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      營(yíng)銷渠道策劃畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述、外文翻譯、調(diào)查報(bào)告(5篇模版)

      時(shí)間:2019-05-14 03:00:38下載本文作者:會(huì)員上傳
      簡(jiǎn)介:寫寫幫文庫(kù)小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《營(yíng)銷渠道策劃畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述、外文翻譯、調(diào)查報(bào)告》,但愿對(duì)你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫(kù)還可以找到更多《營(yíng)銷渠道策劃畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述、外文翻譯、調(diào)查報(bào)告》。

      第一篇:營(yíng)銷渠道策劃畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述、外文翻譯、調(diào)查報(bào)告

      營(yíng)銷渠道策劃畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述、外文翻譯、調(diào)查報(bào)告

      一、論文研究目的和意義營(yíng)銷渠道作為市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷組合的四大基本要素之一,是連結(jié)生產(chǎn)者與最終用戶之間的紐帶,是企業(yè)順利實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品營(yíng)銷的關(guān)鍵所在。隨著中國(guó)市場(chǎng)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加劇,渠道的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)逐漸成為企業(yè)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的主旋律。企業(yè)要想在瞬息萬(wàn)變的市場(chǎng)和愈演愈烈的渠道競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中取勝,必須強(qiáng)化對(duì)營(yíng)銷渠道的策劃。

      營(yíng)銷渠道,是營(yíng)銷中最早研究的問(wèn)題之一。從目前研究來(lái)看,有關(guān)于企業(yè)營(yíng)銷渠道策劃的理論已經(jīng)基本成熟。然而,大量理論的存在并沒有真正應(yīng)用于渠道策劃的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中,原因在于這些理論大多只從理論研究的角度對(duì)渠道策劃策略進(jìn)行分析,而缺乏實(shí)際的可操作性。本論文的寫作,旨在將現(xiàn)有的理論知識(shí)與實(shí)際相結(jié)合,形成更容易理解、更容易操作的“工作手冊(cè)”,以幫助企業(yè)正確的搞好渠道策劃工作。

      二、國(guó)外營(yíng)銷渠道策略理論的演進(jìn)營(yíng)銷渠道是能否實(shí)現(xiàn)商品“危險(xiǎn)的一躍”的關(guān)鍵,歷來(lái)是營(yíng)銷理論研究的熱點(diǎn)和核心問(wèn)題。營(yíng)銷渠道理論研究從韋爾德(1916)【1】所開創(chuàng)的渠道研究至今己有近90年的歷史,隨著對(duì)渠道理論的不斷研究,有關(guān)渠道策略的理論也已經(jīng)比較成熟。

      20世紀(jì)50年代,“市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷組合”這個(gè)概念第一次出現(xiàn)。尼爾·鮑頓提出了旨在指導(dǎo)企業(yè)營(yíng)銷實(shí)踐的12因素“營(yíng)銷組合”策略,即“產(chǎn)品計(jì)劃、定價(jià)、廠牌、供銷路線、人員銷售、廣告、促銷、包裝、陳列、扶持、實(shí)體分配和市場(chǎng)調(diào)研”。這一組合策略在理論上第一次對(duì)市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷的研究范圍進(jìn)行了較好的界定;其中提出了被現(xiàn)代營(yíng)銷渠道策略理論作為基礎(chǔ)的“供銷路線、人員銷售、陳列、扶持、實(shí)體分配”等策略。

      尼爾·鮑頓第一次總結(jié)了市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)中與渠道有關(guān)的各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)內(nèi)容,并進(jìn)行了初步的分析;指出了在市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)中,在渠道方面應(yīng)該如何做好有關(guān)“供銷路線、人員銷售、陳列、扶持、實(shí)體分配”等活動(dòng),對(duì)需要注意的問(wèn)題,進(jìn)行了分析??梢哉f(shuō),尼爾·鮑頓界定了營(yíng)銷渠道策略理論的研究范圍;并強(qiáng)調(diào)了“供銷路線、人員銷售、陳列、扶持、實(shí)體分配”等須與其他7個(gè)要素相配合。

      20世紀(jì)60年代,麥卡錫【2】提出了影響深遠(yuǎn)的4Ps組合策略,即“產(chǎn)品策略、價(jià)格策略、渠道策略和促銷策略”,這一組合策略使人們從較為繁雜的營(yíng)銷變數(shù)中找到了最為重要的因素,其中第一次提出“渠道策略”的概念。

      麥卡錫在尼爾·鮑頓【3】研究的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行了歸納,將營(yíng)銷實(shí)踐的12因素概括為4種策略。

      渠道策略的內(nèi)容包括:為使目標(biāo)顧客能接近和得到其產(chǎn)品而進(jìn)行各種活動(dòng)的策略。提出必須有效的利用各種中間商和營(yíng)銷服務(wù)設(shè)施,以便更有效的將產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)提供給目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)。指出廠家必須了解各種類型的零售商、批發(fā)商和從事實(shí)體分銷的公司以及他們是如何進(jìn)行決策的。

      20世紀(jì)90年代,由于市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷的發(fā)展,原來(lái)的4P組合逐漸由4C組合取代,即“顧客、成本、便利和溝通”這四個(gè)要素的新的營(yíng)銷組合策略;在渠道策略方面更多地強(qiáng)調(diào)便利(Convenience),即指為消費(fèi)對(duì)象提供盡可能的方便的消費(fèi)通道,使其消費(fèi)的非貨幣成本降低,如連鎖超市就為居民提供了方便快捷的服務(wù),體現(xiàn)了便利性。

      這里的強(qiáng)調(diào)渠道的便利,要求從消費(fèi)者的角度來(lái)考慮渠道建設(shè),為消費(fèi)者提供方便?,F(xiàn)在興起的大型連鎖賣場(chǎng)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)營(yíng)銷,可以認(rèn)為是對(duì)這一渠道策略的貫徹?!?】貫徹這個(gè)渠道策略,是個(gè)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)工程,不僅僅是觀念的改變,更涉

      及到流程重組、組織重組。解決了為消費(fèi)者創(chuàng)造便利的消費(fèi)通道問(wèn)題,往往會(huì)使鋪貨率或市場(chǎng)占有率有戲劇性的巨大提升。要注意的時(shí),這里強(qiáng)調(diào)的渠道戰(zhàn)略-強(qiáng)調(diào)便利還是和另外的“顧客、成本、溝通”相結(jié)合起來(lái)的,便利只是渠道戰(zhàn)略的重要組成部分。

      進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)開始強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系營(yíng)銷。美國(guó)學(xué)者舒爾茨(DonE.Schultz)【5】 提出了新的“4Rs營(yíng)銷組合”理論,即市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷應(yīng)包含以下四個(gè)要素:關(guān)聯(lián)、反應(yīng)、關(guān)系和回報(bào)。在渠道策略方面強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系營(yíng)銷,強(qiáng)調(diào)廠商應(yīng)當(dāng)與顧客建立長(zhǎng)期、穩(wěn)定且密切的關(guān)系,降低顧客流失率,建立顧客數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),開展數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)營(yíng)銷,從而降低營(yíng)銷費(fèi)用。

      現(xiàn)在的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中,商業(yè)合作伙伴之間強(qiáng)調(diào)合作、雙贏;而在廠商與顧客之間,也是如此。留住一個(gè)老顧客的成本只是開發(fā)一個(gè)新客戶的五分之一;而且一個(gè)滿意的老顧客往往會(huì)帶來(lái)更多的新顧客,口碑廣告是最有效的廣告之一;而且,由于現(xiàn)代信息管理技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,使得為廠商與顧客建立長(zhǎng)期、穩(wěn)定且密切的關(guān)系創(chuàng)造了技術(shù)條件,使廠商能夠更快、更準(zhǔn)的找到老客戶。渠道的目的就是為了廠商與客戶建立聯(lián)系,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)商品的流通。從這個(gè)意義上說(shuō),強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系營(yíng)銷的渠道戰(zhàn)略開始回歸營(yíng)銷渠道的核心和本義。

      二、國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)現(xiàn)在的渠道策略新趨勢(shì)的分析我國(guó)學(xué)者認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在的渠道策略新趨勢(shì)表現(xiàn)為四個(gè)方面:

      第一,渠道結(jié)構(gòu)以終端市場(chǎng)建設(shè)為中心。

      以前企業(yè)多是注重在銷售通路的頂端和中端,通過(guò)市場(chǎng)炒作和大戶政策來(lái)展開銷售工作;當(dāng)市場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)為相對(duì)飽和的狀態(tài),對(duì)企業(yè)的要求由“經(jīng)營(yíng)渠道”變?yōu)椤敖?jīng)營(yíng)終端”。【6】

      而營(yíng)銷渠道終端的經(jīng)營(yíng)日益呈個(gè)性化發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。針對(duì)消費(fèi)者的不同需求進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品定制不僅可減少中間環(huán)節(jié),減少產(chǎn)品積壓,而且個(gè)性化的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格具有彈性,可以為企業(yè)帶來(lái)較大的利潤(rùn)?!?】如海爾冰箱,可以按照消費(fèi)者的偏好換門板,可以根據(jù)客戶的個(gè)性要求定制冰箱外形,正是憑著這種“以人為本”的理念,海爾的冰箱以及海爾的其他產(chǎn)品能夠在同類家電市場(chǎng)占據(jù)領(lǐng)先地位。

      相反,看不見消費(fèi)者差異的企業(yè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化時(shí)代,在越來(lái)越激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中將難以生存。又如我們公司為北京金色世紀(jì)商務(wù)有限公司定制的VIP會(huì)員聯(lián)名卡,這種卡不僅體現(xiàn)了企業(yè)文化與形象,更體現(xiàn)了不同消費(fèi)者的需要,而且還體現(xiàn)了金色世紀(jì)新穎個(gè)性化的一種新理念(300萬(wàn)交通意外險(xiǎn)),突出了現(xiàn)代企業(yè)營(yíng)銷管理模式.第二,渠道內(nèi)成員關(guān)系由商業(yè)利益關(guān)系向共贏的合作伙伴關(guān)系變化

      【8】

      傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷渠道系統(tǒng)中,渠道成員都是為各自利益,獨(dú)立完成各自的職能,渠道管理的參與性和主動(dòng)性較差。成員之間的關(guān)系是純粹的買賣關(guān)系,很少或根本不重視相互間的合作。

      在市場(chǎng)條件好、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不激烈的時(shí)期,各方的利益能夠得到滿足。但一旦市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)起伏,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)較為激烈的時(shí)候,各方會(huì)發(fā)生利益摩擦,此時(shí)渠道中往往會(huì)發(fā)生矛盾與沖突。隨著市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加劇,渠道要想高效運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),渠道成員必須協(xié)調(diào)一致地工作,生產(chǎn)者、批發(fā)商和零售商聯(lián)合成為一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體,即生產(chǎn)者與中間商由“你”和“我”的關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤拔覀儭钡年P(guān)系,從交易型向伙伴型轉(zhuǎn)變,由商業(yè)利益關(guān)系向共贏的合作伙伴關(guān)系發(fā)展。如我們合作伙伴廣之旅,它作為華南區(qū)規(guī)模最大、勢(shì)力最強(qiáng)的綜合性旅游集團(tuán),為他的高端客戶送上一份珍貴的KK卡系列禮品《中國(guó)最美的地方》,這份禮品既能讓閱讀者體會(huì)自然之美,又昭示了人文精華,結(jié)

      合KK交通卡的使用,讓廣之旅的客戶得到暖心的關(guān)懷,保障出行交通平安,“優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)暖人心”。

      在這種渠道中,渠道成員在統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)下,以整個(gè)渠道系統(tǒng)的效益最大化為目標(biāo),進(jìn)行一體化或聯(lián)合經(jīng)營(yíng)。

      第三,渠道體制由金字塔型向扁平化方向發(fā)展。

      由于傳統(tǒng)金字塔式的銷售渠道存在著許多不可克服的缺點(diǎn),許多企業(yè)正將銷售渠道改為扁平化的結(jié)構(gòu),即銷售渠道越來(lái)越短、銷售網(wǎng)點(diǎn)則越來(lái)越多。企業(yè)通過(guò)減少環(huán)節(jié)、縮短渠道、繞過(guò)批發(fā)直供零售,從而部分地獲得直銷的好處。

      同時(shí),【9】隨著中間商批發(fā)與零售分工的淡化,零售商能承擔(dān)一定的批發(fā)功能,能同生產(chǎn)者直接打交道,從而使生產(chǎn)者縮短渠道的愿望成為可能。相應(yīng)地,直接營(yíng)銷渠道和短渠道重要性的提高,使得長(zhǎng)渠道的重要性降低,批發(fā)商地位下降。

      渠道扁平化作為一種銷售模式,簡(jiǎn)化了銷售過(guò)程,縮減了銷售成本,使企業(yè)有較大的利潤(rùn)空間。但扁平化并非是簡(jiǎn)單地減少哪一具體銷售環(huán)節(jié),而是要對(duì)原有的供應(yīng)鏈進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,剔除供應(yīng)鏈中沒有增值的環(huán)節(jié),使供應(yīng)鏈向價(jià)值鏈轉(zhuǎn)變。

      第四,營(yíng)銷渠道電子化的出現(xiàn)和發(fā)展隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)廣泛普及,電子商務(wù)的興起,開創(chuàng)了營(yíng)銷渠道的全新方式的電子商務(wù)?!?0】與傳統(tǒng)渠道方式比較,電子商務(wù)具有營(yíng)銷效率高,營(yíng)銷費(fèi)用低,營(yíng)銷市場(chǎng)無(wú)限性,營(yíng)銷環(huán)境開放性,及營(yíng)銷方式多樣性、交互性等諸多優(yōu)勢(shì)。

      企業(yè)利用電子商務(wù)開展?fàn)I銷成為充分有效地獲取傳送信息的最佳途徑,是現(xiàn)代企業(yè)在信息社會(huì)開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品、發(fā)展新市場(chǎng)和擴(kuò)大合作的最有力手段。它帶來(lái)了銷售方式和服務(wù)方式的變革,縮短了生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)之間的距離,節(jié)省了商品流通中經(jīng)歷的諸多環(huán)節(jié),從而降低了產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格。另外,它還覆蓋了傳統(tǒng)中間商難以覆蓋的角落,突破傳統(tǒng)中間商的發(fā)展空間的牽制,使得渠道成員更直接地面對(duì)國(guó)外同行業(yè)企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

      三、論文研究視角通過(guò)上述對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究文獻(xiàn)以及研究現(xiàn)狀的學(xué)習(xí)和梳理,筆者在吸收和借鑒的同時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)目前關(guān)于渠道方面的的研究成果也存在著一定的問(wèn)題。這些問(wèn)題的主要表現(xiàn)是:有關(guān)渠道策略的理論不斷發(fā)展,但發(fā)展后的理論顯得多而繁雜。事實(shí)上,這些理論本質(zhì)內(nèi)容是一致的,只是每個(gè)學(xué)者所關(guān)注的角度略有差別,對(duì)自己所關(guān)注的那一方面進(jìn)行了細(xì)致的闡釋,面對(duì)眾多理論會(huì)讓企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)者有些迷糊;與健全的理論相悖的是,學(xué)者們對(duì)于渠道策劃缺乏系統(tǒng)的闡釋,特別是對(duì)于渠道策劃的步驟,實(shí)際操作的技巧以及渠道策劃中所應(yīng)該注意的問(wèn)題缺乏解釋,是的理論缺乏實(shí)戰(zhàn)效用。

      對(duì)此,筆者在研究的過(guò)程中,試圖通過(guò)整合諸多理論,提煉相關(guān)渠道策劃的具體操作范式,指明企業(yè)應(yīng)如何進(jìn)行正確的渠道策劃。旨在使企業(yè)明確渠道策劃的目的,掌握渠道布局、渠道模式選擇、渠道招商和渠道政策制定的技巧。

      進(jìn)而提出渠道策劃存在的誤區(qū)和改進(jìn)策略。

      這是筆者的研究視角和試圖創(chuàng)新的初衷,如果在研究過(guò)程中有所收獲,也要深深感謝國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者在渠道研究方面所做出的學(xué)術(shù)努力。

      參考文獻(xiàn)[1]

      邁克爾.J貝克,李垣譯.市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷百科[M].沈陽(yáng):遼寧教育出版社,1998:100[2]

      菲利普·科特勒.市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷管理(亞洲版),北京:中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社,2000.[3]

      RobertBartels,“TheDevelopmentofMarketingThought”,Columbus,1988.[4]

      KeysukKim,Ondistributorcommitmentmarketingchannelsforindustrialproducts:contrastbetweentheUnitedStatesandJapan,JournalofInternationalMarketing,2002Vol.10,PP.72-98.[5]

      DonE.Schultz.InterorganizationalGovernanceInMarketingChannels[J].JournalofMarketing,1994,58(1):

      71-85.[6]

      劉宇偉.營(yíng)銷渠道理論發(fā)展與重心演變[J].審計(jì)與經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2002,(9).[7]

      于俊秋.企業(yè)營(yíng)銷渠道的新變革.經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理研究,2001(6)

      [8]

      李光集.經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化:中國(guó)商業(yè)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)及對(duì)策.經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)論,2000(5)

      [9]

      莊貴軍,周筱蓮.權(quán)力、沖突與合作:中國(guó)工商企業(yè)之間渠道行為的實(shí)證研究[J].治理世界,2002.[10]

      鄭吉昌.網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境下企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)模式與營(yíng)銷渠道變革,2003

      (1).DistributionChannelDistributionChannelDefinitionPathor'pipeline'throughwhichgoodsandservicesflowinonedirection(fromvendortotheconsumer),andthepaymentsgeneratedbythemflowintheoppositedirection(fromconsumertothevendor).Adistributionchannelcanbeasshortasbeingdirectfromthevendortotheconsumerormayincludeseveralinter-connected(usuallyindependentbutmutuallydependent)

      intermediariessuchaswholesalers,distributors,agents,retailers.Eachintermediaryreceivestheitematonepricingpointandmovesittothenexthigherpricingpointuntilitreachesthefinalbuyer.Alsoitiscalledchannelofdistributionormarketingchannel.ResearchonProblemsofPaymentTypeandTransactionValueinM&AWiththerisingofChinaMarketScaleandcompetition,channelbecameprimaryenterprisemarketcompetitionfield.HowtomanagemanufacturersisaninextricableproblemthatChineseenterprisesarefacingandalsooneofcoremattersthatdetermineenterprisescouldacquiresustainablecompetitionadvantagesinhardcompetitionenvironmentornot.Channelalsomeansmarketingchannelinwhichisdefinedasaseriesofdistributionorganizationsthataremadeofmiddlemanandundertaketransferproductsfrommanufacturertoconsumer.Marketingchannelmanagementincludesinitiatingchannelstrategy、designingmarketingchannel、selectingchannelmembers、channelmanagement、motivatingmembers、channelconflictmanagementandevaluationandetc.Motivatingmembersisthemostbasicandcrucialpart.Itmeansmeasuresundertakenbymanufacturerstopromotecorporationbetweenchannelmembersandachievedistributinggoals.LegendGroupLimitedisoneoffewsuccessfulcorporationsinchannelmanagementinChina.IengageindigitalproductsmarketinginLegendConsumeITGroup.Thisdocumentintendstoprovideanalysisandresearchofdistributionchannelmotivatebycon

      nectingtheorywithmypracticebasedonLegendinnerdata、literatureofmarketingchannelandmotivateandinterviewswithprofessionalLegendstaff.Myresearchindicatesthatmanufacturersarehighlycombinedwithchannelmembers.Confirmingrelationshipbetweenmanufacturersisthefirststepofsolvingconflictbetweenthem.ThesuccessofLegendchannelrootsinsetting“GreatLegend”partnership.Legendconstitutedtacticallydistributing&agentinfrastructurerightafterconfirmingrelevantpartnership.Legendcouldholddemandsfromchannelintimeandinitiateproficientdirectandindirectpoliciesthroughchannelmemberinformationmonthlyfeedbackmechanism.Bydirectphysicalencouragement,suchaspremiumandetc,Legendboostedmemberstoachievesalegoals.Ontheotherhand,tomakethemdevelopalongLegendcontinuously,Legendhelpedthemmanagesalesactivitiesandkindledbyimprovingsellproficiencyandachievement.Toguaranteeincentiveperformance,Legendpaidmuchattentiontoprofitreturnandconstitutedincentivepowerandreasonableassesscriterions.Negativeincentivemeasuresareadoptedeithertimely.ThedocumentcommitsitselftoshareLegendsuccessfulexperienceofchannelmotivationandintendstopresentsomereferenceincentivemethodsforChineseenterprisesthroughanalysisofLegendchannelmotivation.一、分銷渠道的定義路徑或管道通過(guò)這些商品和服務(wù)從供應(yīng)商在一個(gè)方向(流向消費(fèi)者),并支付他們所產(chǎn)生相反的方向流動(dòng)(從消費(fèi)者到供應(yīng)商)。一個(gè)分銷渠道可以像被從供應(yīng)商直接向消費(fèi)者短期或可包括若干相互連接(通常是獨(dú)立的,但互相依賴),如批發(fā)商,經(jīng)銷商,代理商,零售商中介機(jī)構(gòu)。每個(gè)中介接收點(diǎn)的價(jià)格在一項(xiàng)目,并移動(dòng)到下一個(gè)更高的價(jià)格點(diǎn),直到達(dá)到最后的買家。也稱為渠道分銷或營(yíng)銷渠道

      二、聯(lián)想分銷渠道激勵(lì)政策研究隨著中國(guó)市場(chǎng)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加劇,渠道的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)逐漸成為企業(yè)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的主旋律。如何進(jìn)行有效的渠道管理,處理好廠商關(guān)系是目前中國(guó)企業(yè)面臨的一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期難以解決的難題,也是決定企業(yè)在激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)下能否取得持久競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的核心問(wèn)題之一。所謂渠道指的是分銷渠道,即產(chǎn)品從制造商手中傳至消費(fèi)者手中所經(jīng)過(guò)的各中間商聯(lián)結(jié)起來(lái)的通道。渠道管理包括制定渠道戰(zhàn)略、設(shè)計(jì)營(yíng)銷渠道、選擇渠道成員、渠道管理和渠道成員激勵(lì)、評(píng)估渠道等內(nèi)容。其中最基礎(chǔ)、也是最重要的一個(gè)內(nèi)容就是對(duì)分銷渠道成員的激勵(lì),即廠家為促進(jìn)渠道成員達(dá)成廠家分銷目標(biāo)的合作而采取的措施。聯(lián)想集團(tuán)有限公司(以下簡(jiǎn)稱聯(lián)想公司)是國(guó)內(nèi)少數(shù)營(yíng)銷渠道管理比較成功的企業(yè)。本人在聯(lián)想公司消費(fèi)IT群組從事數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷工作。本論文采用理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的研究方法,在廣泛查閱有關(guān)營(yíng)銷渠道、利益相關(guān)者和激勵(lì)理論文獻(xiàn)、聯(lián)想渠道管理內(nèi)部資料和與聯(lián)想渠道專業(yè)人員溝通訪談的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)聯(lián)想分銷渠道激勵(lì)進(jìn)行了分析研究。研究表明,廠家和分銷商是一個(gè)利益相關(guān)體,要解決廠商之間的矛盾先要明確廠商之間關(guān)系,聯(lián)想渠道的成功就其根本在于“大聯(lián)想”合作伙伴關(guān)系的確定。聯(lián)想在戰(zhàn)略上確立了與利益相關(guān)者的合作伙伴關(guān)系后,在戰(zhàn)術(shù)上搭建了分銷、代理的渠道架構(gòu)。通過(guò)每月固定的經(jīng)銷商信息反饋機(jī)制,及時(shí)了解渠道的需求,制定有針對(duì)性的直接、激勵(lì)間接政策。一方面,通過(guò)直接激勵(lì)給渠道成員物質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)來(lái)激發(fā)渠道成員的積極性,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)想的銷售目標(biāo)。另一方面,通過(guò)間接激勵(lì)幫助渠道成員進(jìn)行銷售管理,以提高銷售的效率和效果來(lái)激發(fā)渠道成員的積極性,讓渠道跟著聯(lián)想一起成長(zhǎng)。為了保證渠道激勵(lì)效果,聯(lián)想在激勵(lì)渠道過(guò)程中還特別注意對(duì)返利的使用、建立合理的激勵(lì)力和考核標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并適當(dāng)采用負(fù)激勵(lì)。聯(lián)想在分銷

      渠道管理、渠道激勵(lì)方面有很多成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),本論文希望通過(guò)對(duì)聯(lián)想分銷渠道激勵(lì)的研究,幫助中國(guó)企業(yè)找到一些可以借鑒的做好渠道激勵(lì)的方法。

      第二篇:畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

      經(jīng)濟(jì)增速放緩對(duì)中國(guó)銀行業(yè)的影響顯現(xiàn) Lagging Indicators: China's Banks and the Slowdown

      摘要: Chinese banks' net income surged to record highs last year, defying the slowing growth on the world's second-largest economy.Is it indicating that banks are resilient to the economic downturn?Not nec...Chinese banks' net income surged to record highs last year, defying the slowing growth on the world's second-largest economy.Is it indicating that banks are resilient to the economic downturn?

      Not necessarily.The banks have a tendency to be lagging indicators.Only after a certain amount of time has passed will China's macro situation show up on the bottom line.Take, for example, bad loans.They're finally growing, incrementally, after years of declining.Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Ltd., the nation's largest bank by assets, saw its

      nonperforming loans rise by 3.82 billion yuan(about $606 million)in the fourth quarter;China Construction Bank Corp., the No.2 bank on the mainland, reported a 6.27 billion yuan rise in such loans.Bank of China Ltd.'s bad loans in the fourth quarter rose 1.39 billion yuan.(In China, nonperforming loans are those that have at least a 30% chance of turning sour.)

      Smaller banks also saw some increases in bad loans.China Minsheng Banking Corp., the

      country's largest non-state-owned bank, posted a rise of 200 million yuan in nonperforming loans in 2011.Such loans at Industrial Bank Co.grew by 99 million yuan last year.More tellingly, data from the Chinese banking regulator showed that the nonperforming loan ratio in the nation's banking sector edged up 0.1 percentage point in the fourth quarter from the third quarter, the first rise in the past six years.The regulator didn't give a reason, but the earnings reports from Chinese banks this week offered some cues: The property market might be the culprit.China Construction Bank said among the total, its nonperforming loans related to the real estate sector surged 20% over the same period.Minsheng Bank said the nonperforming ratio of its real estate financing businesses was 1.72%, well above its overall bad loan ratio of 0.63%.Home prices have been under pressure for about two years, but it's only now do we see a sign of it in banks' statements.The question is whether investors see a few more problem numbers down the road.In three years starting 2009, banks in China issued a total of 25 trillion yuan of

      renminbi-denominated loans, with roughly 40% of the lending going to government-initiated infrastructure projects and the property sector.'The second quarter of this year will be one of the peak seasons for the repayment of property loans and local government borrowings.With a slowing economy, we can expect that higher nonperforming loans are on the cards,' GF Securities analyst Mu Hua said in a recent note.According to Noah Wealth Management, a Chinese financial service company, a total of 117.25 billion yuan of property trust products will be due this year, well above the 47.05 billion yuan last year, putting huge pressure on property developers' cash flows.Besides property, analysts say local government borrowings will present a bigger challenge to banks.Banking executives have estimated that a third of China's 10.7 trillion yuan government debt will be due this year and the next.Standard & Poor's analyst Liao Qiang said he believes Beijing will likely give some regulatory forbearance to local government debt to prevent a surge in banks' bad loans.'Nevertheless, property developers and manufacturers in industries with a supply glut will continue to face policy-induced refinancing uncertainties from time to time,' he said.Monday in Hong Kong, China Construction Bank Chairman Wang Hongzhang said he's optimistic about the bank's asset quality, given China's economic growth is likely to remain solid.'Nonperforming loan levels are controllable.Even though they are higher than before, the amount is small and [the rise] is likely to be temporary,' he said.Agence France-Presse/Getty Images

      中資銀行凈利潤(rùn)去年創(chuàng)下新高,似乎并沒有受到中國(guó)這一世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體經(jīng)濟(jì)增速放緩的影響。這是否意味著,銀行業(yè)可以免受經(jīng)濟(jì)下行的影響呢?

      未必。

      銀行業(yè)的反應(yīng)往往有一定的滯后性。只有在一段時(shí)期后,中國(guó)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)的影響才會(huì)在銀行的營(yíng)收中有所體現(xiàn)。

      以不良貸款為例。在下降趨勢(shì)持續(xù)了幾年之后,不良貸款的比例終于開始上升,雖然漲幅不大。按資產(chǎn)總量計(jì)算,中國(guó)最大的銀行中國(guó)工商銀行(Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Ltd.)的不良貸款去年第四季度增加了人民幣38.2億元(約合6.06億美元),中國(guó)第二大銀行中國(guó)建設(shè)銀行(China Construction Bank Corp.)的不良貸款增加了人民幣62.7億元。中國(guó)銀行(Bank of China Ltd.)的不良貸款在第四季度增加了13.9億元。(在中國(guó),不良貸款指的是變成壞賬的幾率在30%以上的貸款。)

      規(guī)模較小銀行的不良貸款水平也在增長(zhǎng)。中國(guó)最大的非國(guó)有銀行中國(guó)民生銀行(China

      Minsheng Banking Corp.)2011年不良貸款增加了人民幣2億元。興業(yè)銀行(Industrial Bank Co.)的不良貸款去年增加了人民幣9,900萬(wàn)元。

      更能說(shuō)明這一問(wèn)題的是,中國(guó)銀監(jiān)會(huì)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,中國(guó)銀行業(yè)的不良貸款比例在第四季度較第三季度上升了0.1個(gè)百分點(diǎn),這是該比例過(guò)去六年來(lái)首次上升。

      銀監(jiān)會(huì)沒有給出原因,但是中資銀行本周發(fā)布的年報(bào)提供了一些線索:房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)可能是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?/p>

      中國(guó)建設(shè)銀行表示,在該銀行的所有不良貸款中,與房地產(chǎn)業(yè)有關(guān)的不良貸款同比上漲了20%。民生銀行說(shuō),其房地產(chǎn)融資業(yè)務(wù)的不良貸款比例為1.72%,大大超過(guò)了其0.63%的總體不良貸款比例。

      兩年來(lái)住房?jī)r(jià)格一直在承受壓力,但直到現(xiàn)在我們才在銀行的年報(bào)中看到了相關(guān)跡象。問(wèn)題是,投資者是否看到了更多問(wèn)題數(shù)據(jù)出現(xiàn)的可能性。

      從2009年到2011年這三年里,中資銀行共發(fā)放了25萬(wàn)億元以人民幣計(jì)價(jià)的貸款,其中約有40%的貸款流向了政府主導(dǎo)的基建項(xiàng)目和樓市。

      今年的第二季度將是房地產(chǎn)貸款和地方政府借貸的還款高峰期。廣發(fā)證券(GF Securities Co.)分析師沐華在最近的一份報(bào)告中說(shuō),由于經(jīng)濟(jì)減速,我們預(yù)計(jì)可能出現(xiàn)更多的不良貸款。

      中國(guó)的金融服務(wù)公司諾亞財(cái)富投資管理有限公司(Noah Private Wealth Management, 簡(jiǎn)稱:諾亞財(cái)富)說(shuō),共有1,172.5億元的房地產(chǎn)信托產(chǎn)品將會(huì)在今年到期,高于去年的470.5億元,這給房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)商的現(xiàn)金流造成了巨大壓力。

      分析人士說(shuō),除了房地產(chǎn),地方政府借的貸款將為銀行帶來(lái)更大的挑戰(zhàn)。據(jù)一些銀行高管估計(jì),中國(guó)10.7萬(wàn)億元的政府貸款中,有三分之一將在今明兩年到期。

      標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾(Standard & Poor)的分析師廖強(qiáng)說(shuō),中國(guó)中央政府可能會(huì)給予地方政府債務(wù)一定的寬限,以防不良貸款激增。他說(shuō),盡管如此,房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)商以及供應(yīng)過(guò)剩行業(yè)的制造企業(yè)仍會(huì)不時(shí)地面臨由政策引發(fā)的再融資不確定性。

      中國(guó)建設(shè)銀行董事長(zhǎng)王洪章周一在香港說(shuō),考慮到中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)很可能繼續(xù)保持穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng),他對(duì)該銀行的資產(chǎn)質(zhì)量持樂(lè)觀態(tài)度。他說(shuō),不良貸款的水平是可控的。即使是比以往有所增加,總量還是很小,而且增長(zhǎng)很可能也是暫時(shí)的。

      第三篇:畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

      譯文

      組織為留住員工的激勵(lì)理論以及它們的應(yīng)用的研

      為什么必須要留住關(guān)鍵性的雇員?

      Fitz-enz(1997年)提出,公司每失去10個(gè)管理上和專業(yè)上的員工就會(huì)損失100美元。算上直接成本和間接成本,避免雇員流失的總成本,是其一年工資和福利的最小量,或兩年的薪酬和福利的最大值。對(duì)于一個(gè)組織來(lái)說(shuō),失去任何一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的雇員都會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響,特別是考慮到隨雇員離去而喪失的知識(shí)。這些知識(shí)是可以用來(lái)滿足顧客的需要和期望的。知識(shí)的管理是創(chuàng)造、捕捉的過(guò)程以及知識(shí)來(lái)提高組織績(jī)效的進(jìn)程。

      此外,Toracco(2000年)指出,雖然現(xiàn)在知識(shí)已經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)組織最寶貴的資產(chǎn),但是,大多數(shù)組織缺乏必要的保留和利用知識(shí)價(jià)值的配套制度。組織不能只站在消極的立場(chǎng)上去希望人們?cè)谶@個(gè)組織內(nèi)能夠得到和利用那些已知的、可以接近的知識(shí)。相反,組織應(yīng)該以尋求維持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)為目的,迅速發(fā)展能充分利用知識(shí)價(jià)值的系統(tǒng)(Robinson & Stern, 1997;Stewart, 1997).。因此,這很容易看到失去了寶貴的員工的知識(shí)的巨大影響。

      人力資本和知識(shí)管理的概念是,人們擁有的技能,經(jīng)驗(yàn)和知識(shí),因此對(duì)組織具有經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。這些技能,知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)代表了資本,因?yàn)樗鼈兲岣吡松a(chǎn)率(Snell and Dean, 1992)。人力資本理論假定某些勞動(dòng)力更有生產(chǎn)力僅僅是因?yàn)樵絹?lái)越多的資源投資在勞動(dòng)力培訓(xùn)上,相當(dāng)于一臺(tái)機(jī)器投入了更多的資源來(lái)提高生產(chǎn)率ller, 1982)。人力資本理論的一條基本原則是,如同任何商

      業(yè)投資,“投資技能建設(shè)將更加有利可圖,更有可能將要持續(xù)較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期,從而獲得投資回報(bào)”(Mueller, 1982, p.94)。此外,留住對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)充分的投資回報(bào)是非常重要的。人力資本理論還認(rèn)為員工在一個(gè)組織的服務(wù)長(zhǎng)度可以作為與職業(yè)相關(guān)的知識(shí)或能力的代表。一個(gè)人對(duì)與工作有關(guān)的知識(shí)或能力的了解,影響該人的工資,推銷自己和工作的類型(Becker,1975; Hulin & Smith,1967; Katz,1978)。在一個(gè)組織里,關(guān)于工齡的理解可以與烏爾里希(1998)定義的智力資本承諾的組成部分聯(lián)系起來(lái)。他的定義很簡(jiǎn)單“技能通過(guò)承諾而增加”(p.125),智力資本的重要性等于知識(shí),技能和每一個(gè)人在組織中的屬性乘以他們?cè)敢馀ぷ鳌T谖磥?lái)幾年,個(gè)人對(duì)組織的承諾將得到更重要的承認(rèn),以及該組織需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建一個(gè)有人會(huì)愿意留下來(lái)的環(huán)境(Harris, 2000)。組織將需要或創(chuàng)建一個(gè)智力資本環(huán)境下,知識(shí)的傳播的發(fā)生將遍及整個(gè)組織,或繼續(xù)通過(guò)工齡發(fā)展失去重要的個(gè)人知識(shí)。許多人認(rèn)為這些深?yuàn)W的知識(shí)將有助于滿足客戶的需求和期望,并在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)組織相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的今天,創(chuàng)建和維持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。

      作者:蘇尼爾

      國(guó)籍:美國(guó)

      出處:《美國(guó)商業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)期刊》,2004年9月,第52-59頁(yè)

      原文

      A Review of Employee Motivation Theories and their

      Implications

      for Employee Retention within Organizations

      Why is it Necessary to Retain Critical Employees?

      Fitz-enz(1997)stated that the average company loses approximately $1 million with every 10 managerial and professional employees who leave the organization.Combined with direct and indirect costs, the total cost of anexempt employee turnover is a minimum of one year’s pay and benefits, or a maximum of two years’ pay andbenefits.There is significant economic impact with an organization losing any of its critical employees, especially given the knowledge that is lost with the employee’s departure.This is the knowledge that is used to meet the needs knowledge to enhance organizational performance(Bassi, 1997).Furthermore, Toracco(2000)stated that although knowledge is now recognized as one of an organization’s most valuable assets most organizations lack the supportive systems required to retain and leverage the value of knowledge.Organizations cannot afford to take a passive stance toward knowledge management in the hopes that people are acquiring and using knowledge, and that sources of knowledge are known and accessed throughout the organization.Instead, organizations seeking to sustain competitive advantage have moved quickly to develop systems to leverage the value of knowledge for this purpose(Robinson & Stern, 1997;Stewart, 1997).Thus, it is easy to see the dramatic effect of losing employees who have

      valuable knowledge.The concept of human capital and knowledge management is that people possess skills, experience and knowledge, and therefore have economic value to organizations.These skills, knowledge and experience represent capital because they enhance productivity(Snell and Dean, 1992).Human capital theory postulates that some labor is more productive than other labor simply because more resources have been invested into the training of that labor, in the same manner that a machine that has had more resources invested into it is apt to be more productive(Mueller, 1982).One of the basic tenets of human capital theory is that, like any business investment, an “investment in skill-building would be more profitable and more likely to be undertaken the longer the period over which returns from the investment can accrue”(Mueller, 1982, p.94).Again, employee retention is important in realizing a full return on investment.Human capital theory includes the length of service in the organization as a

      proxy for job relevant knowledge or ability.A person’s job relevant knowledge or ability influences that person’s wage, promotional opportunity and/or type of job(Becker, 1975;Hulin & Smith, 1967;Katz, 1978).The understanding of length of service in an organization relates back to Ulrich’s(1998)component of commitment in his definition of intellectual capital.His definition was simply“competencemultiplied by commitment”(p.125), meaning intellectual capital equals the knowledge, skills, and attributes of each individual within an organization multiplied by their willingness to work hard.It will become significantly more important in the years ahead to recognize the commitment of individuals to an organization, as well as the organization’s need to create an environment in which one would be willing to stay(Harris,2000).Organizations will need to either create an intellectual capital environment where the transmission of knowledge takes place throughout the structure, or continue to lose important individual knowledge that has been developed through the length of service.This deep knowledge is what many believe will help to meet the needs and expectations of the customers and to create and sustain a competitive advantage within the global economy in which organizations are competing in today.Author: Sunil Ramlall

      Nationnality:America

      Originate from:The Journal of American Academy of Business,September 2004,P52-59

      第四篇:畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

      齒輪和軸的介紹

      摘 要:在傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械和現(xiàn)代機(jī)械中齒輪和軸的重要地位是不可動(dòng)搖的。齒輪和軸主要 安裝在主軸箱來(lái)傳遞力的方向。通過(guò)加工制造它們可以分為許多的型號(hào),分別用于許 多的場(chǎng)合。所以我們對(duì)齒輪和軸的了解和認(rèn)識(shí)必須是多層次多方位的。關(guān)鍵詞:齒輪;軸 關(guān)鍵詞 在直齒圓柱齒輪的受力分析中,是假定各力作用在單一平面的。我們將研究作用 力具有三維坐標(biāo)的齒輪。因此,在斜齒輪的情況下,其齒向是不平行于回轉(zhuǎn)軸線的。而在錐齒輪的情況中各回轉(zhuǎn)軸線互相不平行。像我們要討論的那樣,尚有其他道理需 要學(xué)習(xí),掌握。斜齒輪用于傳遞平行軸之間的運(yùn)動(dòng)。傾斜角度每個(gè)齒輪都一樣,但一個(gè)必須右旋 斜齒,而另一個(gè)必須是左旋斜齒。齒的形狀是一濺開線螺旋面。如果一張被剪成平行 四邊形(矩形)的紙張包圍在齒輪圓柱體上,紙上印出齒的角刃邊就變成斜線。如果 我展開這張紙,在血角刃邊上的每一個(gè)點(diǎn)就發(fā)生一漸開線曲線。直齒圓柱齒輪輪齒的初始接觸處是跨過(guò)整個(gè)齒面而伸展開來(lái)的線。斜齒輪輪齒的 初始接觸是一點(diǎn),當(dāng)齒進(jìn)入更多的嚙合時(shí),它就變成線。在直齒圓柱齒輪中,接觸是平行于回轉(zhuǎn)軸線的。在斜齒輪中,該先是跨過(guò)齒面的對(duì)角線。它是齒輪逐漸進(jìn)行嚙合 并平穩(wěn)的從一個(gè)齒到另一個(gè)齒傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng),那樣就使斜齒輪具有高速重載下平穩(wěn)傳遞運(yùn) 動(dòng)的能力。斜齒輪使軸的軸承承受徑向和軸向力。當(dāng)軸向推力變的大了或由于別的原 因而產(chǎn)生某些影響時(shí),那就可以使用人字齒輪。雙斜齒輪(人字齒輪)是與反向的并 排地裝在同一軸上的兩個(gè)斜齒輪等效。他們產(chǎn)生相反的軸向推力作用,這樣就消除了 軸向推力。當(dāng)兩個(gè)或更多個(gè)單向齒斜齒輪被在同一軸上時(shí),齒輪的齒向應(yīng)作選擇,以 便產(chǎn)生最小的軸向推力。交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪或螺旋齒輪,他們是軸中心線既不相交也不平行。交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪的 齒彼此之間發(fā)生點(diǎn)接觸,它隨著齒輪的磨合而變成線接觸。因此他們只能傳遞小的載 荷和主要用于儀器設(shè)備中,而且肯定不能推薦在動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)中使用。交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪與斜 齒輪之間在被安裝后互相捏合之前是沒有任何區(qū)別的。它們是以同樣的方法進(jìn)行制 造。一對(duì)相嚙合的交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪通常具有同樣的齒向,即左旋主動(dòng)齒輪跟右旋從動(dòng)齒 輪相嚙合。在交錯(cuò)軸斜齒設(shè)計(jì)中,當(dāng)該齒的斜角相等時(shí)所產(chǎn)生滑移速度最小。然而當(dāng)

      該齒的斜角不相等時(shí),如果兩個(gè)齒輪具有相同齒向的話,大斜角齒輪應(yīng)用作主動(dòng)齒輪。蝸輪與交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪相似。小齒輪即蝸桿具有較小的齒數(shù),通常是一到四齒,由 于它們完全纏繞在節(jié)圓柱上,因此它們被稱為螺紋齒。與其相配的齒輪叫做蝸輪,蝸 輪不是真正的斜齒輪。蝸桿和蝸輪通常是用于向垂直相交軸之間的傳動(dòng)提供大的角速 度減速比。蝸輪不是斜齒輪,因?yàn)槠潺X頂面做成中凹形狀以適配蝸桿曲率,目的是要 形成線接觸而不是點(diǎn)接觸。然而蝸桿蝸輪傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)中存在齒間有較大滑移速度的缺 點(diǎn),正像交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪那樣。蝸桿蝸輪機(jī)構(gòu)有單包圍和雙包圍機(jī)構(gòu)。單包圍機(jī)構(gòu)就是蝸輪包裹著蝸桿的一種機(jī) 構(gòu)。當(dāng)然,如果每個(gè)構(gòu)件各自局部地包圍著對(duì)方的蝸輪機(jī)構(gòu)就是雙包圍蝸輪蝸桿機(jī)構(gòu)。著兩者之間的重要區(qū)別是,在雙包圍蝸輪組的輪齒間有面接觸,而在單包圍的蝸輪組 的輪齒間有線接觸。一個(gè)裝置中的蝸桿和蝸輪正像交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪那樣具有相同的齒 向,但是其斜齒齒角的角度是極不相同的。蝸桿上的齒斜角度通常很大,而蝸輪上的 則極小,因此習(xí)慣常規(guī)定蝸桿的導(dǎo)角,那就是蝸桿齒斜角的余角;也規(guī)定了蝸輪上的 齒斜角,該兩角之和就等于 90 度的軸線交角。當(dāng)齒輪要用來(lái)傳遞相交軸之間的運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),就需要某種形式的錐齒輪。雖然錐齒輪 通常制造成能構(gòu)成 90 度軸交角,但它們也可產(chǎn)生任何角度的軸交角。輪齒可以鑄出,銑制或滾切加工。僅就滾齒而言就可達(dá)一級(jí)精度。在典型的錐齒輪安裝中,其中一個(gè) 錐齒輪常常裝于支承的外側(cè)。這意味著軸的撓曲情況更加明顯而使在輪齒接觸上具有 更大的影響。另外一個(gè)難題,發(fā)生在難于預(yù)示錐齒輪輪齒上的應(yīng)力,實(shí)際上是由于齒輪被加工 成錐狀造成的。直齒錐齒輪易于設(shè)計(jì)且制造簡(jiǎn)單,如果他們安裝的精密而確定,在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中會(huì)產(chǎn)生 良好效果。然而在直齒圓柱齒輪情況下,在節(jié)線速度較高時(shí),他們將發(fā)出噪音。在這 些

      情況下,螺旋錐齒輪比直齒輪能產(chǎn)生平穩(wěn)的多的嚙合作用,因此碰到高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的場(chǎng) 合那是很有用的。當(dāng)在汽車的各種不同用途中,有一個(gè)帶偏心軸的類似錐齒輪的機(jī)構(gòu),那是常常所希望的。這樣的齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)叫做準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪機(jī)構(gòu),因?yàn)樗鼈兊墓?jié)面是雙曲 回轉(zhuǎn)面。這種齒輪之間的輪齒作用是沿著一根直線上產(chǎn)生滾動(dòng)與滑動(dòng)相結(jié)合的運(yùn)動(dòng)并 和蝸輪蝸桿的輪齒作用有著更多的共同之處。軸是一種轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)或靜止的桿件。通常有圓形橫截面。在軸上安裝像齒輪,皮帶輪,飛輪,曲柄,鏈輪和其他動(dòng)力傳遞零件。軸能夠承受彎曲,拉伸,壓縮或扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷,這些力相結(jié)合時(shí),人們期望找到靜強(qiáng)度和疲勞強(qiáng)度作為設(shè)計(jì)的重要依據(jù)。因?yàn)閱胃S 可以承受靜壓力,變應(yīng)力和交變應(yīng)力,所有的應(yīng)力作用都是同時(shí)發(fā)生的?!拜S”這個(gè)詞包含著多種含義,例如心軸和主軸。心軸也是軸,既可以旋轉(zhuǎn)也可 以靜止的軸,但不承受扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷。短的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸常常被稱為主軸。當(dāng)軸的彎曲或扭轉(zhuǎn)變形必需被限制于很小的范圍內(nèi)時(shí),其尺寸應(yīng)根據(jù)變形來(lái)確 定,然后進(jìn)行應(yīng)力分析。因此,如若軸要做得有足夠的剛度以致?lián)锨惶?,那么?應(yīng)力符合安全要求那是完全可能的。但決不意味著設(shè)計(jì)者要保證;它們是安全的,軸 幾乎總是要進(jìn)行計(jì)算的,知道它們是處在可以接受的允許的極限以內(nèi)。因之,設(shè)計(jì)者 無(wú)論何時(shí),動(dòng)力傳遞零件,如齒輪或皮帶輪都應(yīng)該設(shè)置在靠近支持軸承附近。這就減 低了彎矩,因而減小變形和彎曲應(yīng)力。雖然來(lái)自 M.H.G 方法在設(shè)計(jì)軸中難于應(yīng)用,但它可能用來(lái)準(zhǔn)確預(yù)示實(shí)際失效。這 樣,它是一個(gè)檢驗(yàn)已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)好了的軸的或者發(fā)現(xiàn)具體軸在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中發(fā)生損壞原因的好方 法。進(jìn)而有著大量的關(guān)于設(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)題,其中由于別的考慮例如剛度考慮,尺寸已得到 較好的限制。設(shè)計(jì)者去查找關(guān)于圓角尺寸、熱處理、表面光潔度和是否要進(jìn)行噴丸處理等資料,那真正的唯一的需要是實(shí)現(xiàn)所要求的壽命和可靠性。由于他們的功能相似,將離合器和制動(dòng)器一起處理。簡(jiǎn)化摩擦離合器或制動(dòng)器的 動(dòng)力學(xué)表達(dá)式中,各自以角速度 w1 和 w2 運(yùn)動(dòng)的兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量 I1 和 I2,在制動(dòng)器情 況下其中之一可能是零,由于接上離合器或制動(dòng)器而最終要導(dǎo)致同樣的速度。因?yàn)閮?個(gè)構(gòu)件開始以不同速度運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)而使打滑發(fā)生了,并且在作用過(guò)程中能量散失,結(jié)果導(dǎo)致 溫升。在分析這些裝置的性能時(shí),我們應(yīng)注意到作用力,傳遞的扭矩,散失的能量和 溫升。所傳遞的扭矩關(guān)系到作用力,摩擦系數(shù)和離合器或制動(dòng)器的幾何狀況。這是一 個(gè)靜力學(xué)問(wèn)題。這個(gè)問(wèn)題將必須對(duì)每個(gè)幾何機(jī)構(gòu)形狀分別進(jìn)行研究。然而溫升與能量 損失有關(guān),研究溫升可能與制動(dòng)器或離合器的類型無(wú)關(guān)。因?yàn)閹缀涡螤畹闹匾允巧?熱表面。各種各樣的離合器和制動(dòng)器可作如下分類: 1.輪緣式內(nèi)膨脹制凍塊; 2.輪緣式外接觸制動(dòng)塊; 3.條帶式; 4.盤型或軸向式; 5.圓錐型;

      6.混合式。分析摩擦離合器和制動(dòng)器的各種形式都應(yīng)用一般的同樣的程序,下面的步驟是必 需的: 1.假定或確定摩擦表面上壓力分布; 2.找出最大壓力和任一點(diǎn)處壓力之間的關(guān)系; 3.應(yīng)用靜平衡條件去找尋(a)作用力;(b)扭矩;(c)支反力?;旌鲜诫x合器包括幾個(gè)類型,例如強(qiáng)制接觸離合器、超載釋放保護(hù)離合器、超越 離合器、磁液離合器等等。強(qiáng)制接觸離合器由一個(gè)變位桿和兩個(gè)夾爪組成。各種強(qiáng)制接觸離合器之間最大的 區(qū)別與夾爪的設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)。為了在結(jié)合過(guò)程中給變換作用予較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間周期,夾爪可以是 棘輪式的,螺旋型或齒型的。有時(shí)使用許多齒或夾爪。他們可能在圓周面上加工齒,以便他們以圓柱周向配合來(lái)結(jié)合或者在配合元件的端面上加工齒來(lái)結(jié)合。雖然強(qiáng)制離合器不像摩擦接觸離合器用的那么廣泛,但它們確實(shí)有很重要的運(yùn) 用。離合器需要同步操作。有些裝置例如線性驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置或電機(jī)操作螺桿驅(qū)動(dòng)器必須運(yùn)行到一定的限度然后 停頓下來(lái)。為著這些用途就需要超載釋放保護(hù)離合器。這些離合器通常用彈簧加載,以使得在達(dá)到預(yù)定的力矩時(shí)釋放。當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)超載點(diǎn)時(shí)聽到的“喀嚓”聲就被認(rèn)定為是所 希望的信號(hào)聲。超越離合器

      或連軸器允許機(jī)器的被動(dòng)構(gòu)件“空轉(zhuǎn)”或“超越”,因?yàn)橹鲃?dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)件 停頓了或者因?yàn)榱硪粋€(gè)動(dòng)力源使被動(dòng)構(gòu)件增加了速度。這種離合器通常使用裝在外套 筒和內(nèi)軸件之間的滾子或滾珠。該內(nèi)軸件,在它的周邊加工了數(shù)個(gè)平面。驅(qū)動(dòng)作用是 靠在套筒和平面之間契入的滾子來(lái)獲得。因此該離合器與具有一定數(shù)量齒的棘輪棘爪 機(jī)構(gòu)等效。磁液離合器或制動(dòng)器相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)新的發(fā)展,它們具有兩平行的磁極板。這些 磁極板之間有磁粉混合物潤(rùn)滑。電磁線圈被裝入磁路中的某處。借助激勵(lì)該線圈,磁 液混合物的剪切強(qiáng)度可被精確的控制。這樣從充分滑移到完全鎖住的任何狀態(tài)都可以 獲得。

      GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTION

      Abstract: The important position of the wheel gear and shaft can't falter in

      traditional machine and modern machines.The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box.The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations respectively.So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways.Key words: Wheel gear;Shaft

      In the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane.We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions.The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation.And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other.There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts.The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix.The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid.If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix.If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve.The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid.The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth.The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement.In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation;in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth.It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high

      speeds.Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads.When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears.A double helical gear(herringbone)is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft.They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load.When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load.Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting.The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in.For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power.There is on difference between a crossed helical gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other.They are manufactured in the same way.A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand;that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a

      right-hand driven.In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal.However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand.Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears.The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads.Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear.A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle.The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact.However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed

      helical gears.Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping.A single-enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm..A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing.The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears.The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different.The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small.Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear;the two angles are equal for a 90-deg.Shaft angle.When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required.Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg.They may be produced for almost any shaft angle.The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated.Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate.In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing.This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth.Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered.Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively.As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity.In these cases it is often good design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear.As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered.7

      It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset.Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution.The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears.A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements.Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another.When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a

      single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time.The word “shaft” covers numerous variations, such as axles and spindles.Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load.A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle.When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses.The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe.But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe;it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits.Whenever possible, the power-transmission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress.Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure.Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering

      why a particular shaft has failed in service.Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment, and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability.Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together.In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake, two inertias I1 and I2 traveling at the respective angular velocities W1 and W2, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake.Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise.In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall be interested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise.The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake.This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration.However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces.The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows:

      1.Rim type with internally expanding shoes 2.Rim type with externally contracting shoes 3.Band type 4.Disk or axial type 5.Cone type 6.Miscellaneous type The analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure.The following step are necessary:

      1.Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces.2.Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point 3.Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find(a)the actuating force,(b)the torque, and(c)the support reactions.Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the

      positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others.A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws.The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws.To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped.Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of

      the mating elements.Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where

      synchronous operation is required.Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop.An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications.These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque.The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal.An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to “freewheel” or “overrun” because the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven.This type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery.Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats.The clutch is

      therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth.Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates.Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture.An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit.By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled.Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained.11

      第五篇:畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

      外文翻譯:

      安全評(píng)估和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理方法建設(shè)

      張軍,張明元,袁勇波,周靜

      (中國(guó)土木與水利工程大學(xué),大連理工,大連116085)

      摘要: 改進(jìn)后的LEC法是用于處理與期貨大廈項(xiàng)目的安全評(píng)估的。經(jīng)修訂的評(píng)估項(xiàng)目L的危險(xiǎn)方法隱藏的工作條件,存在由實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果確定了不同價(jià)值體系之間的能源和人工能源,表明該方法的科學(xué)性和實(shí)用性,并能提高安全成本的經(jīng)濟(jì)效率。

      關(guān)鍵詞:建設(shè)危害,安全評(píng)價(jià),安全管理

      1建筑的危害和安全評(píng)估

      建筑存在的危險(xiǎn)性都和周圍的建設(shè)用地有關(guān)系。這些條件不合理造成的勘查施工前和施工期間的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)不合理并會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移到危險(xiǎn)性上。首先,它是認(rèn)識(shí)到科學(xué)和危害之后而確定安全管理的必要,進(jìn)行任何監(jiān)測(cè)都有可能發(fā)生意外。

      評(píng)估的目的是尋找出安全分析和預(yù)測(cè)危險(xiǎn)的方法,而且其結(jié)果與現(xiàn)有工程或一個(gè)系統(tǒng),都需要合理并可行。因此我們提出了從監(jiān)督監(jiān)測(cè)和抵御風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中得到的情況,以求意外事故有最低發(fā)生率,這是不同的方法之間的安全評(píng)估和正常的安全管理和監(jiān)控。這樣做的安全評(píng)估、分析、論證和可能的損失建筑工程有關(guān)的傷害和影響范圍都最小。

      安全文化是伴隨人類的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生的。但是,人類有意識(shí)地發(fā)展安全文化,還是近1 0余年的事,國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)在對(duì)1 9 8 6年發(fā)生的切爾諾貝利核泄漏事故調(diào)查分析的基礎(chǔ)上,于1 9 9 1年編寫的“7 5一工N 8 A G-4 "評(píng)。報(bào)告首次提出了“安全文化”的概念,并建立了一套核安全文化建設(shè)的思想和策略。

      安全文化從核安全文化、航空航天安全文化等企業(yè)安全文化,拓寬到全民安全文化,由此發(fā)展到了由安全觀念文化、安全行為文化、安全物質(zhì)文化組成的全民安全文化的新時(shí)代。在該階段,安全教育體系正在形成,兒童和,},小學(xué)生的安全教育已經(jīng)起步。大學(xué)和成人的專業(yè)化安全教育已初具規(guī)模,在有關(guān)政府機(jī)

      構(gòu)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的安全文化普及教育正蓬勃發(fā)展;安全科學(xué)作為獨(dú)立的學(xué)科體系已經(jīng)建立,安全科學(xué)形成了由安全科學(xué)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科、安全學(xué)、安全工程等構(gòu)成的多學(xué)科體系;安全管理機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步健全,建立健全了一大批國(guó)際的、國(guó)家的、行業(yè)的、社會(huì)的、企業(yè)的安全管理機(jī)構(gòu);在法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、安全制度方而,體現(xiàn)在而向全民的安全建設(shè)開始起步,而向行業(yè)的、企業(yè)的安全法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、制度、操作規(guī)程等具有更強(qiáng)的針對(duì)性,在安全宣傳方而,一個(gè)社會(huì)化的安全宣傳網(wǎng)正在形成,出現(xiàn)了一些而向大眾、宣傳安全光榮、安全就是效益的作品,“安全第一,頂防為主”的安全哲學(xué)思想更加深入人心。

      “安全文化是人類文化的部分,它涉及人類活動(dòng)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,存在于社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)方而;它涉及自然科學(xué)和社會(huì)科學(xué)的諸學(xué)科,它為安全的世界觀和方法論的形成提供乳育的胚胎,它既具有歷史的繼承性,又具有鮮明的時(shí)代感”。安全文化是燦爛的,華民族文化的組成部分,華民族在生存和繁衍,},與世界其他民族一起創(chuàng)造并傳播了安全文化。安全文化在我國(guó)的發(fā)展也經(jīng)歷了人類對(duì)安分與健康的臺(tái)目追求、核安全文化出現(xiàn)、全民安全文化的興起等二個(gè)階段。2危險(xiǎn)方法評(píng)估工作

      考慮到人的危險(xiǎn)在工作條件,格雷厄姆和吉爾伯特。樓金尼建議的頻率和嚴(yán)重程度,以該評(píng)估環(huán)境和一些揭露應(yīng)指環(huán)境變量作為獨(dú)立設(shè)置的函數(shù)公式。根據(jù)他們的實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn),根據(jù)不同情況獨(dú)立變量的值,給出了三被標(biāo)記的對(duì)象,然后在危害水平也分為公式后的危險(xiǎn)值來(lái)計(jì)算。這種方法容易識(shí)別。

      D=LEC

      其中,D指該商標(biāo),L是指事故的發(fā)生概率,E和C是指人類正暴露的頻率和在環(huán)境意味著損失。

      3管理建設(shè)的危害

      建造業(yè)是高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)行業(yè),需要管理并改善其意外總數(shù)的發(fā)生。政府提出安全建設(shè)模式位“統(tǒng)一的模式,法律監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)企業(yè)所有安全監(jiān)管,部分群眾以及整個(gè)社會(huì)參與監(jiān)督”。作者假設(shè)如下:

      (1)加強(qiáng)安全監(jiān)察,建設(shè),以確保施工安全的措施費(fèi)組成競(jìng)爭(zhēng)費(fèi)和特殊項(xiàng)目費(fèi)用;建設(shè)行政主管部門應(yīng)加強(qiáng)項(xiàng)目前的審計(jì)。

      (2)加強(qiáng)并完善組織建設(shè)施工安全監(jiān)管,成立一個(gè)監(jiān)管組織,其的特點(diǎn)是依法執(zhí)行監(jiān)管任務(wù)。

      (3)編制依據(jù)不同專業(yè)的職業(yè)經(jīng)理人的安全的安全生產(chǎn)監(jiān)管部根據(jù)建筑由大小的地盤遵守《組織對(duì)構(gòu)建企業(yè)安全生產(chǎn)和職業(yè)經(jīng)理人準(zhǔn)備》。

      (4)發(fā)展項(xiàng)目和危害安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估,登記項(xiàng)目,消除構(gòu)建社會(huì)安全危害的可能影響。

      (5)建立和落實(shí),檢查系統(tǒng)的支架固定和拆卸起重機(jī)械,成型板,建立和落實(shí)制度,消除危害的技術(shù),設(shè)備和材料,建立和實(shí)施項(xiàng)目系統(tǒng)研究項(xiàng)目的施工安全。

      (6)監(jiān)測(cè)信息系統(tǒng)的致命危害工地使用是高級(jí)電力監(jiān)控。

      (7)開展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避是一個(gè)有用的和共同的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理策略。當(dāng)認(rèn)識(shí)到嚴(yán)重后果的隱患和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,但沒有可用的措施之前,建設(shè),施工計(jì)劃可能改變或放棄為避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

      (8)建筑企業(yè)要建立和完善安全體系建設(shè)的長(zhǎng)期性,管理和設(shè)備應(yīng)達(dá)到 降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失之和(參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn):標(biāo)準(zhǔn)JGJ59 一 1999年)。

      (9)發(fā)揮媒體的咨詢作用,進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的安全性評(píng)估、設(shè)計(jì)、安全監(jiān)測(cè)、認(rèn)證和考試,以及意外傷害保險(xiǎn)賠償。

      (10)建立工會(huì)公關(guān),處理緊急項(xiàng)目。

      4結(jié)論

      本文主要內(nèi)容是考察了管理層在判斷建筑危害中應(yīng)用的安全性評(píng)估方法。以及建設(shè)項(xiàng)目危險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)工作的執(zhí)行情況,我們已確保了致命的危險(xiǎn)事故發(fā)生率為最低。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn),可納入危險(xiǎn)管理系統(tǒng)的危險(xiǎn)值為:低于160時(shí)的危險(xiǎn),否則,它會(huì)被認(rèn)為是不可承受的危險(xiǎn)事故。應(yīng)該充分應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代化的信息技術(shù)來(lái)建立和完善

      一道預(yù)防和控制系統(tǒng)來(lái)檢測(cè)意外事故。以期待應(yīng)用技術(shù)來(lái)預(yù)防更多的意外事故發(fā)生。

      下載營(yíng)銷渠道策劃畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述、外文翻譯、調(diào)查報(bào)告(5篇模版)word格式文檔
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