第一篇：實(shí)用英漢翻譯教案(第一)

1.翻譯的定義

1)To render in another language.--American Heritage Dictionary

轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語言。--《韋氏大詞典》

2)“Translation is the expression in one language(or target language 譯入語)of what has been expressed in another language(source language 原語), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.”– Dubois 3)“把一種語言的文字用另一種語言表達(dá)出來”--《辭海》、《現(xiàn)代漢語詞典》 翻譯是許多語言活動中的一種，它是用一種語言形式把另一種語言形式里的內(nèi)容重新表現(xiàn)出來的語言實(shí)踐活動。這一活動分為口頭和書面兩種形式，有時(shí)在不同的語言之間進(jìn)行，有時(shí)在同一國家的不同民族和地區(qū)之間進(jìn)行，這種實(shí)踐活動更多的應(yīng)用于前者。2.翻譯的目的

翻譯作為一門課程，其目的就是在掌握漢語和英語這兩種語言的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合不斷的翻譯實(shí)踐，學(xué)習(xí)翻譯的各種技巧，提高翻譯水平。翻譯是較高層次的一門課程，其主要對象為英漢兩種語言都達(dá)到了相當(dāng)水平的學(xué)生和自學(xué)者。因此通過翻譯，對已掌握的聽說讀寫的能力可以進(jìn)行一次全方位的檢驗(yàn)，找出漏洞，彌補(bǔ)不足，并使這些能力在應(yīng)用中得到鞏固和提高。學(xué)習(xí)英語的主要目的是搞翻譯，而翻譯又可以反過來進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)。3.翻譯的歷史

1）Translation in Bible On the history of translation there is a central paradigm in the western countries.That is the history of translation in the Bible, the most translated book in the world.Now the whole earth had one language and few words.And as men migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there…

Then they said, “Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest(otherwise)we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.”

And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the sons of men had built.And the Lord said, “Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language;and this is only the beginning of what they will do;and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them.Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.”

So the lord scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city.Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth;and from there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of the earth.上帝造人之后，賜福于人，人們安居樂業(yè)。然后，一群無聊人士希望后世記住這個(gè)時(shí)代，決心合力修建一座通天高塔，即Babel Tower。上帝恐慌，不希望這個(gè)奇觀建成，于是讓人們分化成不同的語言，令其不能交流。之后，因?yàn)闇贤ú粫?，工程被迫放棄，而且人類從此不再團(tuán)結(jié)，因?yàn)檎Z言不通而分化成不同部落，并由于溝通問題，經(jīng)常發(fā)生戰(zhàn)亂，因此再無力撼動上帝的權(quán)威。巴別塔就是通天塔，比喻不可能完成的工程，也表示變亂（人類不再團(tuán)結(jié)）。拜Lord所賜，我們今天要拼命學(xué)英語，外國人也要受漢語煎熬。而且，各種分歧，甚至戰(zhàn)爭，都或多或少由語言文化溝通不良引發(fā)。2)Translation in China Actually the earliest translation can be dated back to ancient time.Versions in two languages used in 3000 BC were found in Egypt, which indicates that translation began at least 5000 years ago.In China, according to a history book, there had been a special title for translators as early as in Zhou Dynasty.The book, 《周禮秋官大行人》, said that“屬象胥，喻言語”, here, “象胥” is the title for translators while “喻” means understand.We all remember it was in 1st century that Buddhism was introduced to China by translation.And then in 2nd century, Buddhist books were formally translated into Chinese, which marked the beginning of translating industry in China.In China, the history of translation can be mainly divided into four periods: 1)The translation of Buddhist scripture from the East Han Dynasty to Song Dynasty.2)The translation of science works during the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty.3)The translation of Western natural science and social science from the Opium War to the May 4th movement.4)The mass translation since the policy of reform and opening up to the outside world.4.翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

In 1791, a British theorist Alexander Fraser Tytler wrote a book entitled “Essays on the Principles of Translation” on which he proposed three principles for translation:

1)The translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work.譯文應(yīng)完全復(fù)寫出原作的思想（相當(dāng)于“信”）

2)The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.譯文的風(fēng)格和筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文的性質(zhì)相同（相當(dāng)于“雅”）

3)The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.譯文應(yīng)當(dāng)和原文同樣流暢（相當(dāng)于“達(dá)”）

In fact, these principles coincide with the criteria proposed by a famous Chinese translator Yanfu, which are faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance（信達(dá)雅：即忠實(shí)于原著，譯文流暢，文字典雅）。

張培基《英漢翻譯教程》提出了翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是“忠實(shí)、通順”。“忠實(shí)”就是正確的理解和表達(dá)原文的思想，“通順”就是譯文文字地道流暢。對初學(xué)者來說做到這兩點(diǎn)已屬不易，隨著學(xué)習(xí)者翻譯水平的不斷提高可以有更高的要求。5.翻譯的過程

西方翻譯界常將翻譯前的各種準(zhǔn)備工作，甚至包括與出版商打交道也視為翻譯過程的組成部分。在我們看來，翻譯過程主要包括理解、表達(dá)和校核這三個(gè)方面。

（一）理解

理解（comprehension）可分為廣義理解和狹義理解。廣義理解指對原文作者的個(gè)人、原文產(chǎn)生的時(shí)代背景、作品的內(nèi)容以及原文讀者對該作品的反應(yīng)。狹義的理解僅指對原作本文的理解。這種理解主要包括語法分析、語義分析、語體分析和語篇分析（grammatical analysis, semantic analysis, stylistic analysis and text analysis）。理解是翻譯成功與否的先決條件和重要步驟，務(wù)必正確可靠，杜絕謬誤。1)語義理解

He has badly wounded in the head.他頭部受了重傷。He has a good head for mathematics.他的數(shù)學(xué)能力很強(qiáng)。

The dinner cost us five dollars a head.這頓飯花去我們每人5元錢。Go and ask the head of our department.問我們系上的頭去。Where is the head? 廁所在哪？（船上用語）2)語境理解

e.g.“You have left the door open.” has different utterance meanings:(1).Report a fact that you forgot to close the door.(2).That is why the room is so cold.(3).Close the door, please.3)文化理解 大家見面招呼聲：“吃了嗎”？ “菜不好，請將就吃了吧!”

American dancer: Your husband is very handsome.Deng（thinking herself to be clever）那我們換一下吧。(a failure of cross-cultural communication)(二)表達(dá)

表達(dá)是理解后能否保證譯文成功的又一重要關(guān)鍵步驟，是理解的深化和體現(xiàn)。在這一過程中，譯者要注意恰到好處地再現(xiàn)原文的思想內(nèi)容和語體色彩，使譯文既忠實(shí)于原作又符合譯入語的語法和表達(dá)習(xí)慣。要做到這一點(diǎn)，譯者就必須在選詞用字、組詞成句、組句成篇上下功夫，在技巧運(yùn)用上下功夫。能直譯則直譯，不能直譯則可考慮意譯，靈活運(yùn)用翻譯技巧。例如： My dear girls, I ambitious for you, but not to have you make a dash in the world-marry rich men merely because they are rich, or have splendid houses, which are not homes because love is wanting.親愛的姑娘們，我對你們的期望很高，可并不是叫你們在世上出人頭地的—要你們嫁給富人，僅僅因?yàn)樗麄冇绣X，有奢華的住房，缺少愛情的話，豪華的住房算不得上家。（在詞意選擇上，英語ambitious 既可表示“雄心壯志”也可表示“野心勃勃”的意思，這里選用褒義詞“期望很高”翻譯比較妥當(dāng)。）

It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea.清晨，初升的太陽照著平靜的海面，微波蕩漾，閃著金色的光芒。（英語the ripples of the gentle sea譯成漢語時(shí)在結(jié)構(gòu)上作了調(diào)整，這樣譯文念起來意思清楚，行文漂亮。）

同時(shí)，在表達(dá)時(shí)還應(yīng)當(dāng)注意避免翻譯腔、過分表達(dá)和欠表達(dá)。所謂翻譯腔，就是指譯文不符合漢語語法表達(dá)習(xí)慣，晦澀難懂。例如：

To appease(安撫；撫慰)their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium(神志昏迷，說胡話).“為了解渴，讀者比以前越飲越深，直至陷入了昏迷狀態(tài)?！边@個(gè)句子死摳原文形式死摳字典釋義，翻譯腔嚴(yán)重，讓人難以明白其意思，可改譯為：“讀者為了滿足自己的渴望，越讀越想讀，直到進(jìn)入了如癡如醉的狀態(tài)。

所謂過分表達(dá)，就是指譯文畫蛇添足，增加了原文沒有的東西；而欠表達(dá)則是省略或刪節(jié)原文的內(nèi)容。翻譯時(shí)均應(yīng)避免這類錯(cuò)誤。

（三）校核

校核是對理解和表達(dá)質(zhì)量的全面檢查，是糾正錯(cuò)誤、改進(jìn)譯文的極好時(shí)機(jī)，切不可認(rèn)為是多余之舉。優(yōu)秀的譯者總是十分重視校核的作用，總利用這一良機(jī)來克服自己可能犯下的錯(cuò)誤，初學(xué)翻譯的人就更應(yīng)該如此了。6.翻譯課的任務(wù)與譯者的素質(zhì)

（一）翻譯課的任務(wù)

翻譯的任務(wù)就是把一種文字的意義用另一種文字表達(dá)出來。而本課程的任務(wù)就是通過本書的學(xué)習(xí)，了解翻譯理論、明確翻譯方法，從而提高翻譯水平。

（二）譯者應(yīng)具備的能力

1、精通兩種語言：英漢語言基礎(chǔ)和表達(dá)能力必須扎實(shí)。

2、通曉兩種文化：英語和漢語反映兩種不同的文化，這就要求譯者深入了解本國和他國的歷史背景、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、思想、宗教、地理環(huán)境、政治制度等。如： Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war.張飛殺岳飛，殺得滿天飛。（正確譯法應(yīng)為“兩雄相遇，其斗必烈”）

注解：古希臘（公元前800—公元前146年）是西方歷史的開源，公元前5、6世紀(jì)，特別是希波戰(zhàn)爭以后，經(jīng)濟(jì)生活高度繁榮，產(chǎn)生了光輝燦爛的希臘文化，對后世有深遠(yuǎn)影響。古希臘人唉哲學(xué)思想、歷史、建筑、文學(xué)、戲劇、雕塑等諸多方面有很深的造詣。這一文明遺產(chǎn)在古希臘滅亡后，被古羅馬人破壞性的延續(xù)下去，從而成為整個(gè)西方文明的精神源泉。

3、知識面要廣。要很好地做到這一點(diǎn)，首先要做到博覽群書，增加自己的百科知識。要翻譯《光榮與夢（1932-1972年美國實(shí)錄）》，就必須對美國這段時(shí)期的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、外交、社會、文化等都有一個(gè)全面的了解。要翻譯中國古典文學(xué)名著《紅樓夢》，就不得不掌握有關(guān)中國明清時(shí)期乃至以前各個(gè)朝代的風(fēng)俗人情等文化背景方面的知識。要搞好翻譯，無論是對原文的理解還是譯文的表達(dá)，譯者都須有豐富的百科知識，對天文地理、古今中外不說通曉，也要了解其中的基本常識。沒有一定的常識，譯者的語言水平即使很高也沒法做好翻譯工作。如：

If you hear “英國總統(tǒng)是演員出身” you should discern the lie because you know there is no president in Britain.So don’t make it published.And then please judge the credibility of this story in Chinese version READERS in Feb, 1995.（韓國）壁虎的愛情

壁虎的尾巴被釘子釘在墻上十年了，那么它是怎么活過來的呢？然后作者看見另一只壁虎嘴里含著食物爬來喂它。于是作者被這十年忠貞的愛情所感動了。

(提示：壁虎有棄尾巴逃命的本領(lǐng)。)譯者知識面的寬窄在較大程度上決定了其翻譯質(zhì)量的高低和速度的快慢。知識面的擴(kuò)大主要靠平時(shí)不斷的積累，我們決不能忽視這一點(diǎn)。Ⅴ.Assignments: Exercises in textbook(p9-p10)Ⅵ.Assessment:

第二篇：優(yōu)秀英漢翻譯教案

3.1.1 將單詞分譯成漢語的句子

1.She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking.她可以諒解地為自己高超的烹調(diào)技藝感到自豪。她自夸她高超的烹調(diào)技藝，這是有情可原的。

2.The ancients tried unsuccessfully to explain how a rainbow is formed.古人曾試圖說明虹是怎樣產(chǎn)生的，但沒有成功。

3.Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of ―self-reliance.‖ 毛主席在談到他的“自力更生”的政策時(shí),也許有些自豪感,這是可以理解的。4.He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.他搖了搖頭，兩目睜得圓圓的，接著又瞇成一條線，臉上露出了憤怒的神色。3.1.2

將詞組或短語譯成漢語的句子

1.I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.我頭三年寫了四本書，打破了以往的記錄。2.I’m surprised to learn that he lost the game.我驚奇地獲悉他在比賽中失利了。

我聽說他在比賽中失利了，感到十分意外。

3.Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.男人們很聰明，他們不會上時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師的當(dāng)。

4.Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被創(chuàng)造也不能被消滅，這是一條普遍公認(rèn)的規(guī)律。5.Their power increased with their number.他們?nèi)藬?shù)增加了，力量也隨之增強(qiáng)。3.1.3

將分句譯成句子

1.On behalf of all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我謹(jǐn)代表所有美國客人向你們表示感謝，感謝你們的無可比擬的盛情款待，中國人民以這種盛情款待而聞名世界。

2.He just stood there with his arms folded when he might have given me a hand.他本可以幫我一把，卻偏偏只是站在那兒袖手旁觀。

3.Basic education is the key area where according to a study of 30 countries by an outstanding economist the return is 30%.基礎(chǔ)教育是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域；據(jù)一位著名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對30個(gè)國家的研究，其收益率為30%。4.Three may keep secret if two of them are dead.若要三人保密，除非兩人死去。3.2 名詞性從句的譯法

4.It’s quite probable that he is gone.（他已經(jīng)走了，那是很可能的。）

他很可能已經(jīng)走了。

5.It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.<

> 用that,what,how等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句漢譯時(shí)一般不需要改變它在原句中的順序。1.I told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down.我告訴他，由于那是最后一個(gè)條件，我只得謝絕。2.Can you hear what I said?

你能聽得到我所講的嗎？ 用 it 作假賓語的句子，漢譯時(shí) that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句一般可按原文順序；it不譯。I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning.我向他們講清楚了的，他們必須在上午十點(diǎn)前交卷。有時(shí)譯文中也可將that引起的賓語從句提前。如：

I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.我被選參加會議，感到光榮。

（一）同位語從句不提前，如：

1.He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.他表示希望再到中國來訪問。

（二）同位語從句提前，如：

2.But I knew I couldn’t trust him.There was always the possibility that he was a political swindler.但我知道不能輕信他。他是個(gè)政治騙子這種可能性總是存在的。3.Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而，從一開始，我仍然活著這個(gè)事實(shí)卻偏偏被忽視了。

（三）增加“即”或用冒號、破折號分開，如：

3.But considered realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.但是現(xiàn)實(shí)地考慮一下，我們不得不正視這樣的事實(shí)：我們的前景并不妙。

Exercises: 1.It was natural that now the conversation turned to the tragic events that had taken place there a month before.2.It is clear that she has some great sorrow.3.A principle of science tells what usually happens under certain conditions.4.I took it for granted that he would sign the document.5.He is surprised to read the news in the newspaper that his father should be still alive.3.3 長句的譯法

所謂切斷法，就是按英語句子的語序把英語長句“化整為零”，按意群將長句斷開譯成若干漢語分句。如：

If you reach Chicago by train and spend only an hour or two there you will feel the light wind off the lake which gives it the name ― Windy city‖.如果你乘坐火車抵達(dá)芝加哥，即使只在那里逗留一兩個(gè)小時(shí)，你也會感覺到從湖邊吹拂過來的陣陣清風(fēng)，這就是芝加哥之所以叫做“風(fēng)城”的緣故。

在遇到長句時(shí)，應(yīng)首先考慮能否把此句化整為零，在采用切斷法時(shí)，要注意的一個(gè)問題是適當(dāng)運(yùn)用漢語的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。3.3.2 拆譯法（分句法）

就是將英語句子中有些成分從句中拆出來另行處理，或置于句尾，以利用句子的總體安排。如：

The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.在一次記者招待會上，問題集中于昨天的選舉結(jié)果，總統(tǒng)就此發(fā)了言。他說他不能夠解釋為什么共和黨遭到了這樣大的失敗。這種情況最終會使共和黨失去在眾院中長期享有的優(yōu)勢。And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.由于受到頑強(qiáng)抵抗，吹噓能在幾個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)就占領(lǐng)要地的敵人甚至還沒有能占領(lǐng)外圍地帶，這一事實(shí)使我增強(qiáng)了信心。

第四章： 辭格的翻譯 由于東西文化的不同，也造成了英漢比喻的差異。在英語中能引起美感的比喻直譯到漢語中卻往往平淡無奇，不知所云，甚至引起歧異和誤解。4.1.1: 保留喻體形象

喻體和喻義完全相同的英漢對應(yīng)成語和諺語一般可采取直譯方法，保留原喻體。

（一）保持喻義不變，喻體不變，修辭手段不變 1.The eye is the window of the heart.眼睛是心靈的窗戶。

The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.It is its natural manure.自由之樹須常以愛國志士和暴君的血來澆灌，這些鮮血是自由之樹的天然肥料。

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.書有淺嘗者，有可吞食者，少數(shù)則須咀嚼消化。

（二）既譯出原文喻體又點(diǎn)出其喻義

1.Britain’s economic policy is now being pulled by the magnet of the next election.下一次大選磁鐵般地牽引著英國經(jīng)濟(jì)政策。2.I’ve got one of my Sahara thirsts on tonight.今晚我又覺得象撒哈拉沙漠那樣干渴。

3.Advice and correction roll off him like water off a duck’s back.勸導(dǎo)對他好象水過鴨背似的不起作用。4.1.2：替換喻體形象

由于英漢語言存在著文化上的差異，有些比喻翻譯時(shí)如保留原喻體形象不利于讀者理解，而漢語中恰有相應(yīng)的固定比喻，這時(shí)可用符合中國人習(xí)慣，且能引起讀者同樣聯(lián)想，同樣情感的比喻來替換。

Mr.Smith may serve as a good secretary, for he is as close as an oyster.史密斯先生可以當(dāng)個(gè)好秘書，因?yàn)樗乜谌缙俊?/p>

She felt that she must not yield, she must go on leading her humdrum life.This was her punishment for having made a mistake.She had made her bed, and she must lie on it.她覺得她不能打退堂鼓，她必須繼續(xù)過她那單調(diào)的生活。這是她犯了錯(cuò)誤受到的懲罰，她要自食其果。

1.Lock the stable door after the horse is stolen.2.Throw a sprat to catch a whale.1.亡羊補(bǔ)牢 2.拋磚引玉

Translate the following Paragraph The flakes were falling thick and hard now, pouring past the window, a waterfall of mystery.Occasionally, one would stick to the glass, as if reluctant to tumble to its fate.Then, slowly, slipping and sliding down the glass, it would melt, its beauty fleeting.Gone.-------First Snow 4.2

矛盾修飾法（oxymoron）

矛盾修飾法是把意義上相互矛盾或不協(xié)調(diào)的兩個(gè)詞或詞組放在一起使用，組成句子描述一個(gè)事物，表達(dá)一種思想或說明一個(gè)道理

這些詞或詞組從字面上看似乎自相矛盾，但仔細(xì)回味便會感到意味深長，妙趣橫生。如：a living death, a clever fool

漢語中有一種稱為反映（對頂）的修辭格與英語的矛盾修飾法十分相象。如：陌生的朋友等

2.?though I cannot be said to be a flattering honest man, it must be denied but I am a plain-dealing villain?

我固然不是一個(gè)阿諛的正人君子，可是誰也不可否認(rèn)我是一個(gè)正大光明的小人。3.Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.與其做愚蠢的智人，不如做聰明的愚人。

4.It is an open secret that the doctor and the nurse are already of one mind.這位醫(yī)生和護(hù)士情投意合已成為公開的秘密。

有的矛盾修辭格含有言外之意，如按字面意義直譯出來會顯的別扭而無法作到忠實(shí)于原文，遇到這種情況時(shí)，譯時(shí)就需將原文的詞義進(jìn)行引申，使之通俗易懂，確切表達(dá)原意。

I despite its very vastness and power.It(New York)has the poorest millionaires, the small greatest men, the haughtiest beggars , the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw.最貧窮的富翁，最矮小的偉人，最高傲的乞丐，最丑陋的美人，最低矮的摩天大樓，和最令人悲哀的歡樂。

4.2.2 有時(shí)可將矛盾修辭格中的兩個(gè)詞的修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系譯為并列關(guān)系。1.In the thought there was a bitter sweetness.想到這里，她是甜中帶苦，苦中帶甜。

2.He could almost picture God the father looking down with sad wonder at this mischief.他幾乎可以想象天父上帝悲哀而驚異地俯視著這一片災(zāi)害。

1.Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in …and you waited with beating heart for something to happen? 不知你是否有過這樣的經(jīng)歷——在海上航行遇上了大霧，周圍一片白，好象著實(shí)把你關(guān)在一個(gè)黑暗的地方??你的心也怦怦直跳，生怕出事。4.3 軛式搭配法（Zeugma）

是指用一個(gè)詞與句中兩個(gè)或更多的詞相搭配，其中只有一個(gè)搭配是合乎邏輯的，其他的都不能構(gòu)成自然搭配。

這種修辭格的特點(diǎn)是：生動形象，風(fēng)趣幽默，言簡意賅，感染力強(qiáng)。4.3.2 轉(zhuǎn)換法

當(dāng)軛式搭配是由一個(gè)介詞和兩個(gè)賓語組成，翻譯時(shí)將其中一個(gè)介詞短語譯作狀語，另一個(gè)譯作謂語。

1.He left in a huff and a taxi.他怒沖沖地乘出租車離開了。

2.She went home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.她淚如泉涌地坐著轎子回家了。

3.The general lost the town and his head.那位將軍因?yàn)槭Я顺浅囟粩厥住?/p>

4.Mrs.Smith got out of bed and humor.史密斯夫人郁郁寡歡地起了床。

4.3.3

分譯法

如果是由一個(gè)動詞和兩個(gè)以上的賓語組成，譯時(shí)將這一個(gè)動詞與賓語分別搭配，并將動詞的詞義做適當(dāng)引申，以適合與其搭配的賓語。1.He lost the game and his temper.他輸了這一局，大發(fā)脾氣。

2.Mr.White swallowed bread and butter and a spasm of emotion.懷特先生吞下了奶油面包，忍住了一陣激動。3.Tom took his hat and his leave.湯姆拿起帽子，告辭離去。

4.She was dressed in a maid’s cap , a pinafore, and a bright smile.她戴著女仆帽子，扎著圍裙，臉上露出歡悅的微笑。5.She lost her heart and necklace at a ball.在一次舞會上，她傾心愛上了一個(gè)人，但卻丟失了她的項(xiàng)鏈。4.4

擬聲的翻譯（Onomatopoeia)Onomatopoeia 是指模仿事物或動作聲音而構(gòu)成的詞語。它是一種重要的構(gòu)詞法，也是一種重要的修辭手段，如運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)，可以加深印象，增強(qiáng)氣勢，提高文字對動態(tài)的描繪和音樂效果。

（二）在譯文中改變擬聲詞在句中的功能

英語的擬聲詞大多是作動詞和名詞，而現(xiàn)代漢語的擬聲詞大都是當(dāng)作動詞和名詞的修飾語用，直接作動詞和名詞的情況較少。因此在翻譯時(shí)往往在其后面加上一定的動詞或名詞，而把其譯成修飾語，即副詞或形容詞。

1.All was quiet and still except for the distant tinkling of a piano.除了遠(yuǎn)處一架鋼琴的叮當(dāng)叮當(dāng)聲外，萬籟俱寂。2.The car started with rheumatic wheezing.汽車發(fā)出風(fēng)濕病人似的呼哧呼哧聲開動了。3.Jack rattled the ice in his glass, round and round.杰克來回嘩啦啦地?cái)囍永锏谋鶋K。4.The dishes crashed to the floor.盤子碟子嘩啦嘩啦地落在地上打碎了。

5.Tracers started from three sides, right past my windows, these big pink streaks, zing,zing,zing.曳光彈從三面向我射來，正好經(jīng)過我的窗口，一道道巨大的粉紅色曳光彈發(fā)出嗖??嗖??嗖的聲音。

4.4.2 翻譯時(shí)增加或減去擬聲詞

一、原文中沒有擬聲詞，但為了增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果，在譯文語言習(xí)慣允許的情況下，譯文中可以增加適當(dāng)?shù)臄M聲詞。

1.Besides, I dreamt of nothing all last night but of fighting, and I thought the blood ran out of my nose as liquor out of a tap.而且昨天夜里我做了一夜的夢，夢的全是打仗。我覺得血從我鼻子里咕嘟咕嘟地往外淌，就象拔開塞子的酒桶似的。

2.That old man was sucking vigorously at a pipe.那老頭正在叭達(dá)叭達(dá)地抽著一個(gè)煙袋。

3.The tears she could not hold back fell on his face.她那抑制不住的眼淚撲碌碌地落在他的臉上。4.The logs were burning briskly in the fire.木柴在火中嗶嗶剝剝地?zé)谜?.Tom fell asleep almost immediately.湯姆幾乎倒頭就呼呼睡了。

6.The kids are crying loudly.孩子們在哇哇大哭。

（二）原文中有擬聲詞，譯文中減去擬聲詞 英譯漢時(shí)，原文中的擬聲詞并不是在任何情況下都必須在譯文中加以機(jī)械地復(fù)制。擬聲詞的運(yùn)用必須有利、有節(jié)。

1.They heard the roar of cannons as the enemy’s ship approached.敵艦逼近時(shí)，他們聽到了加農(nóng)炮的轟擊聲。

2.After a neigh the poor horse fell down on the ground and could not stand up any longer.那匹可憐的馬長嘶一聲，就跌倒在地，再也站不起來了。3.The train puffed towards Tokyo from Sendai.火車從仙臺開向東京。

4.There came a murmur of conversation from the next room.隔壁房間傳來一陣輕輕的談話聲。

5.The squeaking of the radio was disturbing everybody.收音機(jī)的聲音在擾亂大家。

The cock in the yard crowed its first round.院子里的公雞已經(jīng)叫頭遍了。

所謂習(xí)語，是指經(jīng)過人們長期使用沿襲而提煉出來的形式簡潔、意義精辟的定型詞組或短語。就廣義而言，習(xí)語包括成語、諺語、俗語、歇后語、俚語、格言等。

一、英漢習(xí)語比較

從形和義的角度來看，英漢習(xí)語的異同大體表現(xiàn)在以下四個(gè)方面：

A.英漢習(xí)語形義全同, 這類習(xí)語為數(shù)少，例如： Barking dogs do not bite.吠犬不咬人。

Who is contented, enjoys.知足者常樂。

Misfortunes never come singly.禍不單行。

It is harder to change human nature than to change rivers and mountains.江山易改，本性難移。Like father, like son.有其父必有其子。

B.習(xí)語形義基本相同, 這類習(xí)語比上面一類在數(shù)量上要多些，例如： to take a load off one's mind 如釋重負(fù) to run in the same groove;to cut from the same cloth.如出一轍

to make a beast of oneself 形同禽獸

He that hath been bitten by a serpent is afraid of a rope.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕草繩。Shallow streams make most din.水深不響，水響不深。Money makes the mare go.有錢能使鬼推磨。

C.英漢習(xí)語形似義異,這類習(xí)語相當(dāng)多，例如： When a dog is drowning every one offers him drink.救了落水狗，反咬你一口（強(qiáng)調(diào)好心得不到好報(bào)）

狗若落水人人救（強(qiáng)調(diào)人人伸出援之手。)Ignorance of the law is no excuse of breaking it.不知者無罪（強(qiáng)調(diào)網(wǎng)開一面）法盲犯法不可恕，（強(qiáng)調(diào)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行法律。)Strike while the iron is hot 趁熱打鐵(著重“抓緊行動”)(強(qiáng)調(diào)“抓住時(shí)機(jī)”)D.英漢習(xí)語形異義似, 例如：

A word spoken is past recalling.一言既出，駟馬難追。Great boast, small roast.干打雷，不下雨。

Take not a musket to kill a butterfly.殺雞焉用宰牛刀。

to hit someone below the belt/to stab someone in the back 暗箭傷人

as weak as water 弱不禁風(fēng)

E.英漢習(xí)語形義完全不同，例如：

cast one's bread upon the waters 不期望報(bào)答所作之事

keep the wolf from the door 免于饑餓，勉強(qiáng)度日 make one's blood freeze 令人恐懼

have bats in the belfry 頭腦有點(diǎn)古怪

see the sun 活著

5.1.1 普通成語的翻譯 直譯法是翻譯普通成語的一個(gè)主要方法，它有利于保留原文成語的比喻形象、民族特色和語言風(fēng)格。

1.Her mind as she always said, was on something not so practical –castles in the air, really.她頭腦里整天想的，正如她常說的，不是很實(shí)際的東西——實(shí)在是空中樓閣。2.He is pouring oil in the flame.他在火上澆油。

5.1.2

含有典故成語的翻譯 5.1.3 意譯法

1.You’d better pull up your socks next term.下學(xué)期你最好加把油。

2.All you’re doing is to beat the air.Try to be practical!你們所做的一切都是白費(fèi)力氣，還是實(shí)際點(diǎn)兒吧！

3.The teenagers don’t invite Bob to their parties because he is a wet blanket.同伴們不邀請鮑勃參加他們的宴會，因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)令人掃興的人。

4.Don’t try to flog a dead horse.I’ve told you that you cannot go to Paris, and that is the end of the matter.不要試做無用的事，我已告訴你，你不能去巴黎，這就是事情的結(jié)果。Bury one’s head in the sand To be full of beans Don’t count your chicken until they are hatched.Try to translate the following idioms 1.To take French leave 2.At one’s fingertips

3.To have a hand like a foot 4.As mute as a fish 5.To return good for evil 6.To shut one’s eyes against 7.To talk black into white 8.To face the music 9.Plain sailing 10.Laugh and grow fat 11.A leap in the dark 12.To show one’s colours

13.to make a noise in the world

2：比喻慘重的失敗

3：皮洛士的失敗，得不償失

4：懸在達(dá)摩克里斯頭上的劍，隨時(shí)都在威脅著 5：象約伯一樣窮

6： 為百合花上色，費(fèi)力不討好。

*皮洛士(Pyrrhus)是古希臘伊庇魯斯國王，曾率兵至意大利與羅馬交戰(zhàn)，付出慘重代價(jià)，打敗羅馬軍隊(duì)，由此即以“皮洛士式的勝利”一詞來借喻慘重的代價(jià)。在西方人眼里，百合花是高貴、貞潔、美麗的象征，故為百合花上色自然是做徒勞無益之事。*在《圣經(jīng)》中，約伯以忍耐貧窮著稱。

5.2 諺語的翻譯

諺語是流傳于民間的、形式相對穩(wěn)定的、簡潔而生動的語句，它總結(jié)了人民大眾生活和工作的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，具有誨人和勸解的功能。

5.2.2

意譯法

1.He was left high and dry.2.Beggars cannot be choosers.他處在進(jìn)退兩難的境地。

做不了主，得隨人家。3.Many dogs soon eat up a horse.人多好辦事

4.She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth;she thinks she can do whatever she likes.她生長在富貴之家，認(rèn)為凡事都可以隨心所欲。5.I’m too old a dog that can’t learn new tricks.我太老了，在也 學(xué)不進(jìn)什么新鮮玩意兒了。5.2.4 漢語諺語套用法

漢語中有些諺語和英語中的諺語具有對應(yīng)的關(guān)系，可借來一用。1.Let’s put all the cards on the table.讓我們打開天窗說亮話吧。

2.Can the leopard change his spots.江山易改，本性難易。

3.You can take a horse to the water but can’t make it drink.老牛不喝水，不可強(qiáng)按頭。（不能強(qiáng)人所難）4.Let another’s shipwreck be your sea-mark.前車之覆，后車之鑒。5.In the end things will mend.車到山前必有路。

6.Man proposes, God disposes.謀事在人，成事在天。7.Diamond cut diamond.強(qiáng)中自有強(qiáng)中手。

8.In the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.山中無老虎，猴子稱大王。9.Two heads are better than one.三個(gè)臭皮匠，頂個(gè)諸葛亮。5.3 漢語四字成語的運(yùn)用

不論原文是成語與否，都可考慮譯成漢語的成語。

1.They wisely keep their own counsel and did not express their opinion too loudly.他們明哲保身，決不大聲發(fā)表言論。

2.Why do you love to find fault with someone? 你為什么總愛吹毛求疵？

3.To many Americans, China is still a faraway place —— unknown, unseen and fascinating.仍然有許多美國人覺得中國遠(yuǎn)在天涯海角，鮮為人知，令人心馳神往。4.He received this information with the utmost calmness and unconcern.聽到這話他鎮(zhèn)定自若，無所牽掛。5.How coldly and pitilessly!多么冷酷無情??！5.4 俚語的翻譯

英漢語都有委婉語，尤其見于表達(dá)有關(guān)不雅、不潔、令人生畏、令人討厭的人或事物。如：

“死亡”

漢語：逝世、壽終、作古、謝世、歸寂、坐化、犧牲、陣亡、殉職、捐軀、百年、與世長辭、崩駕、晏駕、薨、卒、不祿等等。

英語：pass away, go to one’s Maker, sleep with one’s fathers，join the great majority, join the angels, pay the debt of nature, be with God, be asleep in the Arms of God, go to glory, go to a better world, cross over the Great Divide, sleep the final sleep, go west, breathe one’s last, take one-way ride，lay down one’s knife and fork, hide one’s name under daisies, no Mayday，“上廁所” 大便，小便、方便

大解、小解、解手 去1號，去洗手間，去補(bǔ)妝，去衛(wèi)生間 英語：

pay/answer a call of nature wash one’s hands use the bathroom, relieve oneself, do a job for oneself, do one’s business

Can I add some powder? Fix one’s face coke-stop, nature stop go to one’s private office

visit Lady Periam, visit the sand-box

“懷孕”：

Irish toothache to wear the apron high have a white swelling to be expecting a lady-in-waiting swallow a watermelon seed to be in a delicate/interesting condition in a family way eating for two a mother-to-be 漢語: 有喜、重身子、雙身子、產(chǎn)婦

“老人”： 漢語：

年邁、年長、上了年紀(jì)、上歲數(shù)、年事已高等等 英語：

senior citizen, elderly people advanced in age, the longer living seasoned man golden age sunset years third age

“身體胖” 英語： big gal/girl broad in the beam chubby, plump, portly To fill out full-bodied, full-figured king-sized，on the heavy side well-rounded thickset Of classic proportions roly-poly

與漢語相比，英語委婉語不僅數(shù)量多，使用頻繁，而且涉及的范圍也相當(dāng)廣泛。

（一）、官方委婉語，如：

underutilization, human resources underdevelopment 嚴(yán)重的失業(yè) negative saver 入不敷出的窮人

substandard housing, inner city 貧民區(qū)

house of correction, correctional facility 監(jiān)獄

intelligence gathering 竊聽

air support 空襲

circadian deregulation 傷亡

（二）、職業(yè)委婉語：人們?yōu)榱颂岣吣承┬袠I(yè)的社會地位，常創(chuàng)造一些悅耳動聽、冠冕堂皇的委婉語來稱呼某些行業(yè)或職業(yè)，如： sanitary engineer meat technologist prison officer clairvoyant reader research consultant funeral director aisle manager member of the oldest profession

（三）學(xué)校委婉語：教師為了不挫傷學(xué)生和家長的自尊心，常采用委婉語。1.Lies 撒謊

Show difficulty in distinguishing between imaginary and factual material 2.Cheats 作弊

Needs help in learning to adhere to rules and standards of fair play 3.Steals 偷竊

Needs help in learning to respect the property rights of others 4.Is a bully 恃強(qiáng)欺弱 Has qualities of leadership but needs help in learning to use them democratically 5.4.2 賭咒語的翻譯 Damn 1.I’ll be damned if I do.我要干這事，就不是人。2.God damn you!混帳！該死的！

3.Damn it!該死的！他媽的！4.Damn this work(rain)!討厭的工作（雨）！5.Translation be damned!去他媽的翻譯！

bloody 1.You bloody fool!2.He is a bloody character!3.It’s a bloody shame.4.He’s bloody drunk.第六章： 文學(xué)文體的翻譯

要使譯文適應(yīng)原文的風(fēng)格，必須首先了解作品所處的時(shí)代，作家本身的民族，其寫作特點(diǎn)與創(chuàng)作意圖等等。如：

He went away angrily.—— 他拂袖而去。

（違反了民族風(fēng)格，西方人不穿中國古代的闊袖長衫。）

風(fēng)格包括時(shí)代風(fēng)格，民族風(fēng)格，文體風(fēng)格和作家的作品風(fēng)格。They(studies)perfect nature, and are perfected by experience? 讀書補(bǔ)天然之不足，經(jīng)驗(yàn)又補(bǔ)讀書之不足。6.3 適應(yīng)原文作家的風(fēng)格

在翻譯時(shí)不可不先研究作者的風(fēng)格問題，如果忽視了這一點(diǎn)，其結(jié)果是：只抓住了原文在體裁上的一些特征，而沒有反映出作家的個(gè)人風(fēng)格。如彭斯的詩

A Red Red Rose O, My luve’s like a red, red rose, That’s newly sprung in June, O, My luve’s like the melodie, That’s sweetly play’d in tune.6.4 適應(yīng)原文的文體風(fēng)格

1936年，愛德華八世在他禪位前，向英國國民發(fā)布廣播講話：

? But you must believe me when I tell you that I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duty as king as I would wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I love.But you must accord me credence when I state to you that I found it impossible to endure the heavy burden of responsibility and to consummate the fulfillment of my stewardship as king without the assistance and cooperation of the lady upon whom I have bestowed my affection.(on the newspapers)下列四段英語表明同一議題的四個(gè)“正式的等級”： 舊式正式英語 To some scholars, instruction emanates from lecture or laboratory;to others it radiates from within.No scholar is so well taught as he who can teach himself.學(xué)人中有受教于講堂、實(shí)驗(yàn)室者，亦有教發(fā)之于內(nèi)者。能自教自學(xué)，則學(xué)人中之最上矣。Try your best to translate the following two passages: 一般非正式英語

We think we learn from teachers, and we sometimes do.But the teachers are not always to be found in school or in great laboratories.Sometimes what we learn depends upon our own powers of insight.The Answer

第七章： 短文的翻譯

It’s time to plant the bulbs.But I put it off as long as possible because planting bulbs means marking space in borders which are still flowering.Pulling out all the annuals which nature has allowed to erupt in overpowering purple, orange and pink, a final cry of joy.That would almost be murder, and so I’ll wait until the first night frost anaesthetizes all the flowers with a cold, creaky crust that causes them to wither;a very gentle death.Now I wonder through my garden indecisively, trying to hold on to the last days of late summer.附：英語外來詞分析 與生活相關(guān)的：

Green food, buffet, milkshake, toast，instant coffee，a jar of beer, bikini，contact lenses, shampoo, mosaic, airbus, ATV(all-terrain vehicle), sauna, suntan, Viagra.綠色食品、自助餐、奶昔、土司、速溶咖啡、扎啤、比基尼、隱形眼鏡，香波、馬賽克、空中客車、全地形車、桑拿浴、太陽浴、偉哥 與藝術(shù)、音樂有關(guān)的：

Soap opera, acid rock, big beat, jazz rock, break dance, the Spice Girls, background music，yo-yo, hula-hoop, boomerang , bungee jumping, water ballet, game point rally, karting 肥皂劇、迷幻搖滾樂、搖滾舞音樂、爵士搖滾、霹靂舞、辣妹組合、背景音樂、溜溜球、呼啦圈、飛鏢、蹦極跳、水上芭蕾、局點(diǎn)、拉力賽、卡丁車

有關(guān)西方道德文化價(jià)值觀念的詞： Generation gap Culture gap Bachelor mother Call girls Hippies Yuppies Punk Streaking White collar Blue collar Gray collar Pink collar Iron collar Hi-tech park Videophone Laser printer 與計(jì)算機(jī)有關(guān)的詞匯： Information super-highway Data bank Dialog box Hypertext CAI(computer-assisted instruction)Cybernaut Cybersurfer Cyber mania Cyber bar Cyber culture World wide web Cyber source

Please guess the following Chinese words meaning: 1.馬殺雞 2.銷品茂 3.按揭

4.普列西登特 5.葛郎瑪 6.奄巴薩托 7.巴力門

8.德律風(fēng) 9.德么可拉西 10.塞因斯 11.立邦（漆）12.哀的美敦書 13.開麥拉 14.西打

力戒翻譯體

Control the purse strings 控制錢包上的帶子 掌握財(cái)權(quán)/支出

a lying-in hospital 允許躺下的醫(yī)院

產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院 Polite society 上流社會

Mother is the boss in her kitchen.媽媽負(fù)責(zé)做飯。The president often considered economy in the White House kitchen.總統(tǒng)常?？紤]如何在白宮的膳食方面進(jìn)行節(jié)約。She stood there, in silent opposition.她佇立著,無聲地表示反對。

You are your greatest enemy if you are a coward;but if you are brave, you are your greatest friend.怯懦，你就是自己最大的敵人；勇敢，你就是自己最好的朋友。

Unless it goes hand in hand with science, democracy will there abound.除非和科學(xué)攜手并進(jìn)，民主將沒有什么前途。

Anyone who plays with life will achieve nothing;anyone who cannot control himself will be a slave forever.任何玩世不恭的人都必將一事無成，任何不能控制自己的人都將是奴隸。誰玩世不恭，誰就一事無成；誰不能主宰自己，誰就會淪為奴隸。

Smith fell down when he ran fast to meet them.史密斯跑過去迎接他們時(shí)，他摔倒了。史密斯飛跑著迎接他們，不料摔倒了。

Tom struck another match when he approached.當(dāng)湯姆挨近的時(shí)候，他又劃了一根火柴。湯姆走上前,又劃了一根火柴。

The liquid had changed into solid before it flowed out of the pipe.液體在流出管子之前，已經(jīng)變成了固體。液體還沒有流出管子就變成了固體。

Mary lay awake almost the whole night.瑪麗躺在那兒，幾乎一夜沒合眼。

I know not what course other may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death.我不管別人采取什么行動，但就我而言，不自由，毋寧死。We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.井枯方知水可貴。

That’s a thing that might happen to anyone.這樣的事可能發(fā)生在任何人身上。這種是誰也難免。

第三篇：英漢翻譯

大家來詳細(xì)看幾句***在APEC工商領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人峰會上的開幕演講

1.山明水凈夜來霜，數(shù)樹深紅出淺黃。

The water is clear and the mountain is bright, the frost comes in at night;Trees are covered with deep scarlet, leaves mixed with yellow that is light.2.亞洲各國就像一盞盞明燈，只有串聯(lián)并聯(lián)起來，才能讓亞洲的夜空燈火輝煌。

Asian countries are just like a cluster of bright lanterns.Only when we link them together, can we light up the night sky in our continent.3.志存高遠(yuǎn)，腳踏實(shí)地。

Aspire for high and grand while planting our feet firmly on the ground.4.應(yīng)該變贏者通吃為各方共贏，共同做大亞太發(fā)展的蛋糕。

We should replace the “winner-take-all” mentality with an all-win approach and work together for great development and prosperity of our region.5.生活從不眷顧因循守舊、滿足現(xiàn)狀者，而將更多機(jī)遇留給勇于和善于改革創(chuàng)新的人們。

Life never favors those who always follow the beaten path and content themselves with the status quo.Instead, life saves opportunities for people who are willing and able to reform and innovate.6.如果說創(chuàng)新是中國發(fā)展的新引擎，那么改革就是必不可少的點(diǎn)火器。

If innovation is the new engine for China's development, reform is the indispensable igniter.

第四篇：英漢翻譯

英語十一種“錢”的表達(dá)方法

初學(xué)英語的人，常用expense來表示一切“費(fèi)用”。其實(shí)expense主要是“花費(fèi)”、“開

支”之意，如current expenses“日常開支”，selling expenses“銷售費(fèi)用”，trav elling expenses“旅費(fèi)”等等。在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，各種“費(fèi)用”有各種不同的表達(dá)法:

一、admission(n.)指入場費(fèi)。

如：admission by ticket only憑票入場

二、charge(n.)“原價(jià)、要價(jià)”。

常用復(fù)數(shù)，主要用于一次性勞務(wù)所收取的費(fèi)用，如服務(wù)費(fèi)、行李超重費(fèi)、旅館費(fèi)等

等。

如：what are the charges in the hotel?

這家旅館收費(fèi)多少？

三、cost(n.)本義為“成本”、“原價(jià)”。

常常用來表示對已取得的貨物或勞務(wù)所支付的費(fèi)用。

如：the cost of seeing a movie is seven dollars.看一場電影要花七美元。

四、fare(n.)指旅客乘公共汽車、出租車、火車、輪船、飛機(jī)等所支付的費(fèi)用。

如：all fares, please.(公共汽車售票員用語)請買票。

五、fee(n.)醫(yī)生、律師或其它專門職業(yè)的傭金及會費(fèi)、手續(xù)費(fèi)、停車費(fèi)等。

如：my lawyer's hourly fee is 130 dollars.我的律師的傭金是每小時(shí)130美元。

六、freight(n.)運(yùn)費(fèi)，指海運(yùn)、空運(yùn)、陸運(yùn)的費(fèi)用。

如：who will pay the freight on this order? 誰支付這批定貨的運(yùn)費(fèi)？

七、postage(n.)指郵費(fèi)。

如：how much postage do i need to send this package?寄這個(gè)包裹須付多少錢

？

八、rent(n.土地、建筑物、房舍、機(jī)器等定期的租費(fèi)。

如：the student owed three months’rent for my house.那學(xué)生欠我三個(gè)月的房 租。

九、tip(n.)小費(fèi)。

如：i gave my barber a fat tip.我給理發(fā)師優(yōu)厚的小費(fèi)。

十、toll(n.)道路、橋梁、港口、市場的捐稅、通行費(fèi)及電話費(fèi)等。

如：this month i had to pay 200 yuan toll call.這個(gè)月我要繳200元的電話費(fèi)。

十一、tuition(n.)學(xué)費(fèi)。

如：john took out a loan to pay his tuition.約翰貸款交付學(xué)費(fèi)

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體育英語表達(dá)知多少？

一、運(yùn)動會的名稱

the Olympic Games奧運(yùn)會

the Asian Games亞運(yùn)會

National Games全運(yùn)會

二、參賽的運(yùn)動項(xiàng)目

1．Football 足球

the World Cup Soccer Championship世界杯足球錦標(biāo)賽，soccer fans 足球迷，soccer hooligans 足球流氓，referee 主裁判，assistant referee（linesman）邊裁（巡邊員），goalkeeper守門員，halfback中衛(wèi)，fullback后衛(wèi)，wing邊鋒，forward 前鋒，midfielder 中場球員，thump 勁射，penetration 突破，header 頭球，pass-back 回傳，dummy 假動作，tripping 絆人犯規(guī)，intentional kicking 故意踢人，handball 手球，free kick 任意球，corner kick 角球，ejection 被罰出場，penalty kick 罰點(diǎn)球，offside 越位，yellow card warning 黃牌警告，red card penalty 紅牌判罰出場。

2．Basketball 籃球

referee 主裁判，umpire 裁判，basket and support 球籃和籃架，rim（hoop basket）籃圈，lay-up 上籃，shoot a basket 投籃，rebound 籃板球，control the rebound 控制籃板球，dribble 運(yùn)球，scramble for the basketball 搶球，pass the ball 傳球，bounce pass 反彈傳球，behind the back pass 背后傳球，snap pass 快速傳球，drive to the basket 持續(xù)突破。

3．Table Tennis 乒乓球

singles 單打，men's singles男子單打，women's singles女子單打，doubles雙打，mixed doubles 男女混合雙打，serve the ball 發(fā)球，backhand drive 反手抽球，drive 抽球，forehand 正手擊球，top-spin 上旋球，under-spin 下旋球，side-spin 側(cè)旋球，loop 弧圈球，combine long drives with drop shots 長抽短吊，defensive player 防守型選手，attacking player 進(jìn)攻型選手。

4．Gymnastics 體操

gymnastics exhibition 體操表演，floor exercise 自由體操，horizontal bar 單杠，parallel bars 雙杠，pommels horse 鞍馬，balance beam平衡木，rings 吊環(huán)，uneven bars 高低杠。

5．Field Events 田賽

the long（broad）jump 跳遠(yuǎn)，the jumping pit 跳遠(yuǎn)的沙坑，the high jump 跳高，the triple jump 三級跳遠(yuǎn)，shot put 擲鉛球，discus throw 擲鐵餅。

6．Track Events 徑賽項(xiàng)目

100-meter dash 100米賽，400-meter race 400米賽，long distance races 長跑，relay race接力賽，baton 接力棒，4×100-meter relay race 4×100接力賽，sprint 短跑，sprinter 短跑運(yùn)動員，distance runners 長跑運(yùn)動員，hur-dlers 跨欄運(yùn)動員。

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Nice 2006-10-08 16:59 新聞英語標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)?省略

有的讀者讀英語報(bào)刊，心中無數(shù)，東翻翻，西看看，總想挑容易的文章讀。一篇文章剛看了個(gè)頭，一碰到生詞，馬上換一篇。如此這般，換了六、七篇，還沒確定讀哪篇。那么，應(yīng)該怎么讀？首先要有準(zhǔn)備地閱讀，如先大致了解一下某報(bào)各版的主要內(nèi)容，然后按照自己的興趣或事先擬訂的閱讀計(jì)劃，選定一個(gè)版面，有選擇地閱讀。

如果碰到生詞，也要堅(jiān)定地讀下去。要知道，對于初、中等英語水平的讀者，英語報(bào)刊文章很少會不出現(xiàn)生詞。其次要有步驟地閱讀。一般應(yīng)先讀標(biāo)題，但由于標(biāo)題（headline）短而精，不太好懂，不少讀者常常繞開它。這是不明智的。一份英文報(bào)紙少則10至20版，多則數(shù)百版。讀者一般時(shí)間有限，誰都不可能像讀課文或看小說那樣從頭至尾一字不漏地通讀一遍。我們拿起一份報(bào)紙總想迅速找到當(dāng)天的報(bào)道重點(diǎn)或個(gè)人感興趣的新聞和文章。怎樣尋找呢？這就需要找個(gè)“向?qū)А弊鹘榻B。顯然，新聞標(biāo)題就是十分理想的“向?qū)А?。這是因?yàn)闃?biāo)題是新聞內(nèi)容的集中和概括，它用簡練的文字濃縮了新聞中最主要或最值得注意的內(nèi)容。英語新聞標(biāo)題的措詞、語法、修辭乃至標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號等方面的特點(diǎn)較為突出，現(xiàn)一一予以簡述。1．省略標(biāo)題是新聞不可分割的組成部分。閱讀英語報(bào)紙的新聞標(biāo)題是我們學(xué)習(xí)閱讀英語報(bào)刊的第一步。這么說絕無夸張之意，從語法角度來看，英語新聞標(biāo)題有其一套獨(dú)特的語法體系，與人們平時(shí)常見的英語句子語法有所不同，新聞英語學(xué)者稱之為“標(biāo)題語言”（headlines）。其中，標(biāo)題中虛詞的省略就是它的重要特點(diǎn)之一。一般而言，標(biāo)題中虛詞省略現(xiàn)象主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：1）冠詞基本省略。例如：

TENTH OF BRITISH MACKEREL CATCH GROUND INTO FEED（＝A TENTH OF THE BRITISH MACKEEL CATCH GROUND INTO FEED）

英國捕獲鰭魚一成碾為飼料THREE G0RGES FLOODED BY 'FAREWELL' TOURISTS（＝THE THREE GORGES FLOODED BY 'FAREWELL' TOURISTS）惜別之情難以擋游客蜂擁至三峽2）聯(lián)系動詞通常省略。例如： THREE DEAD AFTER INHALING OVEN GAS

（＝THREE ARE DEAD AFTER INHALING OVEN GAS）

吸入爐灶煤氣三人窒息身亡CLINTON INAUGURATION MOST EXPENSIVE EVER（＝CLINTON INAUGURATI0N IS M0ST EXPENSIVE EVER）克氏就職典禮花費(fèi)空前巨大3）助動詞通常省略。例如： FINANCIER KILLED BY BURGLARS（＝A FINANCIER IS KILLED BY BURGLARS）

夜毛賊入室金融家遇害POPE TO VISIT JAPAN IN FEBRUARY（＝POPE IS TO VISIT JAPAN IN FEBRUARY）教皇擬于二月訪日 INDIA MENDING FENCES（＝INDIA IS MENDING FENCES）

印度正在改善與鄰國的關(guān)系4）連詞通常省略，并用逗號代替。例如：

US，VIETNAM RESUME TALKS（＝US AND VIETNAM RESUME TALKS）

美越恢復(fù)會談NBC'S PRESIDENT ROBERT WRIGHT SEEKS BIG ACQUISITI0NS，VENTURES FOR THE NETWORK（=NBC'S PRESIDENT ROBERT WRIGHT SEEKS BIG ACQUISTIONS AND VENTURES FOR THE NETWORK）

“強(qiáng)有力的伙伴”+“可觀的投資”——羅伯特董事長為NBC網(wǎng)絡(luò)擴(kuò)展而奔走此外，英語新聞標(biāo)題還經(jīng)常省去介詞、代詞等，這些詞的省略并不妨礙讀者的理解。

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Conferences 各類會議術(shù)語

assembly 大會 convention 會議 party 晚會, 社交性宴會 at-home party 家庭宴會 tea party 茶會

dinner party 晚餐會 garden party 游園會 dance(party), ball, fandango 舞會 reading party 讀書會 fishing party 釣魚會 sketching party 觀劇會 birthday party 生日宴會 Christmas party 圣誕晚會 luncheon party 午餐會 fancy ball 化妝舞會

commemorative party 紀(jì)念宴會

wedding dinner, a wedding reception 結(jié)婚宴會 banquet 酒宴

pajama party 睡衣派對 buffet party 立食宴會 cocktail party 雞尾酒會 welcome meeting 歡迎會 farewell party 惜別會

pink tea 公式茶會

new years's banquet 新年會 year-end dinner party 忘年餐會 box supper 慈善餐會 fancy fair 義賣場

general meeting, general assembly 會員大會 congress 代表大會

board of directors 董事會

executive council, executive board 執(zhí)行委員會 standing body 常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)

committee, commission 委員會

subcommittee 附屬委員會,小組委員會

general committee, general officers, general bureau 總務(wù)委員會 secretariat 秘書處

budget committee 預(yù)算委員會 drafting committee 起草委員會

committee of experts 專家委員會

advisory committee, consultative committee 顧問委員會,咨詢委員會 symposium 討論會

study group 學(xué)習(xí)研討會 seminar 講習(xí)會,學(xué)習(xí)討論會

meeting in camera 秘密會議(美作:executive session)opening sitting 開幕會 final sitting 閉幕會 formal sitting 隆重開會

plenary meeting 全會

sitting, meeting 開會(美作:session)session 會期,會議期間(美作:meeting)working party 工作小組

seat, headquarters 席位 governing body 主管團(tuán)體 round table 圓桌

to sit a meeting, to meet a meeting, to hold a meeting 召開會議--------------------hall 大會 rostrum 講臺 public gallery 旁聽席 notice board 布告牌 to convene, to convoke 召開 convocation 會議

standing orders, by-laws 議事程序 rules of procedure 議事規(guī)則 constitution, statutes 章程 procedure 程序 agenda 議程

timetable, schedule 日程表,時(shí)刻表 item on the agenda 議程項(xiàng)目 other business 其他事項(xiàng) to place on the agenda 列入議程 working paper 工作文件 opening 開幕

the sitting is open 會議開幕 appointment 任命 to appoint 任命,委派

speaker 報(bào)告人

to make a speech, to deliver a speech 做報(bào)告 to ask for the floor 要求發(fā)言

to give the floor to 同意...發(fā)言(美作:to recognize)to take the floor, to address the meeting 發(fā)言 declaration, statement 聲明

Am I in order? 我這樣做符合議程規(guī)定嗎? call to order 要求遵守秩序

to raise a point of order 提出關(guān)于議程的問題 general debate 長時(shí)間的討論 receivability 可以接受,可接納 stand 立場,主張

consensus 意見

advisory opinion 顧問意見 proposal 建議

to table a proposal 提出建議 clarification 澄清 comment 評論

to second, to support 贊成 to adopt 通過

to oppose 反對

to raise an objection 提出異議

to move an amendment 提出修正案 to amend 修正

second reading(法案、議案的)二讀 substantive motion 實(shí)質(zhì)性的動議 decision 決定 ruling 裁決 to reject 拒絕,駁回 resolution 決議

draft resolution 決議草案,提案 first draft, preliminary draft 草案初稿 whereases 正式文件的開場白,前言 motivations 表明動機(jī) operative part 生效部分 report 報(bào)告

factual report 事實(shí)報(bào)告 minutes, record 記錄 summary record 摘要紀(jì)錄 verbatim record 逐字紀(jì)錄

memorandum 備忘錄

to postpone, to adjourn, to put off 推遲,延期 closure 閉幕式

closing speech 閉幕詞

to adjourn the meeting, to close the meeting 散會---------------------member 成員

membership 成員資格

member as of right 法定代表 life member 終身成員

full-fledged member 全權(quán)代表 head of delegation 代表團(tuán)團(tuán)長 permanent delegate 常駐代表 representative 代表

alternate, substitute 副代表 observer 觀察員

technical adviser 技術(shù)顧問 auditor 審計(jì)員 office 職務(wù)

holder of an office 職稱

honorary president 名譽(yù)主席 chairman 主席

presidency, chairmanship, chair 主席團(tuán) interim chairman 臨時(shí)主席

vice-president, vice-chairman 副主席 rapporteur 文書,秘書

former chairman 前主席(美作:past chairman)director general 局長,處長

deputy director general 副局長,副處長 secretary general 秘書長 executive secretary 執(zhí)行秘書 treasurer 司庫 officials 官員 consultant 顧問 precis writer 記錄(員)full powers 全權(quán) to chair 主持

terms of reference 職權(quán)范圍 with a right to vote 有表決權(quán) ushers 招待

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英語翻譯訓(xùn)練方法

英語翻譯訓(xùn)練方法之——科技英語的特點(diǎn)與翻譯

任何作品均有特定的文體，原文的文體不同，翻譯方法也隨之而異。試觀察下列幾個(gè)片斷的原文及其譯文

“It appears that you've got the offer of a very good job.” “A wonderful job.” “Are you going to take it ?” “I don't think so.” “Why not?' ”I don't want to.“ ”聽說有個(gè)很好的工作要你去干?！?”挺好的工作“?！贝蛩愀蓡?？“ ”不。“ ”為什么不干？“ ”不想干“。摘自《刀鋒》（The Razor's Edge）

這是小說中的一段對說，屬于口語文體。其特點(diǎn)是：用詞自由，句法結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，短句與省略句多，自然樸素，生活氣息濃厚。在譯文中進(jìn)一步體現(xiàn)漢語口語的特點(diǎn)，省去主語”你“、”我“；將英語的一個(gè)句子I don't think so.干脆譯成一個(gè)字”不“，顯得簡潔有力。

She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner.Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about.那婦人生著一副綿軟多肉的體格，一張?zhí)孤书_誠的面容，一種天真羞怯的神氣。一雙大落落的柔順眼睛，里邊隱藏著無窮的心事，只有那些對于凄惶無告的窮苦人面目作過同情觀察的人才看得出來。

摘自（珍妮姑娘）（Jennie Gerhardt）,傅東華譯.上面五十一個(gè)詞的片斷,就運(yùn)用了十個(gè)形容詞,占五分之一?！盿nd in then dwelt such a shadow of distress“是非常優(yōu)美生動的文學(xué)語言，譯文保持了一風(fēng)格。

MONTREAL-Clark Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four-point first period out burst,to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.[蒙特利爾電]在全國手球聯(lián)賽中克拉克約翰斯今晚初試鋒芒，引起轟動。上半場領(lǐng)先四分，首開記錄?？死税l(fā)揮中堅(jiān)作用，約翰遜市高帽隊(duì)終以6:4擊敗蒙特利爾市小鴨隊(duì)，創(chuàng)造了連勝八場未負(fù)一場的戰(zhàn)績。

這是屬于應(yīng)用文的新聞文體，其特點(diǎn)是簡明扼要，短小精悍，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，筆鋒犀利。上述這則電訊只有一個(gè)句子，卻把一場球賽描繪得淋漓盡致，富于吸引力。

The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2.The fullscale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale, 135 volts across the multiplier and 15volts across the meter.從上述的一段科技文章，不難看出其文體與修辭手段與前面列舉的文藝小說，新聞報(bào)道等迥然不同?？萍嘉捏w崇尚嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)周密，概念準(zhǔn)確，邏輯性強(qiáng)，行文簡練，重點(diǎn)突出，句式嚴(yán)整，少有變化，常用前置性陳述，即在句中將主要信息盡量前置，通過主語傳遞主要信息?？萍嘉恼挛捏w的特點(diǎn)是：清晰、準(zhǔn)確、精練、嚴(yán)密。那末，科技文章的語言結(jié)構(gòu)特色在翻譯過程中如何處理，這是進(jìn)行英漢科技翻譯時(shí)需要探討的問題?，F(xiàn)分述如下：

一、大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)

《當(dāng)代英語語法》（A Grammar of Contemporary）在論述科技英語時(shí)提出，大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)（Nominalization）是科技英語的特點(diǎn)之一。因?yàn)榭萍嘉捏w要求行文簡潔、表達(dá)客觀、內(nèi)容確切、信息量大、強(qiáng)調(diào)存在的事實(shí)。而非某一行為。

Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.阿基米德最先發(fā)展固體排水的原理。

句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)，一方面簡化了同位語從句，另一方強(qiáng)調(diào)displacement 這一事實(shí)。

The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球繞軸自轉(zhuǎn)，引起晝夜的變化。

名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使復(fù)合句簡化成簡單句，而且使表達(dá)的概念更加確切嚴(yán)密。

If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss.Can be considerably reduced.爐壁采用耐火磚可大大降低熱耗。

科技英語所表述的是客觀規(guī)律，因之要盡量避免使用第一、二人稱；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。

Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.電視通過無線電波發(fā)射和接受活動物體的圖象。名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀事實(shí)，而”謂語動詞則著重其發(fā)射和接受的能力。

二、廣泛使用被動語句

根據(jù)英國利茲大學(xué)John Swales 的統(tǒng)計(jì)，科技英語中的謂語至少三分之一是被動態(tài)。這是因?yàn)榭萍嘉恼聜?cè)重?cái)⑹峦评?，?qiáng)調(diào)客觀準(zhǔn)確。第一、二人稱使用過多，會造成主觀臆斷的印象。因此盡量使用第三人稱敘述，采用被動語態(tài)，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.應(yīng)當(dāng)注意機(jī)器的工作溫度。而很少說：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine.你們必須注意機(jī)器的工作溫度。此外，如前所述，科技文章將主要信息前置，放在主語部份。這也是廣泛使用被動態(tài)的主要原因。試觀察并比較下列兩段短文的主語。

We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance.It is measured in farads.電能可儲存在由一絕緣介質(zhì)隔開的兩塊金屬極板內(nèi)。這樣的裝置稱之為電容器，其儲存電能的能力稱為電容。電容的測量單位是法拉。這一段短文中各句的主語分別為： Electrical energy Such a device

Its ability to store electrical energy

It(Capacitance)它們都包含了較多的信息，并且處于句首的位置，非常醒目。四個(gè)主語完全不同，避免了單調(diào)重復(fù)，前后連貫，自然流暢。足見被動結(jié)構(gòu)可收簡潔客觀之效。

三、非限定動詞。

如前所述，科技文章要求行文簡練，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，為此，往往使用分詞短語代替定語從句或狀語從句；使用分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)代替狀語從句或并列分句；使用不定式短語代替各種從句；介詞十動名詞短語代替定語從句或狀語從句。這樣可縮短句子，又比較醒目。試比較下列各組句子。

A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.直流電是一種總是沿同一方向流動的電流。

Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.熱量由地球輻射出來時(shí)，使得氣流上升。

A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion.如果沒有改變物體運(yùn)動的原因，那么物體將作勻速直線運(yùn)動。

Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.振動著的物體產(chǎn)生聲波，每一次振動產(chǎn)生一個(gè)聲波。

In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.在通訊系統(tǒng)中，電子學(xué)要解決的問題是如何把信息從一個(gè)地方傳遞到另一個(gè)地方。Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.結(jié)構(gòu)材料的選擇應(yīng)使其在外界條件中保持其彈性。

There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.將能量從一種形式轉(zhuǎn)變成另一種形式有各種不同的方法。

In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn ,messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.使無線電波依次對每一個(gè)聲音作出相應(yīng)變化時(shí)，信息就由廣播電臺傳遞到接收機(jī)。

四、后置定語

大量使用后置定語也是科技文章的特點(diǎn)之一。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)不以下五種：

1、介詞短語

The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.由于摩擦而產(chǎn)生的力稱之為摩擦力。A call for paper is now being issued.征集論文的通知現(xiàn)正陸續(xù)發(fā)出。

2、形容詞及形容詞短語。

In this factory the only fuel available is coal.該廠唯一可用的燃料是煤。

In radiation ,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature to light.熱能在輻射時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)換成性質(zhì)與光相似的輻射能。

3、副詞

The air outside pressed the side in.外面的空氣將桶壁壓得凹進(jìn)去了。

The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.向上的力與向下的力相等，所以氣球就保持在這一高度。

4、單個(gè)分詞，但仍保持校強(qiáng)的動詞意義。The results obtained must be cheeked.獲得的結(jié)果必須加以校核

The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.產(chǎn)生的熱量等于浪費(fèi)了的電能。

5、定語從句

During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.在施工過程中，常會出現(xiàn)需要改變設(shè)計(jì)的問題。

The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.分子相互間都存在著力的作用，該力的大小取決于它們之間的距離。

Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.(定語從句to which we pay little attention 修飾的是changes,這是一種分隔定語從句。)我們幾乎沒有注意的很奇異的物質(zhì)變化每天都在眼前發(fā)生。

To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235,in which all the atoms are available for fission.制造原子彈，我們必須用鈾235，因?yàn)檩S的所有原子都會裂變。

五、常用句型

科技文章中經(jīng)常使用若干特定的句型，從而形成科技文體區(qū)別于其他文體的標(biāo)志。例如It---that---結(jié)構(gòu)句型；被動態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)句型；結(jié)構(gòu)句型，分詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)句型，省略句結(jié)構(gòu)句型等。舉例如下：

It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one.顯然，潤滑好的軸承，比不潤滑的軸承容易轉(zhuǎn)動。

It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.看來這兩個(gè)科學(xué)分支是相互依存，相互作用的。

It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.已經(jīng)證明，感應(yīng)電壓使電流的方向與產(chǎn)生電流的磁場力方向相反。It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.直到十九世紀(jì)人們才認(rèn)識到熱是能量的一種形式。Computers may be classified as analog and digital.計(jì)算機(jī)可分為模擬計(jì)算機(jī)和數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)兩種。

The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times.新型晶體管的開關(guān)時(shí)間縮短了三分之二。（或---縮短為三分之一。）This steel alloy is believed to be the best available here.人們認(rèn)為這種合金鋼是這里能提供的最好的合金鋼。Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light.電磁波傳送的速度和光速相同。

Microcomputers are very small in size ,as is shown in Fig.5.如圖5所示，微型計(jì)算機(jī)體積很小。

In water sound travels nearly five times as fast as in air.聲音在水中的傳播速度幾乎是在空氣中傳播速度的五倍。Compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy.氧與氫比較，重量大約是它的十六倍。

The resistance being very high ,the current in the circuit was low.由于電阻很大，電路中通過的電流就小。Ice keeps the same temperature while melting.冰在溶化時(shí)，其溫度保持不變。

An object, once in motion ,will keep on moving because of its inertia.物體一旦運(yùn)動，就會因慣性而持續(xù)運(yùn)動。

All substances ,whether gaseous ,liquid or solid ,are made of atoms.一切物質(zhì)，不論是氣態(tài)、液態(tài)，還是固態(tài)，都由原子組成。

六、長句

為了表述一個(gè)復(fù)雜概念，使之邏輯嚴(yán)密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，科技文章中往往出現(xiàn)許多長句。有的長句多達(dá)七八個(gè)詞，以下即是一例。

The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations ,and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.為了解釋光學(xué)現(xiàn)象，人們曾試圖假定有一種具有與彈性固體相同的物理性質(zhì)的介質(zhì)。這種子嘗試的結(jié)果，最初曾使人們了解到一種能傳輸橫向振動的具有上述假定所以認(rèn)為的那種物理性質(zhì)的發(fā)光介質(zhì)。

七、復(fù)合詞與縮略詞

大量使用復(fù)合詞與縮略詞是科技文章的特點(diǎn)之一，復(fù)合詞從過去的雙詞組合發(fā)展到多詞組合；縮略詞趨向于任意構(gòu)詞，例如某一篇論文的作者可以就僅在該文中使用的術(shù)語組成縮略詞，這給翻譯工作帶來一定的困難。例如： full-enclosed 全封閉的（雙詞合成形容詞）feed-back反饋（雙詞合成名詞）work-harden 加工硬化（雙詞合成詞）

criss-cross交叉著（雙詞合成副詞）

on-and-off-the-road路面越野兩用的（多詞合成形容詞）

anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反裝甲車導(dǎo)彈（多詞合成名詞）radiophotography無線電傳真（無連字符復(fù)合詞）colorimeter色度計(jì)（無連字符復(fù)合詞）maths(mathematics)數(shù)學(xué)（裁減式縮略詞）lab(laboratory)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 ft(foot/feet)英尺

cpd(compound)化合物

FM(frequency modulation)調(diào)頻（用首字母組成的縮略詞）P.S.I.(pounds per square inch)磅/英寸

SCR(silicon controlled rectifier)可控硅整流器 TELESAT(telecommunications satellite)通信衛(wèi)星（混成法構(gòu)成的縮略詞）

根據(jù)上述的科技文章的物占，在翻譯過程中就要注意各種不同的翻譯技巧與方法。例如被動 態(tài)的譯法、長句的處理方法、倍數(shù)的譯法等等。

第五篇：英漢翻譯經(jīng)典題目

Translation Conclusion

Unit 1 stories

1.He was thirty-six, his youth had passed like a screaming eagle, leaving him old and disillusioned.他已三十六歲,青春像一路鳴叫的鷹,早已一閃而逝, 留給他的是衰老和幻滅.2.average height 普通高度 3.gleaming eyes 兩眼閃著光輝

4.in his middle twenties 大概是二十五六歲的年齡

5.ignoring the chair offered him, Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was, what he had done in the past, how he had fled from Yunnan, talked with Sun Yat-sen, been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai, and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China.朱德顧不得拉過來的椅子,端端正正地站在這個(gè)比他年輕十歲的青年面前,用平穩(wěn)的語調(diào), 說明自己的身份和經(jīng)歷: 他怎樣逃出云南, 怎樣會見孫中山, 怎樣在上海被陳獨(dú)秀拒絕, 怎樣為了尋求自己的新的生活方式和中國的新的革命道路而來到歐洲.6.When both visitors had told their stories, Chou smiled a little, said he would help them find rooms, and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received.兩位來客把經(jīng)歷說完后,周恩來微笑著說,他可以幫他們找到住的地方,替他們辦理加入黨在柏林的支部的手續(xù), 在入黨申請書寄往中國而尚未批準(zhǔn)之前,暫時(shí)作候補(bǔ)黨員.7.Chinese Communist Party

中國共產(chǎn)黨

8.兩條要求, 忠實(shí)------內(nèi)容, 通順-------語言

9.Several times on his trips to China, which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government, Bill's birthday occurred while he was in Beijing.以中國官方客人的身份, 比爾來訪中國已多次了, 而且在北京停留期間恰適他生日也有好幾次了.10.? This is for you,' Bill Morrow heard on many occasions he would never forget----such as when he was taken a boat down the Grand Canal and every boat that passed sounded its siren in salutation.Or when he shown over the great Nanjing bridge, built where the ferries used to carry trains across the Changjiang River.He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on, then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights.“這是為你安排的.” 這句話比爾.莫諾聽到過好幾次, 每一次都令他難以忘懷.有一次, 他沿大運(yùn)河乘船順?biāo)?途經(jīng)的每艘船都鳴笛致敬.還有一次, 他參觀雄偉的南京長江大橋------以前沒橋時(shí), 要靠輪渡托載火車橫渡長江.夜幕漸漸降臨了, 他被安排坐下,并被告知稍坐等候, 然后突然間, 整個(gè)橋身被燈光勾畫出了一個(gè)清晰的輪廊.11.The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sulliven, came to me.I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.在我的記憶里, 安妮.曼斯匪爾德.沙利文教師來的那一天,是我一生中最重要的日子.從這一天開始, 我的生活與以前迥然不同, 一想到這一點(diǎn), 我就感到非常興奮.12.On the afternoon of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant.那天下午,我一聲不響, 懷著期待的心情站在門廊里.13.Have you been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in ,and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line and you waited with beating heart for something to happen? I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbour was.“ light!Give me light!” was the wordless cry of my soul, and the light of love shone on me in that very hour.不知你是否有過這樣的經(jīng)歷---在海上航行遇上了大霧,周圍一片白,好像著實(shí)把你關(guān)在一個(gè)黑暗的地方,大船上的人又緊張又著急, 一面用鉛錘探測深淺,一面向岸邊慢慢駛?cè)? 你的心也怦怦直跳,生怕出事.我在開始受教育之前, 就像這樣一條船, 只是沒有羅盤, 沒有測探繩, 也無法知道離海港有多遠(yuǎn).“光明!給我光明!” 這就是發(fā)自我內(nèi)心深處的無言的呼喚, 也就在這時(shí)候, 愛心的光芒照到了我的身上.14.Someone took it, and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more than all things else, to love me.有個(gè)人握住了我的手, 于是我被抱了起來, 緊緊地抈在了她的懷里.正是她來到我的身邊, 將一切展切在我面前, 更重要的是, 是她將愛帶給了我。

15.monkey-like imitation.猴子模仿似的16.In the days that followed, I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words, among them pin, hat, cup and a few verbs like sit, stand and walk.接下來的幾天里, 我在根本不知自己在做什么樣情況下,學(xué)會了拼好些單詞, 比如PIN, HAT, CUP 及一些動詞, 如SIT, STAND AND WALK.17.That was because I saw everything with the strange, new sight that had come to me.On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken.I felt my way to hearth and picked up the pieces, I tried vainly to put them together.那是因?yàn)槲艺靡环N剛剛獲得的全新而奇特的視角來看待一切事物.進(jìn)屋時(shí),我想起了被我弄壞的那個(gè)娃娃.我摸索著來到壁爐前, 拾起那些碎片, 試圖將它們拼接在一起, 卻沒辦到.18.it would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me, and for the first time longed for a new day to come.當(dāng)那感概萬千的一天快要結(jié)束時(shí), 我躺在自己的小床里, 感受這一天帶給我的那些快樂, 我覺得沒有人比我更幸福了.一生中第一次,我期待著新一天的來臨.19.一切舊的傳統(tǒng)觀念, 一切阻止社會進(jìn)步和人性發(fā)展的不合理的制度.All outmoded traditional thinking;any irrational system which obstructs social progress or human development.20.我覺得有一根鞭子在抽打我的心, 又覺得仿佛有什么鬼魂借我的筆為自己伸冤一樣.I felt as if my mind was being whipped, as if a ghost had commandeered my pen and was writing to redress the injustices it had suffered.21.另一個(gè)地方

On another occasion.22.長得好看的人用不著濃妝艷抹, 而我的文章就像一個(gè)丑八怪, 不打扮, 看起來倒還順眼些.Physically attractive people don't need heavy make-up.Though my writing resembles an ugly monster, it actually looks a little better without any embellishment.22.我最恨那些盜名欺世, 欺騙讀者的謊言。

This means I oppose fabrication, deception and flowery language.What I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies.23.就學(xué)習(xí)英語而言，有三個(gè)方面值得注意：拼法正確，合乎用法---一個(gè)詞怎么用，和哪個(gè)詞連用，很有講究。句子平穩(wěn)—合乎語法。