第一篇：中南大學(xué)地信院925《地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》考試大綱

中南大學(xué)2013年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試

《地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》考試大綱

本考試大綱由地球科學(xué)與信息物理學(xué)院教授委員會于2012年7月7日通過。

I.考試性質(zhì)

《地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》考試是為中南大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與信息物理學(xué)院招收碩士研究生而設(shè)置的具有選拔性質(zhì)的碩士研究生入學(xué)考試科目，其目的是科學(xué)、公平、有效地測試學(xué)生掌握大學(xué)本科階段地質(zhì)學(xué)（工學(xué)和理學(xué)）的基本知識、基本理論和基本技能，評價(jià)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為高等學(xué)校本科畢業(yè)生相關(guān)課程均達(dá)到及格或及格以上水平，以保證被錄取者具有較高的地質(zhì)專業(yè)理論及技能，有利于招生部門擇優(yōu)選拔。

II.考查目標(biāo)

《地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》考試涵蓋普通地質(zhì)學(xué)、構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)、結(jié)晶礦物學(xué)、巖石學(xué)、礦床學(xué)等課程。要求考生：

（1）準(zhǔn)確地認(rèn)識或再現(xiàn)學(xué)科的有關(guān)知識。

（2）準(zhǔn)確、恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂帽緦W(xué)科的專業(yè)術(shù)語，正確理解和掌握學(xué)科的基本理論、技能和方法。

（3）運(yùn)用有關(guān)原理，分析和解釋有關(guān)的地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象和地質(zhì)特征，辨明理論是非。

（4）結(jié)合特定的地質(zhì)環(huán)境和地質(zhì)條件，認(rèn)識和評價(jià)有關(guān)理論問題和實(shí)際問題。

Ⅲ.考試形式和試卷結(jié)構(gòu)

（1）試卷滿分及考試時(shí)間

本試卷滿分為150 分，考試時(shí)間為180 分鐘

（2）答題方式

答題方式為閉卷，筆試。

（3）試卷內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)

普通地質(zhì)學(xué)約20 %

構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)約20 %

結(jié)晶礦物學(xué)約15 %

巖石學(xué)約30 %

礦床學(xué)約15 %

Ⅳ.試卷題型

試卷主要題型包括名詞解釋、填空題、選擇題、判斷題、問答題、綜合題等。Ⅴ.考查內(nèi)容

一、普通地質(zhì)學(xué)

1.外力地質(zhì)作用的一般特征

（1）外力地質(zhì)作用的主要類型和影響因素。

（2）風(fēng)化作用的概念；風(fēng)化作用的影響因素；風(fēng)化殼及風(fēng)化堆積物。

（3）沉積物及沉積巖的概念；沉積物的形成過程；沉積物的搬運(yùn)介質(zhì)、搬運(yùn)力；沉積物的沉積。

2.河流的地質(zhì)作用

（1）河流的形態(tài)特征；河流的演化和發(fā)展；構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)對河流發(fā)展演化的影響。

（2）河流的侵蝕作用的主要類型及動(dòng)力來源，發(fā)展演化。

（3）河流的搬運(yùn)作用特征。

（4）河流沉積環(huán)境與沉積特征；河谷的沉積特征；河口的沉積特征；沉積砂礦的概念。

3.海洋的地質(zhì)作用

（1）海洋地形及海洋沉積環(huán)境特征。

（2）海水的成分；海水的運(yùn)動(dòng)特征及其影響因素；海洋的侵蝕作用；海水的搬運(yùn)作用。

（3）濱岸帶、淺海、半深海-深海的沉積作用特征及沉積物特征。

4.地下水的地質(zhì)作用

（1）地下水的概念；巖石的孔隙度和滲透性；地下水的類型及運(yùn)動(dòng)特征。

（2）地下水的潛蝕作用及其影響因素。

（3）地下水的搬運(yùn)特征和沉積特征。

5.地質(zhì)演化及地質(zhì)年代學(xué)

（1）相對年代和絕對年齡的概念；相對年代確定的主要方法及其應(yīng)用；生物層序率和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化石的概念。

（2）年代地層單位與巖石地層單位的概念；地質(zhì)年代單位與年代地層單位及其代號；地質(zhì)年代表。

二、構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)

1．構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)

（1）構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)的研究對象、研究內(nèi)容及意義；構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)研究的基本方法。

（2）應(yīng)力、應(yīng)力場、應(yīng)力軌跡和應(yīng)力集中的相關(guān)概念；應(yīng)力分析基本原理和方法；應(yīng)變橢球體、形態(tài)類型及其幾何表示；庫倫剪破裂準(zhǔn)則；影響巖石變形的因素。

2．原生構(gòu)造

（1）沉積巖層頂?shù)酌娴淖R別及其應(yīng)用；“V”字形法則及其應(yīng)用；不整合的識別和研究.（2）火成巖產(chǎn)出類型、原生構(gòu)造及識別。

3.面狀和線狀構(gòu)造

（1）劈理類型及應(yīng)變意義.（2）線理的類型及識別，線理的軸型和運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)意義。

4．主要地質(zhì)構(gòu)造類型的特征和分類

（1）褶皺的基本類型及基本要素；褶皺組合式樣及構(gòu)造意義；褶皺形態(tài)描述基本內(nèi)容及方法；主要的褶皺幾何及形態(tài)分類；代表性的褶皺疊加式樣。

（2）節(jié)理的分類、節(jié)理力學(xué)分類中不同類型的判別標(biāo)志與方法；節(jié)理的分期與配套。

（3）代表性斷層相關(guān)概念（如:逆沖推覆構(gòu)造、飛來峰、構(gòu)造窗等）、斷層基本要素、斷層分類（主要是力學(xué)分類）；斷層野外識別標(biāo)志；地層運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)鑒別標(biāo)志；不同力學(xué)性質(zhì)斷層的基本特征。

三、結(jié)晶礦物學(xué)

1.結(jié)晶學(xué)基礎(chǔ)

（1）晶體的概念，空間格子，晶體的基本性質(zhì)，晶體的形成方式及面角守恒定律。

（2）晶體對稱的概念，對稱操作和對稱要素，對稱型的概念及分析。

（3）晶體定向，對稱型的國際符號，晶面符號，晶棱符號、晶帶與晶帶定律。

（4）單形與聚形，晶體的不規(guī)則連生和規(guī)則連生；類質(zhì)同像、同質(zhì)多像與多型。

2.礦物學(xué)

（1）礦物的概念；礦物的形態(tài)；礦物的物理、化學(xué)性質(zhì)；礦物的分類與其晶體化學(xué)分類的原則。

（2）常見造巖礦物的肉眼鑒定特征（包括橄欖石、普通輝石、普通角閃石、斜長石、正長石、黑云母、白云母、石英、方解石、白云石等）；常見的礦石礦物的肉眼鑒定特征（包括方鉛礦、閃鋅礦、黃鐵礦、黃銅礦、孔雀石、輝銅礦、斑銅礦、磁鐵礦、赤鐵礦、褐鐵礦、黑鎢礦、白鎢礦、輝銻礦、雄黃、雌黃等）。

四、巖石學(xué)

1.巖漿巖部分

（1）基本概念：巖漿、巖漿作用、巖漿巖的產(chǎn)狀；淺色礦物、暗色礦物、色率；主要礦物、次要礦物、副礦物；巖漿巖的結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造；里特曼指數(shù)；分異作用、同化混染作用；玢巖、斑巖等。

（2）主要結(jié)構(gòu)類型（輝長結(jié)構(gòu)、輝綠結(jié)構(gòu)、反應(yīng)邊結(jié)構(gòu)、拉斑玄武結(jié)構(gòu)、暗化邊結(jié)構(gòu)、熔蝕結(jié)構(gòu)、包含結(jié)構(gòu)、交生結(jié)構(gòu)、環(huán)帶結(jié)構(gòu)、斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)、似斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)、煌斑結(jié)構(gòu)等）的特征。

（3）巖漿巖的形成條件、分類及命名原則。

（4）主要巖石類型的基本特征和成礦專屬性。

2.沉積巖部分

（1）基本概念：沉積巖的結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造；陸源礦物、自生礦物；次生加大；顆粒支撐、雜基支撐；內(nèi)碎屑、鮞粒；示底構(gòu)造；結(jié)構(gòu)成熟度、成分成熟度等。

（2）沉積巖的形成條件、分類及命名原則

（3）主要巖石類型的基本特征和成因。

3.變質(zhì)巖部分

（1）基本概念：變質(zhì)巖的結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造；特征礦物、貫通礦物；混合巖的基體和脈體等。

（2）主要結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造類型（角巖結(jié)構(gòu)、板狀構(gòu)造、千枚狀構(gòu)造、片狀構(gòu)造、片麻狀構(gòu)造、條帶狀構(gòu)造、眼球狀構(gòu)造等）的基本特征。

（3）變質(zhì)作用的主要方式及其特征。

（4）變質(zhì)巖的形成條件；主要巖石類型及其基本特征。

五、礦床學(xué)

1.礦床學(xué)的基本概念

礦床、礦體、礦石的概念；礦體的形態(tài)和產(chǎn)狀；礦石礦物與脈石礦物；礦石的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造；克拉克值、濃度克拉克值和濃集系數(shù)；邊界品位與最低工業(yè)品位。

2.主要礦床類型

（1）巖漿型礦床的概念；早期巖漿礦床、晚期巖漿礦床、巖漿熔離礦床等主要類型的成礦作用和基本特征。

（2）熱液型礦床的概念；熱液型礦床的成礦作用方式；矽卡巖型、斑巖型、高、中、低溫?zé)嵋盒偷V床的基本特征。

（3）外生礦床和變質(zhì)礦床的基本概念。

（4）層控礦床的概念；層控礦床的形成作用和基本特征。

第二篇：地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)考試大綱

博士研究生入學(xué)考試《地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》 考試大綱

本《地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》 考試大綱適用于瓦斯地質(zhì)與瓦斯治理研究專業(yè)的博士研究生入學(xué)考試。地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是地質(zhì)學(xué)各專業(yè)的最基礎(chǔ)理論課程，介紹地質(zhì)學(xué)的研究對象、研究內(nèi)容、研究方法。該課程主要描述地球?qū)尤?gòu)造及各層圈的主要物理性質(zhì)和化學(xué)組成、常見的礦物和巖石、各種內(nèi)外動(dòng)力地質(zhì)作用的主要特征、巖石圈運(yùn)動(dòng)的一般規(guī)律及其演變歷史、地質(zhì)歷史上古生物演化概況等地質(zhì)學(xué)基本知識。要求考生掌握地質(zhì)學(xué)特有的思維方式和時(shí)空概念，即地球在空間上、時(shí)間上的動(dòng)態(tài)演化特征，牢固掌握地質(zhì)學(xué)各種基本概念與基本原理，了解一定的地學(xué)野外與室內(nèi)研究方法。

一、考試主要內(nèi)容

（一）緒論

1.地質(zhì)學(xué)的研究對象 2.地質(zhì)學(xué)的任務(wù) 3.地質(zhì)學(xué)的研究內(nèi)容 4.地質(zhì)作用及其研究方法 5.我國地學(xué)研究的若干地域優(yōu)勢

（二）礦物 1.礦物的概念

2.礦物手標(biāo)本的鑒定特征 3.常見礦物

（三）巖漿作用與火成巖 1.噴出作用與噴出巖 2.侵入作用與侵入巖 3.火成巖的結(jié)構(gòu)與構(gòu)造 4.火成巖的分類及其野外識別 5.火成巖的成因

（四）外力地質(zhì)作用與沉積巖

1.外力地質(zhì)作用的一般特征 2.沉積巖的特征 3.常見的沉積巖

（五）變質(zhì)作用與變質(zhì)巖 1.變質(zhì)作用概述 2.變質(zhì)作用中原巖的變化 3.變質(zhì)作用類型及其代表性巖石 4.巖石的演變

（六）地質(zhì)年代 1.相對年代的確定 2.同位素年齡的測定 3.地質(zhì)年代表

4.地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期的生物爆發(fā)與滅絕

（七）地震及地球內(nèi)部構(gòu)造 1.地震的基本概念 2.地震波與地震儀 3.地震的強(qiáng)度 4.地震的分布 5.地震預(yù)報(bào)與預(yù)防 6.地球的內(nèi)部構(gòu)造

（八）構(gòu)造作用與地質(zhì)構(gòu)造 1.構(gòu)造作用的基本方式 2.巖石的變形與地質(zhì)構(gòu)造 3.地層的接觸關(guān)系 4.構(gòu)造期與構(gòu)造事件

（九）板塊構(gòu)造 1.大陸漂移 2.海底擴(kuò)張 3.板塊構(gòu)造

（十）風(fēng)化作用 1.風(fēng)化作用的類型

2.制約巖石風(fēng)化性質(zhì)與特征的因素 3.風(fēng)化作用的產(chǎn)物

（十一）河流及其地質(zhì)作用 1.河流概述 2.河流的侵蝕作用 3.河流的搬運(yùn)作用 4.河流的沉積作用 5.河流的均夷化與去均夷化 6.河流發(fā)育與地質(zhì)構(gòu)造的關(guān)系 7.準(zhǔn)平原

（十二）冰川及其地質(zhì)作用 1.冰川的形成與運(yùn)動(dòng) 2.冰川的類型

3.冰川的剝蝕作用與冰蝕地貌 4.冰川的搬運(yùn)作用與沉積作用 5.冰水沉積物及其地貌 6.冰川作用及其原因

（十三）地下水及其地質(zhì)作用 1.地下水概述 2.地下水的類型 3.地下熱水

4.地下水的地質(zhì)作用

（十四）海洋及其地質(zhì)作用 1.海洋概況

2.海水的運(yùn)動(dòng)及其地質(zhì)作用 3.海底沉積物 4.海水的進(jìn)退

（十五）湖沼及其地質(zhì)作用 1.湖泊概述 2.湖泊的地質(zhì)作用 3.沼澤及其地質(zhì)作用

（十六）荒漠特征與風(fēng)的地質(zhì)作用 1.荒漠概述 2.風(fēng)的地質(zhì)作用 3.黃土 4.黃土的成因（十七）塊體運(yùn)動(dòng) 1.影響塊體運(yùn)動(dòng)的主要因素 2.塊體運(yùn)動(dòng)的類型 3.相關(guān)地質(zhì)災(zāi)害及其防治（十八）行星地質(zhì)概述 1.太陽系及其起源 2.類地行星

3.類木行星及其衛(wèi)星（十九）地球形成與生物演化 1.地球的天文時(shí)期 2.太古宙-元古宙時(shí)期（二十）人類社會與地質(zhì)壞境 1.環(huán)境地質(zhì)學(xué)的一般概念 2.城市興衰與地質(zhì)環(huán)境 3.人體健康與地質(zhì)環(huán)境 4.廢物處置的地質(zhì)環(huán)境 5.人為地質(zhì)作用

二、考試要求

（一）緒論

l.較好地把握地質(zhì)學(xué)的研究對象、地質(zhì)學(xué)的任務(wù)、地質(zhì)學(xué)的研究內(nèi)容、地質(zhì)

作用及其研究方法。

2.了解我國地學(xué)研究的若干地域優(yōu)勢。

（二）礦物

l.準(zhǔn)確掌握礦物的定義、晶體與非晶體的區(qū)別、礦物的形態(tài)、光學(xué)性質(zhì)及力學(xué)性質(zhì)。

2.熟悉常見造巖礦物的一般特征及肉眼鑒定方法。(三)巖漿作用與火成巖。

l.準(zhǔn)確掌握巖漿和巖漿作用、侵入作用、噴出作用、巖漿類型、鮑文反應(yīng)系列等內(nèi)容。

2.了解火山活動(dòng)的主要現(xiàn)象及火山活動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物、火山噴發(fā)的基本類型、全球現(xiàn)今火山活動(dòng)的空間分布規(guī)律。

3.掌握深成侵入體和淺成侵入體的基本特點(diǎn)。4.掌握巖漿巖常見的結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造特征。

5.熟悉常見巖漿巖(花崗巖,流紋巖、安山巖、玄武巖、輝長巖、橄欖巖)的肉眼鑒定。

(四)外力地質(zhì)作用和沉積巖

l.較好地把握外力地質(zhì)作用(風(fēng)化作用、剝蝕作用、搬運(yùn)作用、沉積作用、固結(jié)作用)特征。

2.掌握沉積巖常見的結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造特征。

3.熟悉常見沉積巖(礫巖、砂巖、粉砂巖、頁巖、火山角礫巖、石灰?guī)r、硅質(zhì)巖)的肉眼鑒定特征。(五)變質(zhì)作用和變質(zhì)巖

l.熟悉變質(zhì)作用的基本特征及影響變質(zhì)作用的主要因素(巖石化學(xué)成分、溫度、壓力、流體)。

2.了解變質(zhì)作用的方式, 包括重結(jié)晶作用、交代作用。3.熟悉變質(zhì)巖主要的結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造特征。4.了解各種主要的變質(zhì)作用類型及其特點(diǎn)。

5.熟悉常見變質(zhì)巖(大理巖、石英巖、板巖、千枚巖、片巖、片麻巖、糜棱巖)的肉眼鑒定特征。

(六)地質(zhì)年代

l.準(zhǔn)確把握相対地質(zhì)年代的確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),包括地層層序律、生物層序律、穿插關(guān)系律。

2.準(zhǔn)確理解放射性同位素地質(zhì)年代學(xué)的概念, 掌握放射性衰變定律。3.掌握地質(zhì)年代表、地質(zhì)年代與地層単位的關(guān)系、巖石地層單位的概念。(七)地震及地球內(nèi)部構(gòu)造

l.掌握地震的基本概念,包括震源、震源深度、震中、震中距、震源距等。2.掌握地震的震源深度分類、成因分類。3.掌握地震震級和地震烈度的確定方法。

4.了解全球現(xiàn)今地震分布規(guī)律, 包括環(huán)太平洋地震帶、地中海-印尼地震帶、洋中脊地震帶。

5.了解地震波(縱波、橫波、表面波)的基本特征。

6.通過地震波了解地球內(nèi)部構(gòu)造、地球內(nèi)部主要界面(莫霍面、古登堡面、康拉德面)、地球的基本圈層結(jié)構(gòu)(地殼、地幔、地核)、若石圈、軟流圈、巖石圈與軟流圈界面、各圈層的基本物態(tài)特征。

7.了解大陸地殼的雙層結(jié)構(gòu)特征、大洋地殼的基本結(jié)構(gòu)特征、地売均衡概念。(八)構(gòu)造作用與地質(zhì)構(gòu)造

l.理解水平運(yùn)動(dòng)和垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本特點(diǎn)。2.熟悉巖層產(chǎn)狀的三要素(走向、傾向、傾角)。

3.掌握褶皺的幾何要素(樞紐、軸面、翼、核)、常見褶皺類型及特點(diǎn)(基本類型: 向斜、背斜；按照軸面產(chǎn)狀、樞紐產(chǎn)狀劃分的類型)、褶皺的識別及形成時(shí)代。4.掌握斷裂構(gòu)造的基本特征,包括節(jié)理和斷層、斷層的幾何要素(斷層面、盤、位移、斷距)、常見斷層類型及特點(diǎn)(正斷層、逆斷層、平移斷層)、斷層的識別標(biāo)志、確定斷層形成的地質(zhì)年代。

5.準(zhǔn)確掌握地層的接觸關(guān)系(整合接觸、平行不整合、角度不整合、侵入接觸、侵入沉積接觸)的特點(diǎn)及其地質(zhì)意義。(九)板塊構(gòu)造

l.了解大陸漂移學(xué)說的基本思想和證據(jù)。

2.了解大洋中脊、洋脊地震帶、洋脊沉積物分布特征、兩種大陸邊緣 洋底

海山及火山島鏈、熱點(diǎn)等。

3.把握海底擴(kuò)張的證據(jù), 包括古地磁學(xué)(地磁場轉(zhuǎn)向、海底地磁異常條帶)、海底年齡、轉(zhuǎn)換斷層。

4.把握板塊構(gòu)造的含義、板塊劃分的依據(jù)、三大類板塊邊界(離散型、聚斂型、轉(zhuǎn)換斷層)、地縫合線、全球板塊劃分、板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)可能的驅(qū)動(dòng)力。

5.了解板塊構(gòu)造與地震作用、巖漿作用、變質(zhì)作用、造山運(yùn)動(dòng)、成礦作用等之間的關(guān)系。(十)風(fēng)化作用

l.掌握風(fēng)化作用的主要類型, 包括物理風(fēng)化作用、化學(xué)風(fēng)化作用、生物風(fēng)化作用。

2.了解影響風(fēng)化作用的因素,包括氣候、地形、巖石特征。

3.了解風(fēng)化作用的產(chǎn)物,包括風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物的類型、殘積物、風(fēng)化殼剖面、古風(fēng)化殼、土壤。

(十一)河流及其地質(zhì)作用

l.掌握河流侵蝕作用的方式、侵蝕作用方向。2.掌握河流搬運(yùn)作用的方式、搬運(yùn)能力和搬運(yùn)量。3.掌握河流沉積作用的一般特點(diǎn)、沉積的主要類型。4.熟悉階地的成因分類.(十二)冰川及其地質(zhì)作用

l.大致了解冰川地質(zhì)作用相關(guān)概念,包括成冰作用、冰川冰、大陸冰川、山岳冰川、冰期、問冰期、冰川活動(dòng)的證據(jù)。(十三)地下水及其地質(zhì)作用

1.掌握地下水地質(zhì)作用相關(guān)概念, 包括孔隙度、透水性、含水層、隔水層、地下水面、潛水、承壓水、喀斯特地貌。(十四)海洋及其地質(zhì)作用

1.了解海水的化學(xué)成分、物理性質(zhì)和海洋生物基本特征。2.掌握波浪、潮汐、洋流、濁流及其地質(zhì)作用。

3.掌握海洋沉積物的來源。了解濱海沉積、淺海沉積、半深海沉積、深海沉積的基本特點(diǎn)。

(十五)湖沼及其地質(zhì)作用

l.掌握湖水的來源、排泄及其化學(xué)成分、湖泊的成因類型等基本知識。2.掌握湖泊的機(jī)械沉積作用、潮濕氣候區(qū)湖泊的化學(xué)沉積作用、干旱氣候區(qū)湖泊的化學(xué)沉積作用。

3掌握沼澤的成因、沼澤沉積作用及其礦產(chǎn)。（十六）荒漠特征與風(fēng)的地質(zhì)作用

1.了解風(fēng)的地質(zhì)作用相關(guān)概念,包括吹揚(yáng),磨蝕、風(fēng)積物、沙丘、沙漠、黃土、沙漠化。

（十七）塊體運(yùn)動(dòng)

1.了解影響塊體運(yùn)動(dòng)的主要因素、塊體運(yùn)動(dòng)的類型和相關(guān)地質(zhì)災(zāi)害及其防治等方面情況。

（十八）行星地質(zhì)概述

1.了解太陽系及其起源、類地行星、類木行星及其衛(wèi)星的相關(guān)概述。（十九）地球形成與生物演化 l.大致了解地球的天文起源假說。

2.了解隱生宙時(shí)期大氣圈和水圈成分演化、陸核和地盾的形成情況。3.掌握顯生宙時(shí)期生物的全面繁榮和快速演化。了解早古生代、晚古生代、中生代、新生代的生物演化特點(diǎn)。4.了解古地理變遷特點(diǎn)。（二十）人類社會與地質(zhì)壞境

1.大致了解環(huán)境地質(zhì)學(xué)的一般概念、城市興衰與地質(zhì)環(huán)境、人體健康與地質(zhì)環(huán)境、廢物處置的地質(zhì)環(huán)境、人為地質(zhì)作用等方面的相關(guān)事情。

三、參考書目

普通地質(zhì)學(xué)（第三版），舒良樹，地質(zhì)出版社，2011

第三篇：中南大學(xué)地信院關(guān)于地質(zhì)技術(shù)裝備的調(diào)查報(bào)告

中南大學(xué)地信院關(guān)于地質(zhì)技術(shù)裝備的調(diào)查報(bào)告

為全面貫徹《國務(wù)院關(guān)于加強(qiáng)地質(zhì)工作的決定》和全國地質(zhì)工作會議精神，努力“提升地質(zhì)技術(shù)裝備水平、提高現(xiàn)有裝備利用的效率，增強(qiáng)礦產(chǎn)資源勘查核心技術(shù)和關(guān)鍵裝備的自主研究開發(fā)能力”，逐步解決地質(zhì)工作“活力不足、投入不夠、功能不強(qiáng)”的問題，以適應(yīng)資源型和環(huán)境型地質(zhì)工作的需要，適應(yīng)重點(diǎn)礦種和重點(diǎn)成礦區(qū)帶找礦需要，特別是攻深找盲的需要，確保創(chuàng)造出有宏觀影響的找礦大成果，中國礦聯(lián)根據(jù)國土資源部的總體部署和加強(qiáng)地質(zhì)工作的迫切要求，指示地勘協(xié)會對全國國有地勘單位的現(xiàn)有地質(zhì)技術(shù)裝備情況及需求，進(jìn)行一次全面調(diào)查。地勘協(xié)會在中國礦聯(lián)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，在各理事單位的大力支持下，較好地完成了調(diào)查的各項(xiàng)任務(wù)?，F(xiàn)將調(diào)查情況報(bào)告如下：

一、調(diào)查的基本內(nèi)容

（一）2005年底地質(zhì)技術(shù)裝備情況，擁有的臺套數(shù)和總資產(chǎn)數(shù)，具體說明現(xiàn)有地球物理、地球化學(xué)、地質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)處理、分析測試、地質(zhì)鉆探、地質(zhì)坑探、礦產(chǎn)加工處理、地質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)庫信息化、地質(zhì)工程及其他相關(guān)的10大項(xiàng)技術(shù)裝備的在用設(shè)備、閑置設(shè)備、待報(bào)廢設(shè)備的基本情況；

（二）根據(jù)《決定》關(guān)于“推進(jìn)地質(zhì)科技進(jìn)步，完善科技創(chuàng)新體系”，“積極開展重大地質(zhì)問題科技攻關(guān)，突出重點(diǎn)礦種和重點(diǎn)成礦區(qū)帶地質(zhì)問題的研究”，“在礦產(chǎn)資源勘查中廣泛應(yīng)用地理信息系統(tǒng)，全球定位系統(tǒng)和遙感技術(shù)等現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)，加快對地觀測、深部探測和分析測試等高新技術(shù)的開發(fā)與應(yīng)用”，“努力提升地質(zhì)裝備水平”的總體要求，“十一五”期間，必須更新的地質(zhì)技術(shù)裝備的臺套數(shù)、需新增投入資金數(shù)，具體分項(xiàng)說明各項(xiàng)地質(zhì)技術(shù)裝備的需求情況。

二、調(diào)查的主要對象

（一）各省、市、自治區(qū)地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)開發(fā)局；

（二）中央管理的地質(zhì)總局（局、中心、院）、鹽業(yè)地質(zhì)大隊(duì)、武警黃金指揮部及所屬總隊(duì)；

（三）屬地管理的行業(yè)地勘局（院）。

三、調(diào)查的基本做法

（一）方式方法實(shí)行“三個(gè)結(jié)合”：

1.在調(diào)查范圍上，采取整體調(diào)研與專項(xiàng)調(diào)查相結(jié)合；

2．在調(diào)查內(nèi)容上，采取全面分析與行業(yè)分析相結(jié)合；

3．在工作步驟上，采取整體推進(jìn)與分步實(shí)施相結(jié)合。

（二）具體做法上按以下六個(gè)步驟進(jìn)行：

1.全面調(diào)查。制發(fā)《關(guān)于開展地質(zhì)技術(shù)裝備調(diào)查的函》（中礦聯(lián)地勘發(fā)[2006]18號），發(fā)至全國116個(gè)地勘局（總局、中心、院）。各地勘局（總局、中心、院）局級分管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)親自牽頭，由裝備主管部門具體組織，用兩個(gè)月左右時(shí)間，開展本單位的地質(zhì)技術(shù)裝備核實(shí)及分析工作，編寫專題報(bào)告，編制了具體分析表格，按要求匯交給地勘協(xié)會。

2．匯總分析。在對各單位資料進(jìn)行匯總的基礎(chǔ)上，有代表性地選擇31個(gè)單位，以2005年底的人員、設(shè)備為基數(shù)進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)分析。在31個(gè)單位中，省、市、自治區(qū)地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)開發(fā)局12個(gè)；各行業(yè)地勘單位19個(gè)，分別是：冶金系統(tǒng)地勘局3個(gè)，煤炭系統(tǒng)地質(zhì)總局（局）4個(gè)，有色系統(tǒng)地質(zhì)局6個(gè)，核工業(yè)地質(zhì)局2個(gè)，建材、化工、武警、鹽業(yè)等行業(yè)地質(zhì)局（隊(duì)）各1個(gè)；按隸屬關(guān)系計(jì)算，屬地管理的地勘局25個(gè)，中央管理的地質(zhì)總局(局、中心)6個(gè)。

3．重點(diǎn)走訪。先后走訪了中國冶金地質(zhì)總局保定物探院等單位，召開專家座談會，聽取有關(guān)提升地質(zhì)裝備水平的意見和建議。

4．會議研討。召開專題研討會，對地質(zhì)技術(shù)裝備現(xiàn)狀? 胄棖蠼?行研討，向政府主管部門提出提升地質(zhì)裝備水平、提高地質(zhì)裝備利用效率和增強(qiáng)地質(zhì)裝備研發(fā)能力的政策建議。

5．重點(diǎn)抽查。根據(jù)專題研討會的建議和參加會議的中國礦聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的指示，地勘協(xié)會又制發(fā)了《在用地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備新舊程度調(diào)查表》，對31個(gè)單位中的8個(gè)單位進(jìn)行了抽查，對調(diào)查資料進(jìn)行了補(bǔ)充。

6．信息交流。通過與中國地質(zhì)學(xué)會探礦專業(yè)委員會和中國地質(zhì)裝備總公司等單位之間的交流，獲取相關(guān)資料，進(jìn)一步完善調(diào)查報(bào)告。

四、調(diào)研的基本情況

（一）2005擁有地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備的情況。

根據(jù)調(diào)查資料反映，由于受多種因素的干擾和影響，目前，地勘單位普遍存在著地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備陳舊、單一，結(jié)構(gòu)不合理，人均占有設(shè)備總資產(chǎn)低，人均占有在用設(shè)備資產(chǎn)更低，投入乏力，新技術(shù)設(shè)備缺乏等問題，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足加強(qiáng)地質(zhì)工作的需要，呈現(xiàn)“六低”狀況。具體情況是： < BR>

1．人均占有設(shè)備總資產(chǎn)低：據(jù)31個(gè)單位統(tǒng)計(jì)，人均占有設(shè)備總資產(chǎn)普遍偏低，除5個(gè)單位高于3萬元外，絕大多數(shù)單位都在2萬元以下。其中，有10個(gè)單位人均占有設(shè)備總資產(chǎn)在1萬元以下。而且在如此低的人均占有資金中，一般都有10-15%的報(bào)廢和待報(bào)廢設(shè)備。據(jù)調(diào)查，地勘單位目前擁有的地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備，大多是80年代和90年代產(chǎn)品，設(shè)備陳舊，完好率低的問題比較突出。

2．人均占有在用設(shè)備資產(chǎn)低。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在31個(gè)單位中，有24個(gè)單位，即占77.4%的單位人均占有在用設(shè)備資產(chǎn)不足2萬元；其中，有13個(gè)單位人均占有在用設(shè)備資產(chǎn)不足1萬元，大多在6000元左右；另有11個(gè)單位? 司?占有設(shè)備資產(chǎn)在1至2萬元之間，大多略超過1萬元。人均相對占有在用設(shè)備資產(chǎn)較多的4個(gè)單位中，還有2個(gè)單位僅在3萬元左右。人均占有在用設(shè)備資產(chǎn)低的問題，已嚴(yán)重制約了地勘單位和地勘事業(yè)的發(fā)展。

3.在用設(shè)備配套程度和可利用率低。據(jù)各單位反映，目前地勘單位擁有的有限在用設(shè)備很難配套，部分設(shè)備閑置，有的設(shè)備達(dá)不到精度要求，穩(wěn)定性差；有的設(shè)備功能單一，無法發(fā)揮綜合效能，再加上市場急需的設(shè)備又緊缺，難以滿足地質(zhì)工作的需要。

4．高新技術(shù)設(shè)備所占比重低。據(jù)31個(gè)單位統(tǒng)計(jì)，2005年底地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備總資產(chǎn)為217381.89萬元。其中，地球物理技術(shù)，地質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)處理技術(shù)，地質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)信息化技術(shù)設(shè)備合計(jì)為51361.07萬元，僅占設(shè)備資產(chǎn)總數(shù)的23.6%，占比重較大的為工程技術(shù)設(shè)備和相關(guān)技術(shù)設(shè)備，為 82715.2萬元，占設(shè)備總資產(chǎn)數(shù)38.1%。結(jié)構(gòu)不合理，高新技術(shù)設(shè)備，尤其是數(shù)據(jù)處理軟件缺乏的矛盾比較突出。即使在現(xiàn)有信息化處理設(shè)備中，大多是過時(shí)產(chǎn)品，有的是待報(bào)廢或超期服役的設(shè)備。

5.地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備自主創(chuàng)新和研發(fā)能力低。目前，地勘單位擁有的高新物探技術(shù)和信息化地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備，基本上依靠國外購進(jìn)，研發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)和生產(chǎn)廠家缺乏，投入少，生產(chǎn)技術(shù)落后，與國際先進(jìn)水平的差距呈逐年加大趨勢。即便是新購進(jìn)的設(shè)備,一般也是國際上已更新?lián)Q代的二流設(shè)備，而且，國內(nèi)還不具備改進(jìn)條件，甚至還不能維修。自主開發(fā)乏力的問題相當(dāng)突出。以鉆探設(shè)備為例，至今我國尚無專門研制輕型易拆用于直升機(jī)搬遷的巖心鉆探設(shè)備及輕型鉆具；尚無自行研發(fā)的計(jì)算機(jī)控制，機(jī)、電、液一體化操作，具有優(yōu)越性能和高生產(chǎn)效率的自動(dòng)化鉆機(jī)。特別是自動(dòng)導(dǎo)向鉆井技術(shù)在我國才剛剛起步，隨鉆測量（MWD）隨鉆測井（LWO）技術(shù)地面人工控制的導(dǎo)向鉆井系統(tǒng)幾乎還是空白。

6.地質(zhì)技? 跎璞缸式鶩度氳汀＞蕕韃椋?自地勘隊(duì)伍體制改革以來，國家實(shí)行地勘費(fèi)包干政策，沒有對更新地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備進(jìn)行投入；地勘單位本身由于歷史包袱沉重，也無力投入。設(shè)備老化嚴(yán)重。迫于生存需要，少數(shù)單位將很有限的投入多用于工程機(jī)械的檢修和急需工程專業(yè)設(shè)備的購置上。對找礦設(shè)備基本上沒有投入，不少地勘單位仍然基礎(chǔ)薄弱。據(jù)對8個(gè)地勘單位調(diào)查顯示，在調(diào)查的十大項(xiàng)地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備中，2001年以后購進(jìn)的地球物理技術(shù)設(shè)備分析測試技術(shù)設(shè)備、礦產(chǎn)加工處理技術(shù)設(shè)備分別僅占在用設(shè)備的46.2%、42.8%、39.2%，達(dá)不到二分之一；地質(zhì)鉆探技術(shù)設(shè)備、地質(zhì)坑探技術(shù)設(shè)備、地質(zhì)工程技術(shù)設(shè)備及相關(guān)設(shè)備僅分別占58.3%、65.8%、65%及64.6%，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能適應(yīng)加強(qiáng)地質(zhì)工作的需要。

（二）“十一五”期間對地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備需求。

1．急需設(shè)備的類型：

為滿足國家資源和環(huán)境地質(zhì)勘查的需要，根據(jù)國家“十一五”地質(zhì)勘查規(guī)劃和各地勘單位提供的資料，“十一五”期間急需的地質(zhì)技術(shù)裝備主要有八大類，分別是：①重大專項(xiàng)需求裝備；②煤氣層勘查裝備；③深部鉆探裝備；④深部物探找礦裝備；⑤高精度航空物探裝備；⑥野外快速分析裝備；⑦特殊景觀地區(qū)填圖裝備；⑧環(huán)境地質(zhì)需求的有機(jī)物測試裝備等。

2．人均增加投入地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備需求

據(jù)31個(gè)單位統(tǒng)計(jì)，“十一五”期間，人均需投入資金1.7萬元。其中有8個(gè)單位人均需投入2萬元以上。

五、幾點(diǎn)建議

根據(jù)《國務(wù)院關(guān)于加強(qiáng)地質(zhì)工作的決定》和國家的有關(guān)方針政策，參照地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備調(diào)研結(jié)果，提出如下五條建議：

（一）建議國家制訂和完善全國地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備投入中長期規(guī)劃，并納入全國地質(zhì)科學(xué)和技術(shù)發(fā)展中長期規(guī)劃之中。充分發(fā)揮中央政府、地方政府和地勘單位及社會單位的積極性，分步實(shí)施，確保提升地勘單位地質(zhì)裝備水平，把加強(qiáng)地質(zhì)工作落到實(shí)處。

（二）建議國家按照市場經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)則統(tǒng)籌對重大地質(zhì)問題科技攻關(guān)設(shè)備、地理信息系統(tǒng)、全球定位系統(tǒng)和遙感技術(shù)，以及對地觀測、深部探測和分析測試等高新技術(shù)設(shè)備的投入，主要包括：一是對地觀測衛(wèi)星、低空航測系統(tǒng)和遙感地面接收站技術(shù)設(shè)備；二是計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字化填圖技術(shù)、高精度、高分辯物化探調(diào)查技術(shù)設(shè)備；三是數(shù)字地震臺網(wǎng)深部地球物理探測技術(shù)和深部鉆探技術(shù)設(shè)備；四是地理信息系統(tǒng)、虛擬技術(shù)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、可視化技術(shù)設(shè)備；五是微區(qū)原位分析技術(shù)、高溫高壓實(shí)際技術(shù)、野外現(xiàn)場快速測試技術(shù)設(shè)備等。以確保完善地質(zhì)科技創(chuàng)新體系，努力創(chuàng)造出有重大影響的地質(zhì)找礦大成果。

（三）建議國家根據(jù)《決定》精神，制定相對優(yōu)惠的政策，扶持地勘單位通過努力不斷提升地質(zhì)裝備技術(shù)設(shè)備水平。主要有三條：一是組織政府或集體團(tuán)購，既可以降低價(jià)格，方便維修，又可以節(jié)約時(shí)間和減少中間環(huán)節(jié)；二是對進(jìn)口地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備進(jìn)行免稅，引進(jìn)先進(jìn)設(shè)備給予適當(dāng)優(yōu)惠；三是在地勘單位承擔(dān)的地質(zhì)項(xiàng)目中允許列支設(shè)備費(fèi)用，如設(shè)立設(shè)備更新費(fèi)、維修費(fèi)、拆舊費(fèi)等，支持地勘單位通過實(shí)施地勘項(xiàng)目不斷更新地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備。

（四）建議國家按照市場經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律重組并重點(diǎn)扶持一批地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備研發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)和生產(chǎn)廠家，加大開發(fā)資金的投入，瞄準(zhǔn)國際先進(jìn)水平，研發(fā)適應(yīng)我國地質(zhì)工作條件的，具有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的先進(jìn)國家技術(shù)設(shè)備和應(yīng)用軟件處理系統(tǒng)。建議制定切實(shí)可行的措施，加強(qiáng)我國地質(zhì)設(shè)備配套功能和提高利用效率的研發(fā)，最大限度地發(fā)揮地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備的應(yīng)用效能。

（五）建議建立國家政府部門，地方政府部門和地勘單位的地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備管理工作責(zé)任體系，責(zé)任到部門、責(zé)任到人。實(shí)行年檢年查，確保地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備投入資金做到?？顚Ｓ?，力爭在“十一五”期末，徹底改變目前地質(zhì)技術(shù)設(shè)備不能滿足加強(qiáng)地質(zhì)工作需要的狀況，推進(jìn)我國地勘事業(yè)的快速發(fā)展。

本次調(diào)查使用的人員、設(shè)備、資產(chǎn)等數(shù)據(jù)是依據(jù)2005年底的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果，加上各單位對設(shè)備資產(chǎn)價(jià)值的測算，口徑不完全一致，可能與實(shí)際情況有一定差距。本報(bào)告僅供領(lǐng)導(dǎo)決策參考。

中南大學(xué)地信院

二O一一年11月二十日

第四篇：中南大學(xué)2016年944《軟件工程》考試大綱

中南大學(xué)2016年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試

《軟件工程》考試大綱

本考試大綱由軟件學(xué)院教授委員會于2012年7月7日通過。

I.考試性質(zhì)

《軟件工程》考試是為高等院校和科研院所招收碩士研究生而設(shè)置的具有選拔性質(zhì)的全國統(tǒng)一入學(xué)考試科目，其目的是科學(xué)、公平、有效地測試學(xué)生掌握大學(xué)本科階段軟件工程課程的基本概念、原理、方法與技術(shù)，以及分析和解決問題的能力，評價(jià)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是高等學(xué)校本科畢業(yè)生能達(dá)到的及格以上水平，以保證被錄取者具有基本的軟件工程專業(yè)素質(zhì)，并有利于各高等院校和科研院所在專業(yè)上擇優(yōu)選拔。

II.考查目標(biāo)

掌握：軟件工程的產(chǎn)生、軟件工程學(xué)的研究對象與原則、軟件開發(fā)方法、軟件工程的生存周期模型以及軟件工程發(fā)展的新方向；軟件需求分析的任務(wù)和要求、可行性研究的任務(wù)以及系統(tǒng)建模方法；軟件開發(fā)階段的任務(wù)、過程、方法和技術(shù)。

理解：軟件質(zhì)量的概念、分析技術(shù)；軟件維護(hù)階段的活動(dòng)、提高軟件可維護(hù)性的策略；軟件工程的相關(guān)管理技術(shù)。

Ⅲ.考試形式和試卷結(jié)構(gòu)

1、試卷滿分及考試時(shí)間

本試卷滿分為150 分，考試時(shí)間為180 分鐘

2、答題方式

答題方式為閉卷，筆試。

3、試卷內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)

軟件工程與軟件過程

約 10 % 軟件分析與設(shè)計(jì) 軟件驗(yàn)證與維護(hù)

軟件項(xiàng)目管理

Ⅳ.考查內(nèi)容

約 55 % 約 20 % 約 15 %

一、軟件工程與軟件過程 軟件工程的產(chǎn)生 軟件工程的研究對象與基本原理 3 軟件開發(fā)方法 4 軟件工程工具和環(huán)境 5 軟件生存期過程 軟件工程常用生存周期模型

二、需求分析 需求分析的目標(biāo) 2 可行性分析 3 需求收集 4 需求規(guī)格說明 5 數(shù)據(jù)流建模 6 實(shí)體-關(guān)系建模 7 系統(tǒng)行為建模 8 IDEF0功能建模 9 IDEF1x數(shù)據(jù)建模 10 用例建模 11 面向?qū)ο蠼?12 統(tǒng)一建模語言UML

三、軟件設(shè)計(jì) 軟件設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)和過程 2 軟件設(shè)計(jì)基本原則 3 面向數(shù)據(jù)流圖的設(shè)計(jì)方法 4 面向?qū)ο蟮脑O(shè)計(jì)方法 5 面向?qū)ο筌浖O(shè)計(jì)模式 6 模型-視圖-控制器框架

四、軟件驗(yàn)證技術(shù) 軟件測試基礎(chǔ) 2 代碼復(fù)審 3 白盒測試 4 黑盒測試 5 單元測試 6 集成測試 7 確認(rèn)測試 8 系統(tǒng)測試 9 程序正確性證明 10 調(diào)試

五、軟件維護(hù)技術(shù) 軟件維護(hù)的基本概念 2 軟件維護(hù)過程 3 軟件可維護(hù)性 4 軟件再工程技術(shù)

六、軟件項(xiàng)目管理 成本估計(jì) 2 效益分析 3 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析 4 進(jìn)度安排 5 項(xiàng)目組織與計(jì)劃 6 軟件質(zhì)量保證與分析

2015-09-24

軟件學(xué)院

第五篇：中南大學(xué)口語考試

Item One

A: Honey, you promised me to see a film tonight, now I am ready to go.When do you pick me up? B: Honey, I am afraid I can't go with you tonight.A: Why? What had happened to you?

B: I am sorry honey.I really want to go with you.But boss gave me a lot of work to do today.I finish all of them just now.I am exhausted.I am afraid I will fall into sleep in the cinema if I go to see the film.And all I want to do now is just going home and having a nice dream.A: But you promised me.I have dressed up and get ready for everything.B: Forgive me.I promise tomorrow I will go with you.And I will take you to a new restaurant for dinner.A: what kind of restaurant ? B: A restaurant which is good of French food.A: oh..you still remember French dish is my favorite food B: of course.How can I forget the thing that my girlfriend likes most.A: Make sure you can do that!B: Yes, madam.A: OK...enjoy your quiet night and have a nice sleep.B: Thank you honey, it's nice of you, see you tomorrow.A: See you.Task 2 B: Hi, lily.What are you doing.A: Hi John ,it's good to see you, i am doing a research about the modernization of the city.Can you tell me any place that has undergone modernization? B: Of course, I can take my hometown for example.You know, I'm from Guangzhou.And it's one of the most modern city in china.My home is in a town in the north of Guangzhou.I can remember when I was a little child there just were five roads.Nearly all the stores, schools and houses were build alone this five roads.The roads were small but seldom had traffic problem because most of people didn't have a car.It was a place full of peaceful.A: What about now? B: Now my hometown has become much bigger than before.The roads are becoming longer and longer.And the number of the roads has risen up to dozens.Though the roads are wide, they still sometime have traffic problem because of the booming of cars.But I like my hometown even more than before.Because I can go shopping in super market.I can go to different restaurant to have different delicious food easily.I think my hometown is becoming more and more attractive.That's all.What about you? What place is in your research? A: I am writing something about Sanya in Hainan province.I can still remember what a wonderful trip it was to go to Sanya twelve years ago.There had excellent free beach with golden and soft sand, clean and blue sea.And people there is very hospitable.B: It sounds great.What about now? A: Well.When I went there again in this summer, I felt great change.There were lots of big and high hotel along the beach.The beach was still beautiful but most of them were not for free.You had to pay or check in the hotel, or you can just watched the beach but could not get into it.People there always wanted you to pay even just give you a help.Sanya now is just make me feel unhappy.Item two Task one B: what can I do for you, Miss? A: I want to buy this jacket, how much is it? B: it's just 399 yuan

A: 399 ?!I can't believe it.It is so expensive.B: oh, miss.You can see the material of the jacket , it's very soft and warm.It is worth the price.A: But it is out of my budget.Can you give me a 20% discount? B: oh miss, I am afraid I can't do it.But I think this jacket fits you very much, so I can give you 5% discount.A: 5%, it's still expensive.And I think the color of it is a little dark.How about 15% ,I will take it.B:Miss, let me recommend this one to you.It has a nice color, beautiful design and a lower price than that one.It's just 299.A: En...But I think it don't have a good quality.299 is too expensive for it.B: 259, I can hardly get profit of that.A: But I don't like it at all.It looks cheap and do not have a high quality.I just like the first one.B: ok miss, I can give you the highest discount of 10%.I am sure you will not regret to buy it with this price.A: All right.Wrap it up.Here is the money.B:Ok, thank you.here you are.Have a nice day.Task two A: last month my cost was out of budget again.I have to think of some way to save money.B: So how to save money as far as you are concerned? A: I think I should not eat out all the time.I know it is convenient and tempting to eat out frequently, but it can end up costing me a lot of money.I think I should eat in the school canteen more often to save money.B: you are right , I think it's very effective to save money.A: and I remember I bought a pear of shoes just because of its appearance, and it cost me about 500yuan, but it didn't fit me at all, So I think I should think more before I buy one thing.B: haha, Impulsion is always a devil.A: And I think I can find a part-time job.It can not only give me some extra cash but also give me social experience.B: yes , it's a good idea.A: Can you give me some suggest? B: Of course.I think you can buy many things online such as books, cloths, stationery and so on.Shopping online is always much cheaper than in the school store.Take books as an example , buying book online always has about 50% discount.I am sure you can save lot of money by shopping online.But you need to be careful, you shouldn't buy what you want but buy what you need.A:En, it is reasonable, what else? B: I think the best way to save money is to study hard.If you do good in your study, the and thousands of yuan your parent spent to let you go to school will have been that much better spent.Besides, you can also get the scholarship if you study well.A: you are right, now I have already know how to save my money.Thank you.Item three A:I just can’t put up with meal in our canteen.They’re always the same even the place won’t be changed B;Yeah,m I sometimes eat out.A:Eat out?That sounds good,more choices

B:Indeed.I often find p;ace that clean and serving quickly so that we won’t wait for a long time.A:Hmm,a clean environment is very important.B:I’ve gotten a spoon that there was still oil on it.A:Oh ,no..B:And I saw some restaurants cleaning their dishes without cleanser essence.A:How can they do that!so disgusting!B:Yeah,so I’ve never been there after that.It seems restaurants around school are always not very clean enough, A:Well,I haven’t gone many restaurants around shool,but I always have meal out when I travel, B:It can’t be without cate when we’re traveling.A:Of course.and it can help we know the custom and cooking culture in that place.For example， people in Guangdong province don’t like hot peppermbu people in Hunan just like it,even when they cook vegetable ,they also add hot pepper in it.And,if I want to tet more quthentic cate, I need eat at some place in the street, that means dishes may very delicious but not very clean B:But you feel it deserves A:Indeed.Task 2 A:I’ve bought a new mobile phone recently(show)B:Wow iphone A:Yeah,but it seems I have a little regret that I spent almost my three months living expenses B:Oh,are you a credit-card binger? A:Though I don’t want to admit that, but I am.Except the phone, I bought things just within my wants but not my needs.So,I am always lacking of money at the end of each month B:So,you borrow money from classmates? A:Ha-ha,no,I still have some saving by myself.But I sometimes hate this habit and I try to control my impulsion ,setting the limits of consumption.It comes a little effect,but I just find that it just away that putting off the date I bought it but not put an end to the thought B:Take it easy,you’re a local tyrant A:Oh,please...B:Ha..A:So you will control yourself to buy thing that you need? B:Almost a lot of time A:A savvy speeder!How can you control yourself? B:Well,may be I haven’t find something I really like so I don’t need to spend a lot.But I remember I bought a pair of shoes just because of its appearance,but it was a bit small.A:But you bought it,girls always like this.B:yeah..The first time I wore it,it made my ankle to bleed for it can’t fit my feet.It was so small and rub my ankle and my heel.I have never worn it after the first time.That pair of shoes have gotten dusty now,and it gives me a warn not to consume with impulsion for these pair of shoes,for my half of living expenses.A:Oh,I feel I should make up my mind not being a credit-card binger now..Item four

A:Have you ever heard of the story that ‘Alice in Wonderland’

B:I heard it long before,it seems an very interesting story but I almost forget it ,tell me.A:Ok.Alice is a girl who bored with tutor’s teaching,and she just round a rabbit with a clock running fast,then she ran after the white rabbit.Unexpectedly,she fell the rabbit hole,and went into a fantsty world populated by pechliar,anthropomorphic creatures.B:Oh,I remembered,the hatter,a strang cat..A:Yeah,they are part of the wonderful land.after the first strange white rabbit with clock running,the next is Dodo B:Dodo?A bird?..A:Yeah.he was dancing when Alice saw him,and he called and even pushed Alice to dance together.But Alice just impatient wanted to follow the white rabbit, and than,oh,she became small after she went into the wonderland.B:She seems ate a cookie A:Yeah, and though she cried but it is convenient for her to stay in this small world,you know, a world for rabbit cat and so on..B:ha,then? A:Then she met met a pair of twins,listened a ridiculous story ,and a crazy rabbit ,that’s the Hatter,to had an unbirthday party, and listened a concert in the garden sang by throw flower but was driven out.then she met a wise cat who like teasing her.And the heart queen,Alice did something annoyed the queen so she was sent to the court and even was punished to be cut head.B:Oh no A:But she just came back, back to the real world.B:Are all of these her dream? A:Yeah,but this just like the real world..I have CD of this.If you want to watch it ,I can borrow you B:Really?Thank a lot!I did want to watch it again,it’s a fantastic story.Task 2 A:The winter vocation is coming,will you go somewhere? B:Yeah,and of course a warm place.A:Well,which capital city would you want to spend a weekend in? B:Hmm maybe Kunming.in Yunnan province.Kunming is the spring city in china, it just like spring all the year.A:Though it have snowed several days ago B:Ha..This is anomaly,but it still has the mild climate,and buildings there are also the old style I like.It can make me calm and get rid of the trouble from my life.And in summer, there is a water-sprinkling Festival in Kunming.A:It sounds good.B:Yeah,the more water poured on your body,the more lucky you’ll have.And you?which capital city will you spend ? A:Maybe Nanjing.I’ve been to Nanjing before,but I still want to go there again.Nanjing is a city with cultural heritage.It was the capital city of six dynasties in Chinese history.Xuanwu Lake,Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum,Office of President,all of these record the history of Nanjing,and the history of China.and you will see the sycamore trees along the street,especially in summer, in some narrow streets, the trees shut out almost the whole street.I like the feeling.And foods in Nanjing are also attract me so long.It is the important reason that I want to go there again.B:You could go there this vocation,don’t forget bring some speciaties from there A:Ha,I will.Item five A:Would you mind doing me a favor? B:Not at all.What can I do for you? B:I wonder if you could lend me your car tomorrow? A:Can I know what you use it for? B:Er....You know my elderly aunt is going to catch the early flight tomorrow.She has difficulty walking,and my cousin isn’t here.So I want to take her to the airport.A;I’m afraid that I can’t lend you my car.Some days ago ,my friend C used my car and have a minor traffic accident.B;I am very sorry to here that.By the way ,was he hurt? A:Thank goodness,he was in perfect condition(完好無損).But my car got scratched.And I just took my car from the Auto Service yesterday.What’worse ,I got the ticket and also had my licence endorsed with eight penalty points.B:That’s too bad.You really should be more careful with you car.A:why not choose buses or trains？

B：There are no buses or trains as it is an early flight.A: Let me see.Er...Maybe I can take you to the airport.B:Really？It’s so kind of you.Thanks so much.A:You are welcome.What’s the exact time？ B：6:30 am.A:ok.I get it.I will see you that time.Task 2 A：How do you think of the urban life? B:Asforme, life in the city is more convenient.More goods are available and stores are open later.Also, there is better public transportation so it is easier to get around.I can find almost anything I want easily in the city.Second, there are more ways to spend leisure time in the city.There are many places I can go to meet friends and have fun.A:yes,haha.you are right.Maybe you leave out something more important, the city offers more educational and career opportunities.The city often attracts the best teachers and the best companies.There is also a wider choice of jobs so it is easier to move up the career ladder.B:You are visionary.So for all of these reasons, I prefer to live in the city.Although I sometimes miss the fresh air and quiet life of a small town, nothing can make up for the opportunities that the city offers me.If one wants to be successful, I believe the best place to live is the city.A：Don’t label the fixture decisive too early.You konw ,there also have so many disadvantages in urban life ,some may really affect our life ,even our health.For example,the pollution problem in the city exit in every aspects,water ,air ,noise ,light...and so on.Urban life may means you will have a life surrounded by many invisible public health emergency.Item six A: hello, long time no see.How are you? B: fine.I want to go to Beijing on vacation.It is my first time to Beijing.So, I am a little worried about it.A:in fact.I come from Beijing.I can give you some advice B:really? It is so kind of you.A:Beijing is a historic city, the capital of China, which has the primitive temperament.There are many historical sites in Beijing.You can go to visit the Great Wall, the Palace Museum, the Summer Palace and so on

B:Well, that sounds good.You know that I am a gourmet, I cannot wait to know what are the

characteristic food in Beijing.Can you tell me something? A:Of course, in Beijing most famous foods include sugar-coated haws, Ai Wo Wo, Wandou Huang, Lvda Gun, enema, lib, Chaogan.B:These names sound very interesting.There are so many kinds of food.I'm sure I can satisfy the stomach.I have heard of ice-sugar gourd, it is a kind of very sweet food, right?

A:Yes, mainly,it is a good chance to enjoy the Beijing Oriental style of architecture and customs, and the royal culture.This would be a unique experience for the westerners.B:I deeply think so.I'm looking forward to this holiday.I'm sure I'll like the city A:But recently there are a lot of visitors, it will be more crowded.you need to pay attention to that.B:Ok, thank you for your advice, A:You're welcome.Good-bye B:goodbye

Task 2 A: did you hear of the discussion about abolishing the death penalty? B:Yes, I heard that.They all have their own opinions.A:Can you tell me something about your opinion ? B:Of course, in fact, as everyone in society, in essence, there is no difference.We have similar genes, the same nature A:Well B:The death penalty is a very horrible thing.Crime is sometimes be compelled helpless, some situations are worth to discuss.A:However, if one has broken the law and he doesn't get the corresponding punishment, this is not fair for the victim.B:Yes, I am very approve of your opinion.A:If there is no fairness, people will launch riots, leading to social instability, causing more crimes.B:but, society needs to protect every life.We don't want to see more people die.A:If the odious sinners were not sentenced to death, what do you think should do to punish the them?

B:Maybe life imprisonment can take the place of death, which is also a bad news for sinners.A:I don't think so.What the society need more is fair.If you murder someone, you should be condemned to death , which is a fair decision to victims' families.B:In many western countries, they have abolished the death penalty, which is their respect for life, we should learn as they are.A: indeed.I think this is really a dilemma.I finally know why there are so many different opinions.B:Yes, we have no right to decide, we should pay more attention to these things.Item seven A: Look, this is the photo about my last summer vacation to Beijing.very beautiful, isn’t it? B:of course,so beautiful.so many photos.Have you ever been to many places ?

A: Not so many.going to Beijing is my most impressive trip, so I took a lot of photos

B:really? Then can you tell me something about your experience in Beijing? I have never been

there.A: you know, Beijing is a historic city, the capital of China, which has the primitive temperament.There are many historical sites in Beijing.I went to visit the Great Wall, the Palace Museum, the Summer Palace and so on.It was a colorful trip.B:It sounds very charming.The food there is also very colorful, right? A: Yes, I eat a lot of special food there.B:I hope one day I can go there too.A: You will.How about your most impressive trip?

B:My favorite travel is going to Hong Kong.It is a modern city, with all kinds of modern architecture, modern style, there are a lot of fun place, such as Ocean Park, Disneyland, Disney, Wong Tai Sin, the Avenue of Stars

A: Oh, that's a good place.I hear it is very crowded.B:Yes, however, being in a tour group was quite good.There also has a lot of food.Although I

regret not to appreciate the night view of Hong Kong, after all,it was a good experience.A: Yes, perhaps.Through your introduction, I also want to go to Hong Kong and have some fun.B:May you have the opportunity in the future A:thank you.Task 2 A: Have you ever heard of this sentence “men are from Mars, women are from Venus” ? B:Yes, heard of it.But I don't fully agree with the content of this sentence A: Can you talk about your opinion

B:You know, martians value power, competence, efficience, and achievement.They are always doing things to prove themselves and develop their power and skills.They experience fulfilment primarily through success and accomplishment.They always handle problems on their own, seldom ask for someone’s aid.A: Yes, why don't you agree?

B:Because it is the general situation, I am not quite like that.Sometimes I will also pay attention to my appearance, the feeling with others, and so on.In some cases, I will also need someone’s help.In fact the man also will have some same place as the woman.Do you identify with “Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus” given of your sex ? A: Not completely.Venusians have different values.They attach more importance to love, communication, beauty, and relationships.They spend a lot of time supporting one another.They experience fulfilment through sharing and relating.Communication is their favourite thing.So, it also takes much time.B:Yes, in my eyes a woman really is like this.They are very talkative.A: But I have some different places, I also very pay attention to success, which lets me feel a sense of accomplishment.And in common situation I am also very rational not intuitive.I hate talking all the time , this is the most difference on me.One thing I want to mention is that we women all like shopping.B:Haha.We have the same point of view for this phrase.Anyhow , just keep it in mind : be you want to be A: do you want to do ,for the best yourself

Item eight A: Hi, long time no see.How are you?

B:fine, thank you.But there is one thing makes me very depressed A: What's the matter ? B:last Single Day, I took a fancy to a coat on the Internet.That dress looks good, and winter was coming, I wanted to buy a clothes for the winter.What’s more the price is low.Then I bought this dress.A: This is a good thing.You have another dress.B:When I got the dress, I found the color of the clothes had a deviation, which was not what I wanted.The dress felt not comfortable.Inside clothes there is a terrible smell.So I wanted to return it.A: how was it going on? B:the seller said it couldn't be returned because I opened the parcel.But according to the law it is to be able to return it.So I feel very disappointed.A: Cheer up, actually I don't think buying things on the Internet is a good choice.I prefer to buy something in the physical store.Last weekend I bought a scarf.It is very beautiful, and very warm and comfortable.B:Really? It should be very expensive, right? A: it is not expensive, only 50 yuan.firstly the boss wanted to charge me 100yuan.Through my bargaining, I finally bought it only with 50 yuan.Bargaining is actually a good skill.B:It sounds very interesting.I also think it is better buying something in the physical store, although it is troublesome.A: Yes, online shopping is convenient, but people are easy to be deceived.Task 2 A:Hi, you look very happy.Why? B:Oh, I just saw a joke.It is so funny.A:Isn't it? Can you tell me the joke?

B:Of course.The Teacher say: If I had seven oranges in one hand and eight oranges in the other, what I have order?

Student answer: Big hands.What do you think of this joke? It is very funny, isn't it?

A:just So-so.In fact, I don't think this joke is very funny.B:Why is it?

A:I don't know, probably because I don't think this thing is very humorous.This may be an eastern joke.B:I'm not sure, but I think it is good.A:well.Then I tell you a joke.Tom: Mom, can I have two pieces of cake, do?

Mom: Certainly--take this piece and cut it two.That’s all.B:Oh, a little interesting,just a little.A:This is our typical joke.Maybe in a different country and region, the joke is also different.B:Yes, our customs are different.And humor is from our daily life.The joke about other cultures is really hard to understand.A:I cannot agree with you more.It is just like you and me.B: yes, so afterwards, when telling jokes with foreign friends, we should pay attention to this matter.A:Actually some jokes in life is very good, which can maintain the physical and mental health B:and it can let us in a good mood, helping us learn more effectively

A:at the same time, to understand other cultures is very necessary.This will broaden our horizons.Well, thank you for your jokes, goodbye B:goodbye