第一篇：邏輯總結gmat

邏輯的最高境界是不是那種，看到問題和題干，就知道ETS會出什么答案的感覺？

放幾條剛剛總結的規(guī)律，拋磚引玉

名詞解釋

evidence：證據，現象等，一般指A conclusion：判斷，推論等，一般指B 元素：指evidence和conclusion中的主語謂語或賓語（很重要?。?/p>

一、歸納，conclusion題型

1、有兩個及以上的evidence，沒有conclusion，但有推理關系，答案就是是conclusion

2、有兩個及以上的evidence，且有數字作為evidence的，答案是需要計算一下元素和數字關系的conlusion 3：有evidence和conclusion，但evidence會影響到conclusion的準確性，答案是conlusion不正確 A、上來就說conclusion，但舉出來了一條evidence是特例，答案是conlusion會被其他元素影響到

B、上來就說conclusion，然后舉出了一條影響conclusion正確的evidence，答案是conlusion被過高或過低估計了

4、有evidence和conclusion，但彼此之間無關聯，答案是evidence和conclusion無關系

5、有evidence和conclusion，但彼此矛盾，答案是conclusion不存在

6、有evidence和conclusion，且結構比較完整無疏漏，答案是evidence的復述

7、有evidence和conclusion，且conclusion是兩個元素進行比較的結構，答案是conclusion的進行比較的另一種寫法

二、演繹題

（一）假設題

1、有evidence和conclusion，推理過程完整，答案是把conclusion的元素和evidence的元素搭橋建立關系

A、情況A，當evidence和conclusion各有一個，并且都有一個共同的元素時，把conclusion獨有元素和evidence的獨有的元素建立關系。B、情況B，有多個evidence和一個conclusion時，把conclusion和一個evidence共同用的元素和另外一個evidence的獨有的元素建立關系。

2、有evidence和conclusion，推理過程不完整，缺乏某一個應該出現的evidence，答案是這個evidence

3、答案中含有not，分為不能被他因削弱和evidence的元素不能沒有關系兩種

（二）加強題

1、有evidence和conclusion，推理過程完整，答案是把conclusion的元素和evidence的元素搭橋關系

2、有evidence和conclusion，推理過程完整，答案是一個事實說明conclusion成立

3、有evidence和conclusion，推理過程為conclusion解釋evidence，本身已經構成充要條件，答案為evidence的逆否命題

（三）weaken題

1、有evidence和conclusion，但evidence存在不完整性或不正確，答案是evidence為啥不完整或不正確

2、有evidence和conclusion，且推理邏輯上正確，答案是其他的evdence在發(fā)揮作用

3、有evidence和conclusion，但推理不正確，答案是conclusion的獨有元素和evidence的獨有元素不具備關系

4、有evidence和conclusion，推理過程為conclusion解釋evidence，答案是其他的evdence在發(fā)揮作用

（四）評價題

1、有evidence和conclusion，答案是已經存在的evidence的擴大化或縮小化等評價性描述

三、解釋題

1、有evidence和conclusion，答案是evidence的補充和完善，基于適當的推理和常識

四、填空題

1、有evidence和conclusion，答案是連接conclusion的元素和evidence的元素

還應該有些類型，我還在陸續(xù)總結中，比如說有一些難題的答案，會是常規(guī)答案進一步推理，比如必要條件或充分條件。還有一些答案用到了常識推理，比如價格原理等等。都應該是難題了。

第二篇：gmat邏輯解題技巧介紹

gmat邏輯題對于一部分同學們來說是比較難的，那么gmat邏輯題復習的時候大家要注意哪些問題，gmat邏輯題的解題技巧通常都有哪些，下面小編就gmat邏輯復習解題技巧為大家講解。

我們知道gmat邏輯推理的題目設計目的就是考察一個人能否抓住一個論斷的推理主線，評估其他論據對論斷所起作用的能力，如果我們對gmat邏輯推理所要考察我們的各項能力進行有針對性的訓練，那么突破gmat邏輯推理也并非難事!具體而言，gmat邏輯推理就是要考察我們評價一個論述并形成或評價行動方案的能力，無論如何這都脫離不了正確的解題方法，下面我們一起來看看gmat邏輯推理題解題步驟。gmat邏輯推理解題步驟——讀題干：在閱讀短文以前先閱讀題干，從題干中獲得有用的線索，另外還需要考生通過閱讀題干能夠預測在閱讀過程中要尋找什么內容及思考什么內容。

gmat邏輯推理解題步驟——讀短文：這一步為邏輯推理解題的核心步驟，當閱讀短文的時候，考生需要假定短文中所出現的所有前提都是事實，這里需要向讀者強調的一點是邏輯推理題不會考察考生對短文所涉及的專業(yè)知識的了解程度，短文中出現的前提是不是事實并非重要，重要的是我們的解題思路是否清晰正確。多數短文通常由前提與結論構成，結論在短文中出現的位置并不總是一致，有時在開頭，有時在中間，還有時在結尾。如果你還沒有對短文的意思理解透徹，那么這時一個最為理智有效的辦法就是先找出結論，之后在試著逐步分析從前提到結論的推理過程。

gmat邏輯推理解題步驟——選答案：完成以上兩步驟之后，也可以說你已經完成了一大半的任務，剩下的就是對最佳答案與次優(yōu)答案進行識別和排除。邏輯推理題中一般不會出現兩個或兩個以上選項同時實現問題的目的，讀者只要選出一個最能實現問題目的的答案就可以。

gmat邏輯推理正確的思維方法是巧取高分的必由之路在解決gmat邏輯推理題的過程中，我們的唯一目的就是去尋求一個使結論成立的可能性增大或減少的答案，而非必須要去尋求一個使結論必然成立的答案。很多考生在解題的過程中總是試圖一定讓答案至少看起來完美，但是即使是使得結論正確的那個條件找到，我們還是不能保證結論就一定正確。還有一點需要考生特別記住的就是由于GMAC的制題原則就是無需專業(yè)背景知識原則，因此只要考生將思維放在題目以內進行思考，而非對段落進行額外的無用擴充，尤其是考生不應在解題的過程應用自己的專業(yè)知識進行遞進推理。

gmat邏輯推理題的解題技巧有哪些，以上就是小編為各位總結的關于gmat邏輯推理題解題步驟的相關介紹相信大家通過上文對于gmat邏輯推理題解題技巧能夠有所了解了吧。

第三篇：GMAT邏輯“ 黑體字” 題型的總結

Bold Face Practice 1.Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes.(Fact)During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway.(Principle)

Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer.(Evidence)Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.(Conclusion)

2.A double-blind study, in which neither the patient nor the primary researcher knows whether the patient is being given the drug being tested or a placebo, is the most effective procedure for testing the efficacy of a drug.(Principle)But we will not be able to perform such a study on this new drug, since the drug will have various effects on the patients’ bodies, which will make us aware of whether the patients are getting the drug or a placebo.(Anti-Consideration)

3.The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats.(Fact)A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats.(Evidence)

Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X,(Consideration that can be drawn from the first one)but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.(Fact)4.More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles.(Conclusion)Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.(Conclusion)

5.Gasoline-powered boat engines manufactured in the a North American country prior to 1990 contribute significantly to the pollution found in the world’s oceans.(Fact)

In 1990, however, the government imposed stricter pollution controls on gasoline engines manufactured for boats, and beginning in 1995, the government imposed a program of inspections for pre-1990 boat engines with increasingly rigorous pollution standards.(Fact)

As the older boat engines fail to pass inspection, boat owners are increasingly retiring their old engines in favor of newer, less-polluting boat engines.(The evidence showed in the patten of cause and effect)As a result, the amount of pollution these older boat engines emit into the world’s oceans will steadily decrease over the next ten years.(Conclusion)

6.Plants that exhibit certain leaf diseases tend to measure extremely high in the amount of zinc in their leaf and stem tissue.(Fact or Background)Botanists have discovered that phosphorus of the type typically used in a phosphorus-high fertilizer reacts with the zinc in such a way as to prevent treated plants from exhibiting the leaf diseases, and zinc is the cause and not merely an effect of the leaf diseases.(The second evidence found by the author of passage)Thus, plants can be cured from these leaf diseases by the use of a fertilizer high in phosphorus.(Conclusion)7.To be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club, one must have a net worth of over ten million dollars and must not have any connections to the entertainment industry.Robert Chase, the publishing magnate, has a net worth of 5 billion dollars and Chase has not financed any Hollywood movies，(The part of evidence in support of this argument)so he must be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club.(The conclusion that could not be drawn from all evidences that the argument contains)

8.The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines.(Premise)Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials.(Fact)

As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials.(The author’s evidence)So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.(The author’s conclusion)

9.Something must be done to ease traffic congestion.(Conclusion)In traditional small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they lived(Evidence);

but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid traveling long distances each day.(Evidence)Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways where the maximum speed limit is 55 miles per hour, the actual speed averages only 35 miles per hour.(Evidence)

So new businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to where their workers would live.(Author’s method or strategy)

10.(OG-205)Consumer advocate:

it is generally true, at least in this state, that lawyers who advertise a specific service charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise.(Concession)It is also true that each time restrictions on the advertising of legal services have been eliminated, the number of lawyers advertising their services has increased and legal costs to consumers have declined in consequence.(Second concession / A pattern of cause and effect that the advocates argues will not hold in the case at issue)However, eliminating the state requirement that legal advertisements must specify fees for specific services would almost certainly increase rather than further reduce consumer’s legal costs.(A certain position advocate hold)Lawyers would no longer have an incentive to lower their fees when they begin advertising and if no longer required to specify fee arrangements, many lawyers who now advertise would increase their fees.(A consideration in support of that prediction)

GWD-1-Q3: A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price.Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.(a consideration raised to explain the appeal of a certain strategy)

appeal: 呼籲,請求

But large profits on the new product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the new product’s capabilities.(a consideration raised to call into question the wisdom of adopting that strategy)Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.(Author’s method or strategy)GWD-1-Q22&8-Q31: City Official:

At City Hospital, uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and fewer procedures performed than do insured patients, even though insured patients, on average, have slightly less serious medical problems at the time of admission to the hospital than uninsured patients have.Critics of the hospital have concluded that the uninsured patients are more receiving proper medical care.(the position that the city official’s argument opposes)

However, this conclusion is almost certainly false.(the conclusion of the city official’s argument)

Careful investigation has recently shown two things: insured patients have much longer stays in the hospital than necessary, and they tend to have more procedures performed than are medically necessary.(Evidence)

GWD-3-Q2 Hunter:

Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.(the main conclusion of the argument)

In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.(Evidence)

GWD-3-Q16: Economist:

Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years.The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.(supports the environmentalists’ conclusion)

Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.(states that environmentalists’ conclusion)

However, these environmentalists are probably wrong.The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch.Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.GWD-5-Q19: Historian:

In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village.Village census records for the last half of the 1600’s are remarkably complete.(provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish)

This very completeness makes one point stand out;in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines.Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax.This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures.Tellingly: 有效地;顯著地

Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded;and concealing the size of a village’s population from government census takers would have been easy.Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen.(that position)

GWD-5-Q20: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.(an explanation that the argument challenges)

However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual.(a finding on which that challenge is based)

Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies’ finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.天山Q25: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.(an explanation that the argument challenges)However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs.Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist’s entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.(evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.)GWD-6-Q16: Historian:

Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.(evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes)

A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.(evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position)

GWD-7-Q18&8-Q21: Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier.(the position that the argument seeks to establish)

Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right.(Evidence in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish)Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing.(presents an assumption on which that argument relies.)Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C.it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.GWD-9-Q30: Criminologist:

Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted 21 of a third serious crime.These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently.(a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute)

What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime.Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes.(the main conclusion of the argument)

GWD-10-Q17: Editorial: An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest.Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient.A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce.The expert therefore recommends that the watch commander’s approval should no longer be required since the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted.(a proposal against which the editorial is directed)This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.(a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.)GWD-12-Q33: Several of a certain bank’s top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank.(describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses)

This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse.Since the executives are well placed to know their bank’s true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated.However, the available information about the bank’s condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company’s condition.On balance, therefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example.(states the main conclusion of the argument.)天山Q3: Business Consultant:

Some corporations shun the use of executive titles because they fear that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to inhibit communication up and down the corporate hierarchy.(consideration that has led to the adoption of a certain strategy)Since an executive who uses a title is treated with more respect by outsiders, however, use of a title can facilitate an executive’s dealings with external businesses.(a reason against adopting that strategy)The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their corporate titles externally but not internally, since even if it is widely known that the corporation’s executives use executive titles outside their organization, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation.天山Q32: Ecologist:

The Scottish Highlands were once the site of extensive forests, but these forests have mostly disappeared and been replaced by peat bogs.The common view is that the Highlands’ deforestation was caused by human activity, especially agriculture.However, agriculture began in the Highlands less than 2,000 years ago.(evidence that, in light of the evidence provided in the second, serves as grounds for the ecologist’s rejection of a certain position.)Peat bogs, which consist of compressed decayed vegetable matter, build up by only about one foot per 1,000 years and, throughout the Highlands, remains of trees in peat bogs are almost all at depths great than four feet.(the evidence)Since climate changes that occurred between 7,000 and 4,000 years ago favored the development of peat bogs rather than the survival of forests, the deforestation was more likely the result of natural processes than of human activity.8月JJ真題

A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged, citing as evidence the company’s failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products.(the position that the argument as a whole opposes)

It is doubtful whether an investor’s sniping at management can ever be anything other than counterproductive, but in this case it is clearly not justified.(the conclusion of the argument as a whole)It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand, but in Burton’s case it indicates no such thing.Rather, the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.

第四篇：GMAT高分TIPS-邏輯題型標志詞總結

內容提要：在面對GMAT邏輯題目的時候，第一步就是看準問題，明確題目類型，從而運用不同的技巧解題。下面我們就對各種題型的關鍵詞做一個總結，希望可以幫助你在考場上從容面對各種問題。

一.歸納題

標志詞：conclusion;inferred;implied;supported;if above true, then it is also true。(注：support不僅僅用于歸納法。舉例來說，歸納法的表達應為：Which of the following are supported by the argument above?如果換個說法就可以變成加強題型的表述：Which of the following support the argument above?所以在解題的時候要格外小心。)

二.演繹題

1.第一種文章：前提推結論型

A.假設題：

標志詞：assume;assumption;presuppose(特指對于前提的假設);additional premise;not true unless;depend on;rely on.B.加強題：

標志詞：support(注意和歸納題目的區(qū)分);strengthen, conclusion can be drawn if it were true that.C.削弱題：

標志詞：weaken;cast doubt;argue against;damage;counter;challenge;flaw;refute;jeopardize;criticism;undermine;drawback;reasoning error;weakness.(其中flaw，criticism，reasoning error和weakness屬于名詞性的削弱)。

D.評價題：

標志詞：evaluate，appraisal(根據加強題做)

2.第二種文章：因果結構

文章內部標志詞：A is due to B;A is attribute to B;A is result of B;blame B on/for A;B is responsible for

A;credit A to B.問題中的標志詞：explanation;interpretation;hypothesis。

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3.第三種文章：“變態(tài)結構”(表面上仍然是前提推出結論的結構，實質為因果結構，即結論是前提的解釋)。此類文章沒有與眾不同的標志詞，需要考生在實戰(zhàn)時分析判斷。

從題型上看，第一類文章的線索顯然多于后兩類，也就是說解題上較為方便，幸運的是第一類題目一般占去了考題的絕大部分，所以說還是有技巧可尋的。

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第五篇：常用gmat數學公式總結

常用gmat數學公式總結

以下為大家總結了gmat考試中gmat數學公式，當然，我們總結的不夠全面，只是一些比較常用的gmat數學公式，同時也適用于GRE考試，希望能夠幫助大家備考。(a+b)(a-b)=a2-b2(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2(a-b)2=a2-2ab+b2

(a+b)3=a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3(a-b)3=a3-3a2b+3ab2-b3

一元二次方程ax2+bx+c=0的解x?,?=(-b±√b2-4ac)/2a

利率Rate。?時間Time?*Simple Interest:利息Interest=本金Principal

*Compound Interest:A=(1+R)n;A為本利和，P為本金,R為利率,n為期數。

Time?Rate of Discount *Distance=Speed?*Discount=Cost

*Pythagorean Theorem(勾股定理):直角三角形(right triangle)兩直角邊(legs)的平方和等于斜邊(hypotenuse)的平方。

*多變形的內角和：(n-2)×180°，總對角線數為n(n-3)/2條，從每一個頂點引出的對角線數為(n-3)條;式中：n為多邊形的邊數

*平面直角坐標系中，A(x1,y1)和B(x2,y2)是任意兩點，C(x,y)是線段AB的中點，則x=(x1+x2)/2，y=(y1+y2)/2,線段AB兩端點間的距離=

*平面圖形的周長和面積：

Perimeter Area

Triangle 三邊之和(底×高)/2

Square 邊長×4 邊長的平方

Rectangle(長+寬)×2 長×寬

Parallelogram(長+寬)×2 底×高

Trapezoid 四邊之和(上底+下底)×高/2

Rhombus 邊長×4 兩條對角線之積的1/2

Circle 2πr=πd πr2

*立體圖形的表面積和體積：

Volume Surface Area

Rectangular Prism 長×寬×高 2(長×寬+長×高+寬×高)

Cube 棱長的立方 6×棱長×棱長

Right Circular Cylinder πr2h 2πr h(側)+2πr2(底)

Sphere 4πr3/3 4πr2

Right Circular Cone πr2h/3 lr/2(l為母線)