第一篇：英語專業(yè)國家概況期末復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)

英語國家概況

名詞解釋

1.The civil rights movement(1955–1968)refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring suffrage in Southern states.2.A federal system A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts with some rights reserved to each.3.King Arthur It is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur.His real existence is in doubt.He is the central figure of many legends.4.The Anglo-Saxons They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century.They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.5.Riverdance Riverdance is a very popular form of dancing based on Ireland’s intricate folk dances which are rearranged and modernized and adapted onto current stage performance.Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture.It is usually accompanied by the Irish pipe and fiddle.The music usually sounds fast and furious.Most of the action is from the waist down, with the arms held rigidly at the sides.6.The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real centre of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives(Members of Parliament)make and debate policy.These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of people who vote for them.7.The Commonwealth It is a voluntary association of states which is made up of Britain and mostly of former British colonies.There are 54 members of the Commonwealth including one currently suspended member: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus;others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand.The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.8.Maoritanga Maoritanga means ―Maori culture‖.It refers to all the elements of the rich cultural heritage of the indigenous people in New Zealand, including their language, customs and traditions.9.The “Washminster” form polity The ―Washminster‖ form of polity is adopted by the Australian government.It is a mixture of the US Washington system of government and the British Westminster system.This means that the political1

structure of the government is based on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of government.However, the chief executive is a Prime Minster, instead of a President as in the US system.10 Martin Luther King, Jr.A black Baptist minister, he was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, including the March on Washington of August 1963, when King delivered his famous “I have a dream” speech.As a civil rights leader, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.簡答題

1.Explain your understanding of how the United States is governed according to its constitution, including its polity and the check and balance mechanism of governing.In the course of the Convention, the delegates designed a new form of government for the United States.He plan for the government was written in very simple language in a document called the Constitution of the United States.The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government.A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.The Constitution also called for the election of a national leader, or president.It provided that federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of representatives elected by the people.It also provided for a national court system headed by a Supreme Court.There are three branches of the federal government: legislative branch, executive branch and judicial branch.The legislative Branch is made up of elected representatives from all of the states and is the only branch that can make federal laws, levy federal taxes, declare war or put foreign treaties into effect.It consists of a Congress that is divided into two houses: The House of Representatives and The Senate.The chief executive of the United States is the president, who, together with the vice president, is elected to a four-year term.Under a Constitutional Amendment passed in 1951, a president can be elected to only two terms.The power of the presidency are formidable, but not without limitations.And the president has the authority to appoint federal judges as vacancies occur, including members of the Supreme Court.Under the Constitution, the president is primarily responsible for foreign relations with other nations.The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution.Federal judges are appointed for life or voluntary retirement, and can only be removed from office through the process of impeachment and trail in the Congress.The Supreme Court today consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices.When Americans talk about their three-part national government, they often refer to what they call its system of “checks and balances”.This system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by

one branch or another.But sometimes they do not work the way as they are supposed to work.Here are a example of checks and balances: If Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the president can veto it.And the Senate must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official.In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments.2.How do you understand the saying:” British history has been a history of invasion.”? British history has been a history of invasions.Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kingdoms of Celtic people.They brought the central European culture to Britain.Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it for slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism.However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons.In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared.He created the “round table” to satisfy all the knights' requirement of having equal precedence.Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system.Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English.In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the northern and eastern England.A Anglo-Saxon hero, king Alfred the Great fought against the Vikings with the truly English.And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerners in England.Later, the Normans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the First of England.They imported a ruling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy ruled Saxon and English-speaking population.In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people.That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity.Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.In fact, such invasion is a peaceful history of joining together the various parts of the British Isles and the power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament.So the constitutional monarchy has been established in Britain.3.Which foreign festival do you like best and why? Among all those foreign festivals, Christmas is my favorite.and I believe it's also the biggest and best loved holiday in many western countries.There are plenty of reasons for me to love Christmas.In western countries, schools close for the holiday period, as do shops and offices, so people can spend time at home with their families.While Christmas has a

Christian meaning--it commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ--celebrations of the Winter Solstice have taken place since ancient times and some “Christian” traditions such as decorating the house with evergreen plants like holly and ivy, or kissing under a twig of mistletoe, are actually Celtic or pagan traditions.Nowadays, Christmas is celebrated by most Britons by exchanging gifts and Christmas cards, preparing holiday foods, and decorating homes and workplaces with coloured lights, Christmas trees and ornaments.There are three Christmas traditions which are particularly funny.One is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play.The “panto ” is usually based on a version of a traditional children's story like Cinderella, written to include songs and jokes which can be enjoyed by adults and children.The main man character--the “principal boy”--is played by a young woman.In the days when women wore long skirts, it was considered rather naughty to see a woman appear in an outfit which revealed the shape of her legs.The main female character is a middle-aged, often ugly woman called “the Dame.” The Dame is played by a man, often a famous actor or sportsman.When he appears in heavy make up, skirts and woman's shoes, it is considered very humorous.The audience is encouraged to cheer the hero on and boo when the villain appears.Another Christmas tradition in British is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio.The British Queen is also the Queen of other nations, like Canada and Australia, and so her message is broadcast to her millions of subjects throughout the world.She usually talks about the year that has passed and expresses her hopes for the future.The third funny tradition, which is also celebrated in countries with British heritages, is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas.Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants.Now that most British people do not have servants, this custom is no longer observed and most people cannot even tell you what one is supposed to do on Boxing Day.Some think it involves the sport of boxing and others think it has something to do with the Boxer uprising in China.However, a new Boxing Day custom has emerged, in the cities at least: shopping.Shops open up to sell off all their Christmas stock decorations, food, cards and gift items at low prices.But for most people, however, Boxing Day is a day for visiting, eating and relaxing.

第二篇：英語專業(yè)國家概況期末復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)

英語國家概況

名詞解釋

1.The civil rights movement

(1955–1968)refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring suffrage in Southern states.2.A federal system

A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts with some rights reserved to each.3.King Arthur

It is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur.His real existence is in doubt.He is the central figure of many legends.4.The Anglo-Saxons

They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century.They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.5.Riverdance

Riverdance is a very popular form of dancing based on Ireland’s intricate folk dances which are rearranged and modernized and adapted onto current stage performance.Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture.It is usually accompanied by the Irish pipe and fiddle.The music usually sounds fast and furious.Most of the action is from the waist down, with the arms held rigidly at the sides.6.The House of Commons

The House of Commons is the real centre of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives(Members of Parliament)make and debate policy.These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of people who vote for them.7.The Commonwealth

It is a voluntary association of states which is made up of Britain and mostly of former British colonies.There are 54 members of the Commonwealth including one currently suspended member: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus;others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand.The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.8.Maoritanga

Maoritanga means ―Maori culture‖.It refers to all the elements of the rich cultural heritage of the indigenous people in New Zealand, including their language, customs and traditions.9.The “Washminster” form polity

The ―Washminster‖ form of polity is adopted by the Australian government.It is a mixture of the US Washington system of government and the British Westminster system.This means that the political structure of the government is based on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of government.However, the chief executive is a Prime Minster, instead of a President as in the US system.10.Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park is the oldest and one of the largest national parks in the US.It is named after the Yellowstone River that flows through the area.It is known for its geyser and hot springs among other natural wonders.11.Counterculture

In the wake of Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the ―counter culture.‖ The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.Among the most famous were the hippies.They sought new experience through dropping out, drugs.But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on traditional American society.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social mores, marriage, career, and success.Martin Luther King, Jr.A black Baptist minister, he was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, including the March on Washington of August 1963, when King delivered his famous “I have a dream” speech.As a civil rights leader, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.13．Richard Nixon

Richard Nixon was the former President of the United States.He won the election in 1968 and was re-elected in 1972.While he was in office, he contributed to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the U.S.and China and visited China in 1972.Shortly after he was re-elected, he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.簡答題

1.Explain your understanding of how the United States is governed according to its constitution, including its polity and the check and balance mechanism of governing.In the course of the Convention, the delegates designed a new form of government for the United States.He plan for the government was written in very simple language in a document called the Constitution of the United States.The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government.A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.The Constitution also called for the election of a national leader, or president.It provided that federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of representatives elected by the people.It also provided for a national court system headed by a Supreme Court.There are three branches of the federal government: legislative branch, executive branch and judicial branch.The legislative Branch is made up of elected representatives from all of the states and is the only branch that can make federal laws, levy federal taxes, declare war or put foreign treaties into effect.It consists of a Congress that is divided into two houses: The House of Representatives and The Senate.The chief executive of the United States is the president, who, together with the vice president, is elected to a four-year term.Under a Constitutional Amendment passed in 1951, a president can be elected to only two terms.The power of the presidency are formidable, but not without limitations.And the president has the authority to appoint federal judges as vacancies occur, including members of the Supreme Court.Under the Constitution, the president is primarily responsible for foreign relations with other nations.The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution.Federal judges are appointed for life or voluntary retirement, and can only be removed from office through the process of impeachment and trail in the Congress.The Supreme Court today consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices.When Americans talk about their three-part national government, they often refer to what they call its system of “checks and balances”.This system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another.But sometimes they do not work the way as they are supposed to work.Here are a example of checks and balances:

If Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the president can veto it.And the Senate must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official.In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments.2.How do you understand the saying:” British history has been a history of invasion.”?

British history has been a history of invasions.Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kingdoms of Celtic people.They brought the central European culture to Britain.Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it for slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism.However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons.In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared.He created the “round table” to satisfy all the knights' requirement of having equal precedence.Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system.Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English.In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the northern and eastern England.A Anglo-Saxon hero, king Alfred the Great fought against the Vikings with the truly English.And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerners in England.Later, the Normans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the First of England.They imported a ruling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy ruled Saxon and English-speaking population.In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people.That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity.Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.In fact, such invasion is a peaceful history of joining together the various parts of the British Isles and the power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament.So the constitutional monarchy has been established in Britain.3.Your understanding of the characteristics of American religion and its social functions.America is a country full of immigrants.Different immigrants have taken to the USA the different religious belief.Nearly about 80% Americans have their own belief in the past time.And its religion features with diversity and colorfulness.Nevertheless, the basic characteristic is the dominance of Christianity and religious-oriented.There are three obvious characters of American religion:

First of all, American with different religions lives together under the same law.The Bill of Rights in the Us Constitution insists that there should be no state religion.That means that the government has no right to interfere in people's religious affairs.Secondly, the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress.Every Sunday morning, all over America, people pour into the churches.In America, through all the social and economic changes religion has remained a constant factor.Thirdly, in the United States every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.If one goes to a Protestant church, he or she will hear morality preached, but not a word of doctrine.Anglicans do not pay much attention to 39 articles on which the belief of the Anglican church is based.And the social function of American religion just like the function of glue that keeps society together.Protestantism is the most active and important element in the Christianity, and even in the American religion.The U.S.presidents, with few exceptions, are all Protestant.However, Roman Catholicism, the Orthodox Church and Protestantism, Judaism，Islam，Buddhism in addition to Christianity, the various Oriental religions, and all sorts of new and developing religions, are also members of American religions，which have their own distinctive features and are playing their own unique roles in American religions.The United States has always been considered a nation built on Christianity.Hence, the number of Christian is an important factor which can indicates the general condition of US religion.The investigation shows that in 2008 76% of American adults confessed they are Christian.However, the proportion in 1990 was 86%.In other words, over the past 20 years, the proportion of American Christians in population decreased by 10 %.4.Which foreign festival do you like best and why?

Among all those foreign festivals, Christmas is my favorite.and I believe it's also the biggest and best loved holiday in many western countries.There are plenty of reasons for me to love Christmas.In western countries, schools close for the holiday period, as do shops and offices, so people can spend time at home with their families.While Christmas has a Christian meaning--it commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ--celebrations of the Winter Solstice have taken place since ancient times and some “Christian” traditions such as decorating the house with evergreen plants like holly and ivy, or kissing under a twig of mistletoe, are actually Celtic or pagan traditions.Nowadays, Christmas is celebrated by most Britons by exchanging gifts and Christmas cards, preparing holiday foods, and decorating homes and workplaces with coloured lights, Christmas trees and ornaments.There are three Christmas traditions which are particularly funny.One is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play.The “panto ” is usually based on a version of a traditional children's story like Cinderella, written to include songs and jokes which can be enjoyed by adults and children.The main man character--the “principal boy”--is played by a young woman.In the days when women wore long skirts, it was considered rather naughty to see a woman appear in an outfit which revealed the shape of her legs.The main female character is a middle-aged, often ugly woman called “the Dame.” The Dame is played by a man, often a famous actor or sportsman.When he appears in heavy make up, skirts and woman's shoes, it is considered very humorous.The audience is encouraged to cheer the hero on and boo when the villain appears.Another Christmas tradition in British is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio.The British Queen is also the Queen of other nations, like Canada and Australia, and so her message is broadcast to her millions of subjects throughout the world.She usually talks about the year that has passed and expresses her hopes for the future.The third funny tradition, which is also celebrated in countries with British heritages, is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas.Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants.Now that most British people do not have servants, this custom is no longer observed and most people cannot even tell you what one is supposed to do on Boxing Day.Some think it involves the sport of boxing and others think it has something to do with the Boxer uprising in China.However, a new Boxing Day custom has emerged, in the cities at least: shopping.Shops open up to sell off all their Christmas stock decorations, food, cards and gift items at low prices.But for most people, however, Boxing Day is a day for visiting, eating and relaxing.

第三篇：英美國家概況總結(jié)

英國概況 英格蘭面積最大 蘇格蘭，愛丁堡為首府

威爾士，加的夫，Cardiff為首府 北愛爾蘭，貝爾法斯特Belfast為首府

倫敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保羅大教堂st paul’s cathedral在這里。威斯敏斯特westminster，倫敦市的一個行政區(qū)，也叫西敏寺，這里有議會houses of parliament，包含大鐘樓big ben，白廳whitehall即英國政府，白金漢宮buckingham palace即英國皇宮，還有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宮。The great charter in 1215,1215年大憲章，亦稱the great charter or Magna Charta,確保一些平民的政治權(quán)利與自由，保障教會不受國王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制國王及王室官員的行為。

議會雛形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺開會，就是最早的議會，后來發(fā)展了House of Lords上議院，House of Commons下議院。

玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭和英國宗教改革：

Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都鐸（duduo）打了玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭，都鐸勝利，終成五代都鐸王朝。

亨利八世進行宗教改革，想切斷英國教會與羅馬教皇的關(guān)系，使英國教會獨立起來。宗教改革的真正進行是在亨利八世的兒子愛德華時期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。伊麗莎白一世時期，伊麗莎白為女王統(tǒng)治英國，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，從此英國都是信奉新教。

文藝復(fù)興運動 The English Renaissance 文藝復(fù)興是中世紀(jì)到現(xiàn)代的過渡時期，從1350-1650，有300年，從意大利發(fā)起，達(dá)芬奇等人為代表。在這段時期，羅馬教會經(jīng)歷新教改革，人文主義興起，海外探索（大航海時代？）。英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn) The Civil Wars 是國王和議會間的戰(zhàn)爭，Norttingham King Charles和議會開戰(zhàn)，國王軍是Cavaliers(騎士)，議會軍是Roundheads(圓顱黨)，因為他們短發(fā)。查爾斯戰(zhàn)敗，克倫威爾Cromwell稱王。英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)又稱清教徒革命，因為國王的反對者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。這場戰(zhàn)爭顛覆了英國的封建制度，甚至動搖了歐洲的封建制度，被認(rèn)為是世界現(xiàn)代史的開端。王朝復(fù)辟 The Restoration 克倫威爾死后，兒子Richard 繼位，但是統(tǒng)治失敗，議會選擇讓上代國王流放法國的兒子King Charles 二世回歸。

光榮革命 The Glorious Revolution 奧蘭治王室（William of Orange橘子？英國的名字真搞笑），用一場不流血的政變奪了王室的權(quán)，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)權(quán)利法案，英國“光榮革命”后鞏固資產(chǎn)階級與封建貴族聯(lián)合專政、確立君主立憲政體的憲法性文件之一。君主立憲由此開始。輝格黨和托利黨（Whigs and Tories）

兩黨名稱來自光榮革命，輝格黨就是后來的Liberal party，托利黨是Conservative party 憲章運動Chartist Movement 由于對改革法案《Reform Act》和新貧困法《New Poor Law》的不滿，工人組織了倫敦工人聯(lián)盟London Working Men’s Association，起草了人民憲章《People’s Charter》，想讓議會通過但是失敗，憲章運動是第一次全國性的工人運動。

工會和工黨 Trade Unions and Labor Party 工人意識到聯(lián)合的重要性，于是工會出現(xiàn)，Grand National Consolidated Trade Union成立，是全國的大公會，后來Trade Union Congress 開始。殖民擴張Colonial Expansion 自1583年開始，英國在新大陸Newfoundland開始殖民統(tǒng)治，1900日不落帝國形成，“on which the sun never set” 君主政體

英國是君主立憲制 constitutional monarchy, 元首head of state is king or queen。Head of the commonwealth 是女王，現(xiàn)在是伊麗莎白二世。議會組成

House of lords 上議院 house of commons 下議院 下議院最有權(quán)力 政黨：工黨Labor Party 和Conservative Party保守黨，政黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人是總理 Tony Blair是有史以來最年輕的工黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，總理。

樞密院 the Privy Council，是國家執(zhí)行力機構(gòu)，chief source of executive power in the state,可追溯到King’s Council 司法特點：no single legal system, no complete code,法律的來源包括：statutes法令，大量的common law，equity law衡平法，european community law。二戰(zhàn)后英國經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展

50s-60s穩(wěn)定發(fā)展階段，70s經(jīng)濟蕭條，80s經(jīng)濟恢復(fù)：撒切爾夫人Mrs.Thatcher當(dāng)選總理，推行中期財政計劃Medium-term Financial Strategy 國教established chruches：在英國church of england，在蘇格蘭church of scotland 非國教 unestablished churches：英國圣公會anglican chruches，自由教free churches，天主教roman catholic church *************************************************************************** 美國概況

國旗：13條狀紅白相間，代表original的13個州，50顆星，代表50個州 1492年，哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)新大陸，Christopher Columbus.獨立戰(zhàn)爭the war of independence 1774年，第一屆大陸國會continental congress在費城philadelphia召開，呼吁抵制英國貨

1775年，lexington（列克星敦）和concord（康科德）打仗獨立戰(zhàn)爭開始。同年，第二屆大陸會議在費城召開，喬治?華盛頓為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人

1776年，湯瑪斯?杰佛遜起草獨立宣言

1783年，巴黎條約簽署treaty of paris，英國承認(rèn)美國獨立。1812年戰(zhàn)爭，the war of 1812 美國和英國間的最后一場戰(zhàn)爭，對美國影響很深，人們意識到強大的政府的重要性，加強了統(tǒng)一感和愛國感

美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)the civil war 1861-1865，打了四年，北方勝利，北方為聯(lián)邦軍union army，南方為邦聯(lián)軍confederate army。林肯有名的葛底斯堡演說gettysburg address“that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth” 1865年，第13修正案終結(jié)了奴隸制。經(jīng)濟發(fā)展

鍍金時代gilded age，借自馬克吐溫的書名，指內(nèi)戰(zhàn)到20世紀(jì)初，工業(yè)發(fā)展

亨利福特henry ford大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)汽車，萊特兄弟wright brothers設(shè)計第一架飛機升天，都在這個時候 1920s的大蕭條與新政the great depression and the new deal 1929年，大蕭條開始，持續(xù)4年

羅斯福新政，F(xiàn)ranklin D Roosevelt, the new deal 美國與二戰(zhàn)

1941年，珍珠港被襲擊，美國正式參戰(zhàn)，核心國axis powers 北大西洋公約組織the founding of NATO 1949年，北大西洋條約簽署，North Atlantic Treaty,任何對締約國的攻擊視為對所有締約國的攻擊。條約的生效標(biāo)志著美國在蘇聯(lián)周圍建立軍事聯(lián)盟的開端。蘇聯(lián)采取了類似的行動，建立了德國民主共和國set up the German Democratic Republic.至此，冷戰(zhàn)全面開始。1950s民權(quán)運動the civil rights movement 羅莎?帕克Rosa Parks,一位黑人女性，阿拉巴馬，她拒絕給白人讓座，被捕。馬丁路德金開始領(lǐng)導(dǎo)黑人抵制。1956年，最高法院宣布阿拉巴馬州的segregation laws unconstitutional。越南戰(zhàn)爭the vietnam war1950-1975(打了25年，有夠長的)為了實施對共產(chǎn)主義的牽制政策，the policy of containment of communism,美國與越南戰(zhàn)爭，結(jié)果這是美國有史以來最長的戰(zhàn)爭。1973年美國和北越南north vietnam簽署?；饏f(xié)議，cease-fire agreement。簡單來說，越南當(dāng)時像朝鮮般南北分裂，南方是社會主義的，北方是當(dāng)時的統(tǒng)治階級，南方想要解放全國，統(tǒng)一南北。美國橫插一腳，支持北方，搞了25年，最終還是南方的社會主義勝利，統(tǒng)一了全國。西貢Saigon是原來的首都，后來改名為胡志明市Ho Chi Minh City。因為越南戰(zhàn)爭，美國國力下降，社會分歧，形象下降。

水門事件（Watergate scandal，或譯水門丑聞）是美國歷史上最不光彩的政治丑聞之一，其對美國本國歷史以及整個國際新聞界都有著長遠(yuǎn)的影響，在1972年的總統(tǒng)大選中，為了取得民主黨內(nèi)部競選策略的情報，1972年6月17日，以美國共和黨尼克松Nixon競選班子的首席安全問題顧問詹姆斯?麥科德（James W.McCord, Jr.）為首的5人闖入位于華盛頓水門大廈的民主黨全國委員會辦公室，在安裝竊聽器并偷拍有關(guān)文件時，當(dāng)場被捕。由于此事，尼克松于1974年8月8日宣布將于次日辭職，從而成為美國歷史上首位辭職的總統(tǒng)。中美關(guān)系

1972年，Nixon總統(tǒng)訪華，簽署上海公報Shanghai Communique。1979年，中美建交。美國憲法起草于1789年，世界上最早的成文憲法。共有7個articles。Articla I，the Legislative Article立法

只有國會有權(quán)立法，two-chamber system，包括senate參議院，house of representatives眾議院。參議院100人，每個州來兩人，眾議院基于每個州的人口比例設(shè)立席位。Article II，Executive Article執(zhí)法 總統(tǒng)任期4年

Article III，Judicial Article 司法

Supreme Court是國家的最高法院，以下是聯(lián)邦法院federal court，最高法院和聯(lián)邦法院的法官是總統(tǒng)任命，法官是終身職位。唯有最高法院有權(quán)解釋憲法。三權(quán)分立checks and balances 立法，執(zhí)法，司法三權(quán)分立，legislative，executive，judicial，國會可立法，總統(tǒng)可否決，國會可通過三分之二選票再次通過，總統(tǒng)不可否決，但最高法院可以判定它違反憲法而否決它。憲法修正案provisions for amendment 前十條憲法修正案稱為bill of rights權(quán)利和自由法案

*************************************************************************** 加拿大概況

首都：渥太華Ottawa, 最大?。嚎笨薗uebec 第一大城市：多倫多，2：蒙特利爾，3：溫哥華，4：渥太華 世界最大漁業(yè)出口國 國家元首：伊麗莎白二世

總督：履行女王職務(wù)governor general，實際政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人：總理prime minister 立法：議會立法parliament，議會由兩部分組成senate（總督任命）和house of commons（根據(jù)人口），和美國類似，法律要兩院通過，最后總督簽字。

政黨：自由黨liberal party和保守黨progressive conservative party 澳大利亞概況： 首都：堪培拉Canberra 第一大城：悉尼，2：墨爾本 世界最大羊毛出口國

國家元首：英女王，和加拿大一樣有總督和總理，聯(lián)邦制國家 政黨：工黨（最大黨）australian labour party和自由黨liberal party，和英國不同，澳大利亞有成文憲法

議會參照英國，上議院senate（the upper house）和下議院house of representatives（the lower house）新西蘭概況

首都：惠靈頓Wellington 第一大城：奧克蘭Auckland 世界最大羔羊肉，羊肉和奶制品出口國，稱為the world’s biggest farm 國家元首：英女王 政體：議會制君主立憲制

愛爾蘭概況（注意不是北愛爾蘭哦，不是英國的一部分呢）首都：都柏林dublin 國家元首：注意了是總統(tǒng) 專八人文知識

1.A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2.Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.音位學(xué);在語言或一門語言中，對有關(guān)其分類和模式以及為大家所默認(rèn)的發(fā)音規(guī)則的研究音韻學(xué),音系學(xué)

3.Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.句法，研究詞或其它句子成分如何聯(lián)合起來形成合乎語法的句子規(guī)則的學(xué)科

4.Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.語義學(xué)，以語言形式表示意思的研究或科學(xué)

5.acronym :首字母組合詞，首字母縮略詞，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它們可以連拼，但VOA是 Initialism。

6.Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power.換喻或轉(zhuǎn)喻，一種,一個詞或詞組被另一個與之有緊密聯(lián)系的詞或詞組替換的修辭方法，如用華盛頓代替美==或用劍代替軍事力量，對面來了三個“紅領(lǐng)巾”也是，以紅領(lǐng)巾指代少先隊員。

7.Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life(Shakespeare).明喻,一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進行比較，通常在由 like或 as引導(dǎo)的短語中，如 “我的離開好象是冬天來臨”或“你對我的思想就象食物對于生命一樣重要”（莎士比亞）

8.Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare)隱喻一種語言表達(dá)手法，通常用指某物的詞或詞組來指代他物，從而暗示它們之間的相似之處，如 “憂愁之?！被颉罢麄€世界一臺戲”(莎士比亞)the ship of desert沙漠之舟

9.Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist.矛盾修飾法,一種把互相矛盾或不調(diào)和的詞合在一起的修辭手法，如在 震耳欲聾的沉默和悲傷的樂觀

cruel kindness

10.The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.11.John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost.Paradise Regained was also written by him.12.Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.十四行詩體,一種由十四行組成的詩歌形式，通常有一種傳統(tǒng)的押韻形式,莎士比亞用過此詩體。

13.Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect.俚語主要出現(xiàn)在非正式的、游戲性的話語中的一種語言，基本由存在時間很短的派生詞和修辭構(gòu)成，它們被故意地用來取代標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的詞語以達(dá)到生動、幽默、無禮或其它效果 14.Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement.警句，妙句，吸引人的詞句廣泛使用的或流行的用語，尤指用作集團或運動的口號的用語。

15.Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.行話,一個行業(yè)、職業(yè)或類似的團體中使用的專業(yè)的或技術(shù)的語言.terminology 16.Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant.陳腔濫調(diào),陳腐的或平庸的評論或陳述，尤指某人表述它時好象它是新穎的或有意義的

17.Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton.夸張法,一種比喻，使用夸張來強調(diào)或產(chǎn)生某種效果，比如在我能睡一年或這書有一噸重

18.onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.象聲詞,詞的構(gòu)成或用法，例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行動的聲音.19.hypotaxis:從屬關(guān)系

20.parataxis:并列結(jié)構(gòu)，指 短語或分句間不用連詞，如：I came, I saw, I conquered.21.Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.超驗主義,一種文學(xué)和哲學(xué)運動，與拉爾夫?沃爾多?愛默生和瑪格麗特?富勒有關(guān)，宣稱存在一種理想的精神實體，超越于經(jīng)驗和科學(xué)之處，通過直覺得以把握

22.Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter.美國

23.Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.詞法，詞態(tài)學(xué)，形態(tài)音位學(xué),語言或某一語言中對于單詞的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式的研究，包括詞尾變化、派生和合成詞的構(gòu)成

24.affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant輔音 followed by a fricative摩擦;for example, the initial sounds of child and joy.塞擦音由閉塞音伴隨著摩擦音而形成的復(fù)雜的語音；例如 child和 joy的第一個音Also called: affricative.25.Vanity Fair名利場 was written William Makepeace Thackray

26.Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon.Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins 尼爾．阿姆斯特朗、埃德溫．奧爾德林、邁克爾．柯林斯

27.The title of the national anthem國歌 of Canada is O Canada.此種類型題同學(xué)們可自己多找?guī)讉€國家。

28.Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.29.etymology: the history of a word.詞源學(xué)

30.The dominant accent in the United States is General American.除紐約市、南方、新英格蘭

31.John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles披頭士或甲殼蟲樂隊in the 1960s.32.In Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游記, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world’s most perfect society.有理智和人性的馬 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.33.Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.34.morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as-ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.詞素,一種含有一個單詞的有意義的語言單位，如-ed在單詞 walked中，不能被劃分為更小的有意義單位

35.The name of the famous stadium露天體育場 in the north of London is Wembley.36.Wimbledon溫布爾登[英國英格蘭東南部城市](位于倫敦附近,是著名的國際網(wǎng)球比賽地)

37.Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食譜, originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England.烤面拖牛肉，面拖烤香腸

38.Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（強制）.聯(lián)合抵制,聯(lián)合起來拒絕使用、購買或經(jīng)銷以示抗議、不滿或作為強制的手段

39.Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society.種族隔離,強制實行種族的社會分離政策及實踐，如在學(xué)校、居住和工業(yè)中，尤指在白人居多的社會中實行有色人種歧視的政策

40.Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites.種族隔離制,南非共和國實行的一種官方的種族隔離政策，包括在政治、法律和經(jīng)濟諸方面對非白色人種的歧視.41.Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization;desegregation.種族或宗教融合,在社會或組織中，使不同的種族或宗教派別的人處于無限制的平等的關(guān)系中；取消種族隔離

42.The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.43.Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”, it means nowhere land in Greek.44.The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.45.Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another音位，音素,語言中最小的語音單位，如英語里 mat中的 m和 bat中的 b

46.polysemy:一詞多義

47.patron saint：保護圣徒,守護神

48.Parentese:父母語

49.back formation:逆構(gòu)詞 脫落一詞的詞綴以構(gòu)成新詞 typewriter→ typewrite 50.allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme.For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme.語素變體,語素的一種變體形式，如語音學(xué)的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses中，還有 en在 oxen中都是英語復(fù)數(shù)語素的語素變體.

第四篇：英語專業(yè)八級考試 人文知識 國家概況小測

英語專業(yè)八級考試 人文知識 國家概況小測(1)

(U.S.，Canada，Australia)

班級：_______ 姓名：_______ 學(xué)號：_______ 成績：_______

1.In terms of population _______ is the D.Philadelphia.largest state in America A.Alaska B.California C.Wyoming D.Florida

2.In the following rivers, _______ has been called the American Ruhr A.the Mississippi B.the Missouri C.the Hudson D.the Ohio

3.The theme of Thanksgiving Day is _______ A.friendship and rich award B.love and happiness C.happiness and peace D.peace and plenty

4.U.S.presidents normally serve a(an)_________term.A.two-year B.four-year

C.six-year D.eight-year

5.Which of the following cities is NOT located in the Northeast, U.S.? A.Huston.B.Boston.C.Baltimore.6.The Declaration of Independence was written by

A.Thomas Jefferson B.George Washington C.Alexander Hamilton D.James Madison

7.The symbol of the U.S.Republic Party is _______ A.elephant B.eagle C.donkey D.hawk

8.The President of the United States is head of the _______ branch.A.executive B.judicial C.legislative D.information

9.In the U.S., constitutional amendment can go into effect after it is approved by _______

A.a two-thirds vote of both houses B.three-fourths of the states C.two-thirds of the states D.half of the states

10.The Truman Doctrine was directed against _______ A.Nazi fascism B.communism C.Japan D.the “free world”

11.Which degree is offered in community colleges in the United States? A.Master’s degree B.Doctor's degree C.Bachelor's degree D.Associate's degree

12.The Presidents during the American Civil War was A.Andrew Jackson B.Abraham Lincoln C.Thomas Jefferson D.George Washington

13.Which of the following cities is NOT located in the Northeast, U.S.? A.Huston.B.Boston.C.Baltimore.D.Philadelphia.14.The second largest state of the U.S.is A.Texas.B.Alaska.C.California.D.Hawaii.15.The backbone of North American refers to the

A.Appalachian Mountains.B.Rocky Mountains.C.Cascade Mountains.D.Sierra Nevada Mountains.16.In American, the three biggest newspapers are of the following except A.New York Times B.Reader’s Digest C.Washington Post D.Los Angels Times

17.Which of the following is the oldest sport in the United States? A.Baseball B.Tennis

C.Basketball

D.American football

18.The leading _______ state in the United States is Wisconsin.A.Wheat B.Rice C.Dairy D.Maize

19.Compared with the other racial and ethnic minority groups, _______ lead a relatively better-off life in the US.A.the blacks

B.the Asian Americans C.the Indians D.the Hispanics

20.According to the United States Constitution, the legislative power is invested in_______

A.the Federal Government B.the Supreme Court C.the Cabinet

D.the Congress

21.The two principal river systems in Canada are the Mackenzie and _______ A.the Great Lakes B.the St.Lawrence C.the Hudson River D.the Saskatchewan River

22.The Canada Day is celebrated on _______ which is the National Day of Canada A.June 1st B.July 1st C.August 1st D.September 1st

23.Indigenous peoples, who are the first settlers of Canada, make up about 3 percent of the Canadian people.They are _______ A.Indians and Africans B.Aborigines and Indians C.Eskimos and Aborigines D.American Indians and Inuit

24._______ is the second largest religion in Canada A.Luther Church B.Christianity C.Roman Catholic D.Baptist Church

25.Canada is the world’s largest producer of _______ A.potash B.zinc C.iron ore

D.nickel

26.In Canada the federal governments have

always been formed by _______

A.the Liberal Party

B.the Progressive Conservative Party

C.either the Liberal Party or the Progressive Consecutive Party

D.both the Liberal Party and the Progressive Consecutive Party

27.The largest city in Canada is_______ A.Vancouver B.Montreal C.Toronto D.Ottawa

28.To override the President’s veto, the US Congress must have a _______ majority.A.3/4 B.2/3 C.1/2 D.3/5

29.The Head of State of Canada is represented by A.the Monarch B.the President

C.the Prime Minister D.the Governor-general

30.______ is the capital city of Canada.A.Vancouver

B.Ottawa C.Montreal D.York

31._______ is the largest city in Australia with a population of 3.6 million A.Sydney B.Melbourne C.Brisbane D.Perth

32.Australia is politically divided into _______ states and _______ territories A.six/ three B.six/ two C.five/ three D.five/ two

33.The city of _______, which was formerly known as Port Jackson, is the place of the earliest colonial settlement in Australia.A.Melbourne B.Sydney C.Perth D.Darwin

34.According to statistics, _______ employer in Australia is the manufacturing industry.A.the fourth largest B.the third largest C.the second largest D.the largest

35.Who were the natives of Australia before the arrival of the British settlers? A.The Aborigines B.The Maori C.The Indians D.The Eskimos

36.The first city ever founded in Canada is A.Quebec.B.Vancouver.C.Toronto.D.Montreal.37.When did the Australian Federation officially come into being? A.1770.B.1788.C.1900.D.1901.38.The most important economic activity in Canada is _______ A.mining B.fishing C.farming

D.manufacturing

39.The Emancipation Proclamation to end the slavery plantation system in the South of the U.S.was issued by A.Abraham Lincoln.B.Thomas Paine.C.George Washington.D.Thomas Jefferson.40.The origin of most Canadians is A.The Eskimos.B.Indians.C.British.D.French.1-5 BDDBA 6-10AAABB 11-15DBAAB 16-20BACBD 21-25BADBA 26-30CCBDB 31要改成Sidney 31-35ABBCA 36-40ADDAC 5

第五篇：國家概況演講稿

The 1st PPT:

Then i will talk something about the well-known colleges in Los Angeles.The 2nd PPT:

First, let us see the contents of eight main colleges in Los Angeles.A is the UCLA(加利福尼亞大學(xué)洛杉磯分校);B is the CSUN(加州州立大學(xué)北嶺分校);C is the CSULA(加州州立大學(xué)洛杉磯分校);D is the USC(南加州大學(xué))The 3rd PPT:

E is the Cal Tech(加州理工學(xué)院);F is the Occidental College(西方學(xué)院);G is the East Los Angeles College(東洛杉磯學(xué)院);H is the Pepperdine University(佩珀代因大學(xué))The 4th PPT:

Before i begin the introduction, i want you to enjoy some beautiful pictures of the college.The 5th PPT:

This is the University of California, Los Angeles(加利福尼亞大學(xué)洛杉磯分校).As a public university which was built in 1919, now it is one of the top universities in American and has the largest number of application for admission in the USA.The 6th PPT:

This is the California State University, Northridge(加州州立大學(xué)北嶺分校).It was built in 1958.It has gotten the acknowledgement from WASC.Its primary specialty are Movie&TV.Many famous stars will come into the campus to have some performances.Chinese stars Chen Chong and Pan Weibo also learned in this college before.The 7th PPT:

This is the California State University, Los Angeles(加州州立大學(xué)洛杉磯分校).Built in 1947, it has many distinguished professors and alumnus and alumna.The 8th PPT:

Let us enjoy some photos of the next college’s campus.The 9th PPT:

This college i’ll tell you is the University of Southern California(南加州大學(xué)).It was built in 1880 and it was the oldest private research university in California.There are 5 staff getting the Nobel Prize.And during more than 100 years, the alumnus of this college has won 280 Olympic Medals, which is the top one over all colleges around the world.And Armstrong is one of the alumnus.The 10th PPT:

The next college is the California Institute of Technology(加州理工學(xué)院).Built in 1891, it is the top university of Technology in the world.And it also got the No.1 in the Times Higher Education.However, it only has about 900 undergraduates and 1000 postgraduates.This college has developed many prestigious scientists such as Qian Xuesen, GordonMoore(who created Intel), and Richard Feynman(who created Feynman Diagram).The 11th PPT:

With the background of some pictures of this college, these are several Chinese and Western scientists came from this college.The 12th PPT: Then i want to introduce Occidental College(西方學(xué)院).It was built in 1887 and its feature is the multi specialty.The president Obama once was the student of this university.The 13th PPT:

The next college i want to talk about is the East Los Angeles College(東洛杉磯學(xué)院).It was built in 1945 and it is a famous community college.The 14th PPT:

The last university on my list is the Pepperdine University(佩珀代因大學(xué)).Built in 1937, it was the No.1 in the LL.M Dispute Resolution in 2013.It is famous for its rigorous style of study.And because it gets a good landscape, it also becomes a good place to visit.So in the final time , let us appreciate the beautiful scenery of it.