第一篇：器官移植類犯罪初探

由殺雞取卵想起的器官移植涉及的犯罪的思考

器官移植犯罪不是一種單一的犯罪，而是一類犯罪的總稱，是指在器官移植前，器官移植過程中以及器官移植后于器官移植有關(guān)的法定犯罪和待“犯罪化”的各種嚴重危害社會行為的統(tǒng)稱。

在《刑法修正案(八)》頒布之前，對非法買賣人體器官行為以非法經(jīng)營罪加以認定，可以說是在法律未對非法買賣人體器官犯罪加以明確規(guī)定的情況下司法機關(guān)所采取的權(quán)宜之計，有助于從根本上懲治人體器官犯罪，強化刑法對民生的保護?！缎谭ㄐ拚?八)》第37 條所規(guī)定的人體器官犯罪涵蓋了組織出賣人體器官罪、故意傷害罪、故意殺人罪和盜竊、侮辱尸體罪等四種犯罪，除此之外，該類法定的犯罪形式還包括危害公共衛(wèi)生罪中的大部分罪名（如：醫(yī)療事故罪，非法行醫(yī)罪，傳染病菌種、病毒擴散罪等）。作為人體器官犯罪的對象，人體器官既包括活體器官，也涵蓋尸體器官，但不包括同屬人體材料的人體組織和人體細胞。《刑法修正案(八)》未將單位規(guī)定為人體器官犯罪的主體，且在對精神病人人體器官的特殊保護方面并沒有規(guī)定。由于器官移植本身的特殊性，器官移植犯罪還其獨特的表現(xiàn)方式——待“犯罪化”的行為，是指行為人為達到得到人體器官或者移植器官的目的而實施的我國刑法為規(guī)定但是有著嚴重社會危害性的行為。如將精神病人作為器官移植供體的行為、實施異種器官移植實驗導(dǎo)致病毒蔓延的行為。

1、將未成年人、精神病人作為器官移植供體的行為

精神病人全部或者部分喪失了辨認和控制自己行為的能力，有人認為可以將精神病人作為器官移植的供體，以緩解器官移植中供體的不足。雖然精神病人呢在生理上存在缺陷但是因此就否定它所應(yīng)當(dāng)享有的生存權(quán)和健康權(quán)。

精神病人的監(jiān)護人也可在為救助其親屬的情況下代替他們做出同意移植其器官的意思表示，但應(yīng)以不損害他們的健康為限。

2、人體試驗的行為

器官移植的醫(yī)學(xué)上分為同種器官移植和一種器官移植，人與人之間的器官移植為同種器官移植，動物與人之間的移植為異種器官移植。由于人體器官的來源有限，遠不能滿足器官衰竭患者的需求，因此異種器官移植技術(shù)的發(fā)展帶來了新的希望，同時加大了是人類感染動物傳染病的危險。在對于異種器官移植沒有可靠地證據(jù)證明其安全性的問題是，擅自實施異種器官移植，導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)新的傳染性的病毒或者引起傳染性病毒擴散后果的行為，不僅對器官移植的受體會產(chǎn)生極大的危害，而且還可能會觸發(fā)新的艾滋病流行，危機整個人類的生存，對于這種急功近利，缺乏醫(yī)學(xué)倫理道德觀念，無視病人甚至整個人類利益的人體試驗行為，有必要從嚴懲處。

人體器官、人體組織和人體細胞都對人體健康具有重要價值，能夠有效彌補相關(guān)器官、組織的功能性缺失。從對該三類人體材料實施犯罪行為的危害性來看，非法摘取人體組織和人體細胞的行為對人體健康的損害和生命的威脅是存在的。面對個體的骨髓、角膜、心臟瓣膜等人體組織被非法摘取的情形，恐怕很難說這樣的行為的社會危害性程度要遠遠小于摘取人體肝、腎等器官。在司法實踐和現(xiàn)實生活中，已經(jīng)存在著非法摘取、出售人體組織的行為，對此有通過立法予以規(guī)制的必要，當(dāng)然，考慮到刑事立法的謙抑性，在人體組織和人體細胞的立法保護方面，可以優(yōu)先選擇將人體組織犯罪納入刑法調(diào)整的范圍，畢竟，與人體組織和人體器官相比，人體細胞對公眾健康權(quán)的侵害沒有那么嚴重。

法律是規(guī)制和促進器官移植事業(yè)發(fā)展，保障公民生命健康權(quán)利的的最佳手段, 因此人體器官移植立法的腳步必須加快?？v觀世界各國的人體器官移植立法, 吸取其中適合我國國情的制度和規(guī)則, 不斷完善對于生命健康權(quán)利的保護, 無疑將會規(guī)范并促進我國人體器官移植事業(yè)加速發(fā)展。

第二篇：犯罪類話題有點像

在雅思寫作的考試中，犯罪類話題有點像“最熟悉的陌生人”，稱它“熟悉”是因為除了在小作文中偶爾亮個相之外，每年大作文中都有三到四次的考察頻率，并不算特別冷門；而說它“陌生”是因為在考生族群絕大多數(shù)是學(xué)生的大背景下，犯罪似乎是一個離考生們的生活稍微有那么一點兒距離的話題，至少不太為多數(shù)的中國學(xué)生所討論。那么為了避免在考場上出現(xiàn)“你不問我就不談，你問了我就認栽”的尷尬狀況，甚至很多考生表示在看到該類話題的一瞬間就有了重新報考下一場考試的念頭，筆者今天就稍微整理一下雅思寫作對于“犯罪類話題”的考察，通過考察要求和應(yīng)對方案這兩個角度來解構(gòu)一下這塊難啃的硬骨頭。

一、考察要求

在這樣一個大數(shù)據(jù)時代，明確雅思寫作考試對于“犯罪類話題”的考察要求的最佳方式莫過于回顧一下歷年的真題，在眾多的真題中找到一點官方出題的規(guī)律，讓數(shù)據(jù)講實話。

20080112: Some peoplethink the best way of reducing crime is to give longer prison sentences.Others,however, think there are other better ways to reduce crime.Discuss both views andgive your own opinion.20080918: Some peoplethink sending criminals to prison is not an effectiveway to deal with them.Education and job training are better.Towhat extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? 20090917: Some peoplethink that all the lawbreakers should be sent into the jail, while others believethat they should also be made to do some work or learn some skills in the community.What is your opinion? 20100130: Many peoplebelieve that today there is a general increase in anti-social behaviors and lackof respect for others.What might have caused this situation?How to improve it? 20100804: In manyparts of the world childrenand teenagers are committing more crimes.What are the causes and how shouldthey be punished? 20110122: Todaythere is a great increase in anti-social behaviors and lack of respect to others.What are the causes of this? Who should take responsibilityfor dealing with it? 20110820: Some peoplebelieve that if police force carries guns, this encourages higher levels of violencein that society.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20120512: Todayprison is the most common solution for crime.But some people think thatit would be a more effective way to provide them with better education to prevent themfrom becoming criminals.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20121103: Many peopleare afraid to leave home because of crimes.Some people believe that more action should be takento prevent crimes, but others feel little can be done.Discuss both views and giveyour opinion.20130216: Some peoplethink all lawbreakers should be sent to prison, while others believethat there are better alternatives.Discuss both views and give your opinion.20131109: Some peoplebelieve that young peoplewho commit serious crimes should be punished in the same way as adults.To whatextent do you agree or disagree? 20140607: Some peoplebelieve that if the police force carries guns, it would encourage a higher levelof violence in the society.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20140802: In manyparts of the world, childrenand teenagers are committing more crimes, what are the causes? How should theseyoung criminals to be punished.20141108: Some peoplethink most crimes are the result of circumstanceslike poverty and other social problems.Others believe that they are caused by people who arebad in nature.Discuss both views and give your opinion.20150425: Some peoplethink that teenagersshould be given the same punishment as adult criminals.To what extent do you agreeor disagree? 20150618: In manycountries, a high proportion of criminal acts are committed by teenagers.What are the causes of this phenomenonand how to solve it.20150903: Many peopleare afraid to leave their homes because of their fear of crime.Some believe thatmore action should be taken to prevent crime, but othersfeel that little can be done.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.題目中標紅的部分為涉及到對罪犯懲處的討論，而標橙的部分為涉及到犯罪原因和解決方式的討論，另外標注陰影的部分為涉及到青少年犯罪的討論，沒有任何標注的為警察配槍的話題，因而得到以下這個餅圖。

我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，雖然討論的是犯罪類這樣一個稍顯小眾的話題，但是考察的方向仍然是有限并且有規(guī)律的。主要的四大方向有：

一、罪犯的處罰方式；

二、犯罪行為的原因和應(yīng)對；

三、青少年犯罪；

四、警察配槍的問題。并且隨著時間的推移，近年來針對青少年犯罪的考察更加頻繁，并且有與其他話題跨界及合并的趨勢。所以在平時的教學(xué)過程中可以從思路和詞匯兩個方面入手，找準題目的切入口并且儲備一定量的相關(guān)詞匯，幫助考生掌握常見的犯罪類話題正確的寫作方式，從而做到充分準備和從容應(yīng)對。

二、應(yīng)對方案

罪犯的處罰方式的考察一般是要求考生在“直接投入監(jiān)獄”和“提供教育和培訓(xùn)”中做出討論和選擇，所以考生應(yīng)該要做以下頭腦風(fēng)暴：

※ 對罪犯進行監(jiān)禁是有一定的必要性的，不然這個世界也不會有監(jiān)獄這種東西的存在了。尤其是對于一些嚴重危害社會安全或者屢教不改重復(fù)犯罪的犯人，把他們投入監(jiān)獄體現(xiàn)了法律的公正和嚴明，利用監(jiān)禁剝奪罪犯的人身自由來達到懲戒的目的，也是對于其他守法者的人身和財產(chǎn)安全的保護。另外對于受害者的家人，也算是一種精神上的安慰。監(jiān)獄作為一種懲罰工具，不僅可以有效地控制犯罪者的行為，同時也能對潛在的犯罪分子有一定的威懾作用?！?相關(guān)語料

crime = criminality 犯罪

the incidence of various criminalities hovers at a relatively high level 犯罪率居高不下

afflict/agonize the sufferers 給受害者帶來痛苦 jeopardize the security of the society 危害社會的安全

habitual criminals = hardened criminals 慣犯、怙惡不悛的罪犯 recidivism = repetitive criminality = continuous crimes 累計犯罪 criminals = offenders = law-breakers=perpetrators 犯罪分子 felons = serious offenders 重刑犯 reactionary gang 黑幫 gangster 歹徒、惡棍 terrorist 恐怖分子 bully 小混混 rehabilitate 改造

serve the purpose of rehabilitating criminals 起到改造罪犯的作用 imprison(imprisonment)關(guān)押

put into prison/jail = locked behind the bars 投入監(jiān)獄 be deprived of freedom 被剝奪了自由 penal 刑事的 civil 民事的

fairness = justice = impartiality 公正性 judicial system 司法制度 potential criminals 潛在罪犯 deter威懾，震懾

deter sb from doing sth = stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做…… have a deterring effect on 對…有威懾作用

has a deterrent role to play in…… 可以在……方面發(fā)揮威懾作用 provide criminals with custom-tailored ways of reclamation 應(yīng)該提供量體裁衣（因人而異）的改造方式 victim 受害者 human right 人權(quán)

provide the victims and their families with great spiritualconsolation 給受害人及家庭以精神上的慰藉

※ 對于其他偶發(fā)性的犯罪行為，要參考犯罪動機來制定懲罰方式。比如過失犯罪者和法律意識不健全的罪犯，進行法律知識的普及和教育是必要的。對于因為迫于生計而進行犯罪的，要給予他們生存技能的培訓(xùn)，這樣才能有效地防止再次犯罪。另外還要考慮到有些人犯罪是由于心理方面的問題，所以給予這部分罪犯心理上的疏導(dǎo)和幫助更為實際?！?相關(guān)語料 motive 動機 petty crime 輕微罪行 act on impulse 一時沖動 leniently 寬容地

be fully aware of something 充分意識到 legal consciousness 法律意識 popularize 普及 publicize 宣傳

identify the true motivation behind criminals 找到罪犯背后的動機 livelihood 生計、生存

the hardship of making a living 謀生的艱難 survival skill 生存技能

mental disease/illness/disorder 心理疾病 psychological guidance 心理疏導(dǎo) feasible = practical 實際的、可行的

released prisoners = those who are set free from the prison刑滿釋放的人 犯罪行為的原因和應(yīng)對這個考察點主要是讓考生對于犯罪行為產(chǎn)生的原因進行分類討論并且給出相應(yīng)的解決方案，考生需要做以下的頭腦風(fēng)暴

※ 青少年犯罪行為的原因可以結(jié)合教育類話題來思考，除了本身青春期的沖動，明辨是非能力較弱外，更多的原因是來自于家庭的教育和社會環(huán)境的影響。家庭方面要考慮到父母對于孩子的溺愛、忽視和離異可能會讓孩子變得以自我為中心，不考慮他人的感受，甚至無視法律。社會方面要考慮到網(wǎng)絡(luò)和其他媒體上有很多包含暴力元素的影視作品，而心智不成熟的青少年很容易盲目地模仿，甚至觸犯法律和道德的底線?！?相關(guān)語料

youth crime = teenage crime = juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪 teenage criminal = young offender = juvenile law-breaker 少年犯 adolescence 青春期 immature = naive 不成熟 impulse 沖動 hormone 荷爾蒙

distinguish right from wrong 明辨是非 spoil = dote 溺愛 neglect = ignore 忽視

parental divorce/separation 父母離異 single-parent household 單親家庭

limited access to education 受教育程度有限 self-oriented 以自我為中心 Internet = cyber 網(wǎng)絡(luò) indiscriminate 盲目的 imitation = duplication 模仿

arouse one’s violent impulse 誘發(fā)暴力沖動

mislead one’s life outlook and values 誤導(dǎo)人生觀和價值觀 go/lead astray 誤入歧途 embark on the criminal road 走上犯罪道路

conduct some anti-social offences 做出反社會的行為 misconduct = misdeed 劣跡、惡行違法行為 相關(guān)例句：

1.Without appropriateparental guidance, those teenagers who lack the capability to distinguish rightfrom wrong are vulnerable to the violent or pornographic content on TV shows.一旦缺失了父母合理的引導(dǎo)，那些缺乏明辨是非能力的青少年很容易成為電視節(jié)目中暴力色情內(nèi)容的受害者。

2.The over commercializedmass media is besieged with vivid depiction of various criminal activities and violence.過度商業(yè)化的大眾傳媒中充斥著對于犯罪和暴力行為生動的報道和描述。3.Television violencehas contributed directly to the rising crime, as evidence by statistics showinga dramatic rise in copycat crimes.統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)表明因模仿而產(chǎn)生的犯罪行為有急劇的增長，這佐證了電視中的暴力元素直接地導(dǎo)致了日益增長的犯罪率。

※ 成年人犯罪行為的原因可以結(jié)合社會類話題來思考，一方面科學(xué)研究的確表明謀殺等犯罪行為和基因遺傳有一定的聯(lián)系，另一方面成年人的犯罪行為更多的與其所處的環(huán)境有關(guān)，比如貧富差距過大，缺少必要的生存技能，教育程度低導(dǎo)致的法律意識淡薄等?！?相關(guān)語料 homicide 他殺 murder 謀殺 gene 基因 inheritance 遺傳

growth environment 成長環(huán)境 less educated 教育程度低

wealth gap between rich and poor 貧富差距 相關(guān)例句：

1.Some people dohave the tendency of violence that is probably inherited via their genes.有人確實天生具有暴力傾向，這可能是從基因中遺傳而來的。

2.Individuals havesome inherited characteristics and these can be significant in affecting their personalitiesand behaviors.人們都有一些遺傳的特征，這些特征對他們的性格和行為有很大的影響。解決方案方面，需要結(jié)合前面的原因討論給出有針對性的提議。

※ 根據(jù)青少年犯罪的特點，更多地考慮到年齡段的特殊性來制定懲罰措施。除非是惡性犯罪或者慣犯，需要投入監(jiān)獄并輔以教育，其他的較為輕微的犯罪行為，應(yīng)該以教育為主并且輔以社區(qū)義務(wù)勞動。☆ 相關(guān)語料

malicious 惡性的、惡意的

take into account/consideration 考慮在內(nèi) receive different penalty 接受不同的懲罰 punish(punishment)= penalize(penalty)懲罰 community service 社區(qū)義務(wù)服務(wù)

provide favorable educational environment 提供良好的教育環(huán)境

※ 成年人犯罪要充分考慮到犯罪動機和社會影響，以囚禁和教育（法律知識、生存技能和心理輔導(dǎo)）相結(jié)合的形式進行懲處，最終達到防止再次犯罪的目的?！?相關(guān)語料

criminal motive 犯罪動機 social influence/impact 社會影響

strengthen/enhance one’s law-abiding awareness 提高守法意識 commit crime again 再次犯罪 combine = integrate 結(jié)合、綜合

※ 家庭方面，父母要多關(guān)注孩子的成長和心理變化，并且與學(xué)校加強溝通和互動，及時發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，防微杜漸。父母本身也要做好榜樣，日常生活中避免家庭暴力并遵紀守法?！?相關(guān)語料

physical and psychological well-being 身心健康 communication and interaction 溝通和互動 set an example for 樹立榜樣 role model 行為榜樣 domestic violence 家庭暴力 observe discipline 遵紀 abide by laws 守法

※ 社會方面，完善相關(guān)立法，違法必究，執(zhí)法必嚴。同時要對媒體和網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)容加強審查，建立分級制度。此外還要注重社會公平，縮小貧富差距，維持社會穩(wěn)定和和諧。增強警力并且在公共場所安裝更多的攝像頭，對潛在的犯罪分子產(chǎn)生威懾作用?！?相關(guān)語料 legislation 立法

implement = carry out 執(zhí)行 censorship 審查 supervise = monitor 監(jiān)管

purify the cyber world 凈化網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界 legislation 立法

enact laws 出臺、制定法律 stability 穩(wěn)定 harmony 和諧

bridge/narrow the gap 縮小差距 police force 警力

surveillance camera 監(jiān)控攝像頭

另一個考察方向是青少年犯罪是否應(yīng)該和成年人犯罪采取同樣的懲罰方式，這里可以重點分析這二者的區(qū)別，頭腦風(fēng)暴可以參考上文所提及的青少年犯罪和成年人犯罪的原因，文中讓步段可以稍微提一下相同的懲罰措施是對法律公平性的體現(xiàn)，但是主體段還是分析二者巨大的差異性而提出不該同罪同罰的論點，并且點明同罪同罰對于青少年以后的人生和成長不利?！?相關(guān)語料

fixed punishment = be punished alike = receive identical punishment同罪同罰 disparity = difference 差異 characteristic = feature = trait 特點

personalized = customized 個性化的、因人而異的

最后一個考察方向是警察是否應(yīng)該配槍的問題，這個話題的考察頻率最低（僅在2004年、2011年和2014年出現(xiàn)過），但是難度很大，很多考生如果沒有思考過類似的問題，很難在考場上短時間內(nèi)完成該話題的寫作。所以該話題的頭腦風(fēng)暴應(yīng)該有以下幾個方向。

※ 支持警察配槍的理由包括：這么做既可以有效地處理正在發(fā)生的犯罪行為并且終結(jié)混亂，又可以威懾潛在犯罪行為并保障公共安全。其次，配備槍支可以保障警察的人身安全，在面臨暴徒的時候可以做到自我防衛(wèi)。最后配槍行為也是一個執(zhí)法力的象征，讓普通民眾感到安全。☆ 相關(guān)語料

possess guns 持有槍支 armed police 武裝警察 gun control 槍支管控

effectively and efficiently 有效并且高效 crack down on 制裁、鎮(zhèn)壓 crime scene 犯罪現(xiàn)場 chaos = mess 混亂

a symbol of capability to enforce the law 執(zhí)法能力的象征 deter 威懾 terrorism 恐怖主義 potential crime 潛在犯罪 personal security 人身安全 public safety 公共安全 self-defense 自我防衛(wèi) sense of safety/security 安全感

※ 反對警察配槍的理由包括，警察可能會濫用槍支，在與持槍罪犯的交火中導(dǎo)致無辜民眾受傷，增加了執(zhí)法的風(fēng)險。但是訓(xùn)練有素的警察是可以降低這一風(fēng)險的，所以反方提出的風(fēng)險是可以被減小和規(guī)避的。☆ 相關(guān)語料 abuse 濫用

accidental injury = be shot by mistake 誤傷 innocent 無辜的 civilian平民、民眾 pedestrian 行人 well-trained 訓(xùn)練有素的 risky 有風(fēng)險的 evade 避免、規(guī)避

最后，希望考生們在平時可以多讀書、多觀察、多思考，在準備各個話題的時候都可以問自己兩個問題，第一寫什么，第二如何去寫。前者是解決話題的切入點，讓自己變得有話可說，后者是關(guān)注詞匯、語法和論證，讓自己的觀點能夠被讀者理解并且信服。當(dāng)然，作文從本質(zhì)上而言是寫出來的，而并非是看出來或者想出來的，所以各位考生還是要多多練筆，多修改才能有進步。

第三篇：雅思寫作犯罪類

雅思寫作教育類范文

1.In many countries, crime is increasing.What are the main reasons for this? What can be done to improve the situation? Although it is arguably impossible to pinpoint a single cause for the recent rise in global crime, the main culprits are thought to be poverty and political oppression.A commonality between the two appears to be the dissatisfaction of a people.Thus, it is argued that global crime can be reduced through measures that promote public feelings of well-being and security.To prove this, strategies that reduce poverty and oppression will be analyzed.Firstly, encouraging prosperity among poverty-stricken areas can be a very powerful tool when combating crime.For example, a once dangerous area of my hometown in Ottawa has undergone major infrastructural development over the past twenty years.The addition of schools, libraries and quality health facilities led to the establishment of a new economical status for the people who lived there.With the rise of this new affluence came a major fall in crime rates.This clearly shows how tackling the issue of poverty creates inroads against violations of the law.In addition to this, providing people more political freedom can also reduce crime.For instance, over the past ten years China has increasingly allowed critical comment of its ruling party to appear in local newspapers.Despite the fact that this level of freedom pales in comparison with many other countries, it is felt this thawing of political control has done a lot to reduce crime rates across the country.Thus, providing increasing levels of political freedom can be seen as a measure to combat crime.After analyzing the reduction of poverty and political oppression, it is felt that crime is best tackled by reducing the causes of unrest among people.By following this course of action, major reductions in global crime rates are expected.2.Giving detailed descriptions of crime by newspaper and television, someone says it could make bad consequence;this kind of media should be restricted.To what extent do you agree or not agree? There is no doubt that the detailed descriptions of crimes have been given by most of newspapers and television programs these days.Based on this, some people think that this is adverse for the children.This is partly because such kind of descriptions will give them a deep negative impression.Surely, I agree that detailed descriptions of crimes should be limited by the government.Also, I believe that the detailed descriptions of crimes will increase the incidence of crimes.They point out that thousands of criminals learn how to commit a crime from TVs or films.It is well aware that the crimes in young children are increasing annually, and it would associate with a wide range of crimes which children watch every day.For example, the same means, as the films show, is similar to the crimes in the actual society, such as robbery, sexual crimes and murders.On the other hand, other people argue that it is pointless to restrict this kind of media.They probably think that the detailed descriptions of crimes are beneficial for people to prevent crimes.It seems that people will improve alert sense, when they see the crime means as TV programs show.However, they hardly realize that the negatives outnumber the positives.In the meanwhile, people can learn how to prevent crimes by the other means such as Internet and books.In conclusion, I would like to express that the detailed descriptions of crimes should be restricted, but also that the government should appeal to people to learn how to keep away from crimes or dangers.3.Prison is not a cure for crime.To reduce crime in the long-term, courts should significantly reduce prison sentences and focus on education and community work to help criminals not to re-offend.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? There are many different opinions on the best way to reduce crime.The traditional solution is to be hard on criminals and put them in prison for a very long time.An opposing view is expressed by people with more modern ideas.They think that education and job training are the long-term solutions to cutting crime.So who is rightIt is important to understand that some people are a real danger to society and need to stay in prison for a very long time.4.問題同上

As a punishment for criminals passed down generation after generation, imprisonment seems an effective deterrence.However, this is not true in dealing with the problem of soaring crime rate.So some people begin to challenge the existing practice, and suggest that education and job training should be offered to them.Personally, I am in favor of this proposal.To start with, there is no evidence showing a direct link between the imprisonment of criminals and the decline of crime rate.On the contrary, after being in prison for some time, some criminal recommit the same error, which indicates the failure of the very intention of imprisonment.Secondly, criminals, as human beings, may become very sensitive and self-abased for the prison record, they may even lose the confidence to lead ordinary and law-abiding lives.As a result, they may write themselves off as hopeless and resume the role of wrongdoers again.Last but not least, establishing and running too many prisons is a great financial strain for the government, which is a waste of money as well as human resources.In contrast, education and job training is a practice embodying humanism.It gives the wrongdoers a chance to the correct their misconduct and turn over a new leaf.This is especially true for those who go astray under some negative influence.By receiving job training, criminals may make a proper living rather than gaining profit in an illegal way.It would not long before the wrongdoers realize that they are still a member of community and they are not discriminated, which helps rebuild their confidence as well as contribute to the society.In conclusion, sending criminals to prison may serve as a deterrent rather than a solution to the problem, yet education and job training should be effective in the long run.5.Should parents be responsible for the kids crime? A recent report showing a 14-year-old child has killed her grandmother.The incident itself is very stunning to the public.Just as shown in the topic, crimes are not supposed to be done by younger people who are not legally responsible for what they did.What seems urgent to us is my appeals for those parents who should take the responsibility for any thing like this which should be prevented in advance.The most sounding reason for this is child should be supervised not only by school but also by his direct custody-his parents.No matter what blame we could put on child who has limited awareness of knowing what is correct to do and what is not, parents are not free from the duty that is already endowed by the society to watch their kids growing healthily.Moreover, parents have inevitable duty to educate their kids, let them know more about legal issues and right behaviors which is their basic lesson for life.We could be sure a kid is a good kid without any discipline of their parents.In terms of discipline, parents should also take the responsibility to face some punishment as they are supposed to be disciplined by the cruelty of society.Any kind of the crime indicated by the above itself means a lot to them and they should face the all around blames from the society and neighborhood.The loss of such a lawsuit will result in both the loss of face of their dignity and the loss of money in order to cover the compensation for the victims.So far so good, as for the age of kids who should take legal responsibility to such crime, the law has already settled for it.Countries around the world vary greatly.There is no fixed line, but one thing is sure, as soon as you grow into adult you should be responsible for what you do in society

6.Putting criminals into prisons is not an effective way to deal with them.Instead, education and job training should be offered.To what extent do you agree or disagree? How to handle criminals is a problem that all countries and societies face.Traditionally, the approach has been to punish them by placing them in prisons to pay for what they have done.Some, however, advocate for trying to make them better with training and education and it seems they may have a good point.First of all, consider all the money that we have to spend to lock people up in jail.It doesn’t seem like a good use of public money if the people don’t actually get any better.Because most criminals eventually are let out of prison, our focus should be on making them better citizens.In fact, the reason why many people end up in jail in the first place is because they didn’t have a good education or happy family.So if they can learn job skills they perhaps can find work and feel they can contribute in a positive way.If they do this, they won’t need crime.Surly everyone deserves a second chance.Of course this does not mean that we should be too lenient on criminals.Those who commit crime should still be punished, but during their punishment they should also be treated.If we make an investment in them and show compassion, most will be able to make a new start.To summarize, we must make more of an effort to go to the root of the problem.We need to treat criminals as patients and give them the medicine they need: education and training.By giving people the skills for a second chance we can make our society safer and healthier.詞匯：Punish Vt.懲罰，處罰

Advocate Vt.提倡

jail n.監(jiān)獄=prison lenient adj.寬大的，仁慈的 compassion n.同情

patient n.病人 短語：in jail 監(jiān)禁

end up 最后結(jié)果

commit crime 犯罪

make an investment in 投資于

make an effort to do 努力去做 三分鐘熟讀或背誦本文最實用的三個句子：

In fact, the reason why many people end up in jail in the first place is because they didn’t have a good education or happy family.We need to treat criminals as patients and give them the medicine they need: education and training.By giving people the skills for a second chance we can make our society safer and healthier.7.Some people think the media should not report details of crimes to the public.To what extent do you agree or disagree?（8分）

With the crime rate hovering at high level, the print media as well as the electronic media dedicate large proportions of their space or airtime to detailed crime coverage.Whether the media should present detailed accounts of crimes has triggered spirited debate.Many assert that the news media should stop giving details of crimes.Speaking for myself, I totally agree with their views.In the first place, given the mercenary motives behind most detailed crime coverage, it is imperative that we discourage such coverage.The principal purpose of reporter covering criminal acts is to boost newspaper circulations or television ratings;much detailed crime coverage is biased or exaggerated.It only serves to leave a multitude of citizens constantly fearful about crime.In the second place, detailed reports of crimes by the press afford the potential criminals very useful learning materials.Reporting crimes in graphic detail helps those who are in the process of plan some criminal act to perfect their plans.Drawing on the well-documented crime stories in the media, would-be criminals learn how to avoid the mistakes in their crime.And this may aggravate the already soaring crime rate.In the third place, detailed reports of heinous crimes may traumatize the victims of the reported crimes.The reporters rarely consult the victims before they describe details of horrific crimes to the public.Hence, such reports become nothing more than an attempt to satisfy the curiosity of some base minds.Without the victims' consent, graphic accounts of crimes may become nightmares to them.In sum, detailed crime coverage in the media undermines our lives in several ways.I am convinced if such reports continue to go uncontrolled, it will exert even more baneful influence on individuals, communities and societies.表示同意可替換：approve of/ wholeheartedly support/ cannot agree with their view more/ consent to/ am for 不同意可替換：disagree with/ am against/ am opposed to/ object to/ disapprove of/ cannot go along with Sample 1: Prison is not a cure for crime.To reduce crime in the long-term, courts should significantly reduce prison sentences and focus on education and community work to help criminals not to re-offend.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

There are many different opinions on the best way to reduce crime.The traditional solution is to be hard on criminals and put them in prison for a very long time.An opposing view is expressed by people with more modern ideas.They think that education and job training are the long-term solutions to cutting crime.So whoe is right – the traditionalists or the modernists? People in favour of reducing prison sentences often argue that prisons should not sumply be places of punishment.In traditional prisons, people learn a lot about crime, so when they leave prison, they will commit more crimes.Education, however, gives people the skills to get a job when they leave prison, which means that they will probably not re-offend.Part-time work experience in the community is also very helpful as it is a step back into everyday life in society.People can be in prison, but they can also feel they are doing useful work.On the other hand, some people argue that long prison sentences are right because the punishment should fit the crime.If, for example, someone commits a serious crime such as band robbery, they should go to prison for a long time.They also believe that reducing prison sentences significantly reduces people’s fear of prison and consequently, people will commit more crimes.People will not be frightened of going to a prison which is like a university with learning and work experience opportunities.In short, I agree that education and community work can have an important role in helping reduce crime, but there should be strict controls on the type of community work prisoners can do – It is important to understand that some people are a rea danger to society and need to stay in prison for a very long time.Crime 類常用詞匯

觸犯法律——break/ violate/ flout/ disobey the law 犯罪——commit a crime

罪行——offences/ crimes/ criminal acts 罪犯——criminal/ offender/ culprit /perpetrator

從犯——accomplice / accessory（noun）（后者指幫助犯罪單未直接參與的人）

憎恨社會——resent society/ hold a grudge against society 囚犯——inmate/convicts 受害者——victim 心理創(chuàng)傷——trauma 牢房——cell

監(jiān)禁——imprison / incarcerate someone 被繩之以法——be brought to justice 寬容的——lenient

改造罪犯——reform/ rehabilitate criminals 執(zhí)法部門——law enforcement agencies 重罪——heinous crime/ flagitious crime/ felony 輕罪——petty crime / misdemeanor 初犯的人——first-time offender

慣犯——hardened criminals/ repeat criminals 再次犯罪——revert to crime 守法的公民——law-abiding citizens 遵守法律——abide by/ comply with the law 無視…——disregard

給某人造成心理創(chuàng)傷——traumatize someone 抓捕——track down/ hunt down/ capture 犯罪傾向——criminal tendency

arson 縱火;burglary 盜竊;fraud 詐騙;kidnapping 綁架;smuggling 走私

指控某人：charge sb.with(a crime)被指控：be charged with(a crime)

受害者：victim

有罪的：guilty

無罪的，清白的：innocent

判處某人…年有期徒刑/死刑 sentence sb.to … years/ to death

囚禁：imprison v.imprisonment n.put sb.into jail/ prison

改造：reform, rehabilitate v.rehabilitation n.勞動改造：rehabilitation through labour

震懾，威懾：deter v.deterrent n.& adj.社區(qū)服務(wù)：community service

罰款：impose a fine on sb.監(jiān)禁：custodial sentence

死刑：capital sentence/ death penalty

青少年犯罪：juvenile delinquency 少年犯：juvenile delinquent

校園暴力：campus violence/ school bullying

家長教育不好：bad/ poor parenting 學(xué)校教育：schooling

溺愛：spoil v.& n.過度縱容的：excessively permissive

單親家庭：single-parent household/ family

缺乏父母的關(guān)愛：lack v.parental care

不穩(wěn)定的家庭生活：unstable family life

貧困的經(jīng)濟背景：poor economic background

暴力傾向：violent inclination

媒體暴力：media violence

攻擊性行為：aggressive behaviour

經(jīng)常接觸到暴力：repeated exposure to violence

唆使，煽動：instigate

攻擊：assault v.& n.歹徒，流氓：gangster

參與犯罪：engage in acts of crime

犯罪心理學(xué)：criminal psychology

青少年心理：juvenile mentality

性格形成期：formative years/ stage/ period

情感上的困惑：emotional disturbance

情緒不穩(wěn)定：emotional instability

任性的：wilful, self-willed

反社會的行為：anti-social behaviour

缺乏自信：lack n.of self-confidence 缺乏自尊：low self-esteem

自卑情結(jié)：inferior complexity

缺乏溝通：lack of communication

家長的管教：parental control and instruction

兩代間的溝通：intergenerational communication

樹立生活目標：set up life goals

自我實現(xiàn)：self-realisation

公共場所安裝監(jiān)控攝像頭：the installation of surveillance cameras in public places

配備槍支的警察：policemen equipped with pistols

防盜的：burglar-proof/ theft proof

確保安全：ensure security

觀察、監(jiān)控：keep a lookout over

準確無誤地記錄下全過程：keep an accurate record of

偷看隱私：peep privacy

Crime 類模板

With the incidence of crime hovering at high levels, many people have become disturbed and alarmed.隨著犯罪率居高不下，很多人被困擾并變得警覺。

The proliferation of criminal acts has rendered many citizens apprehensive and fearful.嚴重罪行的擴散讓很多人變得恐懼害怕。

第四篇：人體器官移植條例

【發(fā)布單位】國務(wù)院

【發(fā)布文號】國務(wù)院令第491號 【發(fā)布日期】2007-03-31 【生效日期】2007-05-01 【失效日期】

【所屬類別】國家法律法規(guī) 【文件來源】中國政府網(wǎng)

人體器官移植條例

(國務(wù)院令第491號)

《人體器官移植條例》已經(jīng)2007年3月21日國務(wù)院第171次常務(wù)會議通過，現(xiàn)予公布，自2007年5月1日起施行。

總 理 溫家寶

二○○七年三月三十一日

人體器官移植條例

第一章 總則

第一條 為了規(guī)范人體器官移植，保證醫(yī)療質(zhì)量，保障人體健康，維護公民的合法權(quán)益，制定本條例。

第二條 在中華人民共和國境內(nèi)從事人體器官移植，適用本條例；從事人體細胞和角膜、骨髓等人體組織移植，不適用本條例。

本條例所稱人體器官移植，是指摘取人體器官捐獻人具有特定功能的心臟、肺臟、肝臟、腎臟或者胰腺等器官的全部或者部分，將其植入接受人身體以代替其病損器官的過程。

第三條 任何組織或者個人不得以任何形式買賣人體器官，不得從事與買賣人體器官有關(guān)的活動。

第四條 國務(wù)院衛(wèi)生主管部門負責(zé)全國人體器官移植的監(jiān)督管理工作?？h級以上地方人民政府衛(wèi)生主管部門負責(zé)本行政區(qū)域人體器官移植的監(jiān)督管理工作。

各級紅十字會依法參與人體器官捐獻的宣傳等工作。

第五條 任何組織或者個人對違反本條例規(guī)定的行為，有權(quán)向衛(wèi)生主管部門和其他有關(guān)部門舉報；對衛(wèi)生主管部門和其他有關(guān)部門未依法履行監(jiān)督管理職責(zé)的行為，有權(quán)向本級人民政府、上級人民政府有關(guān)部門舉報。接到舉報的人民政府、衛(wèi)生主管部門和其他有關(guān)部門對舉報應(yīng)當(dāng)及時核實、處理，并將處理結(jié)果向舉報人通報。

第六條 國家通過建立人體器官移植工作體系，開展人體器官捐獻的宣傳、推動工作，確定人體器官移植預(yù)約者名單，組織協(xié)調(diào)人體器官的使用。

第二章 人體器官的捐獻

第七條 人體器官捐獻應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循自愿、無償?shù)脑瓌t。

公民享有捐獻或者不捐獻其人體器官的權(quán)利；任何組織或者個人不得強迫、欺騙或者利誘他人捐獻人體器官。

第八條 捐獻人體器官的公民應(yīng)當(dāng)具有完全民事行為能力。公民捐獻其人體器官應(yīng)當(dāng)有書面形式的捐獻意愿，對已經(jīng)表示捐獻其人體器官的意愿，有權(quán)予以撤銷。

公民生前表示不同意捐獻其人體器官的，任何組織或者個人不得捐獻、摘取該公民的人體器官；公民生前未表示不同意捐獻其人體器官的，該公民死亡后，其配偶、成年子女、父母可以以書面形式共同表示同意捐獻該公民人體器官的意愿。

第九條 任何組織或者個人不得摘取未滿18周歲公民的活體器官用于移植。

第十條 活體器官的接受人限于活體器官捐獻人的配偶、直系血親或者三代以內(nèi)旁系血親，或者有證據(jù)證明與活體器官捐獻人存在因幫扶等形成親情關(guān)系的人員。

第三章 人體器官的移植

第十一條 醫(yī)療機構(gòu)從事人體器官移植，應(yīng)當(dāng)依照《醫(yī)療機構(gòu)管理條例》的規(guī)定，向所在地省、自治區(qū)、直轄市人民政府衛(wèi)生主管部門申請辦理人體器官移植診療科目登記。

醫(yī)療機構(gòu)從事人體器官移植，應(yīng)當(dāng)具備下列條件：

（一）有與從事人體器官移植相適應(yīng)的執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師和其他醫(yī)務(wù)人員；

（二）有滿足人體器官移植所需要的設(shè)備、設(shè)施；

（三）有由醫(yī)學(xué)、法學(xué)、倫理學(xué)等方面專家組成的人體器官移植技術(shù)臨床應(yīng)用與倫理委員會，該委員會中從事人體器官移植的醫(yī)學(xué)專家不超過委員人數(shù)的1/4；

（四）有完善的人體器官移植質(zhì)量監(jiān)控等管理制度。

第十二條 省、自治區(qū)、直轄市人民政府衛(wèi)生主管部門進行人體器官移植診療科目登記，除依據(jù)本條例第十一條規(guī)定的條件外，還應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮本行政區(qū)域人體器官移植的醫(yī)療需求和合法的人體器官來源情況。

省、自治區(qū)、直轄市人民政府衛(wèi)生主管部門應(yīng)當(dāng)及時公布已經(jīng)辦理人體器官移植診療科目登記的醫(yī)療機構(gòu)名單。

第十三條 已經(jīng)辦理人體器官移植診療科目登記的醫(yī)療機構(gòu)不再具備本條例第十一條規(guī)定條件的，應(yīng)當(dāng)停止從事人體器官移植，并向原登記部門報告。原登記部門應(yīng)當(dāng)自收到報告之日起2日內(nèi)注銷該醫(yī)療機構(gòu)的人體器官移植診療科目登記，并予以公布。

第十四條 省級以上人民政府衛(wèi)生主管部門應(yīng)當(dāng)定期組織專家根據(jù)人體器官移植手術(shù)成功率、植入的人體器官和術(shù)后患者的長期存活率，對醫(yī)療機構(gòu)的人體器官移植臨床應(yīng)用能力進行評估，并及時公布評估結(jié)果；對評估不合格的，由原登記部門撤銷人體器官移植診療科目登記。具體辦法由國務(wù)院衛(wèi)生主管部門制訂。

第十五條 醫(yī)療機構(gòu)及其醫(yī)務(wù)人員從事人體器官移植，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守倫理原則和人體器官移植技術(shù)管理規(guī)范。

第十六條 實施人體器官移植手術(shù)的醫(yī)療機構(gòu)及其醫(yī)務(wù)人員應(yīng)當(dāng)對人體器官捐獻人進行醫(yī)學(xué)檢查，對接受人因人體器官移植感染疾病的風(fēng)險進行評估，并采取措施，降低風(fēng)險。

第十七條 在摘取活體器官前或者尸體器官捐獻人死亡前，負責(zé)人體器官移植的執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師應(yīng)當(dāng)向所在醫(yī)療機構(gòu)的人體器官移植技術(shù)臨床應(yīng)用與倫理委員會提出摘取人體器官審查申請。

人體器官移植技術(shù)臨床應(yīng)用與倫理委員會不同意摘取人體器官的，醫(yī)療機構(gòu)不得做出摘取人體器官的決定，醫(yī)務(wù)人員不得摘取人體器官。

第十八條 人體器官移植技術(shù)臨床應(yīng)用與倫理委員會收到摘取人體器官審查申請后，應(yīng)當(dāng)對下列事項進行審查，并出具同意或者不同意的書面意見：

（一）人體器官捐獻人的捐獻意愿是否真實；

（二）有無買賣或者變相買賣人體器官的情形；

（三）人體器官的配型和接受人的適應(yīng)癥是否符合倫理原則和人體器官移植技術(shù)管理規(guī)范。

經(jīng)2/3以上委員同意，人體器官移植技術(shù)臨床應(yīng)用與倫理委員會方可出具同意摘取人體器官的書面意見。

第十九條 從事人體器官移植的醫(yī)療機構(gòu)及其醫(yī)務(wù)人員摘取活體器官前，應(yīng)當(dāng)履行下列義務(wù)：

（一）向活體器官捐獻人說明器官摘取手術(shù)的風(fēng)險、術(shù)后注意事項、可能發(fā)生的并發(fā)癥及其預(yù)防措施等，并與活體器官捐獻人簽署知情同意書；

（二）查驗活體器官捐獻人同意捐獻其器官的書面意愿、活體器官捐獻人與接受人存在本條例第十條規(guī)定關(guān)系的證明材料；

（三）確認除摘取器官產(chǎn)生的直接后果外不會損害活體器官捐獻人其他正常的生理功能。

從事人體器官移植的醫(yī)療機構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)保存活體器官捐獻人的醫(yī)學(xué)資料，并進行隨訪。

第二十條 摘取尸體器官，應(yīng)當(dāng)在依法判定尸體器官捐獻人死亡后進行。從事人體器官移植的醫(yī)務(wù)人員不得參與捐獻人的死亡判定。

從事人體器官移植的醫(yī)療機構(gòu)及其醫(yī)務(wù)人員應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重死者的尊嚴；對摘取器官完畢的尸體，應(yīng)當(dāng)進行符合倫理原則的醫(yī)學(xué)處理，除用于移植的器官以外，應(yīng)當(dāng)恢復(fù)尸體原貌。

第二十一條 從事人體器官移植的醫(yī)療機構(gòu)實施人體器官移植手術(shù)，除向接受人收取下列費用外，不得收取或者變相收取所移植人體器官的費用：

（一）摘取和植入人體器官的手術(shù)費；

（二）保存和運送人體器官的費用；

（三）摘取、植入人體器官所發(fā)生的藥費、檢驗費、醫(yī)用耗材費。

前款規(guī)定費用的收取標準，依照有關(guān)法律、行政法規(guī)的規(guī)定確定并予以公布。

第二十二條 申請人體器官移植手術(shù)患者的排序，應(yīng)當(dāng)符合醫(yī)療需要，遵循公平、公正和公開的原則。具體辦法由國務(wù)院衛(wèi)生主管部門制訂。

第二十三條 從事人體器官移植的醫(yī)務(wù)人員應(yīng)當(dāng)對人體器官捐獻人、接受人和申請人體器官移植手術(shù)的患者的個人資料保密。

第二十四條 從事人體器官移植的醫(yī)療機構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)定期將實施人體器官移植的情況向所在地省、自治區(qū)、直轄市人民政府衛(wèi)生主管部門報告。具體辦法由國務(wù)院衛(wèi)生主管部門制訂。

第四章 法律責(zé)任

第二十五條 違反本條例規(guī)定，有下列情形之一，構(gòu)成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責(zé)任：

（一）未經(jīng)公民本人同意摘取其活體器官的；

（二）公民生前表示不同意捐獻其人體器官而摘取其尸體器官的；

（三）摘取未滿18周歲公民的活體器官的。

第二十六條 違反本條例規(guī)定，買賣人體器官或者從事與買賣人體器官有關(guān)活動的，由設(shè)區(qū)的市級以上地方人民政府衛(wèi)生主管部門依照職責(zé)分工沒收違法所得，并處交易額8倍以上10倍以下的罰款；醫(yī)療機構(gòu)參與上述活動的，還應(yīng)當(dāng)對負有責(zé)任的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員依法給予處分，并由原登記部門撤銷該醫(yī)療機構(gòu)人體器官移植診療科目登記，該醫(yī)療機構(gòu)3年內(nèi)不得再申請人體器官移植診療科目登記；醫(yī)務(wù)人員參與上述活動的，由原發(fā)證部門吊銷其執(zhí)業(yè)證書。

國家工作人員參與買賣人體器官或者從事與買賣人體器官有關(guān)活動的，由有關(guān)國家機關(guān)依據(jù)職權(quán)依法給予撤職、開除的處分。

第二十七條 醫(yī)療機構(gòu)未辦理人體器官移植診療科目登記，擅自從事人體器官移植的，依照《醫(yī)療機構(gòu)管理條例》的規(guī)定予以處罰。

實施人體器官移植手術(shù)的醫(yī)療機構(gòu)及其醫(yī)務(wù)人員違反本條例規(guī)定，未對人體器官捐獻人進行醫(yī)學(xué)檢查或者未采取措施，導(dǎo)致接受人因人體器官移植手術(shù)感染疾病的，依照《醫(yī)療事故處理條例》的規(guī)定予以處罰。

從事人體器官移植的醫(yī)務(wù)人員違反本條例規(guī)定，泄露人體器官捐獻人、接受人或者申請人體器官移植手術(shù)患者個人資料的，依照《執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師法》或者國家有關(guān)護士管理的規(guī)定予以處罰。

違反本條例規(guī)定，給他人造成損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。

違反本條例第二十一條規(guī)定收取費用的，依照價格管理的法律、行政法規(guī)的規(guī)定予以處罰。

第二十八條 醫(yī)務(wù)人員有下列情形之一的，依法給予處分；情節(jié)嚴重的，由縣級以上地方人民政府衛(wèi)生主管部門依照職責(zé)分工暫停其6個月以上1年以下執(zhí)業(yè)活動；情節(jié)特別嚴重的，由原發(fā)證部門吊銷其執(zhí)業(yè)證書:

（一）未經(jīng)人體器官移植技術(shù)臨床應(yīng)用與倫理委員會審查同意摘取人體器官的；

（二）摘取活體器官前未依照本條例第十九條的規(guī)定履行說明、查驗、確認義務(wù)的；

（三）對摘取器官完畢的尸體未進行符合倫理原則的醫(yī)學(xué)處理，恢復(fù)尸體原貌的。

第二十九條 醫(yī)療機構(gòu)有下列情形之一的，對負有責(zé)任的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員依法給予處分；情節(jié)嚴重的，由原登記部門撤銷該醫(yī)療機構(gòu)人體器官移植診療科目登記，該醫(yī)療機構(gòu)3年內(nèi)不得再申請人體器官移植診療科目登記：

（一）不再具備本條例第十一條規(guī)定條件，仍從事人體器官移植的；

（二）未經(jīng)人體器官移植技術(shù)臨床應(yīng)用與倫理委員會審查同意，做出摘取人體器官的決定，或者脅迫醫(yī)務(wù)人員違反本條例規(guī)定摘取人體器官的；

（三）有本條例第二十八條第（二）項、第（三）項列舉的情形的。

醫(yī)療機構(gòu)未定期將實施人體器官移植的情況向所在地省、自治區(qū)、直轄市人民政府衛(wèi)生主管部門報告的，由所在地省、自治區(qū)、直轄市人民政府衛(wèi)生主管部門責(zé)令限期改正；逾期不改正的，對負有責(zé)任的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員依法給予處分。

第三十條 從事人體器官移植的醫(yī)務(wù)人員參與尸體器官捐獻人的死亡判定的，由縣級以上地方人民政府衛(wèi)生主管部門依照職責(zé)分工暫停其6個月以上1年以下執(zhí)業(yè)活動；情節(jié)嚴重的，由原發(fā)證部門吊銷其執(zhí)業(yè)證書。

第三十一條 國家機關(guān)工作人員在人體器官移植監(jiān)督管理工作中濫用職權(quán)、玩忽職守、徇私舞弊，構(gòu)成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責(zé)任；尚不構(gòu)成犯罪的，依法給予處分。

第五章 附則

第三十二條 本條例自2007年5月1日起施行。

本內(nèi)容來源于政府官方網(wǎng)站，如需引用，請以正式文件為準。

第五篇：器官移植鄉(xiāng)級自查報告（定稿）

器官移植自查報告

為更加積極、深入響應(yīng)衛(wèi)生部《關(guān)于進一步加強人體器官移植監(jiān)管工作的通知》及縣衛(wèi)生局工作要求，我院各級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)于近期在全院范圍內(nèi)組織了一次全面、徹底的大檢查，有關(guān)自查情況匯報如下：

一、4月19日下午二時三十分在全院召開了全體醫(yī)務(wù)人員會議，傳達了有關(guān)縣級主管部門的精神，并學(xué)習(xí)了國家有關(guān)醫(yī)療機構(gòu)的相關(guān)法律、法規(guī)知識，同時決定今后定期在全院開展法律、法規(guī)知識學(xué)習(xí)，健全和增強醫(yī)務(wù)人員的守法意識。

二、抓好重點科室、重點人員的管理：

對現(xiàn)有的手術(shù)室做了徹底的清理，相關(guān)物品進行了整理封存，堅決杜絕場地租借事件發(fā)生。

三、堅決杜絕非法人體器官移植及買賣，并在醫(yī)院醒目處張貼警示牌，加強對醫(yī)院內(nèi)部的監(jiān)管力度，發(fā)現(xiàn)可疑問題立即制止并上報公安機關(guān)。

四、聯(lián)合各部門加大宣傳、檢查力度，做好人體器官移植手術(shù)科普，讓患者到有資格開展人體器官移植手術(shù)資格的醫(yī)院做器官移植。

五、我院將進一步加強領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，明確責(zé)任，積極響應(yīng)各級衛(wèi)生主管部門領(lǐng)導(dǎo)監(jiān)督、檢查，強化自身監(jiān)督，增強依法執(zhí)業(yè)意識，優(yōu)化、規(guī)范群眾就醫(yī)環(huán)境。

我們將嚴格遵守國家關(guān)于醫(yī)療機構(gòu)執(zhí)業(yè)的法律、法規(guī)，請上級主管部門指導(dǎo)并監(jiān)督。

礦坑衛(wèi)生院 2012年4月22日