第一篇：學(xué)術(shù)英語作業(yè)

Text 6

Abstract

Game theory

Game theory is the science of strategy and was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John Von Neumann.In the early years the emphasis was on games of pure conflict.Other games were considered in a cooperative form.Games are different from decisions made in a neutral environment.The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.There are two distinct types of strategic interdependence:sequential and simultaneous.The logical circle is squared using a concept of equilibrium developed by the Princeton mathematician John Nash.Nash’s notion of equilibrium remains an incomplete solution to the problem of circular reasoning in simultaneous-move games.Some games have many such equilibrium while others have none.And this notion has some flaws.In spite of it,the concept has proved extremely useful in analyzing many strategic interactions.There are some examples of strategic interaction illustrate some of the fundamentals of game theory:the prisoners’dilemma,mixing moves and strategic moves.Recent advances in game theory have succeeded in describing and prescribing appropriate strategies in several situations of conflict and cooperation.But the theory is far away from complete,and in many ways the design of successful strategy remains an art.Key words: game theory,sequential,simultaneous,equilibrium

博弈論是戰(zhàn)略的科學(xué)性和首創(chuàng)了由普林斯頓數(shù)學(xué)家約翰·馮·諾伊曼。在最初幾年的重點(diǎn)是純沖突的游戲。其他比賽被認(rèn)為是一種合作形式。游戲不同于在一個(gè)中立的環(huán)境中做出的決定。游戲的本質(zhì)是玩家策略的相互依存。有兩種不同類型的戰(zhàn)略相互依存的：順序和同步。邏輯循環(huán)是利用均衡的概念是由普林斯頓數(shù)學(xué)家約翰·納什開發(fā)的平方。納什均衡的概念對(duì)于同時(shí)進(jìn)行的循環(huán)論證問題仍然是一個(gè)不完整的解決方案。有些游戲有很多這樣的均衡，而另一些則沒有。而且這個(gè)概念有一些缺陷。盡管它的概念已被證明在分析許多戰(zhàn)略互動(dòng)非常有用。有戰(zhàn)略互動(dòng)的一些例子說明了一些博弈論的基本原理：囚徒困境，混合動(dòng)作和戰(zhàn)略舉措。在博弈論的最新進(jìn)展已經(jīng)成功地描述和規(guī)定適當(dāng)?shù)牟呗栽跊_突與合作的幾種情況。但理論是遠(yuǎn)未完成的，而且在成功策略很多方面的設(shè)計(jì)仍然是一門藝術(shù)。

第二篇：碩士英語——學(xué)術(shù)翻譯第二次作業(yè)

碩士英語——學(xué)術(shù)翻譯第二次作業(yè)

1.Put the following passage into Chinese.Distance learning is a formal educational process that breaks the traditional mode of classroom teaching.There are two key differences between traditional education and distance learning.Distance learning adds flexibility and availability, regardless of time, place or pace of learning.Here an instructor teaches, and somewhere else a student learns, regardless of barriers of time or place.Distance learning reaches out to non-traditional students who must fit their studies around workplace, family responsibilities, and geographical barriers, etc.遠(yuǎn)程學(xué)習(xí)是打破傳統(tǒng)課堂教育模式的正式教學(xué)過程。傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)和遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)有兩點(diǎn)核心不同點(diǎn)。遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)增加了靈活性和可用度，不需要再考慮學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。在這里一個(gè)教師教學(xué)，在其他某個(gè)地方，一個(gè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)，不需再考慮時(shí)間地點(diǎn)的障礙。遠(yuǎn)程教育幫助了那些非傳統(tǒng)學(xué)生，對(duì)這些學(xué)生而言，他們必須使他們的學(xué)習(xí)接近工作地點(diǎn)，要兼顧到家庭責(zé)任，和地理上的障礙等。

2.Put the following sentences into English.1）體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可以防止發(fā)胖，增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)，是我們保持身體健康.Sports activity can prevent getting fat, strengthen our body, and keep us be healthy.2）盡管計(jì)算機(jī)有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是它們不能進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性工作，也不能代替人。Despite having many advantages, computers can not creatively work, or substitute humankind.3）我們一直在這兒討論的區(qū)別是實(shí)際操作技術(shù)而不是理論背景。

What we are talking about is practical operation skills, not theory background.4）人們應(yīng)該互相學(xué)習(xí)，取長補(bǔ)短。

People should learn from each other ,learning from others’ strong points to overcome their weak points.5）旅游業(yè)是全世界最大的雇主，全球10%的工作崗位都是由旅游業(yè)創(chuàng)造的。Tourism is the largest employer in the world ,creating 10% job of the world.

第三篇：學(xué)術(shù)英語范文

《學(xué)術(shù)英語》課程階段性作業(yè)：文獻(xiàn)綜述

學(xué)生姓名：學(xué)號(hào)：專業(yè)班級(jí)：完成日期：分?jǐn)?shù)：

The influence of the earthquake disaster and earthquake disaster mitigation measures analysis

There are three main reasons for the earthquake hypothesis , namely “ elastic rebound ”, “the magma shock to say” ' said phase change.“These three hypotheses have some reasonable, but what causes earthquakes, pending further study

The Characteristics of earthquake disasterissudden and strong, destructive big , serious secondary disasters , far-reaching social , defense difficult.Sudden strong make it difficult to predict and the effect of prevention becomes weak.His devastating is to see, such as the Tangshan earthquake which caused 24.2 million deaths , injuries 16.4 million.The Secondary disasters such as fires , floods , tsunamis , landslides , mudslides , gas leaks, pandemics, radioactive contamination is also very scary.2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which has razed to the ground in several cities.Due to sudden strong earthquake , suffered heavy casualties, huge economic losses , tend to produce a chain reaction , causing a huge impact on a region or even a social life and the country 's economic activity , resulting in a profound impact on society.Compared with floods, droughts, typhoons and other weather disasters , earthquake prediction is much more difficult.At the same time , improve the seismic performance of buildings , requires a lot of capital investment , this is not a short period of time can do.Although it is difficult to predict the devastating earthquake , but there is a history of China successfully predicted miracle.At 19:36 on February 4, 1975 occurred in Liaoning Haicheng earthquake prediction is accurate , which makes more than 100 million people in southern Liaoning Province promptly evacuated their homes and workplaces.This success is due to the abnormal situation in a timely manner to collect a large number of earthquake precursors , and timely induction, analyze, summarize the results , thanks to good policies of prevention group prevention and measured.Haicheng earthquake prediction can be successful, professional workers contributed to the earthquake, but it was the implementation of ”mass monitoring and prevention" approach, also played a crucial role.Generally speaking, professional workers in the earthquake, earthquake forecasting long, medium, and have a good chance, but the short-term forecasting, grasp not so big.The earthquake disaster prevention, the short-term forecasting truly decisive.References:

1, The cause of the earthquake

2, The characteristics of earthquake disasters

3, NOVA: Wave That Shook The World—Site and special report shot within days of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.4,changmengfei,Shockproof ,Please reference the historical experience[N].Procuratorate Daily, 2008-05-14.參考文獻(xiàn)：

1, 地震災(zāi)害的成因

2,地震災(zāi)害的特點(diǎn)

3,新星：波浪搖動(dòng)了世界——直擊近日2004年的印度洋海嘯的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)特別報(bào)道 4, 常夢(mèng)飛，防震.請(qǐng)借鑒歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)[N].檢察日?qǐng)?bào), 2008-05-14.

第四篇：學(xué)術(shù)英語

1.詞匯替換（這題全部出自課文后的formal words練習(xí)）

2.術(shù)語（20個(gè)的范圍準(zhǔn)備，考試考10個(gè)。學(xué)生必須自己熟悉術(shù)語的含義，考試的時(shí)候

要求考生根據(jù)描述寫出術(shù)語。）

Iceberg Theory

2.Essay

3.Collective unconscious

4.Artistic merit

5.Literary theory

6.Gender studies

7.Figure of speech

8.Literary criticism

9.Genealogy

10.historical data

11.national identity

12.the pastness of the past

13.the Mandate of Heaven

14.historical consciousness

15.historiography

16.historian/historiographer

17.Paradox

18.epistemology

19.Metaphysics

20.formal developments 1.3.釋義（給學(xué)生8句的范圍準(zhǔn)備，考試考2句）

1).The nature of artistic merit is less easy to define than to recognize.The writer need

not even pursue it to attain it.2).The test in individual cases would seem to be one of enduring satisfaction and, ofcourse, truth.3).By embracing literary theory, we learn about literature, but importantly, we are also

taught tolerance for other people’s beliefs.4).Although each reader’s theory and methodology for arriving at a text’sinterpretation differs, sooner or later groups of readers and critics declare allegiance

to a similar core of beliefs and band together, thereby founding schools of criticism.5).“History teaching by example” is one phrase that describes this use of a study of the past — a

study not only of certifiable heroes, the great men and women of history who successfully

worked through moral dilemmas, but also of more ordinary people who provide lessons in

courage, diligence, or constructive protest.6.The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility.The method of conceptual analysis might sometimes seem picky, but unclarity or imprecision in our concepts is often what leads us into paradoxes and incoherence in our world views.Every claim, no matter where it comes from, is subject to scrutiny.Even common sense is not taken for granted, which leads

philosophers to put forward some very weird views.7.8.翻譯來自第六單元的A課文

第五篇：學(xué)術(shù)誠信作業(yè)

淺析學(xué)術(shù)造假的原因和對(duì)策

引言

學(xué)術(shù)造假是指剽竊、抄襲、占有他人研究成果，或者偽造、修改研究數(shù)據(jù)等的學(xué)術(shù)腐敗行為。學(xué)術(shù)造假首先是一種違背學(xué)術(shù)道德和科學(xué)精神的表現(xiàn)，是一種學(xué)風(fēng)浮躁和急功近利的產(chǎn)物。學(xué)術(shù)造假既敗壞了社會(huì)風(fēng)氣，又不利于科學(xué)研究的發(fā)展。長此以往，真正踏踏實(shí)實(shí)做學(xué)問的人很難競(jìng)爭(zhēng)過依靠剽竊抄襲、篡改數(shù)據(jù)的造假者。這無疑會(huì)極大地打擊那些真正搞科研的人的積極性。而且，學(xué)術(shù)作假者還會(huì)制造出很多不真實(shí)的成果。如果有人以他們的成果作為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行研究，必然難以成功。這就帶來了科研生產(chǎn)力的浪費(fèi)。一 學(xué)術(shù)造假的原因

無論古今中外，學(xué)術(shù)造假的現(xiàn)象一直存在。學(xué)術(shù)造假的危害雖不像生產(chǎn)商品那樣對(duì)人們的身心健康和財(cái)產(chǎn)構(gòu)成直接的損害。但從更深的層次去考慮，學(xué)術(shù)造假的危害更為嚴(yán)重。那為什么學(xué)術(shù)造假會(huì)在我國如此盛行呢？一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為學(xué)術(shù)造假的原因有：功利原因（學(xué)術(shù)造假可輕易獲得功名利益）、制度原因（包括學(xué)術(shù)管理體制行政化、學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)體制不完善、學(xué)術(shù)監(jiān)督制度缺位）和處罰過輕等。從深層次去分析，學(xué)術(shù)造假主要有以下原因：

第一，社會(huì)道德淪落，誠信缺失。這是學(xué)術(shù)造假的社會(huì)環(huán)境。為了革命的需要，我們?cè)?jīng)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)道德進(jìn)行了批判否定，代之以社會(huì)主義道德。社會(huì)主義道德體系尚未完善地形成就遭到了“文革”嚴(yán)重沖擊和扭曲，文革結(jié)束后，我們還未來得及徹底撥亂反正，重建社會(huì)主義道德體系，改革開放就開始了。社會(huì)進(jìn)入轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期，各種道德價(jià)值觀念（如資本主義的、封建主義的）影響、紛擾著國人，使整個(gè)社會(huì)處于一種道德失范狀況，損人利己、惟利是圖、背信棄義的道德觀念嚴(yán)重侵襲人們的靈魂，社會(huì)道德淪落，誠信缺失。誠信被視為傻帽，造假視為能耐，于是乎，假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品泛濫。學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域亦非凈土，因此，學(xué)術(shù)造假之風(fēng)也隨之盛行。

第二，在職稱評(píng)定、業(yè)績考核上，過分重視“學(xué)術(shù)成果”，是導(dǎo)致學(xué)術(shù)造假的直接動(dòng)因?，F(xiàn)在社會(huì)上一反文革時(shí)期的輕知識(shí)輕學(xué)術(shù)的做法（這是社會(huì)進(jìn)步，無可厚非），又過分強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人的學(xué)術(shù)成果或研究成果，在絕大多數(shù)高校和研究機(jī)構(gòu)，甚至一些黨政事業(yè)單位，把科研成果作為衡量、評(píng)價(jià)、考核的最重要的硬指標(biāo)，而考核科研成效最看重的是在什么級(jí)別的學(xué)術(shù)期刊上發(fā)表了多少學(xué)術(shù)論文，而其它方面諸如教學(xué)業(yè)績、思想政治表現(xiàn)等都是軟性指標(biāo)。高校如此，尚情有可原，高校畢竟擔(dān)負(fù)著學(xué)術(shù)科研的重任。中小學(xué)教師最重要的職責(zé)與任務(wù)是教書育人，卻也紛紛效仿高校做法，提升“學(xué)術(shù)科研”的地位，在教師提拔重用、職稱評(píng)定上也特別重視教師的學(xué)術(shù)科研成果，將學(xué)術(shù)科研成果提升到與教育教學(xué)業(yè)績同等重要的地位，有時(shí)甚至實(shí)行學(xué)術(shù)科研成果一票否決制。這就使得許多中小學(xué)教師，他們育人育得很好，書也教得很好，態(tài)度勤勤懇懇，工作也扎扎實(shí)實(shí)，本來就是很合格的教師，但由于沒有受過做學(xué)術(shù)的專門訓(xùn)練、或沒有時(shí)間和精力從事學(xué)術(shù)研究、或沒有興趣進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)研究，少有學(xué)術(shù)成果，他們?cè)谠u(píng)職稱、晉級(jí)晉升上往往吃虧；于是，只得趕鴨子上樹，舍本逐末，也搞科研、也做學(xué)術(shù)。俗話說，隔行如隔山，他們大部分人是做不出成果來的，那么，就只有造假了。

第三，急功近利、浮躁的社會(huì)心理，這是導(dǎo)致學(xué)術(shù)造假的社會(huì)氛圍。做學(xué)問，搞科研是一項(xiàng)不僅需要才華與靈感，更需要恒心與耐力，要守得住寂寞，耐得住清貧，還需要有獻(xiàn)身學(xué)術(shù)、科學(xué)的精神，即要有即使一事無成也無怨無悔的心態(tài)與準(zhǔn)備。由于當(dāng)今社會(huì)，過分地將學(xué)術(shù)、科研成果與經(jīng)濟(jì)利益、社會(huì)地位甚至政治權(quán)利直接掛鉤，導(dǎo)致人們從事學(xué)術(shù)研究的目的動(dòng)機(jī)異化。在整個(gè)社會(huì)處于急功近利、浮躁的氛圍下，難免有人將自己的學(xué)術(shù)成果夸大，進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)造假以騙取功名，獲取利益。

第四，學(xué)術(shù)管理制度不完善，給學(xué)術(shù)造假提供了機(jī)會(huì)和可能。主要表現(xiàn)為：一是學(xué)術(shù)管理體制行政化。目前，我國學(xué)術(shù)體制管理一直沿襲計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代所形成的行政管理模式，對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)成就評(píng)價(jià)實(shí)行僵化的量化評(píng)估，重顯示輕內(nèi)容，重?cái)?shù)量輕質(zhì)量、重獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)輕實(shí)用，誘導(dǎo)人們著力追求立竿見影而不是有創(chuàng)新的研究；二是學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)體制不完善。學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)官本位化、人情化、關(guān)系化，甚至出現(xiàn)拉幫結(jié)派山頭化，使得學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)失去原本意義，好壞難辯，魚目混珠，為學(xué)術(shù)造假洞開方便之門；三是學(xué)術(shù)監(jiān)督制度缺位。我國目前尚未建立完善的學(xué)術(shù)監(jiān)督制度及其相應(yīng)的監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)，對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)行為實(shí)行有效監(jiān)督，這給學(xué)術(shù)造假活動(dòng)留下廣闊的空間和寬松的環(huán)境。

第五，對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)造假處罰不嚴(yán)厲，造假成本過低，使學(xué)術(shù)造假者缺乏必要的畏懼感。到目前為止，我國尚無對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)造假進(jìn)行懲罰的法律，對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)造假處罰相對(duì)于一般造假而言簡(jiǎn)直是微不足道。對(duì)相關(guān)者的懲處也多以批評(píng)、教育或者扣發(fā)獎(jiǎng)金為主，最嚴(yán)厲的莫過于科技部介入調(diào)查，最后也僅僅是造假者撤職收?qǐng)?，這無法對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)造假者形成足夠的威懾。學(xué)術(shù)造假成本低，處理輕，獲利大，導(dǎo)致越來越多的人樂此不疲。二 應(yīng)對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)造假的對(duì)策

學(xué)術(shù)造假關(guān)系到科學(xué)的治學(xué)態(tài)度和科研精神，關(guān)系到高校和整個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)界的社會(huì)聲譽(yù)，關(guān)系到當(dāng)代大學(xué)生良好品德的培養(yǎng)和整個(gè)社會(huì)道德的進(jìn)步，關(guān)系到教育事業(yè)的興衰存亡和中華民族的復(fù)興大業(yè)，直接影響到學(xué)術(shù)研究乃至國家和民族的進(jìn)步，性質(zhì)及其惡劣，若不及時(shí)阻遏，必將帶來嚴(yán)重后果!因此，弘揚(yáng)優(yōu)良學(xué)風(fēng)，端正學(xué)術(shù)道德，杜絕學(xué)術(shù)造假，維護(hù)學(xué)術(shù)尊嚴(yán)，通過各種得力措施有效打擊學(xué)術(shù)造假行為，對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)造假者嚴(yán)懲不貸，讓學(xué)術(shù)上真正有道德、有良知的人展示自己的身手，重樹研究人員的良好道德風(fēng)尚，建立解決高校學(xué)風(fēng)問題、杜絕學(xué)術(shù)造假的長效機(jī)制，對(duì)改善高校科研氛圍、提升高校科研實(shí)力、建設(shè)創(chuàng)新型國家，具有十分重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義!第一，完善法律法規(guī)，維護(hù)學(xué)術(shù)尊嚴(yán)。完善相關(guān)法律法規(guī)，確保學(xué)術(shù)打假有法可依。對(duì)于學(xué)術(shù)造假人的侵犯著作權(quán)等行為，我國《刑法》《著作權(quán)法》等相關(guān)法律有所規(guī)定，但條款中對(duì)侵犯著作權(quán)，專利權(quán)等行為，在追究侵權(quán)人的民事責(zé)任的情況下，賠償數(shù)額較低，處罰力度不夠，不利于權(quán)利人通過法律途徑來追究學(xué)術(shù)造假人的侵權(quán)問題。在追究侵權(quán)人刑事責(zé)任的情況下，法律規(guī)定必須以營利為目的，而學(xué)術(shù)造假人的有些行為并不是直接以營利為目的，而是間接的獲得一些好處，在這些情況下，法律沒有明文規(guī)定，具有一定的漏洞，無法規(guī)制約學(xué)術(shù)造假人的侵權(quán)行為。因此，應(yīng)當(dāng)完善我國的《著作權(quán)法》《專利法》中關(guān)于侵權(quán)損害賠償數(shù)額的規(guī)定，加大懲罰力度，最大限度的維護(hù)權(quán)利人的合法權(quán)益，使權(quán)利人樹立起對(duì)法律的信任，在權(quán)利被侵害時(shí)能夠拿起法律武器進(jìn)行維權(quán)，不再縱容學(xué)術(shù)造假人的侵權(quán)行為。

第二，改革高校相關(guān)體制機(jī)制，凈化學(xué)術(shù)風(fēng)氣。歸根溯源，學(xué)術(shù)造假現(xiàn)象的大量存在，仍然是高?，F(xiàn)行體制及學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)制度本身引起的問題，必須解決高?，F(xiàn)行體制和學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)制存在的弊端。改革高校職稱評(píng)聘制度中不合理、不科學(xué)的因素，勢(shì)在必行。在職稱評(píng)聘中落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，完善科研成果學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)制，要改變當(dāng)前職稱評(píng)聘中只看論文所發(fā)刊物級(jí)別、重視數(shù)量忽視質(zhì)量、學(xué)術(shù)風(fēng)氣浮躁等現(xiàn)象，建立符合學(xué)術(shù)研究發(fā)展規(guī)律的科學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)體系。

第三，第三，加強(qiáng)和完善學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)、監(jiān)督制度體系建設(shè)。一要改革學(xué)術(shù)管理機(jī)制，改變當(dāng)今只重形式和數(shù)量，不重內(nèi)涵和質(zhì)量的管理模式。建立一套與國際學(xué)術(shù)管理體系接軌的科學(xué)的、合理的學(xué)術(shù)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)體系。如對(duì)一篇論文或論著的評(píng)價(jià)著重看其被引用的次數(shù)和影響因子。二要建立獨(dú)立的學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)體系。改變當(dāng)前學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)構(gòu)行政化，權(quán)力地位重于學(xué)術(shù)的做法，實(shí)行專家評(píng)議制度。三要建立學(xué)術(shù)公示制度和異議制度，使造假的學(xué)術(shù)受到公眾的監(jiān)督，可大大地減少學(xué)術(shù)造假得逞的幾率；建立學(xué)術(shù)責(zé)任制，對(duì)放任、或故意造成學(xué)術(shù)造假的責(zé)任人追究責(zé)任，這樣就可以嚴(yán)格把守學(xué)術(shù)成果發(fā)表、評(píng)價(jià)、確認(rèn)關(guān)，進(jìn)一步降低學(xué)術(shù)造假得逞的幾率。四要開展學(xué)術(shù)批評(píng)，堅(jiān)持學(xué)術(shù)面前人人平等和實(shí)事求是的科學(xué)精神，對(duì)那些憑借社會(huì)地位或政治權(quán)力撈取學(xué)術(shù)資本的行為予以批評(píng)，確保學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域的純凈。三 結(jié)語

學(xué)術(shù)打假不僅要靠嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行相關(guān)法律法規(guī)制度，加大打擊力度，還要靠學(xué)者自身、科研院校等學(xué)術(shù)界嚴(yán)格自律，以及社會(huì)和媒體輿論的監(jiān)督，使得整個(gè)社會(huì)形成崇尚創(chuàng)新、學(xué)術(shù)自由的學(xué)術(shù)風(fēng)氣，為建設(shè)創(chuàng)新型國家提供精神動(dòng)力和智力支持。