第一篇:制藥工程專業(yè)英語 第6單元 逐句詳解
PART 2 BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACEUTICALS
生化制藥
Unit 6 Isolation of Caffeine from Tea
從茶葉中分離咖啡因
In this experiment, Caffeine will be isolated from tea leaves.在這個實驗中,咖啡因會從茶葉中分離出來。
The major problem of the isolation is that caffeine does not occur alone in tea leaves, but is accompanied by other natural substances from which it must be separated.分離過程中的主要問題就是,茶葉中不僅僅只有咖啡因,還伴隨著需要被分離除去的其他天然物質(zhì)。
The major component of tea leaves is cellulose,which is the major structural material of all plant cells.茶葉中的主要成分是所有植物細胞中的主要結(jié)構(gòu)材料——纖維素。
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose.纖維素是葡萄糖的聚合物。
Since cellulose is virtually insoluble in water, it presents no problems in the isolation procedure.然而纖維素實際上是不溶于水的,所以在隔離的程序上不用考慮去除纖維素。
Caffeine, on the other hand, is water soluble and is one of the major substances extracted into the solution called “tea”.另一方面,咖啡因是水溶性的,也是萃取到溶液(也就是茶)里的主要物質(zhì)之一。Caffeine comprises as much as 5 percent by weight of the leaf material in tea plants.咖啡因包含了茶樹葉片材料總重的5%之多。Tannins also dissolve in the hot water used to extract tea leaves.丹寧(鞣酸)也溶解于用于萃取茶葉的熱水中。The term tannin does not refer to a single homogeneous compound, or even to substances which have similar chemical structure.丹寧一詞不是指單個均一的化合物,也不是具有相似化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的物質(zhì)。
It refers to a class of compounds which have certain properties in common.它是指某些具有共同屬性的化合物的種類。
Tannins are phenolic compounds having molecular weights between 500 and 3000.丹寧是一類分子質(zhì)量在500到3000的含酚的化合物。
They are widely used to ”tan” leather.它們被廣泛用于鞣革。
They precipitate alkaloids and proteins from aqueous solutions.它們從水溶液中沉淀出生物堿和蛋白質(zhì)
Tannins are usually divided into two classes: those which can be hydrolyzed and those which cannot.丹寧通常被分為兩類:可水解和不可水解。
Tannins of the first type which are found in tea generally yield glucose and gallic acid when
they are hydrolyzed.在茶中,第一類丹寧水解后通常產(chǎn)生葡萄糖和五倍子酸。
These tannins are esters of gallic acid and glucose.這些丹寧是五倍子酸和葡萄糖的酯類。
They represent structures in which some of the hydroxyl groups in glucose have been
esterified by digalloyl groups.它們代表著葡萄糖中的一些羥基被酯化為鞣?;慕Y(jié)構(gòu)。The non-hydrolyzable tannins found in tea are condensation polymers of catechin.茶中的不可水解的丹寧是兒茶酚的縮合聚合物。
These polymers are not uniform in structure, but catechin molecules are usually linked
together at ring positions 4 and 8.這些聚合物在結(jié)構(gòu)上是不一致的,但兒茶酚分子通常在環(huán)的4號和8號位是相連的。
When tannins are extracted into hot water, the hydrolyzable ones are partially hydrolyzed,meaning that free gallic acid is also found in tea.當?shù)幈惠腿〉綗崴?,可水解的部分水解掉了,意味著茶中還有多余的五倍子酸。The tannins, by virtue of their phenolic groups, and gallic acid by virtue of its carboxyl groups,are both acidic.由于丹寧中含有酚,五倍子酸中含有羧基,所以它們都是酸性的。
If calcium carbonate, a base, is added to tea water, the calcium salts of these acids are
formed.如果茶水中加入碳酸鈣,這些酸的鈣鹽就會形成。
Caffeine can be extracted from the basic tea solution with chloroform, but the calcium salts
of gallic acid and the tannins are not chloroform soluble and remain behind in the aqueous
solution.咖啡因可以被茶的氯仿溶液萃取,但五倍子酸和丹寧的鈣鹽是不溶于氯仿的,所以它們
會留在水溶液中。
The brown color of a tea solution is due to flavonoid pigments and chlorophylls, as well as
their respective oxidation products.茶水呈現(xiàn)出褐色是由于黃酮類色素和葉綠素,以及它們各自的氧化物。
Although chlorophylls are somewhat chloroform soluble, most of the other substances in
tea are not.雖然葉綠素是微溶于氯仿的,但茶葉中的其他大多數(shù)物質(zhì)不是如此。
Thus, the chloroform extraction of the basic tea solution removes nearly pure caffeine.因此,堿性茶水的氯仿提取去除了幾乎無雜質(zhì)的咖啡因。
The chloroform is easily removed by distillation(by 61'C)to leave the crude caffeine.氯仿在61℃蒸餾中易被去除,從而分離出咖啡因的粗產(chǎn)物。The caffeine may be purified by recrystallization or by sublimation.咖啡因可以通過結(jié)晶或升華來純化。In a second part of this experiment, Caffeine will be converted to a derivative.本次實驗的第二個部分,咖啡因會被轉(zhuǎn)化為衍生物。
A derivative of a compound is a second compound, of known melting point, formed from
the original compound by a simple chemical reaction.一個化合物的衍生物是一個已知熔點的第二化合物,是由原來的化合物通過簡單化學(xué)反
應(yīng)生成的。
In trying to make a positive identification of an organic compound, it is often customary to
convert it into a derivative.為了試圖鑒定原始化合物,我們通常習(xí)慣將它轉(zhuǎn)化成衍生物。
If the first compound, Caffeine in this case, and its derivative both have melting points which
match those reported in the chemical literature(e.g., a handbook), it is assumed that there is no
coincidence and that the identity of the first compound, Caffeine, has been definitely established.如果第一化合物(在這也就是指咖啡因)以及它的衍生物的熔點都與化學(xué)文獻上所記載的相匹配,那么就可以推測第一化合物就是咖啡因無疑。
Caffeine is a base and will react with an acid to give a salt.咖啡因是堿,可以和酸反應(yīng)生成鹽。
Using salicylic acid, a derivative salt of Caffeine, Caffeine salicylate, will be made in order to establish the identity of the Caffeine isolated from tea leaves.和水楊酸反應(yīng)就能生成咖啡因的一種衍生物鹽,叫做水楊酸咖啡因。它可以用來鑒定
茶葉中分離出的咖啡因。
Special Instructions 特別注意
Be careful when handling chloroform.要小心處理氯仿。It is a toxic solvent, and you should not breathe it excessively or spill it on yourself.它是一種有毒溶劑,應(yīng)防止過度吸入以及灑在身上。
When discarding spent tea leaves, do not put them in the sink because they will clog the
drain.丟棄茶葉時,不應(yīng)將它們?nèi)釉谒?,因為它們會堵塞排水管?/p>
Dispose of them in a waste container.應(yīng)該將它們?nèi)尤肜啊?/p>
Procedure 程序
Place 25g of dry tea leaves, 25g of calcium carbonate powder, and 250ml of water in a 500ml
three neck round bottom flask equipped with a condenser for reflux.將25克干燥茶葉、25克碳酸鈣粉末和250毫升水混入一個裝有回流冷凝管的500毫升三口圓底燒瓶。
Stopper the unused openings in the flask and heat the mixture under reflux for about 20
minutes.將燒瓶中未使用的開口塞住,加熱混合物,回流20分鐘。
Use a Bunsen burner to heat.用本生燈加熱。
While the solution is still hot, filter it by gravity through a fluted filter using a fast filter paper
such as E&D No.617 or S&S No.595.用快速過濾紙如E&D No.617 或 S&S No.595,通過凹槽過濾器,趁熱過濾。
You may need to change the filter paper if it clogs.如果堵住了就需要換一種濾紙。
Cool the filtrate(filtered liquid)to room temperature and, using a separatory funnel, extract
it twice with 25ml portions of chloroform.待濾液降至室溫,用25毫升氯仿在分液漏斗中萃取兩次。
Combine the two portions of chloroform in a 100ml round bottom flask.將兩次萃取的了氯仿倒入100毫升圓底燒瓶中混合。
Assemble an apparatus for simple distillation and remove the chloroform by distillation.搭建一個簡易的蒸餾裝置,并通過蒸餾將氯仿去除。
Use a steam bath to heat.用蒸汽浴來加熱。The residue in the distillation flask contains the caffeine and is purified as described below
(crystallization).蒸餾燒瓶中的殘留物包括咖啡因,將以如下描述進行純化(結(jié)晶)。
Save the chloroform that was distilled.You will use some of it in the next step.將蒸餾出的氯仿保留下來,用于下面的步驟。
The remainder should be placed in a collection container.殘余物應(yīng)倒入回收容器。
Crystallization(Purification)結(jié)晶(純化)
Dissolve the residue obtained from the chloroform extraction of the tea solution in about
10ml of the chloroform that you saved from the distillation.將從茶溶液的氯仿萃取液中獲得的殘留物溶解于10毫升蒸餾所得的氯仿。
It may be necessary to heat the mixture on a steam bath.用蒸汽浴加熱混合物。
Transfer the solution to a 50ml beaker.將溶液轉(zhuǎn)移到50毫升燒杯中。
Rinse the flask with an additional 5ml of chloroform and combine this in the beaker.再用5毫升氯仿沖洗燒瓶,倒入燒杯。Evaporate the now light-green solution to dryness by heating it on a steam bath in the hood.在通風(fēng)廚中,用蒸汽浴加熱淺綠色溶液,溶液蒸發(fā),直至干燥。
The residue obtained on evaporation of the chloroform is next crystallized by the mixed
solvent method.氯仿蒸發(fā)后獲得的殘留物接下來就會用混合溶劑的方法結(jié)晶。
Dissolve it in a small quantity(about 2 to 4ml)of hot benzene and add just enough high boiling(60'C to 90'C)petroleum ether(or ligroin)to turn the solution faintly cloudy.將它溶解于少量熱苯中(大約2至4毫升),加入足夠高沸點的石油醚(60至90攝氏
度),使溶液變得輕微渾濁。
Alternatively, acetone may be used for simple crystallization without a second solvent.作為選擇,丙酮可用于簡單結(jié)晶,而不用其他的溶劑。
Cool the solution and collect the crystalline product by vacuum filtration using a Hirsch
funnel.冷卻溶液,用赫爾希漏斗真空過濾,收集結(jié)晶產(chǎn)物。Crystallize the product the same way a second time if necessary, and allow the product to
dry by allowing it to stand in the suction funnel for a while.如有必要的話用同樣的方式再結(jié)晶一次,并通過讓產(chǎn)物在吸入漏斗上短暫停留的方式干
燥產(chǎn)物。
Weigh the product.稱重。
Calculate the weighty percentage yield based on tea and determine the melting point.計算基于茶葉的重量百分比收率,判斷熔點。
If desired, the product may be further purified by sublimation as described in the next
experiment.如果和推想的相符,產(chǎn)物將通過下面描述的實驗進一步升華純化。
The Derivative 衍生
Dissolve 0.20g of Caffeine and 0.15g of salicylic acid in 15ml of benzene in a small beaker by
warming the mixture on a steam bath.在小燒杯中,將0.20克咖啡因和0.15克水楊酸溶解于15毫升苯,用蒸汽浴緩慢加熱
混合物。
Add about 5ml of high boiling(60`C to 90'C)petroleum ether and allow the mixture to cool
and crystallize.加入大約5毫升高沸點石油醚(60至90攝氏度),讓混合物降溫、結(jié)晶。
It may be necessary to cool the beaker in an ice water bath or to add a small amount of extra petroleum ether to induce crystallization.用冰水浴冷卻燒杯或者再加入少量石油醚來進一步結(jié)晶是十分必要的。
Collect the crystalline product by vacuum filtration using a Hirsch funnel.用赫爾希漏斗真空過濾,收集結(jié)晶產(chǎn)物。
Dry the product by allowing it to stand in the air, and determine its melting point.讓產(chǎn)物在空氣中晾干,判斷熔點。
Check the value against that in the literature.與文獻值進行檢查比對。Submit the sample to the instructor in a labeled vial.將樣品放入貼標簽的小瓶中,交給老師。
Selected from Pavia Donald L.Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques: a Contemporary
Approach W.B.Saunders Company, 1976.Exercises
1.Answer the following questions:
(1)Can you list several plants that contain caffeine?
(2)What kind of method can be used to isolate caffeine from tea?
(3)How does man use caffeine in the daily life?
2.Competing the following paragraph.Choose Not More Than Three Words from the passage for
each answer.The active ingredient that makes tea and coffee valuable to man is __caffeine__.Caffeine is
an_tannin___ , a class of naturally occurring compounds containing nitrogen and having the
properties of an organic amine base.Tea and coffee are not the only plant sources of caffeine.Others include: kola nuts, mate leaves, guarana seeds, and in small amount, cocoa beans.Place 35g of ground coffee a boiling stone and 125ml of water into a 500ml __three neck__round bottom flask equipped with a ____condenser for reflux.__Stopper__ the unused openings
in the flask and heat the mixture under __reflux__for about 20 minutes.Use a Bunsen burner
to heat.During the heating period, assemble a vacuum filtration apparatus.When boiling action
has stopped and the coffee grounds have settled somewhat, but while the solution is still hot,filter the solution through a__filter paper__by vacuum filtration.3.Put the following into Chinese:
cellulose glucose chloroform beaker crystallization purification apparatus filter paper
纖維素 葡萄糖氯仿燒杯結(jié)晶純化儀器濾紙
hydroxyl group carboxyl group benzene acetone evaporation insoluble condensation residue羥基羧基苯丙酮蒸發(fā)不溶的冷凝殘留物
第二篇:制藥工程專業(yè)英語第七單元
7傳統(tǒng)植物藥物的發(fā)展
第一段Over大約超過1/4個世紀各大陸上的大多數(shù)人依靠植物藥物來解決健康問題。在美洲大陸近乎1/3的藥物處方源自植物藥,超過120個處方藥來自植物。大多數(shù)藥物從傳統(tǒng)藥物發(fā)展而來。從經(jīng)濟上講,意味著人們每年的這項開銷達8000~10,000M美元。最近,世界衛(wèi)生組織研究數(shù)據(jù)表明超過30%的植物曾所謂源藥資源,250,000種高科植物中,超過8000種可入藥。雖然傳統(tǒng)藥物應(yīng)用廣泛,一個民族不可或缺的文化。它經(jīng)過了成百上千年一代傳一代人的親手實踐總結(jié)。不幸的是很多古老的藥物知識已失傳和失誤瀕臨滅絕。因此,對傳統(tǒng)藥方的科研和傳統(tǒng)藥物的保存變得尤為重要。
第二段For在一段相當長的時期,植物藥材的唯一應(yīng)用方法是直接粗制利用。隨著本世紀有機化學(xué)的興起,提取和分餾技術(shù)顯著提高。分離鑒定植物中的有效成分成為可能。1940年,合成技術(shù)的進步合成很多植物成分及其衍生物。在西方國家,通過合成藥物有效成分比使用粗藥來得更有效更經(jīng)濟。近年表現(xiàn)尤其明顯,然而有時候合成的類似物不如天然成分的效果。而且,合成藥物話費更多的時間金錢。尤混合作用的靈感,加上一個事實,即許多藥物具有復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)可能是完全不可能的合成,現(xiàn)在有死灰復(fù)燃的趨勢,返回自然藥物開發(fā)
第三段Ephedrine麻黃素是最傳統(tǒng)最典型的從植物藥物發(fā)展來的藥物。它提取自麻黃的葉子,5000年前在中國就被用于治療哮喘和花粉過敏,在1942年才被陳和私密迪特合成出來。麻黃素是一種十分貼近腎上腺素的生物堿,從藥理應(yīng)用來說,麻黃素管飯用于刺激交感神經(jīng)類疾病。它對治療高血壓有突出表現(xiàn),對鼻充血也有緩解作用。是基于這種藥的藥物作用及其對a和B腎上腺素受體的直接影響和內(nèi)源性去甲腎上腺素的釋放。
第四段Digitalis is one of洋地黃是常用于心臟衰竭心律不齊的藥物。它通過作用于心肌收縮和改善心血管阻力來達目的。它也緩慢的傳導(dǎo)通過心室和心房調(diào)節(jié)心房纖維顫動和心率節(jié)奏。
第五段Digitalis is found洋地黃被發(fā)現(xiàn)于紫花洋地黃和毛花洋地黃的葉子和種子中,也如常見的毛地黃科屬植物。毛地黃曾在世界多地區(qū)被藥用——非洲土著用做弓箭淬毒,古埃及人用做心臟藥物,在羅馬用做利尿藥,強心劑,催吐劑和耗子藥。在中國人們不僅從植物中發(fā)現(xiàn)這種成分,還在干枯的皮膚和蟾蜍毒液中發(fā)現(xiàn),在他被用做心臟藥劑的世紀。在西方世界,毛地黃第一次被提到,是在1500年一個外科醫(yī)生威爾圣的植物學(xué)筆記中。
第六段Digitalis is a洋地黃是由一個糖苷、酮質(zhì)間兩個配基和四個糖分子組成,其藥理作用是羰基配基促進溶解和藥力出現(xiàn),糖苷配基的結(jié)構(gòu)近似于咀汁酸,甾醇,性激素。
第七段d-Tubocurarine箭毒素及其衍生物常用語手術(shù)肌肉放松和防止肌肉痙攣。它直接作用于皮下打斷肌肉神經(jīng)信息傳遞。馬錢子在數(shù)世紀前廣泛被亞馬遜奧爾獲干河流域的印第安人用于狩獵。它和快速麻痹動物的骨骼肌并最終致死。現(xiàn)在這種藥物被有組織的醫(yī)生機密托管。不久后他們發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸,歐洲冒險家開始對馬錢子感興趣。16世紀末,一些原料藥被帶回歐洲調(diào)煮。箭毒,一種生物堿被發(fā)現(xiàn)于馬錢子——廣泛存在于南美大陸的植物。1942年,第一次被格雷夫斯和姜森用于肌肉放松實驗。它是除高效麻醉劑外最理想的肌肉放松藥劑。它他是外科氣管插管檢查的首選藥物。
第八段Vinblastine長春堿和長春新堿是兩種極其有效的抗癌藥。它們從常見的常春科屬植物中提取而來。這種植物屬于馬達加斯加本土植被,在印度,以色列和美洲也有分布。最初臨床用于治療糖尿病。其葉和根含有100多種生物堿,提取其中四種有效生物堿:長春堿、長春新堿、環(huán)氧長春堿、異長春堿。這些生物堿是長春花里的不對稱二聚化合物,但是,只有長春堿和長春新堿是臨床抗癌藥物。這兩種生物堿有效的阻止細胞分裂的有絲分裂。硫酸長春堿常用于治療兒童急性白血病和淋巴細胞性白血病。它也是有效的對腎母細胞瘤,神經(jīng)母細胞瘤,橫紋肌肉瘤,網(wǎng)狀細胞肉瘤和霍奇金病。長春新堿硫酸用于治療霍奇金病、淋巴細胞性白血病、神經(jīng)母細胞瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤、乳腺癌,肺癌和其他器官的急性和慢性白血病。
第九段Artemisinin is the青蒿素是從植物為基礎(chǔ)的傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué),它是從青蒿(菊科植物)俗稱為青蒿,蒿表弟,葉子和花分離發(fā)展的最近期的抗瘧疾藥物。中國本土的,傳統(tǒng)上被稱為“青蒿這種植物的提取物。它已被用于治療瘧疾在中國,超過2000年。其有效成分,青蒿素,這種化合物是無毒效果迅速,對孕婦的安全。此外,它是對氯喹耐藥的惡性瘧原蟲瘧疾和腦型瘧疾患者有效。它直接殺死寄生蟲原蟲迅速控制。這項工作被證實,世衛(wèi)組織在非洲和東南亞等地區(qū)。
第十段Artemisinin is an青蒿素是一種倍半萜內(nèi)酯的過氧化物。這種化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)太復(fù)雜,可以有效地合成。蒿也被發(fā)現(xiàn)在美國的許多地區(qū),大量沿波托馬克河在華盛頓,但這些品種的藥量只有大約一半的中國各種。目前,世界衛(wèi)生組織和美國正在共同從事種植在世界范圍內(nèi)使用的中國蒿。這最近的發(fā)展提供了重新使用傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥的希望,為未來的藥物提供新的藥物。
第三篇:制藥工程專業(yè)英語
制藥工程專業(yè)英語模擬試卷
Part APut the following into English(2’):
衍生物污染物代謝物
氨基酸化療互變異構(gòu)體
硫醇對稱的分餾
重結(jié)晶多糖親和力
Part BPut the following into Chinese(2’):
Microorganismanilinein vitro
Asymmetricamino acidchronic
Antiviralbacteriologistdisinfection
Intermediateinsulinvaccine
Part CTranslate the English paragraphs into Chinese:(15’ * 2)
1)Be careful when handing chloroform.It’s a toxic solvent, and you should not breathe it excessively or spill it
on yourself.When discarding spent tea leaves, do not put them in the sink because they will clog the drain.Dispose of them in a waste container.2)When tannins are extracted into hot water, the hydrolysable ones are partially hydrolyzed, meaning that free
gallic acid is also found in tea.The tannins, by virtue of their phenolic groups, and gallic acid by virtue of it’s
carboxyl groups , are both acidic.Part D Cloze(2’)
ViasolventsappropriateintermediatessimilarindustrialNeverthelessobtainedpreferredthoroughvaluable
by total synthesis.Therefore knowledge of the synthetic routes is useful.Understanding also makes it possible to recognize
contamination.of the agents by intermediates and by-products.For the reason of effective quality control the
documentation on the
stimulation as well.There are neitherstructural classes for all pharmaceutically active compounds nor preferred
reaction types.This implies that practically the whole field of organic and in part also organometallic chemistry is covered.a larger number of starting materials and intermediates are more frequently used,and so it
is useful to know the possibilities for their preparation from primary chemicals.For this reason it iscompounds used in synthetic processes leading to an enormous number of agents.For the most part chemicals are
way this is also true for the intermediates based on
aromatic compounds toluene,phenol and chlorobenzene.Further key compounds may be shown in a table which can be useful in tracing cross-relationships in syntheses.In addition to the actual starting materials and intermediates solvents are required both as a reaction
medium and ,for purificationrecrystallization.Frequently used are methanol,ethanol,isopropanol,butanol,acetone,ethyl acetate,benzene,toluene and xylene.To a lesser extent diethyl ether,tetrahydrofuran,glycol ethers,dimethylformamide(DMF)and dimethyl sulphoxide(DMSO)are used in special
reactions.
第四篇:制藥工程專業(yè)英語
民族藥物學(xué)雜志93(2004)409–415
來自桔梗grandi?orum A.De Candolle根的有機提取物的抗氧化和抗癌活動
生物技術(shù)研究所、韓國大學(xué),亞南東,Sungbuk東京都,首爾136-701,大韓民國二系生物化學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)大學(xué)、高麗大學(xué),亞南東,Sungbuk東京都,首爾136-701,大韓民國
2003年5月21日收到初稿;收到修訂稿日期是2004年3月20日且與2004年4月26日接受 摘要
這是作為草藥和食品在亞洲使用的植物。桔梗grandi?orum石油醚提取物硅膠柱色譜梯度溶劑(石油醚:乙醚,9:1–5:5,v/v)(分數(shù)I–V)。的 不論在抑制脂質(zhì)過氧化和自由基的清除抗氧化活性組分進行了評價活動。第二部分,在8:2的混合石油醚和乙醚提取的,表現(xiàn)出偉大的抗氧化活性在分數(shù)中。另一方面,每個部位的細胞毒性,這是由MTT使用計算人類癌癥細胞線(HT-
29、HRT-18和HepG2),最大分數(shù)第三,這是一個7:3石油醚提取和乙基醚混合物。兩種 分數(shù)、第二和第三,是子分割的薄層色譜,分分數(shù)的每個被屏蔽的抗氧化及抗癌活動。此外,抗氧化活性與酚類化合物的內(nèi)容密切相關(guān),與抗癌活性 聚乙炔的分數(shù)表現(xiàn)出了典型的紫外光吸收譜。?2004全文電子刊愛爾蘭有限公司 版權(quán)所有。
關(guān)鍵字:抗氧化活性;細胞毒性;桔梗grandi?orum;清除;美騰
引文:
添加抗氧化劑對各種食物,防止或 阻止自由基誘導(dǎo)的脂質(zhì)氧化,負責(zé)?avors和不良的發(fā)展食品中的化學(xué)化合物(Angelo,1996)。在表單中的生物系統(tǒng)還可以生成自由基活性氧(氧),如超氧陰離子 自由基(O2??),過氧化氫(H2 O2),羥基自由基(OH?),單線態(tài)氧(1 O2)(哈利韋爾等。, 1995)。這些反應(yīng)活性氧導(dǎo)致不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的破壞 組件損壞的細胞,如脂類、蛋白質(zhì)與DNA(Lopaczyski和Zeisel,2001)。雖然正常 細胞擁有對活性氧的抗氧化防御系統(tǒng),細胞損傷的不斷積累導(dǎo)致疾病,如癌癥和老化(Matés和Sánchez Jiménez,2000)。通過消除活性氧在連續(xù)的抗氧化劑量也有預(yù)防這些疾病的作用生物系統(tǒng)(斯甘巴托等。,2001)??鼓[瘤藥物,另一方面,主要是相關(guān)的 損壞的系統(tǒng)的治療作用。正常情況下,DNA或其他組件的單元格 由各種原因不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的損壞進行凋亡細胞死亡,這是一個自我毀滅的代謝根據(jù)基因編碼細胞死亡信號(Korsmeyer,1995;胡珀等。,1999)。不過,癌細胞 已經(jīng)不可逆轉(zhuǎn)地開發(fā),獲取能力,以逃避通過多種方式的凋亡。抗腫瘤藥物的目的 觸發(fā)器在這些癌細胞凋亡信號系統(tǒng)雖然擾亂它們的擴散(加粗等。,1997)。有很多開發(fā)與各種生物活性的植物,包括抗氧化劑,anti-in?ammatory和抗癌活動。例如,一些研究報告,天然產(chǎn)物提取物,如水果、蔬菜和中藥,對癌癥產(chǎn)生積極影響,而化療或最近荷爾蒙治療(Pezzuto,1997;吳等。,2002)。因此,許多植物 已檢查以確定新的和有效的抗氧化和抗癌化合物,以及澄清嗎 預(yù)防癌癥和凋亡的機制(Pietta等。, 1998;金等。1998;Swamy和Tan,2000)在particu,東方藥用植物被認為是其中之一 由于他們的各種物種的最有希望的來源應(yīng)用程序。此外,其療效已 亞洲許多幾十年的臨床使用證明。桔梗根grandi?orum。Candolle(韓國名,Doraji,日本名字,桔梗,和中文名字,'Jiegeng'),屬于桔??萍胰嗽鳛槭称吩匣驏|方傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)。桔梗提取物grandi?orum已報告有廣泛的健康bene?ts。特別是,在韓國,4年的根 一直被用來治療支氣管炎、哮喘、肺結(jié)核、糖尿病和in?ammatory疾病(青木和嗎李1972;李,1973)。最近,其immunopharmacological的影響研究(Nagao等。1986),和一
?對應(yīng) 作者。電話。:+86 822點3290 3435;傳真:+86 822點927 5201。電子郵件地址:limst@korea。交流。氪(S。-t。林)杰。-你們。李等。民族藥物學(xué)93/日志(2004)409–415
些 活性化合物,如三萜(Nikaido等。,1999)和皂甙(石井等。1984)已identi?ed。一些 研究甚至延長桔梗的培育期 22年的grandi?orum使用獲得專利的方法(李,1991),報告說,其水提取物是有效防止膽固醇、血脂異常,CCl4誘導(dǎo)肝毒性(Leeand Jeong, 2002)
先前的研究中,據(jù)報道,原油 桔梗grandi?orum石油醚提取物對人腫瘤細胞表現(xiàn)出強烈的抑制活性增長,有機提取物是更大的活動 比水提取物(李等。,1998)。在這 研究中,桔梗grandi?orumroot石油醚提取物是分次使用漸變?nèi)軇⒑团c商業(yè)的抗氧化活性的比較 抗氧化劑。此外,抗癌活性 分數(shù)也檢查。
2。材料與方法 2.1。物質(zhì) 切碎和干桔梗根grandi?orumA。直流(桔??萍易?Youngju栽培,韓國是從東方草藥市場購買,和韓國分子醫(yī)學(xué)和營養(yǎng)研究所con?rmed身份。人體直腸(HRT-18),肝癌(HepG2)和冒號(HT-29)癌細胞株是從美國購買類型文化集合(馬里蘭州、美國)。Dulbecos Modi?ed鷹介質(zhì)(DMEM),胎牛血清及trypsin–EDTA獲得了從Gibco肝(大 島,紐約,美國),以及文化用品等48-嗯板是向Nunclon品牌產(chǎn)品。3-(45-Dimethylthiazol
2)-25-diphenyltetrazolium溴(美騰)、11-二苯-2-picrylhydrazyl(清除)是從西格瑪-阿德采購公司(st。路易斯、鉬、美國)。硅酸(生物南港100–200網(wǎng))是從生物實驗室的產(chǎn)品。(Richmond CA,美國),薄層色譜分析和制備(薄)是使用硅膠60 F254(默克,達姆施塔特、德國).2.2。提取和分離 桔梗grandi?orum的干燥根(600克)磨成粉,和石油醚提取(4)在室溫72℃的振動。在粉之后 粒子已經(jīng)確定,清除黃色的上清液 ?ltered 0.22?m孔尺寸聚四氟乙烯?lter(Milipore公司, 比爾里卡,美國),集中(10.3克,干重)真空蒸發(fā)。集中被分割(分數(shù)I–V)與溶劑的使用硅膠柱 漸變石油醚和乙醚(9:1–5:5),和分數(shù)集中在減少壓力之下.2.3??寡趸钚缘臏y定
2.3.1。硫氰酸鐵測試(FTC)使用硫氰酸鐵的抗氧化活性分析根據(jù)報告的大澤的方法是執(zhí)行嗎 和Namiki(1981)。干六百微克從每個分數(shù)的固體溶于0.12毫升98 乙醇和2.51的亞油酸溶液2.88毫升EtOH和9毫升40毫米的磷酸鹽緩沖(7.0)已添加。在40?C在黑暗的混合物螺旋蓋瓶。在孵化期間,0.1毫升的部分是 從混合,稀釋75的9.7毫升乙醇,其次是增加0.1毫升30硫氰酸銨。3分鐘后添加0.1毫升20毫米3.5鹽酸中氯化亞鐵,在500納米的紅色吸收測量。的 抑制脂質(zhì)過氧化水平的每個分數(shù) 吸光度比值計算,沒有任何樣品的空白。
2.3.2。硫代巴比妥酸測試(總膽汁酸)這是根據(jù)Kikuzaki和Nakatani報告的方法執(zhí)行(1993)。兩毫升 20三氯醋酸酸和硫代巴比妥酸溶液添加2毫升到1毫升含亞油酸的混合解決方案,根據(jù)FTC的準備過程?;旌衔锓旁诜序v的水 浴10分鐘。在冷卻之后,混合料離心機在20分鐘的轉(zhuǎn)速可達3000,和上清液吸收測量在532納米.2.3.3。DPPH自由基清除測試布洛伊斯所描述的這個測試來衡量(1958)。其中一個 毫升的部分解決方案(50、100和200?g/毫升乙醇)添加到清除解決方案的1毫升(0.2毫米 乙醇)。在30分鐘以后,室溫反應(yīng),吸收的解決方案是為517納米。每個分數(shù)的清除自由基的活性通過比較其吸光度與空白的決定解決方案(示例)。
2.4。對腫瘤細胞的細胞毒性(美騰測試)從原油餾分I–V分居使用硅膠柱和梯度溶劑醚提取物(9:1–5:5),產(chǎn)生0.02–0.33 g/g,基于初始重量粗提取物(表1)??偡雍?在分數(shù)介乎
1.66至4.80毫克/克,與分數(shù)第二,后者是eluted,8:2的混合石油醚 和乙醚,包含酚的最高水平化合物。這是根據(jù)執(zhí)行過程的輕微modi?cation Mosmann報告(1983)。在 48-嗯板,人類癌癥細胞懸液(3×104 細胞/好)是在37?C為24。單元格 然后漂洗和種植在新DMEM包含每個分數(shù)(?g/300毫升)。在24或48的孵化之后,在37?C,DMEM被刪除,而細胞再次創(chuàng)業(yè) 再次與DMEM的0.25毫升和0.05毫升的美騰解決方案(?g/0.5毫升)為4小時。0.7毫升株緩
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沖區(qū)(20 50烷基硫酸鈉N,n-甲酰胺、pH值 4.6)被添加到每個解散美騰產(chǎn)生的紫甲臘,這些細胞被孵化 在未來2小時。板讀取使用分光光度計(型號DU-64)at2
2.6。薄層色譜(薄)硅膠柱的分數(shù)分析與石油的流動相薄層ether:chloroform:methanol(15:7:3伏/視頻/視頻)(A)或石油 醚:乙醚:醋酸(80:20:1 v/視頻/視頻)(B)根據(jù)報告的過程稍微modi?cationAmarowicz等。(2000)。薄層上的分隔點 identi?ed板在紫外燈短(254納米)和長(365納米)波長,并噴灑 H2 SO4。酚類化合物可以可視化的噴涂板1 FeCl3解決方案中的鹽酸1美元(Reio,1958)。快速檢測抗氧化景點的活動,車牌是沾了清除 解決方案(擱樓里瓦斯等。,2000)。在識別之后,多數(shù) 板上的活動現(xiàn)場,使用一個薄層板的制備 刮和收集大量的定量清除抗氧化活性的檢測。
3。結(jié)果和討論
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第五篇:制藥工程專業(yè)英語第11單元課文中英文對照
PART 3 INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY
Unit 11 Tablets(The Pharmaceutical Tablets Dosage Form)
Role in Therapy
The oral route of drug administration is the most important method of administering drugs for systemic effects.Except in cases of Insulin therapy,the parenteral route is not routinely used for self-administration of medications.The topical route 第三部分 工業(yè)藥劑學(xué) 第11單元 藥片(醫(yī)藥的片劑劑型)在治療中的作用口服給藥途徑是通過給藥獲得全身作用效果中最重要的方法。除了胰島素療法之外,腸外給藥途徑通常
不用于(病人的)自主性用藥。而局of administration has only recently been employed to
deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects,with two classes of marketed products: Nitroglycerin硝酸甘油酯 for the treatment of angina心絞痛 and scopolamine莨菪胺 for the treatment of motion sickness暈動病,指暈車、暈船等.Other drugs are certain to follow,but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action.The parenteral route of administration is important in treating medical emergencies in which a subject is comatose昏迷的 or cannot swallow,and in providing various types of maintenance therapy for hospitalized patients.Nevertheless,it is probable that at least 90 % of all drugs used to produce systemic effects are administered投藥,給藥 by the oral route.When a new drug is discovered,one of the first questions a pharmaceutical company asks is whether or not drug can be effectively administered for its intended effect by the oral route.If it cannot,the drug is primarily relegated to被降級到 administration in a hospital setting or physician's office.If patient self-administration cannot be achieved,the sales of the drug constitute only a small fraction of what the market would be otherwise.Of drugs that are administered orally,solid oral dosage forms represent the preferred class of product.The reasons for this preference are as follows.Tablets and capsules represent unit dosage forms in which one usual dose of the drug has been accurately placed.By comparison相比之下,liquid oral dosage forms,such as syrups,suspensions,emulsions,solutions,and elixirs,are usually designed to contain one dose of medication in 5 to 30 ml.The patient is then asked to measure his or her own medication using a teaspoon,部給藥途徑則是在最近才被用來把藥物送到體內(nèi)從而產(chǎn)生全身作用。這種途徑有兩種上市產(chǎn)品:用于治療心絞痛的硝酸甘油酯和用于治療暈動病的莨菪胺。今后肯定還會有其他的藥物相繼出現(xiàn),但是局部給藥的途徑在有效的藥物吸收從而獲得全身性藥物作用方面仍有其局限性。在病人處于昏迷狀態(tài)或病人不能吞咽的醫(yī)療急救處理中,腸外給藥途徑是很重要的,同時它也給住院的病人提供了各種不同類型的維持療法。然而,可能至少有90%的被用于產(chǎn)生全身作用的藥物是通過口服的途徑給藥的。當一種新的藥物被研發(fā)出來的時候,制藥公司問的第一個問題就是這種藥物能否有效地通過口服給藥途徑來達到預(yù)期的效果。如果不能,那么這種藥物就要被降級到醫(yī)院或者醫(yī)生的辦公室里。如果病人的自主用藥不能實現(xiàn),那么(這種)藥物的銷量就會是能實現(xiàn)病人的自主用藥的藥物銷量的很少一部分。在所有通過口服來給藥的藥物當中,固體口服制劑是(人們)偏愛的產(chǎn)品種類。其原因如下:藥片和膠囊代表著單元劑量的形式,其中通常已經(jīng)放置好了一個劑量的藥物。相應(yīng)地,液體口服制劑,比如說糖漿、懸浮液、乳劑、溶液和酏劑,則通常被設(shè)計成在5-30 ml(液體中)包含一個劑量的藥物。病人會被要求用茶匙、調(diào)羹或其他測量裝置來衡量他自己的用藥量。病人自己用藥時這種
劑量測量方法,其誤差范圍通常
tablespoon,other measuring device.Such dosage measurements are typically in error by a factor ranging from 20 %to or 50% when the drug is self-administered by the patient.Liquid oral dosage forms have other disadvantages and limitations when compared with tablets.They are much more expensive to ship(one liquid dosage weighs 5 g or more versus 0.25 to 0.4 g for the average tablet),and breakage or leakage 在20%-50%之間。
液體口服制劑和藥片相比還有其弊端和局限性。它們運輸起來更昂貴(一劑量液體制劑重5 g 或者更多,而普通的藥片只重0.25-0.4 g),而且對于液體制劑來說,在運輸過程中的破壞和泄漏相對于藥片而言也是一個更為嚴重的問題。藥物味道的掩蔽通常也是個問題(如果說藥物在during shipment is a more serious problem with liquids than with tablets.Taste masking of the drug is often a problem(if the drug is in solution even partially).In addition,liquids are less portable便攜的,輕便的 and require much more space per number of doses on the pharmacist's shelf.Drugs are in general less stable(both chemically and physically)in liquid form than in a dry state and expiration dates截止日期 tend to be shorter.Careful attention is required to assure保證 that the product will not allow a heavy microbiologic微生物學(xué)的 burden to develop on standing or under normal conditions of use once opened(preservation requirements儲存要求).There are basically three reasons for having liquid dosage forms of a drug:(1)The liquid form is what the public has come to expect for certain types of products(e.g.cough medicines).(2)The product is more effective in a liquid form(e.g.,many adsorbents and antacids).(3)The drug(s)are used fairly commonly by young children or the elderly,who have trouble swallowing the solid oral dosage forms.Properties
The objective of the design and manufacture of the compressed tablet is to deliver orally the correct amount of drug in the proper form at or over the proper time and in the desired location,and to have its chemical integrity protected to that point.Aside from the physical and chemical properties of the medicinal agent(s)to be formulated into a tablet,the actual physical design,manufacturing process,and complete chemical makeup of the tablet can have a profound深遠的 effect on the efficacy功效 of the drug(s)being administered.A tablet should be an elegant講究的,優(yōu)良的,上等的 product having its own identity while being
溶液中溶解,甚至只是部分溶解)。另外,液體也比較不易攜帶,而且同樣數(shù)目的劑量,液體制劑在醫(yī)生的藥架上占據(jù)的空間(比藥片)要多得多。液體形式的藥物通常比處于干燥狀態(tài)的藥片不穩(wěn)定(不僅在化學(xué)上,物理上也是),而且其有效期也相對較短。(人們)需要小心注意以確保產(chǎn)品在儲存或正常的拆封使用條件下,不會有嚴重的微生物負擔(dān)(保存要求)。制造液體形式的藥物有三個基本的原因:
1、對于某些類型的產(chǎn)品(例如止咳藥),液體劑型已經(jīng)逐漸成為人們期望的形式了。
2、液體形式的藥品更有效(例如許多吸附劑和抗酸劑)。
3、(液體制劑)藥物在小孩兒和老年人中運用相當普遍,對他們來說,吞咽固體的口服制劑有些困難。
性質(zhì)
設(shè)計和制造壓縮片劑的目的是要通過口服把正確數(shù)量的藥物以適當?shù)男问?,在適當?shù)臅r間送達期望的位置,在此之前還要保護藥物的化學(xué)完整性(不受破壞)。除了被加進藥片當中的藥物組分的物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)之外,藥片實際的物理結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、制造過程和完整的化學(xué)組成都對藥物的功效有深遠的影響。
藥片應(yīng)當是一種優(yōu)良的產(chǎn)品,有其自身的特點,同時不能有諸如缺損、裂隙、褪色、污染之類的缺陷;應(yīng)該能經(jīng)得住機械撞擊的考驗,這些撞擊在藥片的生產(chǎn)、包裝、裝運和分發(fā)過程
free of defects such as chips,cracks,discoloration變色褪色,contamination不純,污染,and the like;should have the strength to withstand the rigors of mechanical shocks encountered in its production,packaging,shipping,and dispensing分配分發(fā);and should have the chemical and physical stability to maintain its physical attribute屬性,特質(zhì) over time.Pharmaceutical scientists now understand that various physical properties of tablets can undergo change 中都會有遇到;還應(yīng)該有化學(xué)和物理上的穩(wěn)定性,使其在一段時間內(nèi)能維持自身的物理性能。藥用科學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道,片劑的很多種物理性質(zhì)都會在環(huán)境或壓力條件下發(fā)生改變,而在一些片劑系統(tǒng)中,尤其是片劑對生物利用度的影響方面,片劑的物理穩(wěn)定性比其化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性更重要更受關(guān)注。
under environmental or stress conditions,and that physical stability,through its effect on bioavailability in particular,can be of more significance and concern in some tablet systems than chemical stability.On the other hand,the tablet must be able to release the medicinal agent(s)in the body in a predictable and reproducible可再生的 manner and must have a suitable chemical stability over time so as not to allow alteration改變 of the medicinal agent(s).In many instances,these sets of objectives are competing.The design of a tablet that emphasizes only the desired medicine effects may produce a physically inadequate product.The design of a tablet emphasizing only the physical aspects may produce tablets of limited and varying變化的,不同的 therapeutic effects療效.As one example of this point,Meyer and associates同事 present information on 14 Nitrofurantoin硝化呋喃妥英 products,all of which passed the compendia概略 physical requirements,but showed statistically統(tǒng)計上地,significant bioavailability differences.Selected from Lachman Leon et al.The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy.3 rd ed.Lea and Febiger.Philadelphia.1986.另一方面,片劑還必須能以一種可預(yù)測的、可再生的方式把藥物成分釋放到體內(nèi),而且必須有適當?shù)幕瘜W(xué)穩(wěn)定性使其(有效)成分不會隨時間而改變。在許多情況下,這些目標都是互相抵觸的。只強調(diào)(獲得)預(yù)期藥效的藥片設(shè)計可能會生產(chǎn)出物理性能不足的產(chǎn)品,而只偏重于物理方面的藥物設(shè)計就可能會生產(chǎn)出療效有限并且參差不齊的產(chǎn)品。作為這一點的例子就是,Meyer 和他的同事提供了14種硝化呋喃妥英產(chǎn)品的信息,這14種產(chǎn)品全都通過了概略的物理要求,但是,統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示,它們在生物利用度上卻表現(xiàn)出明顯的差異。
摘自Lachman Leon等.《工業(yè)制藥理論與實