第一篇：建筑工程項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理英文摘要范文

湖南財(cái)政經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

第Ⅱ頁

The Risk Management of Construction Project

Author: LiJia

Tutor: Yonghong Deng

Abstract

In the present construction project, risk management is known by people step by step.The passage has studied the meaning of risk management, and put forward some control risk measures.Because the construction project has the feature of long period, huge amount of money, difficulty in construction and complex technology.What's more, there are many unpredicted things during the construction.If we don't prevent them, they will affect the project.Therefore, the passage through analyzing the feature of the construction project risk, proposed countermeasures of the risk caused by human factors and economic factors for the owner and the risk that the contractor faced in project selection stage, decision stage, contract signing stage and project implementation stage respectively.As to the owner, has put forward a lot of solutions, strengthen the management of all participate parties, improve the investment environment, clear the market prices, and increase the geological survey and so on.As for the contractor, understand the real engineering background, make choice to choose partners carefully before making the project selection, do not use the low-cost outright bidding blindly, afterwards, read the tender documents and the bid evaluation methods, and with its technological strength, reasonable price are the risks faced by their response to preventive measures.Key words: construction project, risk management, the owner, the contractor

第二篇：英文摘要

談?wù)動(dòng)⑽恼臅鴮懠记?/p>

隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，為滿足對外交流的需要，國家統(tǒng)一規(guī)定，公開發(fā)表的學(xué)術(shù)論文應(yīng)附有英文摘要。

英文摘要的內(nèi)容要求與中文摘要一樣，包括目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論四部分。但是，英文有其自身特點(diǎn)，最主要的是中譯英時(shí)往往造成所占篇幅較長，同樣內(nèi)容的一段文字，若用英文來描述，其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此，撰寫英文摘要更應(yīng)注意簡潔明了，力爭用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。第一，對所掌握的資料進(jìn)行精心篩選，不屬于上述“四部分”的內(nèi)容不必寫入摘要。第二，對屬于“四部分”的內(nèi)容，也應(yīng)適當(dāng)取舍，做到簡明扼要，不能包羅萬象。比如“目的”，在多數(shù)標(biāo)題中就已初步闡明，若無更深一層的目的，摘要完全不必重復(fù)敘述；再如“方法”，有些在國外可能早已成為常規(guī)的方法，在撰寫英文摘要時(shí)就可僅寫出方法名稱，而不必一一描述其操作步驟。

中英文摘要的一致性主要是指內(nèi)容方面的一致性，目前對這個(gè)問題的認(rèn)識存在兩個(gè)誤區(qū)，一是認(rèn)為兩個(gè)摘要的內(nèi)容“差不多就行”，因此在英文摘要中隨意刪去中文摘要的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，或隨意增補(bǔ)中文摘要所未提及的內(nèi)容，這樣很容易造成文摘重心轉(zhuǎn)移，甚至偏離主題；二是認(rèn)為英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性對譯，對中文摘要中的每一個(gè)字都不敢遺漏，這往往使英文摘要用詞累贅、重復(fù)，顯得拖沓、冗長。英文摘要應(yīng)嚴(yán)格、全面的表達(dá)中文摘要的內(nèi)容，不能隨意增刪，但這并不意味著一個(gè)字也不能改動(dòng)，具體撰寫方式應(yīng)遵循英文語法修辭規(guī)則，符合英文專業(yè)術(shù)語規(guī)范，并照顧到英文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

選擇適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，是使摘要符合英文語法修辭規(guī)則的前提。通常情況下，摘要中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)都不是通篇一律的，而應(yīng)根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容而有所變化，否則容易造成理解上的混亂。但這種變化又并非無章可循，其中存在著如下一些規(guī)律：

1、時(shí)態(tài)：大體可概括為以下幾點(diǎn)。

1）敘述研究過程，多采用一般過去時(shí)。

2）在采用一般過去時(shí)敘述研究過程當(dāng)中提及在此過程之前發(fā)生的事，宜采用過去完成時(shí)。

3）說明某課題現(xiàn)已取得的成果，宜采用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

4）摘要開頭表示本文所“報(bào)告”或“描述”的內(nèi)容，以及摘要結(jié)尾表示作者所“認(rèn)為”的觀點(diǎn)和“建議”的做法時(shí)，可采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

2、語態(tài)：在多數(shù)情況下可采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。但在某些情況下，特別是表達(dá)作者或有關(guān)專家的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，又常用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是鮮明有力。

掌握一定的遣詞造句技巧的目的是便于簡單、準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)，減少讀者的誤解。

1、用詞力求簡單，在表達(dá)同樣意思時(shí)，盡量用短詞代替長詞，以常用詞代替生僻詞。但是當(dāng)描述方法、步驟時(shí)，應(yīng)該用狹義詞代替廣義詞。例如，英文中有不少動(dòng)詞，do,run,get,take等，雖簡單常用，但其意義少則十幾個(gè)，多則幾十個(gè)，用這類詞來描述研究過程，讀者難免產(chǎn)生誤解，甚至?xí)恢?，這就要求根據(jù)具體情況，選擇意義相對明確的詞，諸如perform,achieve等，以便于讀者理解。

2、造句

1）熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：盡管英文的句型種類繁多，豐富多彩，但摘要的常用句型卻很有限，而且形成了一定的規(guī)律，大體可歸納為

a）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首In order to……This paper describes…, …The purpose of this study is……

b）表示研究的對象與方法The [curative effect/sensitivity/function] of certain [drug/kit/organ….] was [observed/detected/studied…]

c）表示研究的結(jié)果：[The result showed/It proved/The authors found] that……

d）表示結(jié)論、觀點(diǎn)或建議：The authors [suggest/conclude/consider] that…

2）盡量采用-ing 分詞和-ed 分詞作定語，少用關(guān)系代詞 which , who 等引導(dǎo)的定語從句。由于摘要的時(shí)態(tài)多采用一般過去時(shí)，使用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句不但會使句式變的復(fù)雜，而且容易造成時(shí)態(tài)混亂（因?yàn)槎ㄕZ和它所修飾的主語、賓語之間有時(shí)存在一定的“時(shí)間差”，而過去完成時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)等往往難以準(zhǔn)確判定）。采用-ing 分詞和-ed 分詞作定語，在簡化語句的同時(shí)，還可以減少時(shí)態(tài)判定的失誤。

以上所述只是撰寫英文摘要時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問題中的一小部分，尚有許多問題，需要進(jìn)一步探討?？傊?，英文摘要作為論文的重要組成部分，其修改和完善是永無止境的。

第三篇：摘要英文

摘要

溫度是生產(chǎn)過程中常見和重要的物理參數(shù)。在日常生活和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，人們對溫度測量的要求越來越高，主要表現(xiàn)在測量的精度、可靠性、穩(wěn)定性等方面。溫度的測量直接關(guān)系到產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)效率以及生產(chǎn)安全等重大技術(shù)指標(biāo)。同時(shí)，測溫系統(tǒng)的成本和便攜性也越來越受到人們的關(guān)注。傳統(tǒng)的溫度測量系統(tǒng)中，溫度測量環(huán)節(jié)是由模擬溫度傳感器加上高性能的運(yùn)放和A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器構(gòu)成，然后通過單片機(jī)進(jìn)行控制，因而，所需的外圍器件較多，硬件成本開銷很大?；谄峡删幊滔到y(tǒng)PSoC因在其芯片內(nèi)部集成了豐富的模擬和數(shù)字模塊，使一系列的控制任務(wù)大部分都可以在芯片內(nèi)部完成，而且其可動(dòng)態(tài)編程配置的功能，使其具有很高的靈活性，使得控制方便且生產(chǎn)成本比較低，所以在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)控制中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。本文設(shè)計(jì)了一種以Pt1000作為溫度傳感器，以可編程片上系統(tǒng)PSoC作為核心芯片，采用片內(nèi)的模擬和數(shù)字IP核資源，利用Modbus協(xié)議進(jìn)行上位機(jī)通信的溫度測量系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)擬采用公司自主研發(fā)的溫度采集器，集成為高密度溫度采集系統(tǒng)，是針對高密度、高精度的監(jiān)控，以及對于存在眾多熱電阻的場合設(shè)計(jì)的溫度測量系統(tǒng)。

本文首先介紹了課題研究的背景和意義，并分析了當(dāng)前溫度測量技術(shù)和可編程片上系統(tǒng)PSoC的研究現(xiàn)狀。以可編程片上系統(tǒng)芯片CY8C5868AXI-LP032作為系統(tǒng)核心，設(shè)計(jì)了硬件電路整體結(jié)構(gòu)，系統(tǒng)分為四個(gè)子模塊，溫度采集模塊、放大模塊、A/D轉(zhuǎn)換模塊、通信模塊。選取鉑電阻Pt1000作為溫度傳感器，鉑電阻采用三線制接法。溫度信號輸入電路采用獨(dú)特的電橋電路測量技術(shù)，具有沒有引線電阻影響，抗干擾能力強(qiáng)，電橋電路與測量電路完全隔離等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。電橋電路中輸出的模擬電壓經(jīng)過放大后，輸入至AD轉(zhuǎn)換器中變?yōu)閿?shù)字信號，再由處理器換算出相應(yīng)溫度，在硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)中對各部分子電路進(jìn)行了原理和功能的介紹，其中在對Δ-ΣADC配置時(shí)，根據(jù)系統(tǒng)要求對其分辨率、采樣率進(jìn)行相關(guān)參數(shù)配置。在系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計(jì)平臺的基礎(chǔ)上，使用PSoC Creator2.0集成開發(fā)環(huán)境進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)軟件的設(shè)計(jì)，其中包括溫度信號采集、AD值與溫度值的轉(zhuǎn)換、溫度補(bǔ)償、Modbus通信協(xié)議和信息幀格式等。設(shè)計(jì)中主要針對的是實(shí)際溫度值獲取、溫度誤差補(bǔ)償?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì)，其中采用的主要方法是分段線性化和線性標(biāo)度變換相結(jié)合的方

法。為滿足PSoC與計(jì)算機(jī)的通信加入了基于Modbus的通信協(xié)議，采用RS485接口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來完成兩者之間的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送和接收，在PSoC內(nèi)部配置了全雙工通信UART的各個(gè)參數(shù)，采用CRC循環(huán)冗余的校驗(yàn)方式。最后對系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行調(diào)試，以測試工程的運(yùn)行情況，首先使用PSoC的專用下載工具PSoC MiniProg對系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行下載燒寫接口調(diào)試，通過Visual Basic進(jìn)行通信測試，然后通過電阻箱模擬鉑電阻溫度測試。最后對本文的的工作進(jìn)行了總結(jié)，同時(shí)對其作出進(jìn)一步展望。

關(guān)鍵詞：溫度檢測；PSoC；

；通信PT1000 Modbus

Abstract

Temperature is a common and important physical parameter in the production process.In daily life and industrial production, people have become increasingly demanding of temperature measurement, mainly performances in the measurement accuracy, reliability, stability and so on.Temperature measurement is directly related to the major technical indicators such as product quality, production efficiency production safety.In the meanwhile, more and more attention is paid to the cost and portability of the temperature measurement system.In Conventional temperature measuring system, the unit of temperature measurement is composed of analog temperature sensor, a high performance amplifier, A/D converter and controlled by the Single-Chip Microcomputer, Therefore, it not only needs more peripheral device, but also the hardware cost is expensive.PSoC programmable system on a chip have integrated so many analog and digital blocks that plenty of control tasks can be completed in the chip, and the capability of programming configured dynamically make it more flexible, because of controlled easily and relatively low production costs, so it is widely used in industrial production control.This paper designs a temperature measurement system with PSoC programmable system on chip as the core, which use Pt1000 as temperature sensor, make use of the analog and digital IP core resources and communication with the host computer adopting the modbus protocol.The design uses the collector temperature produced by their company, integrated as a measurement collector system of high density.It aims at a high density and high precision monitor, and can be applied to the condition with a number of thermal resistors.First, this paper introduces the background and significance of the research, and analyzes the research status of the temperature measurement technology and the PSoC programmable system on chip.The hardware which uses the programmable system on chip-CY8C5868AXI-LP032 as the core of the system designs of the entire circuit configuration.There are four subsystems, including temperature acquisition module,amplifier module, A/D converter module, communication module.Select the Pt1000 platinum resistance using three-wire connection as temperature sensors.The signal input uses a unique bridge circuit as measurement technology which has its advantages in anti-jamming capability, the impact of lead resistance, the bridge and measuring circuit isolated completely.Analog voltage from the bridge circuit is amplified and converted into digital signal, then acquire corresponding temperature through the processor, and introduce the principle and function of each subsystem in the design of hardware circuit.According to system requirements, Δ-ΣADC is configured the relevant parameters, such as resolution, sampling rate.On the basis of the system hardware design platform, using PSoC Creator2.0 integrated software development environment for the design of the system, including the temperature signal acquisition, AD value and temperature value, temperature compensation, Modbus communication protocol and message frame format.Design is mainly aimed at the actual temperature acquisition, temperature error compensation, the main method of which combines the piecewise and linear scale transformation.To meet the communication with the computer, the communication protocol based on Modbus is joined in PSoC, adapting RS485 interface standards to complete the sending and receiving data between the two, and configuring each parameter of UART of full-duplex communication inside the PSoC, using CRC cyclic redundancy check.Finally, the system is tested to check the operation of the project.Firstly, using the special download tools, PSoC MiniProg to debug the download programming interfaces, visual basic is for communication test, then the resistance box simulate platinum resistance temperature test.Finally, summarizing the work of this paper, at the same time, the further prospects are made.Keywords: Temperature measure;PT1000;PSoC;Modbus communication

第四篇：建筑工程專業(yè)中英文摘要

摘要

1.項(xiàng)目概況

本工程名為楚漢大學(xué)圖書館，工程選址位于市郊區(qū)內(nèi)。本工程集閱覽室、書庫、辦公室、會議室、多功能廳于一體，主要為全校師生員工的教學(xué)和科研服務(wù)。施工單位：中國建筑第五工程局有限公司

設(shè)計(jì)單位：湖南大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院

監(jiān)理單位：湖南大學(xué)建設(shè)監(jiān)理有限公司

2.建筑設(shè)計(jì)部分

本工程主樓為地上十層、地下一層的建筑，裙樓為二層建筑。本工程總建筑面積11743.51m2，房屋長65.070m，寬度為32.000m，房屋主體高度為41.4m。主樓地下室層高為4.8米，二三層層高3.3米，其余每層層高3.9米。裙樓一層層高為3.9米，二層層高為5.4米。室內(nèi)外高差0.45 米,高差由臺階連接，室內(nèi)地面標(biāo)高為±0.000,建筑使用年限50年。

本圖書館屬于一類建筑，抗震設(shè)防烈度為7度，耐火等級為一級，屋面防水采用二級防水，場地類別：Ⅱ類。

3.結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)部分

基礎(chǔ)：采用鋼筋混凝土獨(dú)立基礎(chǔ)。

結(jié)構(gòu)工程：鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)體系，抗震設(shè)防烈度為7度，設(shè)計(jì)地震分組為一組，框架結(jié)構(gòu)抗震等級為二級。

墻體：除外墻采用燒結(jié)多空磚外，其余墻體采用混凝土空心砌塊，M5混合砂漿砌筑，墻厚240mm。

主要構(gòu)件截面尺寸：柱：1100mm×1100mm；框架梁：400mm×800mm；次梁： 250mm×550mm，僅沿縱向布置；一層樓板和其余樓板的厚度分別為為160mm 及120mm。

主要計(jì)算方法：采用迭代法計(jì)算豎向荷載下的結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)力，采用D值法計(jì)算橫向荷載作用下的框架結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)力和側(cè)移。

主要材料選用： 混凝土：基礎(chǔ)墊層采用C15混凝土，其它主要構(gòu)件均采用C30混凝土； 鋼筋：受力縱筋采用HRB400(fy?360N/mm2)，箍筋采用HPB300(fy?270N/mm2)。

設(shè)計(jì)荷載： 基本風(fēng)壓：0.35kN/m2； 基本雪壓：0.45kN/m2；屋面活載：2.0kN/m2；樓面活載：2.5kN/m2；書庫活載：5.0kN/m2。

4.施工組織設(shè)計(jì)部分

隨著建筑業(yè)管理體制改革的深化，工程項(xiàng)目施工管理越來越受到人們的重視，其管理水平的高低成為制約企業(yè)生存與發(fā)展的第一要素，而質(zhì)量、進(jìn)度、成本控制是其中最為重要的管理要點(diǎn)。

本文以施工項(xiàng)目為實(shí)例，結(jié)合實(shí)際情況，對項(xiàng)目的各分部分項(xiàng)工程施工方案

進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)。運(yùn)用進(jìn)度控制的基本理論知識，從項(xiàng)目管理者的角度出發(fā)，對項(xiàng)目從開工準(zhǔn)備到竣工驗(yàn)收全過程進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)度規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)，使用橫道圖和網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖對進(jìn)度計(jì)劃進(jìn)行分析，并根據(jù)實(shí)際情況提出了具體的保證進(jìn)度計(jì)劃實(shí)施的措施；質(zhì)量和安全方面，制定了嚴(yán)格的技術(shù)、組織措施，針對施工項(xiàng)目中常見問題、重點(diǎn)問題進(jìn)行了規(guī)劃，建立相應(yīng)的管理組織機(jī)構(gòu)，以保證質(zhì)量與安全計(jì)劃得以很好的實(shí)現(xiàn)。

關(guān)鍵詞：鋼筋混凝土，框架結(jié)構(gòu)，D值法，圖書館，施工項(xiàng)目管理，進(jìn)度規(guī)劃

ABSTRACT

1.Overview of the buiding

This building is named Chuhan University library, which is to be located in the suburb area.This building gathers the reading room, stack, office,conference room, multi-function hall at the integral whole and main contributes efforts to the teaching and research srevice of the entire school teachers and the students.Construction unit : China construction fifth engineering division corp.,LTD

Design unit : Hunan University Architecture building design institute

Supervision unit : Hunan University Construction Supervision Co.2.Specification of Architectural Design

The main building includes a basement and 10 storey building and the podium is a two-story building.The total area of this project is 12036m2.The building, with ten stories, the dimension of which is 65.070m × 32.000m , and its total height is 41.4m.Among these ten stories, the height of the sub-story is 4.8m，while the height of the first to the tenth one is 3.9m.The first story of the Skirt building is 4.2 meters in height and the height of the second story is 5.4m.The difference between the interior level and exterior level is 0.45m ,which is linked by the step, The indoor ground elevation is ±0.000 and the building's design life for 50 years.This construction belongs to the first class building.The intensity of an

earthquake resistance of buildings is 7, and fire-resistant Grade I.The waterproof roof

is the second grade.Site classification: Ⅱclass.3.Specification of Structural Design

Foundation: The foundation of the building uses independent footing.Structure engineering: The structure system of this building is Reinforced

concrete frame structure.The seismic fortification intensity is 7 degrees, to design the first group of seismic group.Frame structure seismic grade is two.Wall : Except outside wall using fired perforated brick outside, the rest wall body

adopts concrete hollow carve a piece, the M5 hybrid sand syrup carves to build, the wall is thick 240 mm.Cross section size of the elements : column, 1100mm×1100mm;frame girder, 400mm×800mm.Disposal of junior beams which cross section size is 250mm×550mm follows vertical direction simply.The thicknesses of the first roof slab is 160mm,while the other floor's is 120 mm.The main method of calculation: the Iteration is used to compute the interior

force which under the vertical loads.The interior force and lateral which is made by the horizontal loads is calculated by D-value method.Critical materials :

Concrete: Foundation-bedC15

Foundation, foundation beams, beams, slab and columnC35

Steel:Reinforcing steel bar is HRB400(fy?360N/mm2)

Stirrup is HPB300(fy?270N/mm2)

Load:Basic wind pressure0.35 kN/m2;

Basic snow pressure0.45 kN/m2;Live load of roof2.0 kN/m2;

Live load of floor2.5kN/m2

Live load of stack's floor5.0kN/m2;

4.Specification of Graduation Design

With the deepening of the reform of the construction management system, the pro

ject construction management more and more attention by people, the management le

vel of enterprise's survival and development constraints become the first elements, and quality, schedule and cost control is one of the most important management points.Based on the construction project as an example, the University with actual situation of the project, the construction of each division subdivisional work detailed design scheme.Using the basic theory of progress control from the project management knowledge, the Angle of the project, the completion acceptance from start to prepare for the progress of the whole process system planning design, use a bar chart and network diagram analysis on schedule, and according to the actual situation proposed the concrete measures to ensure schedule implementation;Quality and security, has formulated strict technology, organizational measures for construction projects, faqs, key problems and set up a corresponding management planning organization, to ensure the quality and safety plans well implemented.Keywords: Construction project management, Schedule planningreinforced concrete, frame structure, D value method, library

第五篇：《雙城記》摘要--英文

摘要：

Charles Dickens is one of the most outstanding novelists in the 19th century,and he is the greatest representative of English critical realism ,and he also is a humanist.He is a prolific writer with a lot of works and many his works make a great difference.Most of his works reflect the darkness and cruel of the society under the oppression of the bourgeoisie.He expresses his anger and hated to the noble bourgeoisie and his sympathy to the lower class with the help of his novels.This kind of love and hate exactly give expression to his humanitarianism thoughts.A Tale of Two Cities is one of his masterpieces among his numerous writings with the theme of humanitarianism.Its characters and main plots are under the real background of the French Revolution.It tells a story about how the nobility oppress and exploit people and how the peoplecontend with the feudal aristocracy.In this novel, Dickens successfully created four kinds of sharply different images.The first one is the ideal positive characters.It takes Dr.Manette ,his daughter Lucie Manette and his son-in-law Charles Darnay as representatives.They are righteous,virtuous and humane which are the embodiments of the humanitarianism that Dickens actively advocates.The second one is the self-sacrifice image.It takes Sydney Carton as a representative.He sacrifice his life in order to make Lucie live happily with her husband and her father.He is the embodiment of the humanitarian spirit of altruism.The third type is the revolutionary.It takes Defarge couple as representatives.They suffer oppression and exploitation from the feudal aristocracy and they fight against the feudal aristocracy and aim ta overturning the aristocratic rule.The fourth type is the nobility and bourgeois baddy.It takes marquis Evremonde family as representative.They abuse the privilege and treat people with violence.This intensifies the contradiction between people and the nobility and finally the French Revolution breaks out in time.In A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens uses his sharply words to criticize the cruel of the bourgeoisie and shows his sympathy to the normal people for their miserable sufferings.This paper will focus on analyzing the main characters and researching the humanitarianism in A Tale of Two Cities.After the research,we can have a good knowledge of A Tale of Two Cities and have a better understanding of the French Revolution and the humanitarianism embodies in the novel.Key Words:Charles Dickens；A Tale of Two Cities；character analysis;humanitarianism;