合同的基本要素包括：要約和承諾；“行為能力“，即達到法定年齡，或具有完全行為能力；“合意”，即對合同的條款達成一致意見；“對價”即對提供貨品或服務支付對應的價款或利益。

區(qū)分合同與非正式的協(xié)議的要點在于：合同是具有法律約束力的，在合同行為中承諾沒有得到履行的情況下法律規(guī)定了一定的救濟措施。根據(jù)法律規(guī)定，某些類型的合同必須用書面形式，但在許多情況下，口頭合同是有效的。即使在沒有對所有條款達成協(xié)議的情況下，口頭合同也是可以存在的。美國合同法的淵源包括：反欺詐法，統(tǒng)一商法典，合同重述。

28)How do you define consideration? Why is it so important to the American contract law? Consideration is a party receives some kind of benefit in return for his promise, it may consist of money, goods, or a promise to do or not to do something.Consideration is one of statutory requirements to make a contract to be enforceable, or to be valid and legally binding.other requirements are: capacity, mutual assent.When the mutual assent of legally capable parties –which includes an offer and an acceptance, accompanied by consideration—to a specific exchange or set of promise occur, a valid contract has been formed.對價是指當事人一方在獲得某種利益時，必須給付對方相應的代價。這種代價可能是支付金錢、商品，或者是承諾為或者不為某件事。在美國合同法中，合同是否具有對價要素影響合同的效力，對價是是合同具有法律約束力的法定要件之一，其他要件還包括：行為能力、合意。當具有法律行為能力的當事人雙方達成合意:包括要約和承諾，伴隨著對特定交易或者承諾形成的對價，一個有效的合同就形成了。

第五篇：英語口語話題和答案

1.Which one do you prefer, on-line education or traditional education? Online education panders to people’s liking for flexibility and fun.First , through online education ,we don’t have to travel long distances to have a class.Instead we could stay at home and devote the traveling time to study.Second, thanks to the internet, there is a sea of courses covering different fields for us to choose from.Finally, online education gives us more flexibility.We can study at our own pace.If meeting with something we don’t understand, we could go over the information and learn again.2.Which one do you prefer? live alone or with roomates? I prefer living with roommates.I think living in a dormitory is a great experience in life.Firstly, by living under the same roof, we can learn to be considerate towards others, share interests and views and develop lifelong friendship.Furthermore, living in a dormitory is far more convenient owing to the proximity to the teaching building and other facilities, which saves us a lot of time.Finally , living in a dormitory is quite safe, especially for the girls.Living in the dormitory will be an unforgettable memory.3.What do you think are the characteristics of a good teacher? I think a teacher should be responsible.Being a good teacher cann’t let his students make mistakes and ignore them.On the one hand, teachers need to be patient to students when students ask questions even too much.On the other hand, teachers should be resourceful so that can give help to students who need and even if they cann’t help students by person.4.Every one has some goals, describe one of your goals。

one of my goals is to travel around the world.Since i was a child, i have been very curious about the outside world, so i want to get to know it by experiencing it myself.And travelling is witnout doubt a good choice.But in fact, I need to study hard so I can enjoy tomorrow.5.Do you agree or disagree: people should always tell the truth? I think it depends.Generally , people should be honest and genuine.Only when we are frank ,can we make real friends and be successful in the end.However, sometimes white lies are necessary.For example, doctors can choose not to tell the patients the truth in order to give them courage and hope to fight with disease.6.how do you usually spend your holidays? What’s your plan for the coming winter holiday? First, I usually finish my tasks first.And I will do anything I like.For example, reading some books I interested, watching some tv programs or movies.But this winter holiday I will change my usual plans.I want to take a travel around my hometown—Xiamen with my friends.7.is writing better than calling ? give your reasons? I think writing is better than calling.Because writing in hand can express our feelings better.Especially sometime we cann’t say something by our mouth personally.Via letters, we can show our love and respect more well.8.which do you prefer : single-sex class or co-educational class? I think single-sex school may be more pure.Professor’s courses may well suit for girls.There will be so many differences between girls and boys’ interests.In co-educational schools, boys are more likely to speak out their ideas, and the courses are designed much suitable for boy.If possible, I hope to read single-sex school, so I more likely to be elegant and powerful women.9.which should be emphasized in education: knowledge or creativity ? Who do you admire most? why? Creativity is very important.Creativity is the key to a brighter future, say education and business experts.Now schools and parents are eager to encourage this vital skill in children.they want children to do something ,such as class experiments, to build up their sense of creativity.10.who do you admire most? Why? I admire the singers and band the most.Because they have to go on tours around the world, trying to please all their fans even though they've barely got any sleep or hasn't eaten meal yet.It takes a great amount of energy to sing and dance continuously.Some of them worked so hard that they ended up fainting, skipping their concerts, or staying in the hospital.Even so, they still continue to tour around, perform, and going on interviews for the sake of their fans.11.Long-term contact and first impression, which do you think can help you best to know a person? why? I think long-term contact can help me best to know a person.Because we can’t know a person well from the first impression.everyone of us can behave well as long as we intend to.Through long-term contact,we can know everything about the person with which we are getting along.It is very important for us to know the person around us through long-term contact 12.What do you miss most in your home? 13.Describe the most important object to you? As for me, My computer is the most important object to me.I am major in computering technology and science in the university.and I am interested in computer,At present I need computer to study ,I need computer to amuse and in the future I need computer to work with.So I can not live without my computer.14.Novel, maganize or poem, which one do you prefer? 15.Which do you cherish more, your friend or your friendship with a good friend or your romantic relationship? Obviously, a friend is easy to make, but a lover is kind of hard to seek for.Since relationships between friends might be not that close compared to romantic relationships, I will probably take it serious and cherish this sweet relationship.Also, I believe that my friends will support me and our relationship won’t be tense and freezing because of this.As the Chinese saying goes, once you got a boyfriend or a girlfriend, you may leave your friends out of your mind.I partly agree this, and when I fall in love , especially at the very beginning , I think I will cherish it more than fiendship.16 What factors would you consider first if you were to find a job(even a part-time job)?

I will first consider whether this company and the offered position is high potential.I think high potential is a quality that is vital for the company’s future development and its personnel’s self improvement.Every one need a room to promote and realize one’s self-value.Another factor I concern is –its location.I’d like to work and live in big cities because big cities offer so many opportunities and a higher salary while small cities can’t.whom do you usually turn to when in trouble, your parents or your friends?

They know me better than anyone else and their vision is wide, their thoughts are mature.They can give me better suggestion.Parents are people love us most and will never be unwilling or too busy to listen to me and give me a hand.However ,friends may be busy with study or can’t figure out my situation clearly.What’s more, always asking them for help perhaps will make them become inpatient.18 nature or nurture: which plays a more important role in a person’s success, biological factors or environmental factors? I do think the environmental factors are vital for one’s success.There are so many things we have to learn on this earth.You probably have some nature talent but if the environment doestn’t provide you the platform to show and make the most use of it, it means nothing.Environment can have a very strong impact on a person through out the life.Live with A level students, we will be influenced to learn better.1 percent talent and 99 percent hard working.We can be easily affected.19 how do you get along with your roommates? What do you do when conflicts with your roommates come in the way?(interpersonal relationships)Bring them homemade food.Having meals and going shopping together clean the dorm regularly.I’ll firstly let myself calm down and figure out whether it’s my fault or her fault.If it’s my fault ,I will break the freezing atmosphere and say sorry.If it’s her fault, I will understand her.20 what are your hobbies ? what do you think of some students who spend far too much more time on their hobbies than on their schoolwork? 21 a lot of young people like fast food.What is your attitude to the phenomenon? I really don’t agree to take fast food so frequently, because there are ways too much oil, meat and fewer vegetables in it.I m worried about its nutrition.It’s an unbalance way of eating.I love McDonald’s and KFC as well but I understand that they are fairly unhealthy.Sometime I do go to eat there if I have a very strong feeling of having it.But in most time, I will persuade myself just stop here, stop at thinking of it.22 would you like to further your education abroad, if it were possible? Give your reasons.I really want to study abroad in the future, in fact ,I’m preparing for TOFFL now.the first reason is that the education in western country have a pretty high quality and the facility and resources in university is abundant.Second resond is that I would like to take this chance to have a close look at western country and culture, and broaden my horizon.Another reason is that I can learn to be independent and do all stuffs by myself.23describe your life at college with your parents.what aspects about college life do you like the best ? More free to study by myself, more spare time I can arrange in order to focus on my interest.And now I have to take my responsibility for my study , descisions and life style