第一篇：中西酒文化的不同特點(資料總結(jié))

中西酒文化的不同特點

中國古詩有，“天若不愛酒，酒星不在天，地若不愛酒，地應(yīng)無酒泉，天地即愛酒，愛酒不愧天?！睎|方詩仙李白以“不愧天為己任”的去愛酒，這位斗酒詩百篇的嫡仙在品酒的靈感下，創(chuàng)作出了大量膾炙人口的詩歌；“沒有葡萄酒的日子就如同沒有陽光”西方的葡萄酒之父巴斯德更是把葡萄酒比做賜予萬物生命的陽光，很難分出到底是李白還是巴斯德對酒更熱愛一些。但是有一點很明確，他們對酒的喜愛雖然相同，但由于中西方文化的差異，造成了中國人與西方人品酒的角度有所不同，也就延伸出中西方酒文化的種種不同。

一、酒種的不同

中國的酒文化淵遠(yuǎn)流長，雖然歷史最長的當(dāng)屬黃酒，但最能代表中國酒的莫過于白酒了，從某種角度可以說中國的酒文化就是白酒文化。因為在中國的諸多酒種中，她歷史悠久、工藝成熟、至今為止仍是世界上產(chǎn)量最大的蒸餾酒。中華文明產(chǎn)生在黃河流域，這里土壤肥沃、氣候溫和，很早成為農(nóng)業(yè)大國，早在一萬多年前中國就與西亞、中美洲成為世界上最早的三個農(nóng)業(yè)中心。中國五谷類糧食產(chǎn)量大、品種多，糧食在滿足了人們食用的功能，還有剩余，這為糧食釀酒奠定了堅實的基礎(chǔ)。

而被稱為西方文明搖籃的希臘地處巴爾干半島，三面環(huán)海，境內(nèi)遍布群山和島嶼，土壤相對貧瘠，屬于典型的地中海式氣候。不利于糧食作物的生長，谷類作物產(chǎn)量低，僅能滿足食用，很難有富余的用來釀酒。而更喜歡沙礫土壤的葡萄，以其耐旱性和對地中海式氣候的適應(yīng)性在希臘廣泛種植，于是葡萄酒滿足了西方人對酒類的需求。

二、飲酒禮儀的不同。

從飲酒禮儀上來看，中西方的酒文化有很大差異。仔細(xì)琢磨，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的一個規(guī)律，中國人飲酒重視的是人，要看和誰喝，要的是飲酒的氣氛；西方人飲酒重視的是酒，要看喝什么酒，享受的是酒的美味。

中國的飲酒禮儀體現(xiàn)了對飲酒人的尊重。誰是主人，誰是客人，都有固定的座位，都有固定的敬酒次序。敬酒時要從主人開始敬，主人不敬完，別人是沒有資格敬的，如果亂了次序是要受罰的。而敬酒一定是從最尊貴的客人開始敬起，敬酒時酒杯要滿，表示的也是對被敬酒人的尊重。晚輩對長輩、下級對上級敬酒要主動敬酒，而且講究的是先干為敬。而行酒令、劃拳等飲酒禮儀，也是為了讓飲酒人喝的更盡興而應(yīng)運而生的。顯然，中國酒文化深深的受中國尊卑長幼傳統(tǒng)文化的影響，在飲酒過程中把對飲酒人的尊重擺在首要位置。

而西方人飲用葡萄酒的禮儀，則反應(yīng)出對酒的尊重。品鑒葡萄酒要觀其色、聞其香、品其味，調(diào)動各種感官享受美酒。在品飲順序上，講究先喝白葡萄酒后喝紅葡萄酒、先品較淡的酒再品濃郁的酒、先飲年輕的酒再飲較長年份的酒，按照味覺規(guī)律的變化，逐漸深入地享受酒中風(fēng)味的變化。而對葡萄酒器的選擇上，也是圍繞著如何讓品飲者充分享受葡萄酒的要求來選擇的。讓香氣匯聚杯口的郁金香型高腳杯、讓酒體充分舒展開的潷酒器、乃至為掌握葡萄酒溫度而為品飲專門設(shè)計的溫度計，無不體現(xiàn)出西方人對酒的尊重，他們的飲酒禮儀、飲酒文化都是為更好的欣賞美味而制定的。

三、飲酒的目的不同。

在中國，酒常常被當(dāng)做一種工具。所謂“醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之間也。山水之樂，得知心而寓之酒也?！比藗兏嗟囊揽匡嬀贫非缶浦獾臇|西。青梅煮酒是為了論證誰是英雄；杯莫停的將進酒，為的是與爾同消萬古愁；竹林里狂歌的七賢，為的是借酒避難。酒在中國人眼里更多的是當(dāng)作一種交際的工具，所以在中國的酒文化中，缺乏對酒本身進行科學(xué)而系統(tǒng)的理論分析與品評，更在意飲用他后帶來的美妙作用。白酒代理.白酒代理信息.喜酒白酒.白酒灌裝.白酒品牌設(shè)計.白酒招商信息.白酒區(qū)域代理.白酒市場研究報告.中低檔白酒代理.白酒銷售代理.白酒市場調(diào)查.白酒誠招代理商.誠招白酒加盟.白酒代理網(wǎng).白酒批發(fā)網(wǎng).禮品白酒.中國白酒品牌.茅臺專供酒,特供茅臺酒,高檔茅臺酒,茅臺茅臺禮品酒，茅臺酒,茅臺團購,北京茅臺酒批發(fā),北京茅臺酒代理,茅臺酒招商,高檔茅臺特供酒,高檔五糧液,特供五糧液酒,五糧液專供酒,北京五糧液批發(fā),北京五糧液團購,五糧液招商!國A酒,中央國家機關(guān)特供酒,聯(lián)合國會議專用紀(jì)念酒,在西方，飲酒的目的往往很簡單，為了欣賞酒而飲酒，為了享受美酒而飲酒。當(dāng)然，西方的葡萄酒也有交際功能，但人們更多的是追求如何盡情的享受美酒的味道。

比較中西方酒文化，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，酒文化之間的差異其實就是中西方思維方式的差異。中國人寫意式的發(fā)散思維；西方人則是工筆素描式的直線思維。

四、國內(nèi)外對酒的管理制度

這些年賣酒頗興文化開路，不少酒廠查縣志市志省志，翻唐詩宋詞元曲，引經(jīng)據(jù)典之生僻令考據(jù)學(xué)家汗顏，附庸風(fēng)雅之大膽讓恐怖分子恐怖。其實只不過想證明一件事：酒是陳的香--哪怕其廠房的水泥還沒干透。在這方面國外的葡萄酒就表現(xiàn)得老實許多，哪一年的葡萄，是何品種，哪一年灌裝，是何級別，哪一個產(chǎn)區(qū)，是何莊園，都白紙黑字寫在標(biāo)簽上，并受法律約束。這就體現(xiàn)出中西文化的差異。

而這種差異不僅體現(xiàn)在法制上，同時也體現(xiàn)在文化的各個維度上，比如文字。我看過不少境外介紹葡萄酒的文章，在形容葡萄酒的味道時都無一例外地用到比喻這個修辭手法，但問題也就出在這里。當(dāng)形容一種酒的口味像漿果、橡子、懸勾子、奶酪的時候，我想一般中國消費者的腦海里除了迷惑還是迷惑——你干嘛不說像麻婆豆腐、京醬肉絲呢？這種典型的溝通障礙顯然源于文化差異。葡萄酒文化整體上來說是一種外來文化，同時相對而言也是一種強勢文化，要將其所帶來的沖擊culthershock比較、交流、融合并發(fā)揚光大，必須先給“葡萄酒文化”下一個完整準(zhǔn)確的定義。

中國的葡萄酒文化顯然是集體主義的，講究的是呼朋引伴，開懷暢飲。而西方的葡萄酒文化更為側(cè)重個人主義，表現(xiàn)在兩方面，一是既有群聚而飲，也頗多淺嘗獨酌；二是產(chǎn)品多樣化，個性化，突出釀酒師的作用。

中國葡萄酒文化是偏男性主義的，“醇酒美人”都不過是男人舒懷、消愁的玩物。而西方葡萄酒文化更多加入了女性主義的因素，偏于中性。

以上對中西葡萄酒文化的粗略比較還有諸多未涉及之處，文化的維度也還有其它的構(gòu)架。此外，還可細(xì)化為對中法、中意、中美、中澳等葡萄酒文化的比較。

當(dāng)然，中國現(xiàn)代的葡萄酒文化還不是一個成熟的文化，還在不斷地吸收、融合、發(fā)展。假以時日，中國的葡萄酒文化必然會以自己獨有的特色為世界葡萄酒文化添上濃墨重彩的一筆。

第二篇：中西酒文化淺析

中西方酒文化淺析

內(nèi)容摘要： 酒是人類生活中不可或缺的美味飲品。無論在中國還是在西方，酒伴隨著人類的腳步一路前行，在漫長的發(fā)展歷程中形成了一門特殊的文化——酒文化，它是一個國家或地區(qū)歷史文化的重要組成部分。本文通過中西酒文化研究對比，從中找出二者的共同點及其差別，為中西方文化差異特別是價值觀方面的差異提供一些參考。

關(guān)鍵詞：酒文化；價值觀；對比

一、起源的美麗傳說

盡管相隔遙遠(yuǎn)，在遠(yuǎn)古時代又彼此隔絕，但關(guān)于酒的起源，在中國和西方都有著許多美麗的傳說。

（一）中國有關(guān)酒起源的傳說

在眾多關(guān)于酒的起源傳說中，影響最大主要有以下幾種：上天造酒說、猿猴造酒說、儀狄造酒說、杜康造酒說。關(guān)于酒起源在我國眾多古籍中也不乏記載，《戰(zhàn)國策》中說：“昔者，帝女令儀狄作酒而美，進之禹，禹欽而甘之，遂疏儀狄，絕旨酒，日：‘后世必有以酒亡其國者?！睍x朝江統(tǒng)在《酒誥》中言：“有飯不盡，委之空桑，郁結(jié)成味，久蓄氣芳，本出于代，不由奇方?！?/p>

（二）西方有關(guān)酒起源的傳說

在西方，沒有太多關(guān)于酒起源的古籍記載。其中最著名的是希臘神話中關(guān)于葡萄酒起源傳說。相傳塞墨勒與宙斯相愛、懷孕卻被害致死，宙斯便把胎兒放入自己的大腿中養(yǎng)育，孩子出生后取名為狄俄倪索斯。狄俄倪索斯歷盡磨難長大成人。多年后，好友在戰(zhàn)斗中死亡，后來在友人的墓上長出一株結(jié)滿果實的葡萄樹。他采下果實榨成汁，喝來甘甜爽口，這就是最初的葡萄酒。他把這玉液瓊漿獻給奧林匹斯諸神，同時也賜給了希臘人民。于是，許多西方國家便有了葡萄酒的釀造技術(shù)。

性勞動基本上起著主導(dǎo)作用。經(jīng)過漫長的探索、凝練，中國的釀酒技藝堪稱一流、各種名酒各得其妙?？傮w來說，中國釀酒大都有浸漬、蒸煮、多次投料、固態(tài)及半固態(tài)發(fā)酵等工藝環(huán)節(jié)和方法，這也正是中國糧食酒釀造技藝的突出特點。

（二）西方酒種類和釀酒工藝簡介

由于西方許多地方不適宜農(nóng)作物的生長，卻十分有利于葡萄的生長，因而葡萄的產(chǎn)量大、品質(zhì)優(yōu)，因此在西方最具特色的酒是葡萄酒和白蘭地，用的幾乎是百分之百的葡萄；另外開胃酒、利口酒、雞尾酒等大多也以葡萄酒為酒基進行制作。西方葡萄酒的代表有法國的沙都拉菲、法國的精選波爾多、意大利的草編馳騁安稠、西班牙的公牛血等。

在酒的釀造工藝上，西方主要以葡萄為原料，講究以料為核心，桶和窖為保障，采用液態(tài)、單式發(fā)酵方法。在葡萄酒的釀造過程中，葡萄起主導(dǎo)作用，葡萄的品種和質(zhì)量決定著葡萄酒的品質(zhì)、特色和香型，人的勞動則起輔助作用。葡萄酒的釀造大多是葡萄去梗破皮、壓榨、發(fā)酵、培養(yǎng)、裝瓶等工藝環(huán)節(jié)，而橡木桶、酒窖是其中的兩個關(guān)鍵。橡木桶是發(fā)酵和培養(yǎng)葡萄酒的最經(jīng)典容器。其木材多孔，外界的氧氣緩緩滲入，包括酒精在內(nèi)的揮發(fā)物質(zhì)部分蒸發(fā)，使酒變得更加細(xì)膩、芳香；橡木釋放出的辛香和單寧酸，給葡萄酒增添華美復(fù)合的潤飾，使酒質(zhì)不斷成熟、穩(wěn)定。酒窖是葡萄酒最好的棲身之所，決定著葡萄酒的最終品質(zhì)。任何好酒都需要經(jīng)過較長時間的藏釀，葡萄酒在橡木桶中的陳化不是全部過程，要達到最佳飲用狀態(tài)，更需要繼續(xù)貯存、陳化。

四、所用酒器不同

中國人歷來就十分重視酒器的使用，就其用途而言，可分為貯酒器、盛酒器、賣酒器和飲酒器四大類。中國的酒器從遠(yuǎn)古時代的獸角、葫蘆等逐步演變?yōu)樘罩凭破?、青銅制酒器、漆制酒器、玉制酒器以及后來的金銀酒器、玻璃酒器和不銹鋼酒器等等。每一種酒器都有其不同的類型，比如青銅制酒器中就有尊、壺、皿、鑒、瓿等。有些酒器會做成特定的動物形狀，如羊、牛、兔等；有些酒器上繪有人物、山水等圖案，其種類繁多，造型各異。當(dāng)然，這些形狀各異、色彩繽紛的

滿傳空”六禮，指要把杯中酒喝干，并亮底給同座檢查。明代馮時化的《酒史》，記述了蘇州宴客“杯中余瀝，有一滴，則罰一杯”。如實在酒量不濟，要婉言聲明，并稍飲表示敬意。

2、酒德

酒德，指飲酒的道德規(guī)范和酒后應(yīng)有的風(fēng)度。合度者有德，失態(tài)者無德，惡趣者更無德。酒德二字，最早見于《尚書》和《詩經(jīng)》，其含義是說飲酒者要有德行，不能“顛覆厥德，荒湛于酒”。儒家并不反對飲酒，但反對狂飲爛醉。

中國酒德的主要內(nèi)容包括三個方面：

一是要量力而飲。即飲酒不在多少，貴在適量?！讹嬌耪分赋觯骸吧亠嫗榧?，多飲傷神損壽，易人本性，其毒甚也。醉飲過度，喪生之源。”

二是要節(jié)制有度。即飲酒要注意自我克制，做到飲酒而不亂?！度龂尽放崴芍⒁豆茌`別傳》說到管輅自勵勵人：“酒不可極，才不可盡。吾欲持酒以禮，持才以愚，何患之有也?”就是力戒貪杯與逞能。

三是飲酒不能強勸。酒林中一些近乎瘋狂的歡飲者，常常是把沉溺當(dāng)豪爽，把邪惡當(dāng)有趣。其實，人的酒量各異，強人飲酒不僅敗壞了飲酒的樂趣，而且有損身體健康。因此，在群飲過程中既要熱鬧，又要理智，不能強人所難，執(zhí)意勸飲。

（二）西方的酒吧文化

酒吧，是西方人飲酒的主要且特定的場所，在英文中寫作“BAR”，原意是指木柵欄。在歐洲，早期的酒吧只是出售酒品的柜臺，后來，隨著釀酒業(yè)的發(fā)展，酒吧從飯店和餐館中分離出來，成為專門出售酒水和供客人飲酒、交友、聚會、娛樂的地方。

在西方國家，酒吧的數(shù)量和種類都非常多，其分類方法也不盡相同，根據(jù)酒吧形式進行分類，可以分為主酒吧、酒廊、服務(wù)酒吧、多功能酒吧等。

1、主酒吧

主酒吧大多數(shù)裝飾美觀、典雅、別致，設(shè)備完善，并備有足夠可靠柜吧凳、大多數(shù)中國人把酒當(dāng)做是一種特殊的物質(zhì)，對酒本身的關(guān)注度并不那么高，人們更多的是依靠飲酒而追求酒之外的東西。在歡樂時酒可助興，在憂愁時酒可澆愁；可邀三五好友在酒館里豪飲，也可在家中獨自小酌；可用大碗顯豪飲，也可用小盅慢品。如此種種，都說明了在中國人的主觀感情思維中，酒文化體現(xiàn)了其“以人為本”的特征。大部分中國人很少對酒種類、釀造和品鑒方法感興趣，而會津津樂道于各種飲酒趣事。

在西方人看來，酒是一種特殊的藝術(shù)品，擁有魅力和生命。面對這個的神圣藝術(shù)品，西方人用心去欣賞和玩味。西方人喝酒時講究規(guī)矩和套路，他們通常會去酒吧喝酒，而酒吧有特定的布局，酒吧侍者也有一套特定的規(guī)范化的服務(wù)操作程序。西方人注重酒的本身品質(zhì)，對飲酒器具十分的講究，他們把酒看成是藝術(shù)品，認(rèn)為都要有適合自己的杯子，只有相互間完美地配搭，才能充分的享受飲酒的樂趣。這些充分說明了西方人的科學(xué)、理性的思維方式，體現(xiàn)了“以物為本”的特征。如果讓他們選擇的話，大部分人可能會滔滔不絕地講述酒的種類、釀造和品鑒方法。

酒是一種客觀存在的物質(zhì)，更是一種文化。酒文化作為一種特殊的文化形式，中西方對其有著不同的解讀。中西方飲酒之道的差異也折射出其背后不同的文化和思維模式。在信息化和全球化的今天，中西方文化在交流中也在不斷地相互融合滲透。分析和比較中西方酒文化的差異有助于我們更加深入的了解酒文化背后所隱藏的中西文化差異，更好的為我們進行跨文化交際、交流服務(wù)，更好的為世界人民融洽交流服務(wù)。

第三篇：中西人物造型特點案例總結(jié)

案例反思：

受傳統(tǒng)審美的影響，有些同學(xué)面對中國人物畫表現(xiàn)不出積極的興趣，感覺它與西方人物畫相比，不夠真實，所以往往給出否定的結(jié)論。通過制作該微課程使學(xué)生主動自然的走近中國畫。認(rèn)識中西人物畫的不同造型特點、區(qū)分并了解兩者的差異，進而掌握中國畫的突出表現(xiàn)及審美追求。教學(xué)建議：

1、通過講授什么是“形““神”，以兩幅作品《李白行吟圖 》《倒牛奶的女仆》給學(xué)生講述什么是客觀形象和主觀形象，引出中西方人物畫造型的差異。

2、中國人物畫主要以線造型為主。對于人物的描寫，不是僅僅滿足于外形的肖似，而更著重人物性格與內(nèi)心世界的揭示。畫家可以抓住人物最鮮活的內(nèi)心世界進行刻畫。

3、引導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察,看出西方畫家善于通過透視，色彩、光影、比例等要素，真實的描繪人物。

總之，讓學(xué)生掌握中西人物畫的不同造型特點，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的審美能力，激發(fā)學(xué)生感悟藝術(shù)，熱愛本土文化。

第四篇：中西酒文化比較英語論文摘要

內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文

中文摘要

酒在人類文化的歷史長河中，它不但是一種客觀的物質(zhì)存在，而且是一種文化象征，“酒”作為一個既傳承歷史又通向未來的道具是一個值得我們認(rèn)真研究的課題，進行中西方酒文化的差異研究對中西交流交往有很大的幫助。本篇論文首先對中國酒文化和西方酒文化做了總體上的介紹，接著從淺層方面和深層方面對中西方酒文化的差異進行了比較。中西酒文化的差異反映出中西方人不同的精神追求和價值觀念，探析中西方的酒文化有助于中外人民更好地進行交流溝通。

關(guān)鍵詞：中國酒文化，西方酒文化，差異比較，文化交流

內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文

ABSTRACT

Wine is not only an objective substance but also a symbol of culture.Wine, which develops the history and conducts to the future, is worthy to be researched.Doing a research on wine culture between China and the West is useful to mutual communication.This thesis firstly makes a general introduction of China’s wine culture and the western culture, and then makes the difference of wine culture between them from the superficial aspect and the profound aspect.The differences of wine culture reflect that different spiritual pursuits and values exist in China and the western countries.Analyzing wine culture among different countries is beneficial to a better communication in the future.Key words: Chinese wine culture, the western wine culture, comparison and contrast, culture communication

第五篇：中西酒文化對比的論文[范文模版]

Abstract: Nowadays, with the expansion of communication between China and Western countries and the globalization of the world, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures have been attracted much more attention, for instance, the differences of wine culture is one of which focused as an issue.The wine is considered as the gift given by the god of wine.Wine culture has a long history and wine plays an important role in people’s daily life, and it combines people’s lives and interpersonal communication in all aspects.On the other hand, as a linker of inheriting history and leading to the future, wine is an article that deserves our earnest study.Because of the differences of living environment, historical background，traditions, values and thinking mode，social norms and culture, wine culture has a different connotation in different countries and regions and shows the characteristics of disparate style as a kind of profound cultural phenomenon.This article is an analysis performed after a lot of data collection and reading, which mainly describes the differences of wine culture between China and western countries.According to the research, the wine culture between China and western countries is very special, which has similarities in their differences and differences in their similarities.The study presents that the content of the wine culture is really rich and complex.Therefore, for the sake of the successful intercultural communication, among different nations and regions having a good knowledge of wine culture is necessary.What’s more, it can deepen people’s understanding of their own history.Key words: Wine Culture Intercultural Communication Cultural Differences

摘要： 隨著中西方交流的擴大,中西文化之間的差異也越來越受到重視,酒文化的差異也當(dāng)然是其中之一。酒被認(rèn)為是酒神賜予人們的禮物,酒文化源遠(yuǎn)流長.酒在人們?nèi)粘５慕浑H生活中起著重要作用,它融會貫通了人們生活和人際交往的各個方面。而酒作為一個既傳承歷史又通向未來的道具是一個值得我們認(rèn)真研究的課題。而由于生活環(huán)境、歷史背景﹑傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗、價值觀念、思維模式、社會規(guī)范以及文化底蘊的不同,酒文化作為一種深刻的文化現(xiàn)象,也在中西方各個國家、各個地區(qū)有著各不相同的內(nèi)涵,呈現(xiàn)出風(fēng)格迥異的特性。本文是在經(jīng)過大量資料收集和閱讀之后進行的分析總結(jié),主要論述的是中西方酒文化之間的差異。中西方的酒文化同中有異、異中有同,內(nèi)容豐富,了解不同民族的酒文化,有助于人們成功地進行跨文化交際,同時也加深了對歷史文化的了解。

關(guān)鍵詞

酒文化 跨文化交際 文化差異

1.The Background of Wine Culture 1.1 Wine Culture in China

China is one of the ancient countries in the world and has a long history about

the wine culture.“Since the appearing of wine and formed the methods of brewing wine, then the processes of brewing, the making of all kinds of drinking sets and drinking customs and etiquette were gradually formed and completed.”(Lixiaoye, 2010, P7)This is just the definition of wine culture.It is well known that Confucianism is the core of Chinese culture, so people's understanding of the wine culture tends to the spiritual dimension and gives it a variety of emotions.In 1987, the renowned economist professor Yu Guangyuan put forward the phrase “wine culture” in China and Wan xiaoyan(2009)explains that the wine culture has broad and narrow meaning.In the broad sense, wine culture including wine technology with thousands of years’ enhancement, technological level, legal system and drinking customs;in the narrow sense, wine culture is just referred to drinking etiquette, custom and anecdote.There are many experts devote themselves to the research of wine culture, but it’s difficult to give a clear definition.Wine culture represents different characteristics in different times and has different effects on society.Throughout the Chinese wine culture’s history, we know that wine culture studies the material, brewing techniques of wine and its social attitude.Xu Shaohua(1999)said that wine means drinking in social activities has a specific effect on politics, economic, culture, military affairs, religion, art, science and technology, social psychology, and folk customs.Wine culture is the combination of material culture and spiritual culture.It's a special and attractive culture.Next, take the Origin of Wine in China for example.Yi Di and Du Kang are considered the originators of wine-making in China.According to ancient annals Yi Di was ordered by Yu the Great to produce mellow wine fro me fermented glutinous rice.The concoction tasted good and Yi Di was confident he would receive a reward.Yu while agreeing that the drink was of excellent quality and had a good taste stopped short of rewarding its maker.Why? Because the Son of Heaven decided that over indulgence in this new beverage could be dangerous-it could make a person read-the monarch himself lose his wits and inadvertently put the country at risk.Another wine-maker Du Kang created a formula for high quality liquor made of sorghum..As legend has it one winter he put cultivated sorghum seeds in a hollow.The following spring he notice d a strong smell coming from it and was amazed to discover that the sorghum he left there had fermented.This accidental disconery inspired Du Kang to create an alcoholic beverage.1.2 Wine Culture in the West In the west, wine culture is also a richly historical culture.In most time, wine culture refers to grape wine in west countries.“It has a history more than 8000 or at most 10000 years since wine appeared, and much longer than the liquor history in China.”(Li xiaoye, 2010, P8)To western people, wine is a special kind of art and has its glamour.When we meet troubles in our daily life or feel sad, wine can help us become strong and comfort us.So there is no doubt that wine culture is not only a kind of material culture but also a kind of a spiritual culture.Owing to the different cultural backgrounds, the western people’s understanding of the wine culture tends to the symbol of the right and gives it elegant and luxury image.For example, they believe wine can enrich their life and regulate their feelings.Xu Yan(2004)said this view of life can be expressed as drink one’s sorrows/ troubles, drown one’s troubles away, drink down sorrow.Wine culture is the reflection of culture in history and it’s the witness of history.Next, take the Origin of Wine in the West for example.Greek mythology Dionysus Greek god of wine and fertility identified with the Roman god Bacchus.The son of Zeus and Semele Dionysus was reared by nymphs and taught men the secrets of cultivating grapes and making wine.but Hera struck him with madness and drove him forth a wanderer through various parts of the earth.Dionysus wandered through many lands teaching men the culture of the vine and the mysteries of his cult.The Bible The earliest written account of viniculture is in the Old Testament of the Bible which tells us that Noah planted a vineyard and made wine.Middle Eastern origin an ancient Persian fable credits a lady of the court with the

discovery of wine.This Princess having lost favor with the King attempted to poison herself by eating some table grapes that had spoiled in a jar.She became intoxicated and giddy and fell asleep.When she awoke she found the stresses that had made her life intolerable had dispersed.Returning to the source of her relief her subsequent conduct changed so remarkably that she regained the Kings favor.2.The application of the wine culture 2.1 Types of Wine Baijiu is a typical Chinese wine, while grape wine plays an important role in Western countries.China is a country with a long history and it is no exaggeration to say that Chinese history with five thousand years is written by wine.As China is a large agricultural country, the most wine is brewed with grain.In China, the word is “jiu” can be used to represent all the types of alcoholic beverages, such as beer, grape wine and so on.The most popular wine in China can be classified into two types, namely, yellow wine and white wine.The yellow wine is brewed directly from rice and wheat.The white wine is also brewed grain, but it has a higher purity of the alcohol level.Although China has a lot of techniques to brew wine and there are various types of wine, the grain liquor is always in the important position;this is because of the effect of geographical environment and agricultural culture.China's climate is very good for the growth of rice and other grain, as a result, the grain liquor is very prevalent.In the Western countries, no matter when we talk about the western wine, grape wine is always the first one comes to our minds.Grape wine is the major wine and

plays an important role in people’s life.Grape wine has a long history, Qu Xiaohui(1996)said that the Western archaeologists found that people had drank grape wine seven thousand years ago.Western is different from China as a large agricultural country, so most of Western countries develop animal husbandry and business.But the climatic and soil in many places don’t fit the growth of crops, they are suitable for grape.Grape wine was produced and became more and more popular under this circumstance.With the development of society, there are more types of grape wine, such as whisky, brandy, rum, cocktail and so forth.2.2 Drinking Vessels Where there is wine, there is drinking vessel.As the saying goes, if there is no drinking vessel, there is no way to drink.So there is no doubt that drinking vessel as a part of wine culture has a long history.The development of drinking vessel is closely bound up with the national economics;it can reflect a country’s level of development.China always shows great respect for the use of drinking vessels.People divided the drinking vessels into different categories depending on their usage.In ancient times, due to the low level of social development, people use some natural materials to make drinking vessels, such as horns and gourds.With the improvement of productivity and development of the wine industry, there are more types of wine vessels, for example, the drinking vessels are made of bronze or jade or other materials.What’s more, some drinking vessels are made in different shapes, for instance sheep, tiger, cow, rabbit and other animals or landscape.Different shapes of drinking vessels not only can help people enjoy the beauty of wine, but also reflects the unique charm of Chinese art.Compared with China's drinking vessels, West’s has a distinctive flavor.Westerners pay attention to different glasses for different kinds of wine.When they drink whisky, brandy and grape wine, they will prepare the corresponding cups.It is

well known that most western drinking vessels are made of glass and crystal, because these cups are good for drinkers to appreciate the wine's color and enjoy the beauty of wine.This is indeed the case;the western drinking vessels have an elegant appearance as well as the good usage.Nowadays, the glasses become more popular and are carriers to spread the wine culture.2.3 Etiquette of Drinking Wine is a medium to understand the culture of different countries.Knowing the etiquette of drinking can reduce the misunderstandings in social activities and promote communications between peoples.After careful studies, we can find that there are some differences of etiquette of drinking between China and Western countries.China is a country known as ceremony and pay attention to etiquette.Talk freely about the saying “No Custom without Wine”, etiquette of drinking is becoming an important part of life.Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect for the drinker.There is fixed seating and a fixed toast times about who is the master, who is the guest.Toast normally chooses after eating the main course, and before the sugar beet is not on.The cup must be held on the eyes level when the toast happen.The toast must begin from the master and watch each other, and at least drink a little wine to show respect.Others are not qualified to respect until the master finished.If the toast order is upset the person who upset the toast order will be fined.Toast must be started from the most distinguished guests, at this time the wine should be full of so that the most distinguished guests can be respected.Not only younger people toast to the elders, and subordinates take the initiative to propose a toast to the higher levels, but also should drink first in order to show respect.The Jiuling, Finger Guessing Game etiquette of wine, but also to make drinkers thoroughly enjoyed themselves.Obviously, Chinese wine culture deeply influenced by Chinese culture and traditional

ethics of hierarchy of seniority, during drinking alcohol the respect for those who drinking was placed in the most important position.Western drinking wine etiquette demonstrates respect for wine.Drinking wine must watch their color, smell their fragrance, taste its quality, and mobilize all kind of sensory to enjoy nice wine.In the sequence of drinking, pay attention to the first drink after drink red wine, white wine, the first lighter wine In the sequence of drinking, it is necessary to pay attention to the order of drinking.White wine should be first and after red wine, the first lighter wine following Re-bodied wine to drink a short year wine and then drink a long year wine, changes gradually in-depth change in the enjoyment of wine flavor.The selection of wine device, also revolve around how to get the full enjoyment of drinking on the drinkers.Let aroma convergence on mouth of the tulip-type goblet cup, and even for wine temperature degree specially designed thermometer, without exception, demonstrate respect for Westerners wine, and their Drinking etiquette is for a better appreciation of wine.In the West people rarely Toast each other, they usually drink separately.Only in certain occasions, they will join in a toast.If a time like this is usually the person after the speech, they are blessing a person, or to celebrate something for someone.2.4 Purpose of Drinking

Wine exists with the form of water and with the content of fire.They are incompatible since ancient times, only an exception on wine.It is water also fire.Not only was extinguished by the minds of unhappy, but also can bright the inner.Both Chinese and westerners love wine, but the diversity of cultures, so caused the difference on drinking purposes between the Chinese people and Westerns.The purpose of drinking in western is simple.They have a drink in order to enjoy drinking.Of course, wine also has the function of communication, but it is more important for people to enjoy the taste of wine.What kind of drink should be used to

enjoy on a occasion , and what temperature degree should be , what shape of the glass should be, there is a very fine clear requirement.There is not hing Finger Guessing Game was provided on the banquet.The aesthetic of western is a direct form Style-oriented and do not require to use distiller's yeast to achieve communicative effects, showing that the West is drinking for wine.In China, wine is often used as a communicative tool.Therefore, there are not scientific systematic theoretical analysis on Chinese wine culture.More attention was paied on other function s brought by drinking.The so-called ulterior motives are not on wine , but care between landscape and landscape of the music.People who drink often want to discuss official business, or talk to a private matter.In short, drinking is just an expression of a mood-assisted behavior.People have a drink just want to borrow the role of alcohol to complete a number of other things, so Chinese people will never be less wine on the table.Whether it is Chinese New Year, or a business in the future, wine is the middle of the hub of everything.It also links to the subtle emotions between people, but people rely more on drinking is the pursuit of wine.Qingmeizhujiu is to prove who is the hero.The paradis Jiang Jinjiu purpose to eliminate the same melancholy;Bamboo Poets of the Seven Sages was to take sanctuary.Qianlong 1000 gentleman feast want to share happy with the public.Chinese people drinking is not for alcohol but for feelings.Therefore, so long as having appropriate reasons, everyone can advise each other to drink, in order to show goodwill and sincerity.Toast is a typical performance of Chinese hospitality, but often is not understood by Westerners on the Chinese people.China is the ceremonies.The communication is usually advocated implicitly.They are not bounded, not only can speak, also can criticize after drinking alhtough there is nothing to speak usually.Wine can help Chinese people to achieve communicative purposes.2.5 Drinking Habits Several major Chinese festival of the year have a corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival drink “calamus wine”.Suspended drink “chrysanthemum wine”.In some places, such as Jiangxi, people gathered to drink after planting the cereal crop or to celebrate the harvest time.Chinese New Year also is known as New Year's Eve.It is the day for family reunion to have the most sumptuous dinner of the year.Dinner and wine are essential to the even poorest family.In some places, people generally do not leave the house on the first day of the first lunar month.From the second day, people begin to drop around.The owner of the house takes the dishes which have been prepared earlier to the table and enjoy the wine with the guests.“l(fā)iquor of daughter in the south“ According to the earliest record by the ”Southern Grasses“ that the southern people began to make wine when their daughter was seven years old.Then they bury the brewed wine when their daughter got married.This kind of wine was inherited in Shaoxing and developed to be famous as ”Huadiao jiu“.Another difference exists in the custom of drinking wine.As is known to us, China is a big country with 56 nationalities and vast territory.Most of the nations have its own distinctive wine and custom of drinking wine.However, there still exists the common character: encouraging people to drink.While in western countries, no one will encourage you to drink.It is up to you to drink or not.No one would associate toasting people with the face.If there exists buying wine culture, that is, today I buy the wine for you in a bar;tomorrow you will buy for me.Wine culture brings about the difference of ideology of flows.Wine culture that caused great affection on the east and west civilization is embodied in the feminism.In the west, fete is an important means of worship of wine.The housewives and girls gathered in wild mountains to dance and enjoy themselves the whole night.Women could communicate with any people.Although the man was discontented with this, he could not have any complaints.This tradition was handed down.As a result, women got almost the same status with the man in the west.The worship of wine came along with the mysterious worship of maternity, which rippled in the civilization of the west.It was not the case in China.Although at the beginning, the wine was brewed for the daughter of Yu, women were deprived of right of drinking wine by man.The girls

in The Dream of Red Mansion mostly drank fruit wine.The liquor, repetitive of wine, was the patent of men, such as Jia Zheng.The status of women was gradually promoted after the spread of western culture during the period of Fourth Five.Women have the same right of drinking wine in modern times.3.Different Communicative Functions and Drinking Culture 3.1 Shallow Sip and Cattle Drink

Chinese people pay attention to the “shallow sip”.The so called“shallow sip”is to put the glass in one hand and enjoy the fun by singing a song or poem to purse the realm into a little drunk.The so called little drunk is like non-drunk and non-awake, with a rather wonderful feeling to get high in the realm.We Chinese people will take a little drunk while talking with our friends or family and have a good time.The Westerners pay attention to “cattle drink”, the so called “cattle drink” also described as the “drink by”.That is, no matter one battle or one glass, just raise your neck to drink it overturned.They enjoy the excitement that the wine brings to them.3.2 Masculinity and Feminism

Chinese wine culture is the doctrine of partial male.Since ancient times, “wine” was always used by men as the signboard and mask of their entertainment.By the “wine” of power, things will line.Things can be done easier by the power of wine.CaoCao used wine to test whether troops under his command were loyal to him.Wine and beauty seem always to go together;both are men’s tool to release their pressure.Actually, with the collapse of the feudalism, women were no longer regarded as men’s vassal.Nevertheless, in most case, women are often still at arm’s length speak of love.The western wine culture joined more feminist factors and is relatively neutral.In western countries, there is not only spirits for men but also cocktails and champagne with a sweet or fruity taste and beautiful color for women to drink.Female drinking is socially accepted, and fends to be neutral on the whole.3.3

Lyricism and Enjoyment

China, the scenic spot of wine culture, the significance of drinking wine is far more than the sensual pleasure.In many occasions, wine is used as a cultural symbol to represent a ritual, a state of mind.Wine and poetry, had the tight relationship from then on.In China, The wine is often used as a communication tool, a medium to express feelings after drinking.The so called the drinker’s heart is not in the cup but in people and in love.Such as to make the plum wine is in order to prove who is the real hero;to drink one more cup of wine is to bid farewell to the friend going away.Different feeling and different mood are passed through the wine.In the western countries, the purpose of drink is often very simple, to enjoy the wine and alcohol.Of course, the red wine in the west also has the function of communication, but it is more of a pursuit of how to enjoy the taste.It can be seen that the Western wine culture focus more on the wine itself while we Chinese people seem to pay more attention to the spiritual experience after evaporation or distillation of the wine.Western habit of tasting wine is to taste with their tongue, while we Chinese people use more of a heart and brain to feel the feeling the wine bring us.The Way to Promote the Intercommunication of Wine Culture 4.1.Launching International Communication Conference

The development of world wine culture depends on the intercommunication of different nations.On this matter, I give several suggestions as following: Firstly, we should launch international communication conference about research of wine culture.At present, the research communication between professors and experts in especially French, Germany, and England and so on is little.Professors and experts exchange their ideas and views about wine and put forward new suggestions.It is an important and direct way to push the development

of wine culture.Secondly, a worldwide organization should be set up to harmonize and guide the deed acted by nations.Regions and nations behave according to the rules regulated.4.2.Setting the Suitable Rules

As we know, a proverb says without rules we cannot do things well.Thus it is necessary and important to set the suitable rules.Nations can communicate and behave well with the restrictions.However, the rules are not set now, which needs the efforts of the professors and experts.4.3 Innovation

Wine culture can not develop without innovation which is the gist of wine culture.China has a long history of brewing wine, which is proud by us.Meanwhile, we indulge ourselves in the success we have had and depend on the traditional wine culture excessively.Therefore, crisis is there.In order to keep the booming vitality of wine, obviously, the innovation is crucial.But what we should do innovate the wine culture.In my point of view, we should do as the following: To begin with, the combination of innovation of wine and idea.The consumption psychology of people is always changing.There is an increasing demand about the safety and sanitation of wine.The idea of green consumption occurs to people.As a result, we not only cater to the demand of trend, but also put our feet in the consumer's shoes.Secondly, the combination of innovation and technology.The innovation of culture can not;eave the development of technology.The big innovation and development of many professions is caused by the innovation of technology.The innovation of technology and technique push the development of the profession of brewing wine vigorously and base the solid foundation of the innovation of wine culture.Thirdly, the combination of innovation of wine culture and the management of firm.The history of abroad or domestic management of firm can be subdivided into three stages: ”experimental management“ ”scientific management“ and ”cultural management".It realized the big leap on management from experimental one to Tylor's scientific one.However, scientific management neglects the creativity and ability of man, which can not fit the demand of development.Thus, cultural management came into being.That whether the wine culture is a success or a failure is associated with the leader of the enterprise.The runner of the wine firm is different from the leader of the firm of making screwdriver.He should be an artist with high quality of culture and artistic taste.The fierce competition demands that they give direction and decision on the design of products, the direction of market, the selling

and plan of market.It is also necessary for them to carry out the cultural management and innovation of management and make full use of resources including resource of mankind to infuse the color of culture in the product.Make sure the realization of innovation of wine culture successfully through innovation of management.This is one aspect and another aspect is that: In the first place, transfer the advantage of culture into the advantage of market.Transmitting culture is to exploit the market.The core of the wine market is health;safety and fashion which the enterprises need long time of penetration of culture and patient and dedicate cultivation of market.It advocates drinking wine in a scientific way and green consumption to guide man return to rationalism from the traditional wine culture, which advocates drinking wine in great amount.In the second place, transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic, society and zoology.The advantage of economic is the final embodiment of the advantage of market.Promoting the additional value of wine culture is a significant way to transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic.At the same time, it requires shat the effectiveness of society and zoology should be taken into account.We should strengthen the idea of sustaining development of firm and carry out green management and controlling of whole process and protect the mature during the process of carrying out the innovation of wine culture.Therefore, the vitality of wine lies in wine culture and fitting the progressive consumption culture, which is to keep pace with time.Conclusion The wine is the best present that God has given.Wine culture comes along with the birth of wine since wine appeared.Due to the difference of wine, regions and environment, the faith brought by wine culture also has more or less difference.At first, the wine in China was the sweet wine made from fruits.After that, man gradually found the grain which was used as the raw material of liquor.It was much better than sweet wine either in power or taste.Therefore, it is the mainstream to brew wine with grain as the raw material.At present, it refers to liquor when it comes to the wine of China.However, the wine in the west was brewed with barley the raw material firstly.Man began to brew wine with grape.The wine made man intoxicated and gradually became the mainstream of the west.And now, it refers to champagne and Brandy wit grape as the raw material.Drinking wine in China is the common phenomenon of different nations.Most of nations have its own characteristic wine

and custom of drinking wine.The culture of drinking wine has endurable vitality and character.The research of drinking custom will promote the unity of nations and progress of civilization.In order to communicate with the consumer, it is necessary to promote the development of wine culture.The wine can popularize wildly and sell best according to the taste of consumer.The brewed wine is to be consumed by man.Consequently, people's suggestion about the way of brewing wine is vital, which is to make sure the wine is consumed with confirmation and agreement of consumer.Intercommunication is also crucial to the development of wine culture.Thus, increasing international communication is essential.Professors and experts can exchange their views and put forward new ideas about innovation of technology.A worldwide organization restrains the behavior of the members.Through this topic, the profound Chinese culture during the course of investigations will be appreciated.Consequently the Chinese wine culture will develop along with the development of the world wine culture.Bibliography [1] Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture.Princeton University, 2000.[2] Haeger.North American Pinot Noir.Langman, 2004.[3] Patrick Matthews.Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking.Mitchell Beazley, 2000.[4] Jeni Port.Crushed by women:women and win., Arcadia, 2000.[5] Jancis Robinson.Jancis Robinson's wine tasting workbook.Conran Octopus, 2000.[6]Dai Weidong.A New Concise Course in Lingustics for Students of Englishin [M].ShangHai Foreign Language Education Press, 2010:125-126 [7]Jamie Goode.The science of wine: from vine to glass[M].University of California Press, 2005 [8]John Winthrop Haeger.North American Pinot Noir[M].Niversity of California Press, 2004

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