第一篇：翻譯英語

With an elevation of more than 2000 meters, Lily bulbs, planted by cooperatives,is found in Er’yin mountains of Guan mountain, which is the provenance belonged to Lan Zhou reserve and in the east of Yong Jing county, Gan Su province.Owing to the unique geography in Guan mountains, the period of Lily growth is five years, therefore, all the products here are characterized by white color luscious taste,and full petals.Lily contains so much nutritional goodness such as amylum, proteide, fattiness, sweets, calcium, phosphorus,iron, colchicin and other alkaloids.Besides, the dietary property and the officinal value of this flower are extremely high.This flower could also bring the positive effects:antipyretic, antidotal, moistening lung, improving looks, relieving cough and reducing sputum, calming the nerve.Lily has been the superb cuisine among commons as well as in the state banquet from the ancient times;known as “the superb in cuisine, the panax in dishes”, Lily is the first for junketing and presenting.

第二篇：英語--翻譯

1、男孩子們想去野營但被他們的父母攔住了。（attempt）

The boys attempted to leave for camping, but were stopped by their parents.2、學(xué)生們對(duì)這種新的教學(xué)法的反映就是他們變得更自信了。（react to）

The students’ reaction to the new teaching method is that they become more confident.3、沒人接電話意味著一家人都外出了。（imply）

The fact that nobody answered the telephone implied the family were out.4、我們必須日夜兼程才能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)目的地。（on time）

We must travel day and night to reach the destination on time.5、雖然他被敵人包圍著，但是他并不害怕。（as）

Surrounded as he was by the enemy, he was not afraid.6、是否就是他搶劫了銀行還有待證明。（remain）

It remained to be proved whether it is he who has robbed the bank.7、你應(yīng)該找他看牙齒，他被認(rèn)為是城里最好的牙醫(yī)。（think of…as）

You ought to see him, for he is thought of as the best dentist in the city.8、從孩子出生起，她的父母就分居了。（be separated from）

The child’s parents have been separated from each other since she was born.9、即使你不成功，我們?nèi)匀恢С帜?。（even if/even though）

Even if you lose, we’ll still support you.10、有十個(gè)人申請(qǐng)這份兼職工作。（apply）There are ten people who applied for the part time job.11、從這里到學(xué)校至少要二十分鐘。（at least）It takes at least twenty minutes to get to school from here.12、他的想法跟我的不一致。（conform）His ideas don’t conform to mine.13、當(dāng)她讀這個(gè)故事時(shí)禁不住哭了。（can’t help）She couldn’t help crying when she was reading the story.14、我們走了就沒人欣賞你的這些幽默故事了。（appreciate）Nobody would appreciate your funny stories if we leave.15、這個(gè)產(chǎn)品在質(zhì)量上比那個(gè)產(chǎn)品好多了。（superior）This product is superior to that one.16、他父親的去世讓他傷心之極。（overwhelm）He was overwhelmed by his father’s death.

第三篇：英語作文翻譯

英語作文翻譯

鳥女孩介紹了一個(gè)小女孩與鳥類友好相處并成為鳥類專家的故事。

她的名字叫做瑪麗,在她很小的時(shí)候,她搬到了一個(gè)新的居住地,由于孤獨(dú),她選擇了鳥類成為她的朋友.從那以后,在每天早上,拿著望遠(yuǎn)鏡觀察鳥兒便成了她的日?；顒?dòng)。隨著時(shí)間的流逝，她甚至能熟練地辨別不同類型的鳥。她的母親，更是為她感到高興，并給予她努力向這方面發(fā)展。但是,學(xué)無止境,瑪麗每天依舊會(huì)看到許多不知名的鳥兒.因此,她學(xué)的更加刻苦.并開始為兒童們撰寫一本關(guān)于鳥類的讀物.研究鳥類已經(jīng)不僅僅是瑪麗的一個(gè)興趣,更是成為了她生活的一部分,鳥兒為她展開了一幅繽紛的世界畫卷.The Bird Girl is a story about a girl ,whose name was Mary Lou Robertson got along well with the birds and finally became a bird expert.When Mary Lou Robertson was a little girl, her family moved to a new neighborhood.Due to the void after her moving,she chose to be a friend of the birds when the loneness struck her.From the day when she made such decision ,it was her routine that she observed the bird s every morning.As time went by,she could even tell the difference between the different kinds of birds expertly.Her mother was so happy that she decided to support her daughter to carry on deeper study.However,there is no end of Mary’s study for there were still a lot of nameless birds found by her every day,as the consequence of which,she studied harder on the birds and began to write books about the birds for children.The study on the birds was not only one of Mary’s interests,but also part of her life,and the birds,in return, gave her a colorful majestic painting of the world.

第四篇：英語文獻(xiàn)翻譯

文章1: 題目：

集成的人機(jī)交互的發(fā)展到系統(tǒng)開發(fā)生命周期的方法

Abstract：

將人機(jī)交互（HCI）的角度來看，系統(tǒng)開發(fā)生命周期（SDLC）是必要的信息系統(tǒng)（IS）的成功，反過來，企業(yè)的成功。然而，現(xiàn)代的軟件開發(fā)生命周期模型是基于組織的需求比人類的需要。信息系統(tǒng)的人機(jī)交互方面通常被認(rèn)為是太?。ㄖ挥衅聊唤缑妫?，在太晚的發(fā)展過程（僅在設(shè)計(jì)階段）。因此，往往一個(gè)缺口的表達(dá)。moreists滿足組織的需求和支持和豐富人類用戶之間的。這個(gè)問題可以通過仔細(xì)整合人機(jī)交互的發(fā)展為軟件開發(fā)生命周期過程中實(shí)現(xiàn)真正的以人為本的開發(fā)方法。本文探討了人機(jī)交互系統(tǒng)開發(fā)中的作用，證明考慮人機(jī)交互貫穿整個(gè)軟件開發(fā)生命周期的重要性，提出了一種方法，以人為中心的發(fā)展，并演示了如何應(yīng)用這種方法來發(fā)展以人為中心的信息系統(tǒng)。

Keyword：系統(tǒng)開發(fā)生命周期（SDLC）；信息系統(tǒng)；信息系統(tǒng)中人的因素（發(fā)布）；人機(jī)交互（HCI）；信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)方法；以用戶為中心的設(shè)計(jì)；以人為中心的系統(tǒng)開發(fā)

文章2： 題目

對(duì)影響敏感的多人–計(jì)算機(jī)相互作用

要認(rèn)識(shí)到一個(gè)人的情感狀態(tài)是COM的溝通與情緒智力的核心能力。情感intelligenceisafacetofhumanintelligencethathasbeenarguedtobe不可缺少的也許是最重要的成功的跨-個(gè)人的社會(huì)互動(dòng)。本文認(rèn)為，新一代人機(jī)交互（HCI）的設(shè)計(jì)需要包括情商來識(shí)別用戶的情感狀態(tài)，為了更加哼……能力的本質(zhì)morean一樣，更多的有效性，并更有效。情感的激發(fā)調(diào)節(jié)所有非言語communicativecues（面部表情，架，和聲樂生理反應(yīng)）。在面對(duì)面的互動(dòng)，人類探測(cè)和解釋這些互動(dòng)的信號(hào)有很少或沒有努力，他們的溝通。然而，一個(gè)自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)，完成這些任務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)和開發(fā)是比較困難的。本文調(diào)查了過去的工作由計(jì)算機(jī)在解決這些問題，并提供了一系列建議，為開發(fā)智能多模態(tài)人機(jī)交互的用戶的非語言情感反饋個(gè)性化自動(dòng)分析儀的第一部分。

Keyword：

情感計(jì)算；人機(jī)交互（HCI）；情感狀態(tài)；非言語交際線索的自動(dòng)分析；多模態(tài)人機(jī)交互的個(gè)性化人機(jī)交互。

文章3：

題目：人機(jī)交互：跨學(xué)科的根和趨勢(shì)

Abstract：方法，理論，在人機(jī)交互（HCI）領(lǐng)域的實(shí)踐都產(chǎn)生互動(dòng)的軟件，可以用來操作，能有效，安全目標(biāo)，并滿意。人機(jī)交互是跨學(xué)科和多學(xué)科的行為在其根。人機(jī)交互的核心概念是可用性，使用加有用緩解。實(shí)現(xiàn)了良好的可用性，需要注意兩個(gè)產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展過程中，特別是對(duì)用戶的交互設(shè)計(jì)，應(yīng)服務(wù)……莫里作為用戶界面的軟件組件的要求。本文回顧了一些建模支持人機(jī)交互的實(shí)踐理論，開發(fā)生命周期的活動(dòng)，和很多的實(shí)踐，構(gòu)成` `可用性工程”。興趣在HCI的未來應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域包括新的交互方式，虛擬環(huán)境，萬維網(wǎng)，信息可視化，和可穿戴計(jì)算。

Keyword：

發(fā)展的過程；用戶交互；萬維網(wǎng)；互動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；理論與實(shí)踐；人為因素；應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域；軟件構(gòu)件；弗吉尼亞理工大學(xué)；可用性工程；認(rèn)知心理學(xué)；交互方式；人類±計(jì)算機(jī)；良好的可用性

文章4：

題目：人機(jī)交互的方法訓(xùn)練的交通控制 Abstract：

在瑞典，列車已經(jīng)在過去的幾年中增加和今天的任何時(shí)候都高。同時(shí)為提高正點(diǎn)率和更好的可預(yù)測(cè)性要求越來越高。是否有可能提高準(zhǔn)時(shí)，從而可能利用基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施資源更優(yōu)化的控制列車交通提供改進(jìn)的系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn)，這將是一個(gè)非常有效的方法提高列車。本文研究的一個(gè)主要目標(biāo)，對(duì)我morenvestigate如何，從人機(jī)交互的角度，系統(tǒng)可以被設(shè)計(jì)來更好的支持人的能力和能力的一個(gè)有效途徑火車交通控制。對(duì)復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的控制人類早期的研究有助于這方面的工作。本研究的一個(gè)重要組成部分，是獲取知識(shí)的邊緣有火車調(diào)度執(zhí)行他們今天的工作和困難的關(guān)系。研究了以用戶為中心的方法。在密切合作運(yùn)行的火車交通專業(yè)人士探討和發(fā)展的解決和改善情況自項(xiàng)目開始于1996建議的控制新策略，解決這樣一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)已被開發(fā)和一定程度的評(píng)價(jià)。瑞典國家鐵路管理局（國家鐵路局）正計(jì)劃建立基于控制的策略和思路從這個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目的操作控制系統(tǒng)。

Keyword：同一時(shí)間；人機(jī)交互；交通控制；烏普薩拉大學(xué)；人機(jī)交互劃分；部門；列車控制；有效途徑；列車控制；控制復(fù)雜；列車調(diào)度員 文章5：

題目:在人機(jī)交互說話口頭語預(yù)測(cè)

Abstract：本研究的特點(diǎn)自然說話disfluencies典型的人機(jī)交互，并給出了其發(fā)生的一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)模型會(huì)計(jì)。數(shù)據(jù)在三個(gè)實(shí)證研究中人們說或者寫一個(gè)高度互動(dòng)的模擬系統(tǒng)為他們完成業(yè)務(wù)交易的收集。研究涉及的學(xué)科內(nèi)的析因設(shè)計(jì)的輸入方式和格式是不同的?？谡Z不流利的人機(jī)接口速率在……moreraction被證明是大大低于率通常觀察到的類似人類的演講中。兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的因素，增加與規(guī)劃的要求，是高等disifuency率顯著相關(guān)：（我）長(zhǎng)度的話語；和（2）在演示文稿格式缺乏結(jié)構(gòu)?；貧w技術(shù)證明了線性模型基于簡(jiǎn)單的發(fā)音長(zhǎng)度占了在說話disfluencies 77%變異。因此，設(shè)計(jì)方法，能夠指導(dǎo)用戶講話簡(jiǎn)短的句子要消除說話disfluencies大多數(shù)潛在的。在這項(xiàng)研究中，例如，一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)化的表示格式成功地消除了6O 70%的不流利的講話。本研究的長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)是提供強(qiáng)大的語言技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的指導(dǎo)。Keyword：工程俄勒岡；人機(jī)交互；呈現(xiàn)方式；預(yù)測(cè)說話disfluencies；工藝盒 文章6：

題目：教學(xué)交互：第一次的經(jīng)驗(yàn)

Abstract：人機(jī)交互是在哥斯達(dá)黎加大學(xué)最近的紀(jì)律。在本文中，我們提出的第一個(gè)學(xué)年關(guān)于人類-計(jì)算機(jī)交互的先修課程的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，本科和碩士課程，設(shè)計(jì)和教。HCI課程介紹戰(zhàn)略包括兩個(gè)步驟：1）啟動(dòng)一個(gè)專門的本科課程在第一學(xué)期，和2）啟動(dòng)一個(gè)專門的碩士課程中的第二個(gè)任期，同時(shí)發(fā)展。moreaught與本科課程。課程大綱都分享。然而，由于差異的本科生和研究生的學(xué)生在本科和碩士課程的差異，評(píng)價(jià)方法的實(shí)施，導(dǎo)致更多的任務(wù)和研究生水平較高的緊迫性。在教室里的工作是為每個(gè)不同的課程，因?yàn)檠芯可梢越⒆约旱闹R(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上以前的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)和思想的交流與其他學(xué)生。在本科和碩士課程，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是實(shí)踐的理論支持。

Keyword

人機(jī)交互；人機(jī)互動(dòng)教學(xué)

文章7：

題目：人機(jī)交互

Abstract：人機(jī)交互是通過物理或心理互動(dòng)確立人與計(jì)算機(jī)之間的關(guān)系的過程。在這里，我們總結(jié)了人機(jī)交互的基礎(chǔ)上，與歷史的互動(dòng)形式與產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)。后來的人機(jī)交互的不同方面進(jìn)行了應(yīng)用，如人機(jī)交互通過逼真的人臉模型，人臉識(shí)別技術(shù)的人機(jī)交互界面，遠(yuǎn)程教育和人機(jī)交互。USI……moreng人工智能系統(tǒng)，我們可以把所有這些方面，提供了一個(gè)先進(jìn)的人機(jī)交互，計(jì)算機(jī)或機(jī)器人能夠識(shí)別人臉的學(xué)習(xí)和掌握自己的情緒反應(yīng)，通過面部模型，連接到不同的世界大學(xué)通過遠(yuǎn)程教育和幫助社會(huì)中通過學(xué)生福利改進(jìn)盡可能的。

Keyword：人機(jī)交互；人臉模型；人機(jī)交互；遠(yuǎn)程教育；產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)；智能

文章8：

題目：提供用戶模型直接訪問接口：一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的界面和交互影響的HRI的探索性研究 Abstract：

用戶模型的方式來理解和提高計(jì)算機(jī)接口的可用性。我們?cè)谶@里提出的ACT-R認(rèn)知建模語言的一個(gè)公開的駕駛模擬一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的模擬機(jī)器人接口交互模型。該模型通過將位圖的解析的新用途未修改的Java接口進(jìn)行交互。該模型的結(jié)構(gòu)開始描述知識(shí)的人為操作的機(jī)器人必須具備的。該模型還表明某些方面……更多的任務(wù)將為運(yùn)營商很難。例如，該模型的性能進(jìn)行定量的預(yù)測(cè)機(jī)器人的速度會(huì)如何影響導(dǎo)航的質(zhì)量，以及相關(guān)的人的行為。而模型并不能涵蓋所有的人機(jī)交互方面，它說明了如何提供用戶模型通過位圖訪問接口可以導(dǎo)致更準(zhǔn)確和更廣泛的適用模型的用戶。

Keyword：圖形用戶界面；人機(jī)交互；圖像處理；人機(jī)交互；遙操作；用戶建模；用戶接口的人為因素

文章9：

題目：公共服務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Abstract：

本文的重點(diǎn)是對(duì)公共服務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本文挑戰(zhàn)傳統(tǒng)的列表的可用性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的設(shè)計(jì)和評(píng)估的IT系統(tǒng)支持。傳統(tǒng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在人機(jī)交互領(lǐng)域內(nèi)被認(rèn)為是太有限，擴(kuò)大鑒于通信和業(yè)務(wù)過程提出。這擴(kuò)展的視野內(nèi)，現(xiàn)有的可用性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被認(rèn)為是重要的但不是充分的?；谶@一要求，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也支持系統(tǒng)提出了moreation和企業(yè)的行動(dòng)…。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是關(guān)于發(fā)展的實(shí)證研究產(chǎn)生的電子服務(wù)。這種服務(wù)的目的是支持企業(yè)之間的溝通和市當(dāng)公司將獲得經(jīng)營許可。分析在這種情況下，通信的需要已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生的設(shè)計(jì)和評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，為特定利益互補(bǔ)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生成的例子有：用戶成為有良好的條件（感知，理解和信息支持），區(qū)分信息和表演之間的部分，提供元信息（目的和內(nèi)容）。

Keyword：可用性；人機(jī)交互；電子政務(wù)；電子商務(wù)；電子政務(wù)；電子商務(wù)；人機(jī)交互（HCI）；可用性

文章10：

題目：人機(jī)交互作為一門工程學(xué)科：是或不是！？

Abstract：在新興的跨學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的人機(jī)交互的主要挑戰(zhàn)之一（HCI）是一個(gè)研究的線，可以使驗(yàn)證設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)交互系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，預(yù)測(cè)能力發(fā)展的規(guī)范?；谌N不同的元素交互系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方法：（1）人（的），（2）技術(shù)人工制品（S），和（3）的情況下使用，不同的學(xué)科有不同的研究范式，這……更多新領(lǐng)域：具有強(qiáng)烈的社會(huì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和實(shí)驗(yàn)方法科學(xué)，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)和交互設(shè)計(jì)與藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)的高度重視，和工程學(xué)科具有較強(qiáng)的技術(shù)和正式的AP的方法。本項(xiàng)目提出了建議，并結(jié)合不同的研究和基于三角網(wǎng)的設(shè)計(jì)范式的優(yōu)勢(shì)的一種可能的方式，我們認(rèn)為人機(jī)交互作為一門工程學(xué)科。

Keyword：

人機(jī)交互；研究議程的設(shè)計(jì)范式；三角剖分；

第五篇：英語四級(jí)翻譯

一、歷史文化

四大文明古國：中國位于亞洲東部，是世界上人口最多的國家。中國是世界四大文明古國之一，擁有大量的中華文化光輝的古跡，此外，中國地大物博，擁有茂密的森林、雄偉壯麗的瀑布、秀麗的湖泊以及如利劍直插云霄的山峰，所有這些都令世界各國人民神往。但是，更重要的是，中國以擁有五千多年的歷史而自豪，遺留下無數(shù)的歷史文物，其中包括珍貴珠寶、古跡名勝、宮殿及數(shù)不盡的雄偉建筑，令人驚嘆不已。這種種原因都促使中國成為許多人夢(mèng)寐以求的旅游勝地。

China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world.China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides ,it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords.All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world.But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration.You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.中華傳統(tǒng)文化：中華民族的傳統(tǒng)文化博大精深，源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)。早在2000多年前，就產(chǎn)生了以孔孟為代表的儒家學(xué)說和以老莊為代表的道家學(xué)說，以及其他許多也在中國思想史上有地位的學(xué)說流派，這就是有名的“諸子百家”。從孔夫子到孫中山，中華民族傳統(tǒng)文化有它的許多珍貴品質(zhì)，許多人民性和民主性的好東西。比如，強(qiáng)調(diào)仁愛，強(qiáng)調(diào)群體，強(qiáng)調(diào)和而不同，強(qiáng)調(diào)天下為公。特別是“天下興亡，匹夫有責(zé)”的愛國情找，“民為邦本”，“民貴君輕”的民本思想，“己所不欲勿施于人”的待人之道，吃苦耐勞，勤儉持家，尊師重教的傳統(tǒng)美德，世代相傳。所有這些，對(duì)家庭，國家和社會(huì)起到了巨大的維系與調(diào)節(jié)作用。

The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long,long course.More than 2,000 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism represented by Lao Zi and ZhuangZi, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the famous term” the masters’hundred schools.” The traditional Chinese culture presents many precious idea sand qualities, which are essentially populist and democratic.For example, they lay stress on the importance of kindness and love in human relations, on the interest of the community, on seeking harmony without uniformity and on the idea that the world is for all.Especially, patriotism as embodied in the saying ”Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country”;the populist ideas that “people are the foundation of the country” and that “people are the more important than the monarch”;the code of conduct of “Treat othersas you want to be treated”.And the traditional virtues taught from generation to generation: endurance and hard working diligence and frugality in household management ,and respecting teachers and valuing education.All of which have played a great role in binding and regulating the family, the country and the society.漢語：從某種意義上說，漢語是一種很古老的語言，其最早的漢字已有近四千年的歷史了。漢字在其漫長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展史中演化成許多不同的書寫形式，例如篆書、隸書、楷書和行書。中國書法家往往使?jié)h字的字形夸張以取得藝術(shù)效果，例如旅游勝地的一些石刻碑文。中國書法是一門研究藝術(shù)，隨著各位學(xué)習(xí)興趣的提高，我們將適時(shí)介紹中國書法的流派，以及如何欣賞中國書法的藝術(shù)性。

In a sense ,Chinese is a very old language, and its earliest characters date back nearly four thousand years ago.During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as the Sealscript, Clerical script, Regular script and Running script.Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in ways that exaggerate the form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen in tourist resorts.Chinese calligraphy is a subject of artistic study.As your interest in Chinese character system increases in the days to come, we will introduce in due time the different schools of Chinese calligraphy, and how to appreciate the artistic beauty of Chinese calligraphy.孔子：孔子(ConfUcius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中國儒學(xué)(the Ru School)思想的創(chuàng)始人。儒學(xué)(Confucianism)，這個(gè)道德和宗教哲學(xué)的大系統(tǒng)建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教學(xué)上。馮友蘭，中國思想史上20世紀(jì)偉大的的權(quán)威之一，把孔子在中國歷史上的影響比作西方的蘇格拉底。Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought.Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung.Fung You-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history of Chinese thought, compares Confucius9 influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.紅樓夢(mèng)：《紅樓夢(mèng)》問世二百年以來,通過漢文原文和各種譯文讀過此書的人,不知有多少億!這么多的讀者哪一個(gè)是先看批評(píng)家的文章,然而再讓批評(píng)家牽著鼻子走,按圖索驥地去讀原作呢?我看是絕無僅有的。一切文學(xué)作品,特別是象《紅樓夢(mèng)》這樣偉大的作品,內(nèi)容異常地豐富,涉及到的社會(huì)層面異常地多,簡(jiǎn)直象是一個(gè)寶山，一座迷宮。而讀者群就更加復(fù)雜，他們來讀《紅樓夢(mèng)》，會(huì)各就自己的特點(diǎn)，欣賞該書中的某一個(gè)方面，受到鼓舞，受到啟發(fā)，引起了喜愛;也可能受到打擊，引起了憎惡?？傊乔Р钊f別。

Ever since the publication of A Dream of Red Mansions some 200 years ago, hundreds of millions of people have read its Chinese original or its translations in various languages.Of these innumerable people, how many have read the novel by starting with a perusal of the critics' articles and allowing themselves to be led by the nose by the critics as to how to read the novel? Next to none.All literary works, especially a monumental one like A Dream of Red Mansions, are extremely rich in content and involve perse social strata-to such an extent that they virtually resemble a mountain of treasure or a labyrinth.And the readers are even more complicated, differing from each other in family background.They will each appreciate a certain aspect of the novel according to their own inpiduality.They may feel inspired and enlightened, and hence love it, or they may feel hurt, and hence loathe it.In short, the reactions vary.二、傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日 春節(jié)：春節(jié)慶?；顒?dòng)是一年中最重要的慶?；顒?dòng)。中國人慶祝春節(jié)的方式可能略微不同，但其愿望幾乎是相同的，他們希望其家人和朋友來年健康和幸運(yùn)。春節(jié)慶?；顒?dòng)通常持續(xù)15天。慶?；顒?dòng)包括春節(jié)的年夜飯，放鞭炮，給兒童壓歲錢，春節(jié)鐘聲和春節(jié)問候。大多數(shù)中國人將在春節(jié)的第7天停止慶?；顒?dòng)，因?yàn)槿珖怨?jié)假通常在這一天結(jié)束，但在公共場(chǎng)所的慶祝活動(dòng)可能最終持續(xù)到正月十五。Chinese New Year Celebration is the most important celebration of the year.Chinese people may celebrate the Chinese New Year in slightly different ways but their wishes are almost the same;they want their family members and friends to be healthy and lucky during next year.Chinese New Year Celebration usually lasts for 15 days.Celebratory activities include Chinese New Feast, firecrackers, giving lucky money to children, the New Year bell ringing and Chinese New Year Greetings.Most of Chinese people will stop the celebrating in their home on the 7th day of New Year because the national holiday usually ends around that day, however celebrations in public areas can last until the 15th day of New Year.清明節(jié)：清明節(jié)的習(xí)俗是豐富有趣的，除了講究禁火、掃墓，還有踏青、蕩秋千、蹴鞠、打馬球、插柳等一系列風(fēng)俗體育活動(dòng)。相傳這是因?yàn)榍迕鞴?jié)要寒食禁火，為了防止寒食冷藏傷身，所以大家來參加一些體育活動(dòng)，以鍛煉身體。因此，這個(gè)節(jié)日既有祭掃新墳生別死離得悲酸淚，又有踏青游玩的歡笑聲，是一個(gè)富有特色的節(jié)日。

Ching MingFestival(the Tomb-sweeping Festival), the custom is full of interesting.In addition to pay attention to ban fire, tomb-sweeping, as well as spring outing, swinging, Cuju, playing polo, Liu inserted a series of custom sports.According to legend, this is because the Ching Ming Festival to Cold Food Observance ban fire, in order to prevent the Cold Food Observance buffet beverages, so we come to participate in some sports, in order to exercise.Therefore, this festival which has both the acid tears of sorrow for the died and the laughter from the players, is adistinctive holiday.元宵節(jié)：與大多數(shù)中國節(jié)日一樣，元宵節(jié)同樣有自己的特色小吃，成為“湯圓”(也叫“元宵”)。湯圓外形圓圓的，外皮由糯米制成，內(nèi)陷或甜或辣。人們都說湯圓有兩個(gè)象征之意，一為農(nóng)歷的第一個(gè)月圓，二為家庭團(tuán)聚圓滿。元宵節(jié)傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗中還有一部分是關(guān)于猜燈謎的游戲。在過去，這些謎語大多出自于模糊的文學(xué)典故和中國古典文學(xué)之中，所以猜燈謎以前多為知識(shí)份子的“領(lǐng)地”。踩高蹺，敲大鼓和舞龍獅也是元宵節(jié)主要的娛樂活動(dòng)。

Like most Chinese festivals, the Lantern Festival has its own special food, called “tangyuan”.These are round, glutinous rice dumplings with sweet or spicy fillings.The dumplings are said to symbolize both the first full moon and family utility and completeness.Part of the lantern festival tradition involves a game to guess riddles attached to the lanterns.In the old days the riddles were obscure literary allusions to the Chinese classics and so were mainly the preserve of the educated classes.Stilt-walking ,drumming and dragon and lion dancing are the main entertainment forms of the Lantern Festival.端午節(jié)：端午節(jié)，又叫龍舟節(jié)，是為了紀(jì)念愛國詩人屈原。屈原是一位忠誠和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他給國家?guī)砹撕推胶头睒s。但最后因?yàn)槭艿秸u謗（vilify）而最終投河自盡。人們撐船到他自盡的地方，拋下粽子，希望魚兒吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身軀。幾千年來，端午節(jié)的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和賽龍舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。The Duan WuFestival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patrioticpoet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as are sult of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of QuYuan’s body.For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.中秋節(jié)：農(nóng)歷八月十五日是中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日——中秋節(jié)。在這天，每個(gè)家庭都團(tuán)聚在一起，一家人共同觀賞象征豐裕、和諧和好運(yùn)的圓月。此時(shí)，大人們盡情吃著美味的月餅，品著熱騰騰的香茗，而孩子們則在一旁拉著明亮的兔子燈盡情玩耍。月宮里美麗的仙女嫦娥的神話故事賦予了這個(gè)節(jié)日神話色彩。傳說古時(shí)候，天空曾有10個(gè)太陽圍著地球旋轉(zhuǎn)。后翌射下了其中9個(gè)太陽，拯救了地球上的生靈。他偷了長(zhǎng)生不老藥，卻被妻子嫦娥偷偷喝下，從而產(chǎn)生了嫦娥奔月的故事。

The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar month.It is atime for family members to congregate and enjoy the full moon, which is a symbol of abundance, harmony and luck.Adults usually indulge in fragrant mooncakes of various kinds with a good cup of hot Chinese tea, while the children run around with their brightly-lit rabbit lanterns.The festival wasendowed a mythological flavour with legends of Chang-E, the beautiful lady inthe moon.According to Chinese mythology, the earth once had 10 suns circling over it.Hou Yi, shot down 9 of the suns to save all the lives on carth.Hestole the elixir of life, which can make people immortal.However, his wife ,Chang-E drank it.Thus the legend of Chang-E flying into the moon came int obeing.三、傳統(tǒng)事物

筷子：中國人使用筷子已經(jīng)有3 000多年的歷史了。中國的筷子夾菜的一端是圓的，象征著天；另一端是方的，象征著地。這是因?yàn)?，維持充足的食物供應(yīng)是天地之間最重要的事情。中國有個(gè)古老的風(fēng)俗，女子出嫁時(shí)要用筷子當(dāng)嫁妝，因?yàn)椤翱曜印迸c“快子”諧音。根據(jù)中國的餐桌禮儀，吃飯時(shí)一直握著筷子是不禮貌的。將菜送入口中后，應(yīng)立刻把筷子放下。吃飯時(shí)，用筷子指著別人會(huì)對(duì)其造成冒犯。

There has been a history of more than 3 000 years for the Chinese to have meals with chopsticks.Chinese chopsticks are round on the eating end which symbolizes the heaven, and the other end is square which symbolizes the earth.It is because maintaining an adequate food supply is the greatest concern between the heaven and the earth.There is an old custom in the past in China, that chopsticks should be apart of a girl’s dowry.Kuaizi(chopsticks)is pronounced the same as “kuaizi”.The latter symbolized “quick” and “son”.According to the Chinese traditional table manners, it is impolite to hold the chopsticks all the time over the meal.As soon as one person sends a bite into his mouth, he should putdown the chopsticks.It would offend others to point at them with chopsticks over the meal.文房四寶：在中國，筆、墨、紙、硯（ink slab），就是人們所說的“文房四寶”，在中華文明的傳承中起了重要作用。文房四寶不僅有實(shí)用價(jià)值，它們本身也是供人觀賞的藝術(shù)品，并逐步成為收藏品。文房四寶品類繁多，豐富多彩，選材制作不斷趨于完善、精美，歷代都有名品、名匠產(chǎn)生，成為一種深厚的文化積淀。在當(dāng)今時(shí)代，使用筆、墨、紙、硯進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)、寫作的人越來越少了，但是，在中國的書法、繪畫、收藏以及修身養(yǎng)性活動(dòng)中，它們?nèi)云鹬豢商娲淖饔谩?/p>

In China, “four treasures of the study” refers to “writing brush”, “ink stick”, “paper” and“ink slab”, playing an important role in passing on Chinese civilization.They not only have their value of practical use, but also become the works of art for appreciation and collection.There is a large variety of these four treasures.Selecting of materials and making process have become increasingly delicate and perfect.Each dynasty of Chinese history saw famous craftsmen appear and works produced, which is a profound process of cultural accumulation In contemporary times, “four treasures of the study” have been increasingly rarely used for study or writhing, but they are still playing anir replaceable role in the field of Chinese calligraphy, painting, collection and in the activities of cultivating one's mind.中國結(jié)：中國結(jié)（The Chinese Knot）是一種古老的藝術(shù)形式。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，繩結(jié)可以追朔到10萬年前。中國人不僅用繩結(jié)來固定、包裹、狩獵、捕魚，還用來記錄事件，而且有些繩結(jié)純粹起裝飾作用。中國結(jié)具有文化內(nèi)涵（cultural connotation）。由于結(jié)在漢語中的發(fā)音與“吉”相近。吉的意思是“福、祿、壽、喜、財(cái)、安、康”，這是中國人永恒的追求，因此有些中國結(jié)表達(dá)出人們的各種愿望。例如：新婚夫婦的房間通常用一個(gè)盤長(zhǎng)結(jié)（Pan-chang Knot）來裝飾，象征著永恒的愛情。The Chinese Knot is an ancient art form and artifacts could be found as far back as 100 000years ago.Chinese people used knots for more than justfastening , wraping, hunting, fishing.Knots were also to record events ,and someknots had purely ornamentak functions.The Chinese Knot has cultural connotations.Since knot is pronounce d as“jie” in Chinese similar with that of “ji”,which means blessing,goodsalary,longevity,happpiness,fortune,safety and health and is the everl astingpursuit of Chinese people ,some Chinese Knots espress people's various hopes.Forexample ,the room of newlyweds is usually decorated with a Pan-Chang Knot to symbolizeeternal love.八大菜系：中國一個(gè)幅員遼闊、資源豐富、歷史悠久的多民族國家，每個(gè)民族都有其獨(dú)特的豐富菜肴。地域菜系在地理環(huán)境、氣候、文化傳統(tǒng)、民族風(fēng)俗和其他因素的影響下經(jīng)過悠久歷史的發(fā)展已經(jīng)成形。最有影響力、最具代表性的是魯、川、粵、閩、蘇、浙、湘、徽菜系，這八種被人們稱為“八大菜系”。中國的“八大菜系”是以多種多樣的烹飪方法區(qū)分的，各有其長(zhǎng)處。

China is atime-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources,and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines havetaken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographicalenvironment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.Themost influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and HuiCuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the“Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by persified cooking skills,with each having its strong points.四、傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)

京?。壕﹦”环顬橹袊膰?，來源于18世紀(jì)晚期的安徽和湖北的當(dāng)?shù)貏》N。京劇是中國所有劇種中最有影響力和代表性的，在中國乃至世界享有聲譽(yù)。京劇完美融合了多種藝術(shù)形式。京劇集傳統(tǒng)音樂、舞蹈、詩歌、雜耍、武術(shù)于一身，以華麗的戲服、逼真的臉譜和程式化的演出套路而聞名。京劇臉譜上每一種圖形和亮麗的顏色都有象征意義：紅色表示忠誠，藍(lán)色表示殘暴，黑色表示正直。Known as China’s national opera, Peking Opera originated in the late 18th century from the basis of some local operas in Anhui and Hubei Provinces.Peking Opera is the mostinfluential and representative of all operas in China.It has won great popularity not only in China but also throughout the world.Peking Opera is aharmonious combination of many art forms.It is a synthesis of traditional music, dancing, poetry, acrobatics and martial arts.It is famous for itsexquisite costumes, beautiful make-up or painted face, and established performing conventions and rules.Each of patterns and brilliant colors on the painted face has a symbolic meaning: red suggests loyalty;blue suggests cruelty;black suggests honesty.武術(shù)：武術(shù)在我國源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)，是中華民族傳統(tǒng)文化的瑰寶。我們知道，一個(gè)民族的優(yōu)秀文化遺產(chǎn)，不僅僅屬于一個(gè)民族，它會(huì)逐漸傳播到世界而成為人類的共同財(cái)富。// 為了更好的推廣武術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，使其與奧運(yùn)項(xiàng)目接軌，中國武協(xié)和國際武聯(lián)做了大量的艱苦卓絕的工作。現(xiàn)在武術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)已被列為一種具有與保齡球運(yùn)動(dòng)和國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舞同等地位的奧運(yùn)表演項(xiàng)目。//武術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展，除得益于其項(xiàng)目本身的吸引力之外，早期移居海外的一代武術(shù)大師功不可沒。//老一代武術(shù)家在海外播種下了武術(shù)的種子，使武術(shù)這門既可以自衛(wèi)又可以健身的運(yùn)動(dòng)很快就在新的土地上扎下了根。今天高超的武術(shù)大師已遍布世界各地，武術(shù)愛好者也與日俱增。

Wushu, or Chinese martial art, can be traced back to ancient times.It is a gem of Chinese traditional culture.As well know, the fine culture of a nation does not belong to the nation alone and it will be spread to the rest of the world and shared by all humanity.// The Chinese Wushu Association and International Wushu Federation(IWUF)have been working very hard to popularize wushu and make the Chinese martial art closer to the Olympic Movement.Wushu was accepted to join bowling and international standard dance as an Olympic demonstration event.//The booming of wushu is attributed not only to the attractiveness of the sport but also to emigrant Chinese wushu masters over the years.// Martial artists of the older generation shave sown wushu seeds in foreign countries.Wushu, which can be used as self defense and can keep practitioners fit and strong, soon became popular on new lands.Today superb wushu masters are active all over the world, and amateurs are on the increase with each passing day.獅舞：獅舞（Lion Dance）是中國最廣為流傳的民間舞蹈之一。獅為百獸之首，在中國傳統(tǒng)中，獅子被視為是能帶來好運(yùn)的吉祥物（mascot）。古人將獅子視作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驅(qū)趕邪惡、保護(hù)人類。據(jù)記載，獅舞已擁有了2,000多年的歷史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），獅舞就已經(jīng)被引入了皇室。因此，舞獅成為元宵節(jié)（the Lantern Festival）和其他節(jié)日的習(xí)俗，人們以此來祈禱好運(yùn)、平安和幸福。

The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals.In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans.The dance has are corded history of more than 2,000 years.During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty.Therefore ,performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.四六級(jí)考試的作文題目無非就是兩類： 第一．和自己發(fā)展有關(guān)的個(gè)人成長(zhǎng)成功話題； 第二．和社會(huì)現(xiàn)象相關(guān)的學(xué)校社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)話題； 而四六級(jí)的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)很固定： 第一段：引出話題（對(duì)于圖畫描述）第二段：闡釋話題 第三段：總結(jié)話題

第一類話題需要大家說自己的認(rèn)識(shí)，其實(shí)就是喊出一些無用的口號(hào)，并且的變了方的把這些口號(hào)喊的比較復(fù)雜，人在成長(zhǎng)成功過程中的品質(zhì)通常包括了：某種品質(zhì)對(duì)成功很重要: 可能出現(xiàn)的主題詞：

順境與逆境(Favorable Circumstances and adverse Circumstances)勤奮（diligence;painstaking work）謹(jǐn)慎和堅(jiān)毅（prudence and determination）熱情和樂觀（, enthusiasm and optimism）

博學(xué)和求知（learnedness and seeking knowledge/pursuit of knowledge）絕望和堅(jiān)持（Frustration and perseverance）獨(dú)立性問(independence)感恩(gratitude)創(chuàng)新(creation and innovation)鼓勵(lì)(encouragement)自滿和謙遜（self-satisfied and modest）合作（cooperation）等：注意替換主題詞就可以了.All in all, by cooperation among each other, we will be able to explore a wider world and reach further horizon.Furthermore, whatever difficulty or situation we are confronted with, those who have the spirit of cooperation and team work are nearer to success.Just as John Adams, the second U.S.president quoted from the ancient Greek Aesop’s Fables,“United we stand, divided we fall.”

自信：(confidence)

(可以把獨(dú)立換成考場(chǎng)上需要你寫的主題詞，比如，the spirit of impendence等)

社會(huì)和學(xué)校話題：

對(duì)于學(xué)校社會(huì)話題同樣是喊出口號(hào)，分析利弊，不可能寫出太多實(shí)質(zhì)的話題：

常見的話題：

1． 資源保護(hù)(Energy and Resource Saving)環(huán)境保護(hù)(Environmental protection)低碳環(huán)保（low-carbon life）旅游對(duì)環(huán)境的影響（2． 人口增長(zhǎng)(The growth of China’s population)3． 社會(huì)保障問題(Social security fund)4． 假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品問題(Counterfeits and unqualified products)食品安全(food safety)5． 消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)問題(The protection of consumers rights and interests)6． 社會(huì)誠信的缺失（Honest is the best policy.It pays to be honest.）

It is not hard to notice that without honesty/credibility, hardly can individuals or organizations make money, take profits, let alone obtain wealth in the long term, especially in this fiercely competitive modern world, I argue.我認(rèn)為，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，要是沒有誠信在這樣一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中，從長(zhǎng)期來看個(gè)人和組織是很難賺到錢，賺到利潤的，更不必說獲得財(cái)富了。

7.知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)問題（Intellectual Property protection.No plagiarizing）8． 微博和微信的強(qiáng)勢(shì)崛起（The rise of the WeiBo,Wechat）9． 傳統(tǒng)文化的傳播（traditional Chinese culture）

It is my view that national culture as priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished.Meanwhile, there are good reasons to advocate international culture.While global economic integration has fostered thorough cultural interchanges, it is multiculturalism that essentially makes the society and its people diverse, colorful, vigorous and open-minded.Nevertheless, certainly, when we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side.Only in this way can we promote cultural development positively and make our world dimensional, colorful and vigorous.孝敬父母（caring parents）(filial piety)Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our parents can enjoy their life to the uttermost.10． 提高學(xué)生的身體素質(zhì)（physical exercise build a strong body and relieve pressure and keep a pleasant mood）

11． 大學(xué)生的就業(yè)（sticking to our own choice of following our parent’s arrangement）

Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our graduates can enjoy their careers to the uttermost.12． 大學(xué)城的建造（the construction of university town）

Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our students can enjoy their study to the uttermost.先談社會(huì)話題：

負(fù)面的話題無非要涉及解決的問題，正面話題就是展望未來，現(xiàn)在送大家一些在考研和四六級(jí)中正負(fù)面話題都能用的表達(dá)：

The general public is supposed to enhance their awareness that 大眾需要提升對(duì)于…的意識(shí)是，In view of the complexity of such a topic, we must treat it socially, economically and culturally.考慮到話題的復(fù)雜性，我們必須從社會(huì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化角度來對(duì)待這個(gè)話題。

In a sense, it is not why sth.exists in today’s world but what we should do to cope with it.總之，不是討論為什么在今天的世界會(huì)存在這種話題，而在于我們應(yīng)該怎么去應(yīng)對(duì)他。

文章最后一定能用到的表達(dá)：

In view of the importance and the complexity of such a positive/negative phenomenon, we must treat it socially, economically and culturally and maintain it the very force that has driven our society/或 life forward.Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which people can enjoy their life to the uttermost./或in which student can enjoy their study to the uttermost.特別警惕，四六級(jí)還可以出一些應(yīng)用文作為考察的對(duì)象，這里附上一篇?dú)g迎辭； My dear new friends, You are welcomed to join in our English club.I am very glad that you will be a part of our fantastic club.Established in 2001, our club has celebrated her 10th birthday.In the past ten years, a lot of interesting activities have been designed and organized.Our most famous activities include talk shows, speech competition and role play competition.In our club, you will have ample opportunities to enjoy English movies, meet foreign friends and of course practice your oral English with them.I am sure you will enjoy happy moments in our club and make progress in your English learning.