第一篇：英語語言學(xué)關(guān)于述謂分析講解

Tell why the following transformations are illegitimate.（每小題5分，共10分）

a.Had you knew that the train already left? b.You knew whether had the trainalready left.述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析與句子意思的準(zhǔn)確把握

根據(jù)組合原則，一個(gè)句子的意思有各個(gè)語義成分（semantic component）的意思和它們的組合方式所決定。因此，要想對(duì)一個(gè)句子進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確分析，我們就需要將語法結(jié)構(gòu)分析和語義分析結(jié)合起來。首先，我們必須明確，一個(gè)句子的意思并非構(gòu)成該句地各個(gè)語義成分所表達(dá)的意思總和。一個(gè)句子的意思應(yīng)該包含兩個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容：語法含義（grammatical meaning）和語義含義（semantic meaning）。語法含義指的就是語法結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性（grammatical well-formedness）。語義含義主要遵循選擇限制（selectional restriction）的原則，比如下面這個(gè)句子，語法結(jié)構(gòu)正確，但是卻沒有遵循選擇限制的原則： Sincerity shook hands with the black apple.英國語言學(xué)家G..Leech提出述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析（predication analysis）的方法，對(duì)句子進(jìn)行語義分析。此時(shí)我們可以先撇開語法含義這一層不說。在述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析中，述謂結(jié)構(gòu)（predication）是基本單位，它是對(duì)一個(gè)句子的抽象概括，這種方法適用于各種句子的分析。一個(gè)述謂結(jié)構(gòu)（predication）包含論元（argument）和謂詞（predicate）,論元是述謂結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯上的參與者，主要是一個(gè)句子中的名詞性成分，謂詞是對(duì)論元的述說，或者陳述一種與論元之間的邏輯關(guān)系。如：Tom smokes.這個(gè)句子的predication就是：argument（Tom）和predicate（smoke）兩個(gè)部分。

表示為：TOM（SMOKE）

因?yàn)檎Z法形式對(duì)此并無影響，所以下列句子都有著相同的述謂結(jié)構(gòu)：

Tom somkes.Tom is smoking.Tom has been smoking.Tom, smoke!

Does Tom smoke?

Tom doesn’t smoke.這些句子可以看成是相同的述謂結(jié)構(gòu)的不同的語法體現(xiàn)。

有些句子包含兩個(gè)以上的論元。如：

Kids like apples.可以表示為：KID, APPLE（LIKE）

但是有時(shí)候也可以沒有論元。如：

It is hot.就表示為BE（HOT）

綜上，我們根據(jù)論元的數(shù)量將述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分為單位述謂結(jié)構(gòu)（one-place predication），雙位述謂結(jié)構(gòu)（two-place predication）和缺位述謂結(jié)構(gòu)（no-place predication）。

下面各個(gè)句子的述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分別表示為：

The man sells ice-cream.MAN, ICE-CREAM（SELL），為雙位述謂結(jié)構(gòu)。

Is the baby sleeping?

BABY（SLEEP），為單位述謂結(jié)構(gòu)。

It is snowing.BE（SNOW），為缺位述謂結(jié)構(gòu)。

The tree grows well.TREE（GROW），為單位述謂結(jié)構(gòu)。

第二篇：英語語言學(xué)總結(jié)

1.The fact that there is no logcial or intrinsic connection between a sound and a meaning is called what design feature of language?(Arbitrariness)

2.The actual use of language knowledge is called what by Chomsky?Performance

3.Any syllable can not be exempted from a what?

vowel

4.Free morphemes have two types, what are they?

Lexical morphemes and functional morphemes

5.Which two consonants are liquids?

[l][r]

6.Which vowel is rounded and open?

[o]

7.What is formalism in linguistics?

Formalism or formal linguisitics is the study of the abstract forms of languige and the internal relations.8.What is a minimal pair?

Pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.9.What is a bound morpheme?

Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words.10.What is langue?

Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.11.Describe the sound features:

[g]:stop, velar

[m]:bilabial, nasal

[w]:bilabial,glide

[^]:central, unrounded, semi-open

[f]:labiodental, liquid, fricative

1.The study about the meanings is which branch of linguistics? Smantics

2.Suprasemental features include four, name two.Stress and intonation

3.Sounds that are produced with no obstruction of airstream are called what?

Voiceless sounds

4.Language is used to build or maintain social contact reflects which function?

Phatic function/communion

5.Name the two affricates.6.Which vowel is close, front and long?

[i:]

7.What is phonetics?

Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds.8.What is allomorph?

An allomorph is a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme.9.What is competence?

10.What is a derivation morpheme?

Derivation morphemes are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem.11.Describe the sound features:

[b]:bilabial, stop

[k]:velar,stop

[f]:labiodental, fricative

[∫]:palatal, fricative

[a:]unrounded, back, long, open

1.The fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication reflects what design feature of language?

Specialization

2.The particular realization of langue is what?

3.Describe the syllable structure.V CV VC CVC CCVC VCC CCCVC CVCC CVCCC

4.Words formed from the first letters of a series of words and

pronounced as single words, what are they called?

Acronym

5.Voiced palatal fricative is which sound?

6.Which vowel is unrounded and back?[a:]

7.What is language?

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.8.What is syntagmatic relation?

Syntagmatic relation refers to the horizontal relationship between linguisitc elements, which form linear squences.9.What is a morpheme?

A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.10.What is derivation?0

Dereivation is a way of word formation, which is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes.11.Describe the sound features:

[i:]:long, closed, front

[t]:alveolar, stop

[v]:labiodental, fricative

[l]:liquid,fricative

[h]:liquid, frictive, glottal

1.Who distinguishes Competence and Performance?

Noam Chosmsky

2.The vertical relation between linguistic elements is called what relation?

Paradigmatic relations.3.The two levels of language--sound and meaning make which design feature of language?

Duality

4.The phenomenon that one sound is influenced by neighboring sounds is called what?

Assimilation

5.The two semi-vowels are what?

[j] [w]

6.Which vowel is long, central?

7.What is a phoneme?

Phonemes are the phonological units of language.8.What is an inflectional morpheme?

9.What is synchronic linguistics?

Synchronic linguistics is the study of language at one particular time.10.What is a compound?

Building new words by putting two words together is called compound.11.Describe the sound features:

[p]:bilabial, stop, liquid

[v]:labioldental, fricative

[l]:alveolar, liquid

[n]:nasal, alveolar

[e]:semi-opened, front, short, unrounded

卡號(hào)10385211密碼5635

第三篇：述報(bào)告范本講解

述 職 報(bào) 告。

第一部分 今年以來各項(xiàng)工作的基本情況

今年以來，在向西公司黨政正確領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，在公司班子成員和廣大干部職工的大力支持下，我始終以黨組織的信任、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的重托和職工群眾的期盼為動(dòng)力，以加快向西公司發(fā)展為己任，緊緊圍繞向西公司“五個(gè)三”發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，嚴(yán)格要求自己，認(rèn)真履行職責(zé)，立足于治理提效益，著眼于改革要活力，靠實(shí)干爭創(chuàng)一流，經(jīng)過上上下下的不懈努力，全公司各項(xiàng)工作整體推進(jìn)，全面發(fā)展。全公司干部職工精神面貌煥然一新，干部作風(fēng)和勞動(dòng)紀(jì)律明顯加強(qiáng)，治理力度進(jìn)一步加大，各項(xiàng)工作都有了新的飛躍和提高，全公司呈現(xiàn)出政通人和，人心思上，和諧發(fā)展的大好局面。

一、圍繞效益抓源頭，嚴(yán)密組織，促進(jìn)了全年生產(chǎn)任務(wù)的順利完成

面對(duì)向西公司生產(chǎn)礦井作業(yè)工作面多，生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)多，采掘銜接緊張的實(shí)際，我與各礦生產(chǎn)班子成員進(jìn)一步解放思想，精心組織，牢牢抓住制約安全生產(chǎn)的要害環(huán)節(jié)不放松，一起研究布置采掘銜接，一同安排部署安全生產(chǎn)工作，繼續(xù)積極開展單產(chǎn)單進(jìn)創(chuàng)水平活動(dòng)，確保了生產(chǎn)任務(wù)的順利完成。2012年公司原煤產(chǎn)量：全年完成784.42萬噸，其中生

產(chǎn)礦井完成731.42萬噸，比考核計(jì)劃增產(chǎn)31萬噸，技改礦完成53萬噸，比考核計(jì)劃增產(chǎn)1萬噸；公司掘進(jìn)進(jìn)尺完成100734米，其中生產(chǎn)礦完成82119米，比考核計(jì)劃多1117米，技改礦完成18617米比考核計(jì)劃多1417米。

二、科學(xué)合理編制月度生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃，使生產(chǎn)任務(wù)月度有保證，季度任務(wù)創(chuàng)新高，全年任務(wù)超計(jì)劃。

按照公司中長期發(fā)展要求，在編制下達(dá)、季度、月度的生產(chǎn)任務(wù)過程中，我每月23日定期召開各礦生產(chǎn)銜接協(xié)調(diào)會(huì)，詳細(xì)聽取各礦井生產(chǎn)情況匯報(bào)，綜合分析各礦井每個(gè)工作面的地質(zhì)條件、設(shè)備狀況，摸清每個(gè)隊(duì)組的生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)狀，充分發(fā)揮各隊(duì)組的最大生產(chǎn)能力，確保了月生產(chǎn)任務(wù)按計(jì)劃完成。涌現(xiàn)出米礦、帆煤礦兩礦連續(xù)兩個(gè)月突破16萬噸最好水平。

三、及時(shí)調(diào)整采掘布署，確保重點(diǎn)工程按期完成，徹底扭轉(zhuǎn)被動(dòng)生產(chǎn)局面。

我先后針對(duì)米礦風(fēng)量緊張的情況，充分調(diào)研后確定7#-11#暗斜井為重點(diǎn)工程，在生產(chǎn)供風(fēng)緊張的情況下，寧可停下其它掘進(jìn)也要保證重點(diǎn)工程的正常施工。計(jì)劃8個(gè)月的建設(shè)工期的工程，在8月份才開工，采用正常施工的方法是很難按期完成任務(wù)的，及時(shí)采取分段施工的方案，終于在年底完成了全年的重點(diǎn)工程任務(wù)。帆煤公司計(jì)劃技改工期2010年11月16日至2013年4月15日，我經(jīng)過詳細(xì)調(diào)研，積極

組織相關(guān)部門確立帆煤公司2012年305盤區(qū)開拓為重點(diǎn)工程。經(jīng)過一年的共同努力，今年10月份一全部完成井巷工程，12月份完成設(shè)備的安裝工程，提前4個(gè)月進(jìn)入生產(chǎn)試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)期，為帆煤早日達(dá)產(chǎn)奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。

四、出臺(tái)政策，極大的調(diào)動(dòng)了基層單位組織生產(chǎn)的積極性和創(chuàng)造性。

一是按照今年職代會(huì)通過的工資分配管理辦法和公司主要生產(chǎn)指標(biāo)考核管理辦法的規(guī)定，出臺(tái)了噸煤超產(chǎn)加價(jià)和低煤層開采工資補(bǔ)貼辦法，各單位在完成每月下達(dá)的生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃的同時(shí)，享受噸煤超產(chǎn)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，通過一系列的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、激勵(lì)政策，極大的調(diào)動(dòng)了基層隊(duì)組和員工的組織生產(chǎn)的積極性，確保能夠每月出色的完成生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃任務(wù)。

二是制定了公司提高單產(chǎn)單進(jìn)規(guī)劃措施，積極開展采掘隊(duì)“創(chuàng)水平達(dá)等級(jí)”活動(dòng)，制定了“四化四抓四提高”具體措施，通過一籃子行之有效的措施，極大的提升了我公司的生產(chǎn)管理水平。全年產(chǎn)生了2個(gè)百萬噸綜采隊(duì)（帆煤礦綜采隊(duì)年產(chǎn)150萬，米磁窯綜采二隊(duì)100.1萬噸），全年達(dá)甲級(jí)隊(duì)2個(gè)（米礦機(jī)一和機(jī)二隊(duì)、2012年沒有出現(xiàn)低產(chǎn)低進(jìn)隊(duì)。

三是為了穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)采掘運(yùn)安全質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化建設(shè)工作，生產(chǎn)部每月、季度、半年及全年要嚴(yán)格考核，精細(xì)管理，加強(qiáng)檢查、督查，確保各礦、公司采掘運(yùn)安全質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化規(guī)劃目標(biāo)順利實(shí)現(xiàn)。各生產(chǎn)礦全年采掘運(yùn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化均達(dá)到了一級(jí)。

四是嚴(yán)格落實(shí)公司采掘運(yùn)相關(guān)崗位精細(xì)化管理崗位標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，加強(qiáng)日常采掘運(yùn)精細(xì)化管理崗位標(biāo)準(zhǔn)培訓(xùn)和業(yè)務(wù)指導(dǎo)，在井下現(xiàn)場不定期以問答方式、考卷形式或現(xiàn)場操作方式進(jìn)行考核。

五、深入基層，調(diào)查研究解決各礦實(shí)際問題。1.我通過對(duì)各技改礦井調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn)，各技改礦井初設(shè)和技改中都存在一些問題。為了加快技改進(jìn)度，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)各技改礦井早日安全生產(chǎn)達(dá)產(chǎn)，針對(duì)調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題和各技改礦井技改存在問題以及初設(shè)和技改、生產(chǎn)存在差異的地方進(jìn)行了進(jìn)一步論證并統(tǒng)一了意見并進(jìn)行了修改。通過調(diào)研努力提高礦井機(jī)械化水平，實(shí)現(xiàn)采掘有序銜接。

2.為了加快現(xiàn)代化礦井建設(shè)步伐，徹底改變向西公司設(shè)備落后的局面。親自抓項(xiàng)目的確立，并親抓三機(jī)配套，抓工程的進(jìn)展，今年9月份，在米礦7#8323工作面（630*140*1.2m）上馬，已采出煤量3.2萬噸。打開了現(xiàn)代化礦井建設(shè)的大門，為向西建設(shè)現(xiàn)代化礦井走出了第一步，大幅度提高井下生產(chǎn)效益，改善了井下的勞動(dòng)條件。電液系統(tǒng)控制的應(yīng)用，取消了人工控制過程中的輔助時(shí)間，反應(yīng)速度快，最大限度地發(fā)揮機(jī)械設(shè)備的最大能力。對(duì)支架編組運(yùn)行，同時(shí)對(duì)多個(gè)支架進(jìn)行操作，實(shí)現(xiàn)跟機(jī)定量推溜和自動(dòng)移架。改善工作面頂板支護(hù)狀況，有利于安全生產(chǎn)，保證工作面支架初撐力，實(shí)現(xiàn)帶壓擦頂移架，可減少頂板事故發(fā)生。

3.由于骨干礦礦原設(shè)計(jì)的不合理，前期工程量大，不能按期完成技改任務(wù)，經(jīng)過仔細(xì)調(diào)研，礦井儲(chǔ)量主要集中在井田中西部，增加一個(gè)回風(fēng)井有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn)（1）礦井通風(fēng)距離短，通風(fēng)阻力小。（2）前期井巷工程量小，占用資金少。（3）礦井建設(shè)期短，投產(chǎn)早，見效快。通過優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，井巷工程量較初設(shè)減少2556米，可縮短工期10個(gè)月。2012年11月5日已得到了省廳批復(fù)。確定骨干礦礦在井田中部增加一個(gè)回風(fēng)井的方案。

4.沿空留巷穩(wěn)步扎實(shí)推進(jìn)，確保礦井增產(chǎn)增效。自2011年8月份，沿空留巷技術(shù)在劉噶礦推廣應(yīng)用，截止2012年10月底，累計(jì)沿空留巷865米，采出7#層8131、8133兩個(gè)工作面，多采出煤炭9000噸，少掘巷道1200米，創(chuàng)效500萬元。

5.大膽探索極近距離煤層開采技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。在馬口礦1

3-2層8402面與13層層間距為0.8-2米，為極近距離煤層開采，頂板支護(hù)采取了錨桿、組合錨索、一梁三錨、馬麗散聯(lián)合支護(hù)成功地控制住了頂板，由于有害氣體下陷，該面成功采用了均壓開采。該面順利采出，采出煤炭18萬噸。下一步計(jì)劃在13層8406面生產(chǎn)，預(yù)計(jì)可采出煤炭18萬噸。馬口極近距離煤層的成功開采為下一步開拓11#層402東翼盤區(qū)及其他礦近距離煤層開采積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

6.合理優(yōu)化施工方案，縮短施工工期，加快技改進(jìn)度。-

2確定劉文章煤業(yè)新主井分段施工方案，新皮帶主井分上下兩段施工，上段從地面施工掘至3#層，長度700米；下段從3#層往下施工，含煤倉和通風(fēng)行人斜巷共計(jì)500米，縮短了工期10個(gè)月。

7.改進(jìn)支護(hù)方式，加快施工速度。修改劉文章礦新副斜井支護(hù)方式，由原來澆筑600mm改為澆筑300mm，提高了單進(jìn)，由原來月進(jìn)30米提高到月進(jìn)50米。

8.果斷制定過漏頂方案，為恢復(fù)生產(chǎn)爭取時(shí)間。杏溝礦14#8305面37#架-44#架漏頂，漏頂高度5米，原方案在漏頂上方注瑞米材料后通過漏頂，如果采用這種方法，很難通過漏頂。通過現(xiàn)場調(diào)研及時(shí)采取新方案：a、啟動(dòng)溜子，拉空漏下的矸石b、漏頂支架下煤壁每架穿兩根4米11#工字鋼梁（入煤壁不小于2米），并與支架前頂梁搭接c、工字鋼梁上架井型圓木搭嚴(yán)d、漏頂支架下煤壁及周圍注馬麗散。通過此方案2天順利通過了漏頂區(qū)

六、積極組織參觀學(xué)習(xí)，推廣新技術(shù)、新設(shè)備、新工藝。我深知科技是第一生產(chǎn)力，不僅公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、公司部門負(fù)責(zé)人學(xué)習(xí)，而且要部門人員和基層骨干學(xué)習(xí)新技術(shù)、新設(shè)備、新工藝。2012年組織相關(guān)部門走出去學(xué)習(xí)先進(jìn)技術(shù)和先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，組織了各生產(chǎn)礦技術(shù)科長、生產(chǎn)部長、掘進(jìn)隊(duì)長參加煤科院組織的“煤礦無煤柱開采和災(zāi)害防治新技術(shù)”，及煤科院組織的“煤礦快速掘進(jìn)技術(shù)”學(xué)習(xí)班。組織5期打眼工“光

面爆破”培訓(xùn)班。

七、加大重大安全隱患的治理力度，為礦井的安全生產(chǎn)提供保障。劉噶礦8層2103巷頂板破碎處，制定治理方案：40m-140m段打組合錨索，40m-80m段注馬麗散，100m-200m段架一梁兩柱；王子礦13層8218回風(fēng)順槽240-340米段頂板破碎，決定采用鋪設(shè)整體網(wǎng)、打組合錨索、一梁三錨和注馬麗散的支護(hù)方式；杏煤14#層8305面頂板壓力大，確定8305面兩順槽往外300米頂板破碎處采用一梁三錨、組合錨索支護(hù)；針對(duì)劉文章主提升皮帶斜井40m-80m處巷道有裂縫下沉現(xiàn)象，通過井下實(shí)地研究，確定采取從井口揭開表土層重新澆灌混凝土的施工方案；針對(duì)技改礦井井下巷道圓鋼錨桿支護(hù)強(qiáng)度不夠，制定了所有使用錨桿支護(hù)巷道必須使用不低于φ18mm左旋無縱筋冷拔螺紋鋼，拉拔力不低于8.5噸，托板使用球墨鑄鋼托板。以上措施的制定為礦井的安全生產(chǎn)提供了有力保證。

八、精心調(diào)度，及時(shí)協(xié)調(diào)解決生產(chǎn)過程中的擋手問題。一是進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了日常調(diào)度基礎(chǔ)工作，嚴(yán)格調(diào)度匯報(bào)制度和重大隱患整改跟蹤落實(shí)制度，強(qiáng)化調(diào)度指揮協(xié)調(diào)作用。先后對(duì)米礦、姜礦、李大礦王子礦煤場爆滿，進(jìn)行及時(shí)調(diào)整生產(chǎn)，增加推煤設(shè)備，確保公司各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的順利完成。由于今年煤炭市場的不景氣，煤質(zhì)是銷售的主要指標(biāo)，及時(shí)在井下建立井下寄矸硐，減少煤中矸石的含量，促進(jìn)煤炭的及時(shí)銷售，#-

2#

確保了礦井的均衡生產(chǎn)。

九、注重綜采工作面搬家準(zhǔn)備工作跟蹤落實(shí)。把綜采工作面搬家準(zhǔn)備銜接工作，作為日常調(diào)度工作的重中之重。先后對(duì)6座生產(chǎn)礦井9個(gè)綜采隊(duì)11套綜采設(shè)備的搬家準(zhǔn)備情況進(jìn)行全程調(diào)度，并設(shè)立了搬家進(jìn)度臺(tái)帳，對(duì)新舊面停采鋪網(wǎng)時(shí)間、撤架、開擴(kuò)幫以及支架、工運(yùn)機(jī)、皮帶、泵站、絞車等安裝進(jìn)度等情況都進(jìn)行跟蹤調(diào)度，進(jìn)行專題分析，為公司合理布置調(diào)整當(dāng)月產(chǎn)量任務(wù)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。1-11月份，綜采搬家共計(jì)23次（3次搬家不停產(chǎn)，2次面內(nèi)小搬家），累計(jì)搬家天數(shù)478天，面均搬家時(shí)間21天，比去年同期面均搬家天數(shù)提前了2天。其中：米礦綜采二隊(duì)真正實(shí)現(xiàn)了“搬家不停產(chǎn)，搬家不減產(chǎn)”，帆煤礦相臨面搬家月均17天，杏煤公司相臨面搬家月均18天；通過各單位搬家工作的有序組織，極大的縮短了搬家時(shí)間，提高了開機(jī)率，為完成全年生產(chǎn)任務(wù)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

十、定期召開 “生產(chǎn)專題例會(huì)”，對(duì)每月生產(chǎn)工作開展情況進(jìn)行了認(rèn)真分析、總結(jié)，指出了制約生產(chǎn)的問題，安排布置下月的重點(diǎn)工作，積極發(fā)揮調(diào)度室在煤礦安全生產(chǎn)過程中的指揮、協(xié)調(diào)作用。

第二部分 存在的問題和不足

主要是：一是由于科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步，我感覺到我自己技術(shù)理論水平還有待于進(jìn)一步提高；二是向西公司多數(shù)是

資源枯竭型礦井，有許多工作面不能使用現(xiàn)代化機(jī)械設(shè)備，工作面多，作業(yè)人員多，職工的安全意識(shí)教育和安全技能培訓(xùn)還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步細(xì)化，安全文化建設(shè)探索不夠；三是明年技改礦逐漸投產(chǎn)，將遇到資金、人員、設(shè)備、技術(shù)以及鄉(xiāng)村利益等問題；四是礦井資源已是迫在眉睫的問題。我將在今后工作中高度重視，并加以改進(jìn)和提高。并將繼續(xù)認(rèn)真履行自己的工作職責(zé)，與其他班子成員同心同德、肝膽相照、開拓創(chuàng)新局面、勤奮工作，努力實(shí)踐“三個(gè)代表”，強(qiáng)化治理，落實(shí)責(zé)任，狠反“三違”，靠前指揮，工作到位，跑現(xiàn)場，抓質(zhì)量，抓安全，為公司發(fā)展做出自己應(yīng)有的貢獻(xiàn)。

第三部分 2013年的努力方向

做好二O一三年的各項(xiàng)工作，圓滿完成公司下達(dá)的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)，一是要加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)，不斷提高綜合素質(zhì)。在新的一年里，要認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)十八大會(huì)議精神，堅(jiān)持以鄧小平理論和“三個(gè)代表”重要思想為指導(dǎo)，全面領(lǐng)會(huì)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的深刻內(nèi)涵，不斷提高自己的政治素質(zhì)和管理水平。同時(shí)，要進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)經(jīng)濟(jì)治理、市場營銷知識(shí)、現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度和上級(jí)一系列政策規(guī)定的學(xué)習(xí)，努力轉(zhuǎn)變思想作風(fēng)和工作作風(fēng)，開拓創(chuàng)新，真抓嚴(yán)管，完成集團(tuán)公司下達(dá)的各項(xiàng)目標(biāo)任務(wù)。二是要千方百計(jì)地抓好安全生產(chǎn)。煤礦生產(chǎn)，安全為天，安全好不好，直接關(guān)系到企業(yè)的穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展，必須牢固樹立“安全第一、預(yù)防為主”的方針，始終把安全生產(chǎn)當(dāng)作頭等大事來抓，堅(jiān)持以人為本，大力開展“安全質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”和“精品工程創(chuàng)建”活動(dòng)，強(qiáng)化安全治理，狠抓責(zé)任落實(shí)，加大安全投入和生產(chǎn)設(shè)備投入，改進(jìn)采掘工藝，進(jìn)一步科學(xué)組織，優(yōu)化礦井設(shè)計(jì)，努力提高單產(chǎn)單進(jìn)，確保安全目標(biāo)和各項(xiàng)生產(chǎn)任務(wù)的順利實(shí)現(xiàn)，為加快企業(yè)發(fā)展創(chuàng)造好條件。三是要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新管理，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。堅(jiān)持一手抓穩(wěn)產(chǎn)增效，一手抓節(jié)約挖潛，按照“目標(biāo)治理，責(zé)任明確，剛性考核，節(jié)獎(jiǎng)超罰”的要求，健全完善成本指標(biāo)內(nèi)控體系，突出加強(qiáng)成本治理、資金治理、物流治理和勞動(dòng)力治理，提高企業(yè)運(yùn)行質(zhì)量。要進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)責(zé)任部門的責(zé)任落實(shí)，發(fā)揮好監(jiān)督檢查、治理考核和參謀助手的作用。要切實(shí)加強(qiáng)營銷工作，優(yōu)化產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)，促進(jìn)煤炭銷售，確保效益源頭。我的述職完畢，謝謝大家。

述職人：石銀

第四篇：語言學(xué)概論感悟 英語

語言學(xué)概論感悟

Why do we study linguistics? When we study a particular language, we just study it and actually we are limited by this language.While linguistics can help us study languages in general.In other words, linguistics is a systematic subject for students who want to learn any kind of language better.Just as my teacher said, linguistics is not only useful but also helpful.After I learned the second language-French, I found between English and French, there had something in common.However, language learning is still more difficult than we get our mother tongue.It must because speech is earlier than writing, for example little children hear sound or human voice first, then they learn written language because words are just symbols.There are things, and then there are the names of things.Just as Shakespeare said a rose by any other name would sell as sweet.If we want to have a good command of other language, we should not only focus on one or two point such as grammar or vocabulary.We should keep in mind learn a language is to learn the whole thoughts.That’s why we should study linguistics.Students always have rare interests in language learning for they don’t find a effective way to study it.When we recite words and try to understand the complicated grammar, we may be bored and tired, that’s because we do not know language’s similarities and generalizations.If we study linguistics, we can have a systematic recognition.During a period of time of learning, I find that linguistics has a widely use in language learning.Just like we read a sentence, we should consider the logical meaning of it because we shall know a word by the company it keeps, or we will make mistakes.If we learn linguistic, we can benefit a lot in language learning and find the beauty of the language.

第五篇：英語語言學(xué)試題(8)

英語語言學(xué)試題（8）

語言學(xué)試題

第一部分選擇題

一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分)在每小題列出的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是符合題目要求的，請(qǐng)將正確選項(xiàng)前的字母填在題后的括號(hào)內(nèi)。

1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any other name would smell as sweet’ well illustrates _______.()

A.the conventional nature of language

B.the creative nature of language

C.the universality of language

D.the big difference between human language and animal communication

2.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.()

A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk

3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”.()

A.hierarchicalB.linearC.tree diagramD.vertical

4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.()

A.Case ConditionB.parameter

C.Adjacent ConditionD.Adjacent Parameter

5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence

6.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.()

A.commisivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives

7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.comparativeD.historical comparative

8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship.The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.A.title+first nameB.title+title

C.title aloneD.first name+last name+title

9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles

overlappingin some parts.When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech,” and speech as “_______”.()

A.vocal thoughtB.subvocal thought

C.covert thoughtD.overt thought

10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.()

A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation

B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings

C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language

D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use

第二部分非選擇題

二、填空題(本大題共10小題，每小題1分，共10分。)

11.In the course of time,the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be inc________ distribution.13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms.16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent.17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another.For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian,with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________.18.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language.As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.19.The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________, which is specific to human beings.20.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language.This is know as language t________.三、判斷說明題(本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分。)判斷下列各題正誤，正者在括號(hào)內(nèi)寫“T”，誤者在括號(hào)內(nèi)寫“F”，并說明理由。

()21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.()22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.()23.A compound is the combination of only two words.()24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”,and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category.()25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.()26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation.That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.()27.The division of Englishinto Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.()28.Language reflects sexism in society.Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene;but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.()29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.()30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.四、名詞解釋題(本大題共10小題，每小題3分，共30分。)

31.cultural transmission(as a defining feature of human language)

32.phonic medium of language

33.voicing

34.inflectional morphemes

35.reference

36.locutionary act

37.protolanguage

38.ethnic dialect

39.registers

40.acculturation

五、論述題(本大題共2小題，每小題10分，共20分。)

41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structurein analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production.語言學(xué)試題參考答案

一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分)

1.A2.A3.B4.C5.D

6.A7.B8.C9.D10.A

二、填空題(本大題共10小題，每小題1分，共10分)

11.social12.complementary

13.root14.complex

15.complementary16.utterance

17.metathesis18.bilingualism

19.lateralization20.transfer

三、判斷改錯(cuò)題(本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分)

21.F

The contrary is true.The writing system is always a later invention.22.T

23.F

Some compounds contain more than two words.24.T

25.F

It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.A case in point is the two expressions “morning star” and “ evening star.” They refer to the same star but differ in sense.26.T

27.F

The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.28.T

29.T

30.F

Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the “ more difficult” sounds.四、名詞解釋題(本大題共10小題，每小題3分，共30分)

31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e.the speech sounds.33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world;it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ,if we say, “The dog is barking,” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”.36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.For example, by saying “You have left the door wide open”,the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language,often cutting across regional differences.It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users.For this reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.五、論述題(本大題共2小題，每小題10分，共20分)

41.In addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure treehas a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.For example, the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations, i.e.the adjective “old”may modify the noun ”men“, or the following two nouns ”men and women".Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference, so it is ambiguous.Whereas,the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So,we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.NPNP

NPNPNPNP

The old menandthe womenthe old menandthe old women

42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis,language use in terms of perception,comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.When we speak,words are drawn from Wernicke's area and transferred to Broca's area, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.When we hear something and try to comprehend it,t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke's area,where it is then interpreted.When we perceive a visual image,a message is sent to the angular gyrus,where it is converted into a visual pattern.