第一篇：如何寫英文摘要

Ei數(shù)據(jù)庫文摘要求

Ei數(shù)據(jù)庫文摘要求 : 對(duì)于科技期刊的文章，文摘主要由三部分組成，即：研究的問題、過程和方法、結(jié)果。

文摘只有寫得正確，寫的好, 才能起到幫助讀者了解原文的作用。因此必須對(duì)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的主題分析，找出文獻(xiàn)的主題概念，正確地組織好這些主題內(nèi)容，簡(jiǎn)明準(zhǔn)確完整地寫出文摘來。文摘長(zhǎng)度一般不超過150 words。少數(shù)情況下允許例外，視原始文獻(xiàn)而定。在不遺漏主題概念的前提下，文摘應(yīng)盡量簡(jiǎn)潔。

1.縮短文摘方法

(1)取消不必要的字句：如

It is reported..Extensive investigations show that..The author discusses..This paper concerned with..文摘開頭的“In this paper,”

(2)對(duì)物理單位及一些通用詞可以適當(dāng)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化；

(3)取消或減少背景信息(Background Information)；以下是一篇不成功的文摘：

根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)光學(xué)干涉原理研制出的相位調(diào)制型光纖傳感器，其突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是靈敏度高，但卻只能進(jìn)行相對(duì)測(cè)量，因此本文介紹了能實(shí)現(xiàn)絕對(duì)測(cè)量的全光纖白光干涉型光纖傳感器及其檢測(cè)技術(shù)，該技術(shù)基于白光干涉的絕對(duì)測(cè)量原理。

該文摘用一半的篇幅介紹了背景信息，對(duì)自己的工作卻只做了泛泛的介紹。限制文摘只表示新情況, 新內(nèi)容, 過去的研究細(xì)節(jié)可以取消；

(4)不說無用的話，如:

·本文所談的有關(guān)研究工作是對(duì)過去老工藝的一個(gè)極大的改進(jìn)，·本工作首次實(shí)現(xiàn)了..，·經(jīng)檢索尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)與本文類似的文獻(xiàn)

等詞句切不可進(jìn)入文摘；

(6)作者在文獻(xiàn)中談及的未來計(jì)劃不納入文摘；

(7)盡量簡(jiǎn)化一些措辭和重復(fù)的單元，如：

不用 at a temperature of 250 ℃ to 300℃

而用 at 250℃-300℃

不用 at a high pressure of 2000 psig

而用 at 2000 psig

不用 at a high temperature of 1500 ℃

而用 at 1500℃

不用 discussed and stu1died in detail

而用 discussed

(8)文摘第一句應(yīng)避免與題目(Title)重復(fù)。

2.文體風(fēng)格

(1)文摘敘述要完整，清楚，簡(jiǎn)明；

(2)盡量用短句子并避免句形單調(diào)；

(3)用過去時(shí)態(tài)敘述作者工作, 用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)敘述作者結(jié)論；如: The structure of dislocation cores in GaP was investigated by

weak-beam electron microscopy.The disloca-tions are dissociated into two Shokley partials with separations of 80 ± 10 and 40 ± 10 A

in the pure edge and screw cases respectively.The results show that...”

(4)可用動(dòng)詞的情況盡量避免用動(dòng)詞的名詞形式；例如:

用 Thickness of plastic sheets was measured.不用Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made.(5)注意冠詞用法，不要誤用，濫用或隨便省略冠詞。

(6)避免使用一長(zhǎng)串形容詞或名詞來修飾名詞，可以將這些詞分成幾個(gè)前置短語，用連字符連接名詞組，作為單位形容詞（一個(gè)形容詞）。

如應(yīng)用The chlorine-containing propylene-based polymer of high meld index.代替 The chlorine containing high melt index propylene based polymer.(7)不使用俚語外語表達(dá)概念, 應(yīng)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語；

(8)量用主動(dòng)語態(tài)代替被動(dòng)語態(tài)；

(9)盡量用簡(jiǎn)短、詞義清楚并為人熟知的詞；

(10)慎用行話和俗語；

(11)語言要簡(jiǎn)練，但不得使用電報(bào)型語言;如:

Adsorption nitrobenzene on copper chromite investiga-tion.應(yīng)為 Adsorption of nitrobenzene on copper chromite was investigated.(12)文詞要純樸無華, 不多姿多態(tài)的文學(xué)性描述手法；

(13)組織好句子, 使動(dòng)詞盡量靠近主語;例如：

不用：The decolorization in solutions of the pigment in dioxane, which were exposed to 10 hr of UV irradiation, was no longer irreversible.而用：When the pigment was dissolved in dioxane, decolorization was irreversible after 10 hr of UV irradiation.(14)刪繁從簡(jiǎn);如用increased 代替 has been found to increase

(15)文摘中涉及其他人的工作或研究成果時(shí)，盡量列出他們的名字；

(16)文摘詞語拼寫，用英美拼法都可以，但在每篇文章中須保持一致。

(17)文摘中不能出現(xiàn)“圖××”、“方程××”和“參考文獻(xiàn)××”等句子。

3.文摘中的特殊字符

特殊字符主要指各種數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)、上下腳標(biāo)及希臘字母，它們無法直接輸入計(jì)算機(jī)，因此都需轉(zhuǎn)成鍵盤上有的字母和符號(hào)。

Ei對(duì)此有專門規(guī)定。希望在文摘中盡量少用特殊字符及由特殊字符組成的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式。因?yàn)樗鼈兊妮斎霕O為麻煩，而且極易出錯(cuò)，影響文摘本身的準(zhǔn)確性和可讀性，應(yīng)盡量不用，改用文字表達(dá)或文字?jǐn)⑹?更復(fù)雜的表達(dá)式幾乎難以輸入, 應(yīng)設(shè)法取消。

4.縮寫字及首字母縮寫詞(Abbreviations and Acronyms)

對(duì)那些已經(jīng)為大眾所熟悉的縮寫詞，如radar、laser、CAD等，可以直接使用。對(duì)于那些僅為同行所熟悉的縮略語，應(yīng)在題目、文摘或鍵詞中至少出現(xiàn)一次全稱。

第二篇：英文摘要

談?wù)動(dòng)⑽恼臅鴮懠记?/p>

隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，為滿足對(duì)外交流的需要，國家統(tǒng)一規(guī)定，公開發(fā)表的學(xué)術(shù)論文應(yīng)附有英文摘要。

英文摘要的內(nèi)容要求與中文摘要一樣，包括目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論四部分。但是，英文有其自身特點(diǎn)，最主要的是中譯英時(shí)往往造成所占篇幅較長(zhǎng)，同樣內(nèi)容的一段文字，若用英文來描述，其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此，撰寫英文摘要更應(yīng)注意簡(jiǎn)潔明了，力爭(zhēng)用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。第一，對(duì)所掌握的資料進(jìn)行精心篩選，不屬于上述“四部分”的內(nèi)容不必寫入摘要。第二，對(duì)屬于“四部分”的內(nèi)容，也應(yīng)適當(dāng)取舍，做到簡(jiǎn)明扼要，不能包羅萬象。比如“目的”，在多數(shù)標(biāo)題中就已初步闡明，若無更深一層的目的，摘要完全不必重復(fù)敘述；再如“方法”，有些在國外可能早已成為常規(guī)的方法，在撰寫英文摘要時(shí)就可僅寫出方法名稱，而不必一一描述其操作步驟。

中英文摘要的一致性主要是指內(nèi)容方面的一致性，目前對(duì)這個(gè)問題的認(rèn)識(shí)存在兩個(gè)誤區(qū)，一是認(rèn)為兩個(gè)摘要的內(nèi)容“差不多就行”，因此在英文摘要中隨意刪去中文摘要的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，或隨意增補(bǔ)中文摘要所未提及的內(nèi)容，這樣很容易造成文摘重心轉(zhuǎn)移，甚至偏離主題；二是認(rèn)為英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性對(duì)譯，對(duì)中文摘要中的每一個(gè)字都不敢遺漏，這往往使英文摘要用詞累贅、重復(fù)，顯得拖沓、冗長(zhǎng)。英文摘要應(yīng)嚴(yán)格、全面的表達(dá)中文摘要的內(nèi)容，不能隨意增刪，但這并不意味著一個(gè)字也不能改動(dòng)，具體撰寫方式應(yīng)遵循英文語法修辭規(guī)則，符合英文專業(yè)術(shù)語規(guī)范，并照顧到英文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

選擇適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，是使摘要符合英文語法修辭規(guī)則的前提。通常情況下，摘要中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)都不是通篇一律的，而應(yīng)根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容而有所變化，否則容易造成理解上的混亂。但這種變化又并非無章可循，其中存在著如下一些規(guī)律：

1、時(shí)態(tài)：大體可概括為以下幾點(diǎn)。

1）敘述研究過程，多采用一般過去時(shí)。

2）在采用一般過去時(shí)敘述研究過程當(dāng)中提及在此過程之前發(fā)生的事，宜采用過去完成時(shí)。

3）說明某課題現(xiàn)已取得的成果，宜采用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

4）摘要開頭表示本文所“報(bào)告”或“描述”的內(nèi)容，以及摘要結(jié)尾表示作者所“認(rèn)為”的觀點(diǎn)和“建議”的做法時(shí)，可采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

2、語態(tài)：在多數(shù)情況下可采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。但在某些情況下，特別是表達(dá)作者或有關(guān)專家的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，又常用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是鮮明有力。

掌握一定的遣詞造句技巧的目的是便于簡(jiǎn)單、準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)，減少讀者的誤解。

1、用詞力求簡(jiǎn)單，在表達(dá)同樣意思時(shí)，盡量用短詞代替長(zhǎng)詞，以常用詞代替生僻詞。但是當(dāng)描述方法、步驟時(shí)，應(yīng)該用狹義詞代替廣義詞。例如，英文中有不少動(dòng)詞，do,run,get,take等，雖簡(jiǎn)單常用，但其意義少則十幾個(gè)，多則幾十個(gè)，用這類詞來描述研究過程，讀者難免產(chǎn)生誤解，甚至?xí)恢?，這就要求根據(jù)具體情況，選擇意義相對(duì)明確的詞，諸如perform,achieve等，以便于讀者理解。

2、造句

1）熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：盡管英文的句型種類繁多，豐富多彩，但摘要的常用句型卻很有限，而且形成了一定的規(guī)律，大體可歸納為

a）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首In order to……This paper describes…, …The purpose of this study is……

b）表示研究的對(duì)象與方法The [curative effect/sensitivity/function] of certain [drug/kit/organ….] was [observed/detected/studied…]

c）表示研究的結(jié)果：[The result showed/It proved/The authors found] that……

d）表示結(jié)論、觀點(diǎn)或建議：The authors [suggest/conclude/consider] that…

2）盡量采用-ing 分詞和-ed 分詞作定語，少用關(guān)系代詞 which , who 等引導(dǎo)的定語從句。由于摘要的時(shí)態(tài)多采用一般過去時(shí)，使用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句不但會(huì)使句式變的復(fù)雜，而且容易造成時(shí)態(tài)混亂（因?yàn)槎ㄕZ和它所修飾的主語、賓語之間有時(shí)存在一定的“時(shí)間差”，而過去完成時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)等往往難以準(zhǔn)確判定）。采用-ing 分詞和-ed 分詞作定語，在簡(jiǎn)化語句的同時(shí)，還可以減少時(shí)態(tài)判定的失誤。

以上所述只是撰寫英文摘要時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問題中的一小部分，尚有許多問題，需要進(jìn)一步探討?？傊?，英文摘要作為論文的重要組成部分，其修改和完善是永無止境的。

第三篇：摘要英文

摘要

溫度是生產(chǎn)過程中常見和重要的物理參數(shù)。在日常生活和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，人們對(duì)溫度測(cè)量的要求越來越高，主要表現(xiàn)在測(cè)量的精度、可靠性、穩(wěn)定性等方面。溫度的測(cè)量直接關(guān)系到產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)效率以及生產(chǎn)安全等重大技術(shù)指標(biāo)。同時(shí)，測(cè)溫系統(tǒng)的成本和便攜性也越來越受到人們的關(guān)注。傳統(tǒng)的溫度測(cè)量系統(tǒng)中，溫度測(cè)量環(huán)節(jié)是由模擬溫度傳感器加上高性能的運(yùn)放和A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器構(gòu)成，然后通過單片機(jī)進(jìn)行控制，因而，所需的外圍器件較多，硬件成本開銷很大?；谄峡删幊滔到y(tǒng)PSoC因在其芯片內(nèi)部集成了豐富的模擬和數(shù)字模塊，使一系列的控制任務(wù)大部分都可以在芯片內(nèi)部完成，而且其可動(dòng)態(tài)編程配置的功能，使其具有很高的靈活性，使得控制方便且生產(chǎn)成本比較低，所以在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)控制中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。本文設(shè)計(jì)了一種以Pt1000作為溫度傳感器，以可編程片上系統(tǒng)PSoC作為核心芯片，采用片內(nèi)的模擬和數(shù)字IP核資源，利用Modbus協(xié)議進(jìn)行上位機(jī)通信的溫度測(cè)量系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)擬采用公司自主研發(fā)的溫度采集器，集成為高密度溫度采集系統(tǒng)，是針對(duì)高密度、高精度的監(jiān)控，以及對(duì)于存在眾多熱電阻的場(chǎng)合設(shè)計(jì)的溫度測(cè)量系統(tǒng)。

本文首先介紹了課題研究的背景和意義，并分析了當(dāng)前溫度測(cè)量技術(shù)和可編程片上系統(tǒng)PSoC的研究現(xiàn)狀。以可編程片上系統(tǒng)芯片CY8C5868AXI-LP032作為系統(tǒng)核心，設(shè)計(jì)了硬件電路整體結(jié)構(gòu)，系統(tǒng)分為四個(gè)子模塊，溫度采集模塊、放大模塊、A/D轉(zhuǎn)換模塊、通信模塊。選取鉑電阻Pt1000作為溫度傳感器，鉑電阻采用三線制接法。溫度信號(hào)輸入電路采用獨(dú)特的電橋電路測(cè)量技術(shù)，具有沒有引線電阻影響，抗干擾能力強(qiáng)，電橋電路與測(cè)量電路完全隔離等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。電橋電路中輸出的模擬電壓經(jīng)過放大后，輸入至AD轉(zhuǎn)換器中變?yōu)閿?shù)字信號(hào)，再由處理器換算出相應(yīng)溫度，在硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)中對(duì)各部分子電路進(jìn)行了原理和功能的介紹，其中在對(duì)Δ-ΣADC配置時(shí)，根據(jù)系統(tǒng)要求對(duì)其分辨率、采樣率進(jìn)行相關(guān)參數(shù)配置。在系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計(jì)平臺(tái)的基礎(chǔ)上，使用PSoC Creator2.0集成開發(fā)環(huán)境進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)軟件的設(shè)計(jì)，其中包括溫度信號(hào)采集、AD值與溫度值的轉(zhuǎn)換、溫度補(bǔ)償、Modbus通信協(xié)議和信息幀格式等。設(shè)計(jì)中主要針對(duì)的是實(shí)際溫度值獲取、溫度誤差補(bǔ)償?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì)，其中采用的主要方法是分段線性化和線性標(biāo)度變換相結(jié)合的方

法。為滿足PSoC與計(jì)算機(jī)的通信加入了基于Modbus的通信協(xié)議，采用RS485接口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來完成兩者之間的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送和接收，在PSoC內(nèi)部配置了全雙工通信UART的各個(gè)參數(shù)，采用CRC循環(huán)冗余的校驗(yàn)方式。最后對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行調(diào)試，以測(cè)試工程的運(yùn)行情況，首先使用PSoC的專用下載工具PSoC MiniProg對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行下載燒寫接口調(diào)試，通過Visual Basic進(jìn)行通信測(cè)試，然后通過電阻箱模擬鉑電阻溫度測(cè)試。最后對(duì)本文的的工作進(jìn)行了總結(jié)，同時(shí)對(duì)其作出進(jìn)一步展望。

關(guān)鍵詞：溫度檢測(cè)；PSoC；

；通信PT1000 Modbus

Abstract

Temperature is a common and important physical parameter in the production process.In daily life and industrial production, people have become increasingly demanding of temperature measurement, mainly performances in the measurement accuracy, reliability, stability and so on.Temperature measurement is directly related to the major technical indicators such as product quality, production efficiency production safety.In the meanwhile, more and more attention is paid to the cost and portability of the temperature measurement system.In Conventional temperature measuring system, the unit of temperature measurement is composed of analog temperature sensor, a high performance amplifier, A/D converter and controlled by the Single-Chip Microcomputer, Therefore, it not only needs more peripheral device, but also the hardware cost is expensive.PSoC programmable system on a chip have integrated so many analog and digital blocks that plenty of control tasks can be completed in the chip, and the capability of programming configured dynamically make it more flexible, because of controlled easily and relatively low production costs, so it is widely used in industrial production control.This paper designs a temperature measurement system with PSoC programmable system on chip as the core, which use Pt1000 as temperature sensor, make use of the analog and digital IP core resources and communication with the host computer adopting the modbus protocol.The design uses the collector temperature produced by their company, integrated as a measurement collector system of high density.It aims at a high density and high precision monitor, and can be applied to the condition with a number of thermal resistors.First, this paper introduces the background and significance of the research, and analyzes the research status of the temperature measurement technology and the PSoC programmable system on chip.The hardware which uses the programmable system on chip-CY8C5868AXI-LP032 as the core of the system designs of the entire circuit configuration.There are four subsystems, including temperature acquisition module,amplifier module, A/D converter module, communication module.Select the Pt1000 platinum resistance using three-wire connection as temperature sensors.The signal input uses a unique bridge circuit as measurement technology which has its advantages in anti-jamming capability, the impact of lead resistance, the bridge and measuring circuit isolated completely.Analog voltage from the bridge circuit is amplified and converted into digital signal, then acquire corresponding temperature through the processor, and introduce the principle and function of each subsystem in the design of hardware circuit.According to system requirements, Δ-ΣADC is configured the relevant parameters, such as resolution, sampling rate.On the basis of the system hardware design platform, using PSoC Creator2.0 integrated software development environment for the design of the system, including the temperature signal acquisition, AD value and temperature value, temperature compensation, Modbus communication protocol and message frame format.Design is mainly aimed at the actual temperature acquisition, temperature error compensation, the main method of which combines the piecewise and linear scale transformation.To meet the communication with the computer, the communication protocol based on Modbus is joined in PSoC, adapting RS485 interface standards to complete the sending and receiving data between the two, and configuring each parameter of UART of full-duplex communication inside the PSoC, using CRC cyclic redundancy check.Finally, the system is tested to check the operation of the project.Firstly, using the special download tools, PSoC MiniProg to debug the download programming interfaces, visual basic is for communication test, then the resistance box simulate platinum resistance temperature test.Finally, summarizing the work of this paper, at the same time, the further prospects are made.Keywords: Temperature measure;PT1000;PSoC;Modbus communication

第四篇：英文摘要（推薦）

Abstract

With the rapid development of market economy in China, China's capital market has undergone tremendous changes.The number of listed companies is increasing, more and more large scale of capital, the demand is also growing, so how to obtain the capital, that is how to determine the company's financing of listed companies has become the primary problem to be considered, the capital is a company's survival foundation, therefore, how to minimize the cost of access to enterprise required capital and does not influence the enterprise own development will not bring any negative influence to become a difficult problem to solve.Along with our country market economy system 's development and perfection, but also will have more enterprises through listing financing, therefore, in-depth study of China's listed companies financing structure, to understand how to minimize the cost of establishing the best capital structure in order to achieve the maximization of enterprise value, to achieve the objectives of financial management has important theoretical and practical significance.This article takes the modern capital theory as theoretical background, analysis western listed companies financing preference and the present condition of listed companies, the China's listed companies financing tendency to exist, from the factors of the cost of capital, corporate governance, capital market and other aspects of verification, the financing structure of Chinese listed companies and financing cost exist issues discussed and put forward the corresponding suggestions.隨著我國市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的發(fā)展與完善，還將有更多的企業(yè)通過上市來融資，因此，深入研究我國上市公司的融資結(jié)構(gòu)，了解如何以最小的代價(jià)建立最佳資本結(jié)構(gòu)以便達(dá)到企業(yè)價(jià)值最大化，實(shí)現(xiàn)財(cái)務(wù)管理的目標(biāo)具有重要的理論和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。

本文以現(xiàn)代資本理論為背景，分析西方上市公司的融資偏好與我國上市公司的現(xiàn)狀，得出我國上市公司的融資傾向，對(duì)存在的成因從資本成本、公司治理結(jié)構(gòu)、資本市場(chǎng)等方面進(jìn)行論證，

第五篇：完整英文摘要

lee's culture is located in the west of Long shan mountain, WeiShui river of the ancient county, is one of the cradles of Chinese ancient civilization, and also the birthplace of The lee.With Dunhuang culture, Tianshui fuxi culture, LaBuLengSi Tibetan Buddhism culture is one of four culture of Gansu province.But at present, the cultural development of West gansu is lagging behind, a lot of development and utilization of resources is difficult to get, it has to do withWest gansu geographical position relatively closed, human resources development has a close relationship.Lee's culture as an important form about culture, also suffered a bottleneck in its development, lee's cultural history and contemporary development not well together, especially in the promotion and development of invested is not enough, lead to lee's culture has been difficult to familiar to the general public.Local economic backward culture is difficult to promote the development process.Fully realize the importance of West gansu lee culture, reasonable and effective development of lee's culture, make its internal value have spread wider, deeper reach to culture to promote economic and cultural development dual goal.Cultural characteristicscountermeasuresThe economic

development