第一篇:英語精讀(綜合)1教案
英語精讀(綜合)1教案
教材:《新編英語教程》1
課時:96課時
Unit 1 I Objectives: 1.Simple past and present perfect tense 2.Past progressive tense 3.Past perfect tense
II Time Allotment: 1st period: Language structure practice 2nd period: Dialogue 1 3rd period: Dialogue 2 and oral practice 4th period: Readings 5th period: Exercises in the Workbook 6th period: Note writing and assignments
III Teaching tasks and process Part One Language Structures & Dialogues 1.Grammar review 1.Simple past and present perfect tense Verbs in sentences beginning with “This is the first/second… time are in the present perfect form.For example,This is the first time I’ve been in Xi’an.This is the second time I’ve seen this movie.2.Past progressive tense Past progressive is a combination of the progressive aspect with the past tense.The use of the past progressive has much in common with that of the present progressive, only the time reference being pushed back to the past, often overtly expressed by a time –when/while adverbial.For example,Susan was washing her hair while her mother was cooking.Dick was changing a flat tire while his father was mowing the lawn.3.Past perfect tense For the past perfect tense we set up an additional focal point in the past and say that another act was completed before that time.For example, Greg had finished his work when I visited him.The chair had collapsed before I sat on it.In-class Activity One Ask the students to fill in the gaps in each dialogue while listening to the recording and then do the substitution exercises.2.Language points Have the students listen to the recording of Dialogue I once or twice and ask them questions on specific details.Go through the dialogue and explain some language points:
1.You know what? – This question is used to introduce a piece of information which is surprising.A similar expression is Guess what?.2.scenic spots – places of natural attractive scenery 3.I was greatly impressed by its natural beauty.– I was moved by its beautiful scenery.impress – to influence deeply, esp.with a feeling of admiration: The students were impressed by his inspiring speech./ We are impressed by his performance.4.I bet you had lots of fun there.– I am certain you had lots of fun there.Another example, I bet(that)it will rain tomorrow.5.It brought back such sweet memories.– Sweet memories came to my mind.bring back – to cause to return to the mind: Hearing the song brought back happy memories.6.You remind me of my last trip there.– It seems to be similar to my last trip there.remind sbdy.of sbdy./sthg.– to appear to be similar to;to cause to remember : This museum reminds me of the one we visited last year./ The event reminded me of my school days.7.I wish I had been there with you this time.– This is a wish about a non-fact in the past.Another example, I wish I had passed the exam.8.hobby groups – different groups of students classified by hobbies.9.Some staged an exhibition.– Some held an exhibition.stage – to perform or arrange for public show;put on: The art group is going to stage an art show on Sunday.IV Discussion In-class Activity
1.Ask the students to read Dialogue I aloud in pairs with feeling and expression.2.Ask the students to listen to Dialogue II and then retell it.3.Make a dialogue discussing about one of your traveling experiences.V Assignments:
1.Work in pairs to practice the situation in each dialogue.2.Work in groups to discuss the topic of “How I spent the summer vacation”.3.Have the students form their own dialogues by using the phrases from Dialogues I & II.4.Do the corresponding exercises in WB.Part Two Readings Have the students read the passage first and do the corresponding exercise in workbook.Then the teacher may ask them questions in class to check their comprehension.I Language points:
1.Herbert went to France for holiday.– For is an preposition used here to show purpose: I came to this building for an interview./ What is this handle for? 2.run out of – to use all one’s supplies, to have no more: I am afraid we’ve run out of sugar.3.expect – to think or believe(that something will happen): I expect that she will come to our party./The spokesman is expected to make an announcement later on today.4.The back door burst open.– The door opened suddenly.burst – to come into the stated condition suddenly and often violently: In spring the flowers burst open./He burst free from the chains.Another similar use of the pattern: The door banged shut.5.peer at – to look very carefully or hard, esp.as if not able to see clearly peek at – to take a quick look at something when one should not peep at – to look at something quickly and secretly, esp.through a hole or other small opening 6.convince – to make(someone)completely certain about something;persuade: They failed to convince the directors that their proposal would work./ I am convinced by your story.7.a sound sleeper – a deep sleeper 8.to thumb a ride/lift – to ask passing motorists for a free ride by holding out one’s hand with the thumb raised 9.made his way in the dark – went in the dark: He made his way home.10.He was not supposed to be back.– He was not considered to be back.Be supposed to – to be intended to;to be generally considered to be;to have the regulation of being: The volunteers are supposed to help the blind in the street./I haven’t read this novel, but it is supposed to be a good one.11.to keep an eye on – to watch carefully: I often ask my neighbor to keep an eye on my house while I am away.12.was about to – This construction expresses the immediate future in the past.In some contexts, it is often used in the sense of an unfulfilled intention.For example, I was about to leave when he came to visit me.II Note-writing Notes must be precise and direct;however, the style is casual.In notes of introduction, the following are usually included:
1.The name of the person to be introduced 2.His/Her identity 3.The purpose of the introduction 4.Appreciation III Assignments:
1.Write a note of introduction 2.Exercises in WB
第二篇:精讀教案1
Unit 1 Essentials of business Teaching Time: six periods Part I Pre-learning I.Teaching Aims
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: A.Know what business is and the four basic factors of production.B.Understand how to greet people and say good-bye in informal and formal situations.C.Master countable and uncountable nouns.D.Grasp the words and phrases related to business.II.Teaching Important and Difficult Points Cultural Background A.Business(生意)In business English, business means the organized effort of individuals to produce and sell, for a profit, the goods and services that satisfy society’s needs.Generally business can mean buying or selling goods or services.That is the activity of making money by
producing or buying and selling goods, or by providing services.When it is used in this meaning, it is uncountable.It can also be used to refer to an organization such a company, shop, or factory that produces or sells goods or provides a service.When it is used in this meaning, it is countable.B.Entrepreneur(企業(yè)家)A person who risks his or her time, effort, and money to start and operate a business is called an entrepreneur.C.Types of business Businesses are generally of three types.Manufacturing businesses(or manufacturers)are organized to process various materials into tangible goods, such as trucks or towels.Service businesses produce services, such as haircuts or legal advice.And some firms------called middlemen------are organized to buy the goods produced by manufacturers and then resell them.Part II Teaching Procedure Reading I I.Key Language Points
1.relate: v.to connect 聯(lián)系,涉及
[相關(guān)搭配] relate ?to/with與?有關(guān),有聯(lián)系
【例句】Faced with the facts I had to relate the matter with you.面對這些事實我不得不把你和這件事聯(lián)系起來。
[相關(guān)詞] relation n.similarity, contrast or connection between people, things or events聯(lián)系,關(guān)聯(lián),關(guān)系
【例句】There is close relation between rainfall and crop production.降雨量與農(nóng)作物之間有密切的聯(lián)系。
2.construct: v.build sth.;put or fit together;form 建造,建筑,構(gòu)成
【例句】construct a factory/ an airplane/a sentence 建工廠/造飛機/造句
[相關(guān)詞] constructor n.person who constructs things建筑者,建設(shè)者
construction n.action or manner of constructing 建筑,建造的活動或方式
3.finance: v.provide money for(a project);fund 為(某計劃)提供資金,提供款項
【例句】The scheme is partly financed by this company.此計劃部分是由這家公司資助的。
finance company(or finance house): company that lends money for
hire-purchase transactions 信貸公司,財務(wù)公司
the Ministry of Finance 財政部
the Minister of Finance 財政部部長
[相關(guān)詞]financial adj.concerning money and finance 財務(wù)的,金融的,財政的
【例句】a financial magnate 金融巨頭
financial circles 金融界
financial reports 會計報告
4.stock: n.[C usu pl] a portion of capital of a business company held by an investor, share股份
[相關(guān)詞]stockholder/ shareholder股東
stockbroker n.person who buys or sells stocks and shares for clients
證券經(jīng)紀(jì)人;股票經(jīng)紀(jì)人
stock exchange n.place where stocks and shares are publicly bought and sold
股票交易所;證券交易所
5.insurance: n.guarantee of compensation for loss, damage, sickness, etc.in return for regular payment 保險
【例句】an insurance against theft/ fire 盜竊保險/火險
personal insurance人身保險 6.secure: v.1)to make sure of getting sth.獲得
【例句】He’s lucky to have secured himself such a good job.他能找到這么好的工作是幸福。
2)make safe 使安全,防護,保衛(wèi)(常與against, from , to 連用)
【例句】By strengthening the river banks the city secured itself
against
flood.由于加固河堤,該城可以免遭水災(zāi)。7.distribute: vt.1)give or send out 分配,分發(fā),配給(常與to, among 連用)
【例句】distribute the books to the students 給學(xué)生分發(fā)書本
2)spread out, scatter 分布,散步,散開(常與over連用)
【例句】Our shops are distributed all over the city.我們的商店遍布在城市的各個地方。
3)give out or deliver 分送,運送
【例句】The man had thirty parcels to be distributed at houses all over the town.這個人有30個包裹要分送全鎮(zhèn)各家。
[相關(guān)詞] distribution n.the act of distributing分配,分發(fā)
distributive adj.of or having to do with distribution分配的,分布的
8.estate: n.1)a large area of land developed for a specific purpose, e.g.for houses or factories 做某種用途的地區(qū)
【例句】a housing/ trading estate 住宅區(qū)/商業(yè)區(qū) an industrial estate 工業(yè)區(qū)
2)area of land, esp.in the country 地產(chǎn),(尤指)莊園
【例句】He owns a large estate in Scotland.他在蘇格蘭有大量地產(chǎn)。
3)all the money and property that a person owns , esp.that which is left at death
個人財產(chǎn),(尤指)遺產(chǎn)
【例句】Her estate was divided among her four children.她的遺產(chǎn)分給了她的四個子女。9.yield: v.1)to give, produce, bear, etc.生產(chǎn),出產(chǎn),生長出,結(jié)出
【例句】The tree has yielded a lot of apples this year.這棵樹今年結(jié)了很多蘋果。
This land yields abundantly.這塊地收成很好。
2)give up, surrender 讓步,讓與,放棄,屈服,投降
【例句】He yielded all his possessions to the state.他把自己的所有財產(chǎn)都轉(zhuǎn)讓給了國家。
He was yielding to public pressure.他屈服于輿論的壓力。10.manufacture: v.1)to make goods on a large scale(尤指大量)生產(chǎn)
【例句】manufacture shoes 制造鞋
manufacturing industry制造業(yè)
2)invent 假造,虛構(gòu),捏造
【例句】She manufactured a false story to hide the facts.她編造瞎話以掩蓋事實。
11.accomplish: v.to succeed in doing 完成
【例句】He accomplished his purpose.他達到了他的目的。
[相關(guān)詞]accomplished adj.完成的,達到的 【例句】an accomplished fact 已成的事實
[相關(guān)詞]accomplishment n.實行,完成,達到,成績,成就 12.process: v.1)to perform operation on(sth.)in computer(用計算機處理)【例句】data processing equipment數(shù)據(jù)處理設(shè)備
2)a continued set of actions performed intentionally in order to reach some results 步驟,程序,過程
【例句】Unloading the cargo was a slow process.卸貨是個緩慢的過程。
in the process 在進行中 13.conduct:
v.1)manage, direct, carry on 經(jīng)營,管理,指揮
【例句】The oldest son conducts the family’s business.由長子掌管家里的日常事務(wù)。
2)behave oneself 行為,舉止
【例句】He conducted himself honestly.他為人誠懇。
3)lead or guide 指導(dǎo),引導(dǎo)
【例句】The curator conducted the visitors round the museum.館長領(lǐng)著游客們在博物館各處參觀。
n.1)moral behavior 行為,品行
【例句】His conduct in school is excellent.他在學(xué)校的品行是極好的。
2)manner of directing or managing affairs.執(zhí)導(dǎo),管理
【例句】under the conduct of 在?的引導(dǎo)下
His conduct of the business was very successful.他的商業(yè)經(jīng)營十分成功。
14.initiate: v.1)start(sth.)working 創(chuàng)始,發(fā)起
【例句】This year we shall initiate a series of free concerts.今年我們將發(fā)起一系列的免費音樂會。
They initiated certain reforms.他們創(chuàng)始了某些改革。
2)introduce(someone)into a club, group esp.with a special
ceremony
以正式方式介紹加入
【例句】We were initiated into a sports club by one of the members.一位老會員以正式儀式介紹我們加入體育運動俱樂部。
[相關(guān)詞] initiation n.創(chuàng)始,開始
initiative adj.主動的,起始的,初步的
15.innovative: adj.make changes, bring in sth.new or new ways of doing
things革新,變革:(常與 on, upon 或in連用)
[相關(guān)詞] innovation n.改革,革新
innovational adj.革新的,富有革新精神的
innovative, innovatory adj.tending to innovate, characterized by
innovation 革新的,創(chuàng)新的,富于革新精神的innovator n..革新者,創(chuàng)新者
【例句】innovative behavior革新的行動
Inventors are innovative people.發(fā)明者都是富于革新精神的人。
innovate in techniques 在工藝上革新
innovate upon religious forms革新宗教形式
These are innovations in methods of teaching.這些都是教學(xué)方法上的改革。
16.profit: 1)n.money gained by business 收益,利潤,贏利
【例句】How much profit did you make? 你獲多少利潤?
2)n.advantage or benefit gained from sth.益處,好處
【例句】What profit is there in worrying? 擔(dān)憂有何益處?
There is no profit in such pursuits.做這種事情徒勞無益。
3)vt.be of use or advantage to sth.or sb.有利于,有益于
【例句】It’ll not profit you to start an argument.引起爭論對你不利。
4)vi.learn or gain advantage from 得利,獲益(常與by, from連用)
【例句】I profited by/ from the deal.我在那筆交易中獲利。
He profited greatly from his year abroad.他在國外的一年獲益匪淺。
[相關(guān)詞] profitable adj.1)yielding profit 有利可圖的,有贏利的【例句】profitable business 有利可圖的買賣
2)resulting in advantage 有益的,有用的
【例句】His advice was profitable to all of us.他的建議對我們大家都有好處。
profitless adj.無益的,無利可圖的,沒有好處
profitably adv.有利地,贏利地,有益地
17.relate…to/with:
1)relate sth.to /with sth.connect(two things)in thought or meaning;
associate sth.with sth.else(在思想上或意義上)將(兩事物.)聯(lián)系起來;將某事物與另一事物相聯(lián)系
【例句】It is difficult to relate cause and effect in this case.這個案件中的動機與效果很難聯(lián)系起來。
People relate high wages to/with high consumption.人們把高收入和高消費聯(lián)系起來。
2)relate to sb./sth.be connected with sb./sth.else;refer to sb./sth.與某人[某事物]有關(guān);涉及某人[某事物] 【例句】Wealth is seldom related to happiness.財富鮮與幸福相關(guān)。
Statements relating to his resignation 與他辭職一事有關(guān)的說法
18.refer to:
1)mention, speak of , be directed towards 提及`,談到,指
【例句】He doesn’t like anyone referring to his wooden leg.他不喜歡任何人提及他那條木制的假腿。
The new law doesn’t refer to land used for farming.這條新法令并非指農(nóng)用土地。
2)look for information or help參考,引用,查詢,查閱
【例句】If I’m not sure how to spell a word, I refer to a dictionary.若拿不準(zhǔn)一個單詞的拼法,我便查閱詞典。
19.be extracted from: to take sth.from sth.else 從??中提取
【例句】Oil can be extracted from olive.油可自橄欖中榨取。
A miner extracts gold from earth.礦工從泥土里提取黃金。
Some sentences are extracted from grammar books.一些句子可從語法書中摘取。
20.be responsible for: to have the duty of looking after sth.對??負(fù)責(zé); 負(fù)責(zé)某事
【例句】He is not primarily responsible for it.他對這事不負(fù)主要責(zé)任。
directly responsible for 對?? 直接負(fù)責(zé)
hold sb responsible for 使某人負(fù)擔(dān)?的責(zé)任
make oneself responsible for 負(fù)起?的責(zé)任
21.decide on: consider and come to a conclusion;make up one’s mind
做出決定(選定某物)
【例句】After seeing so many candidates we have decided on this one.我們見了所有的候選人,決定選這位。
decide against: 決定反對?,做出不利于?的決定
decide against changing the job 決定不改變工作
22.distribute…to/among: separate sth.into parts and give a share to each
person or thing;give or send out 分配,分發(fā),配給
【例句】He distributed the food to the hungry people.他把食物分給饑餓的人。
Mother distributed the candy among the children.母親把糖果分給孩子們。
23.pay for:
1)to give money for 為?什么而付錢
【例句】They tried to leave the restaurant without paying for their
meal.他們不付錢就要溜走。
How much did you pay for your house? 你們買房花了多少錢?
2)suffer or be punished for sth.為某事是苦頭或受懲罰。
【例句】I’ll make him pay for his insolence!他蠻橫無禮,我要讓他嘗嘗苦頭。
He paid much for his own dishonesty.他為自己的不誠實付出了巨大的代價。
II.Difficult Sentences 1)Other forms of business include merchandising, which is the selling of
products, and providing various services, such as accounting,distributing, and repairs.要點:本句的主語是other forms of business謂語動詞是
include;
include后跟了兩個賓語merchandising和providing various services而which is the
selling of products為定語從句,修飾merchandising;such as accounting,distributing, and repairs也是定語,舉例說明前面的various services.譯文:其他形式的生意包括出售產(chǎn)品之類的買賣和提供諸如會計,分配和修理等不同形式的服務(wù)。
2)It refers not only to a piece of real estate where we might build a
factory, but it also means all the raw materials used for production.要點:本句由but連接一個并列句,在句中又由not only?? but also這一結(jié)構(gòu)連接兩個并列的謂語動詞refer
to和means。where we might build a factory做定語,修飾a piece of real estate;
在后面的句子中used為過去分詞做定語修飾前面的raw
materials, 可以把它改成定語從句which are used for
production。
譯文:土地不僅指我們可以建造房子的一塊地,也指用于生產(chǎn)的所有原材料。
3)Therefore, to a certain extent the next factor, capital, can be used to
replace labor or reduce the amount of physical and mental labor that
humans have to use in order to conduct business.要點:to a certain extent: to a certain degree達到某程度
or在本句中連接兩個并列的謂語動詞replace 和reduce;that humans have to use in order to
conduct business 為定語從句,修飾前面的physical and mental labor。
譯文: 因此,某種程度上,下一個要素-資本,可以用來取代勞動或者減少為了經(jīng)營生意,人類不得不花費的體力和腦力勞動的量。
4)He must be able to decide on the value of things that other
people
invent, whether it is a new toy, a new method of filing, or a new way of
advertising.要點:decide on/upon: 對??作出決定
【例句】They have decided on/upon building a reservoir there.他們決定要在那里建一座水庫。
句中whether it is a new toy ,a new method of filing, or a new way of
advertising shi 是名詞性從句,修飾前面的things.譯文:他必須能夠決定其他人發(fā)明出來的東西的價值,不管它是一個新玩具,一種新的文件歸檔的方法或者是一種新的廣告宣傳方式。
5)It is hard for the employees who may have to seek work elsewhere;the
customers must look for another place to buy the products;creditors
usually lose some of the money to the company.要點:本句是由三個句子組成的并列句,具體解釋了前面的it causes problems for many people.譯文:對于那些不得不在其他地方找工作的員工們來說,這是一件難事;顧客們必須尋找另外一個地方購買產(chǎn)品;債權(quán)人通常也會從這個公司失去一些錢。
III.Structure of Reading I Part I(Paragraph 1)Introduction: What is Business?
Business is the activity of producing and distributing goods and services.This paragraph explains the definition of business through three ways: 1)Business includes the production of goods.2)Business can also provide the finance for production activities.3)Business also includes merchandising products and providing various
services.Part II(Paragraph 2-8)
Explanation of the four basic factors of production 1)(Paragraph 2)It introduces the four basic factors of production: land,labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.2)(Paragraph 3)It explains what land is: land not only refers to a piece
of real estate, it also means all the raw materials for production
extracted from the land, the air, and the oceans.3)(Paragraph 4-5)These two paragraphs explain what labor is: labor
refers to the use of mental or physical work to produce goods.(1)In industrialized countries, labor is generally more mental than
physical.(2)In other countries, robots and other forms of data processing
equipment perform many jobs requiring a lot of mental labor in the past.4)(Paragraph 6)It explains what capital means: Capital refers to
anything that helps to produce and distribute goods.(1)Generally capital means wealth or money.(2)It also means the equipment that money purchases, eg.tools, machines
and buildings.5)(Paragraph 7-8)These two paragraphs explain what entrepreneurship is:
Entrepreneurship refers to some activities conducted by the entrepreneur
by initiating business activity and managing the business.It emphasizes
that in order to be successful, an entrepreneur must be
innovative and be
able to decide on the value of things invented by others.Part III(paragraph 9)Discussion of the risks of the business 1)It emphasizes that everyone connected with a business shares the risks
of the business.But the entrepreneur takes the biggest one.2)It illustrates when the business is profitable and when it goes
bankrupt.Reading II I.Notes 1.辨析company, firm and business “A company” is an organization made up of people who work together for the
purposes of making or selling goods or services in order to get money.【例句】an insurance/ automobile company 保險公司/ 汽車公司
a state-owned company國營公司
“A firm” refers to a small business company that makes goods or provides
services.【例句】a law firm 法律公司
an engineering firm工程公司
a firm of accountants 會計師事務(wù)所
“A business” is a shop, a factory or a company that sells goods or
provides services, esp.one that employs a small number of people or even
only one person.【例句】He runs a small business in the town.他在鎮(zhèn)上經(jīng)營著一家小鋪子。
to start up a new business 新開一家商號
2.“sb.be said to do”: 據(jù)說 This phrase can be used to introduce
information or message.Besides “ said”, some other verbs can also be
used, such as “ assumed, believed, considered, estimated, expected,recognized, recommended, regarded, reported, supposed”.相當(dāng)于 “It is said +that clause” 結(jié)構(gòu)
【例句】He is said to be the richest man in the world.= It is said that he is
the richest man in the world.據(jù)說他是世界上最富有的人。
3.expand: to increase something so that it covers a wider area or range
of activities.使(某事物)變大,擴大,增大,增加,增強,擴展
【例句】expand business 擴展生意
Metals expand when they are heated.金屬受熱則膨脹。
[相關(guān)詞]expansion n.擴大,擴展,膨脹
4.tonne: metric ton, measurement of weight, which is equal to 1,000 kg.公噸
5.in bulk: in large quantities大批,整批
【例句】to buy/ sell in bulk整批或大批購買/出售
We always buy in bulk then we will get a big discount.我們總是大批購買,這樣我們就能獲得比較大的折扣。
6.wholesale & retail: Wholesale refers to the sale of goods in large quantities at a time,usually to storekeepers or others who will in turn sell them in small
quantities to users.批發(fā)
Retail is the sales of goods in small quantities at a time, directly to
the consumer.零售
[相關(guān)詞]wholesaler 批發(fā)商
retailer 零售商
7.distributor: a wholesaler who has exclusive rights to market, within a
given territory, the goods of a manufacturer or company.批發(fā)商
8.compete: to try to win something競爭
[相關(guān)搭配] compete for: 為?? 而競爭
【例句】compete for attention 爭著出風(fēng)頭
compete for the contract 為贏得合同而競爭
[相關(guān)搭配] to compete with/ against 競爭,對抗比賽
【例句】compete with/ against each other 相互競爭
compete with a trading company for the contract為合同和一家外貿(mào)公司展開競爭
[相關(guān)詞] competition n.比賽,競賽
competitive adj.比賽的,競爭的
competitor n.競爭者,比賽者,對手,敵手
9.keep ahead of: surpass, be in a more successful position than勝過,優(yōu)于,領(lǐng)先于
【例句】If she works hard, she will surely keep ahead of her colleagues.10.have an advantage over somebody: to have a better position than
somebody與??相比具有優(yōu)勢
【例句】 She has an advantage over other girls.她比其他女孩子具有優(yōu)勢。
11.give sb./ sth.an edge on/over = have an/the edge on/over: have a
slight advantage over sb./sth.略勝過某人/某物
【例句】The young tennis player definitely had the edge on his older opponent.這個年輕的網(wǎng)球運動員顯然比哪個年紀(jì)大的對手略勝一籌。
II.Difficult Sentences 1)A firm which is just starting up is going into business and a company
which stops operating goes out of business.要點: which is just starting up為定語從句修飾主語a firm;which stops operating
為又一個定語從句修飾主語a company.start up: begin working , running啟動,開始
go into business: to begin business 開始做生意
go out of business: become bankrupt 破產(chǎn),倒閉
譯文:剛初建起來的公司就開業(yè)了,而停止運營的公司就破產(chǎn)停業(yè)了。
2)If one year it produces 100 tonnes and the next year it produces 110
tonnes, it has increased production by 10%.要點: “increase production by”.Here the proposition “by” indicates the
amount or degree of increase, and the Chinese for it is 增加了.Similarly,“to reduce??by” means 減少了。
If we use another proposition “to”, it indicates the total amount
including the part that has been increased “增加到” or reduced, “減少到”。
【例句】Our car production has increased by 10% to 33,000 a year.我們的年汽車產(chǎn)量增加了10%,增加到了33,000輛。
譯文:如果廠家一年生產(chǎn)100公噸,下一年生產(chǎn)110公噸,它的產(chǎn)量就增加了10%。
Word Study 1.risk 基本用法
n.1)a danger(of)sth.that may have a(stated)bad result 風(fēng)險,危險性:
【例句】There is a risk.有很大危險性。
The business was insured against the risk of failure.那家企業(yè)投保以防破產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險。
2)a danger 危險:
Fishermen face a lot of risks in their daily lives.漁民在日常生活中面臨著很多危險。
3)(stated)danger , a person or thing that is a(stated)danger for the
insurance
(某種)險;被保人,被保物:
【例句】fire risk火險
He is a good risk.他是個條件好的被保對象。
vt.1)place in danger 下賭注:
【例句】He risked his fame.他以他的名聲作賭
2)take the chance of 冒??的危險:
【例句】He risked his life for honor’s sake.他為了名譽而甘冒生命危險。
相關(guān)搭配:
at all risks無論冒多大風(fēng)險
at risk 在危險中
at the risk of 冒著?的危險
相關(guān)詞
risky adj.dangerous 危險的2.perform 基本用法
vt.1)do, accomplish, carry out(a place of work)做;完成;實行:(比 do, carry
out 正式)
【例句】The doctor performed a difficult operation.那位醫(yī)生做了一個復(fù)雜的手術(shù)。
2)fulfill(a promise, order, etc.)履行,執(zhí)行(允諾,命令)
【例句】He performed his duty faithfully.他忠實地履行了他的職責(zé)。
3)direct or go though the form and actions of(a ceremony)指揮或舉行(儀式)
【例句】The ceremony was performed on April fifteenth.四月十五舉行儀式。
vi.1)of machines work(in the proper or intended way)(機器)操作
【例句】Is that new car fulfilling well ? 那輛新車好開嗎? 2)(of people)carry out a particular activity, esp.well and with great
skill(人)表現(xiàn)
【例句】He performs well under pressure.在艱難情況下他表現(xiàn)得很堅強。
相關(guān)詞
performance n..1)the action of performing sth.執(zhí)行,履行,實現(xiàn)
2)the action or an act of performing 表演,演出
3)the ability to do sth.性能,能力
performer n.a person(or thing)that performs, esp.an actor, musician表演者
3.replace
基本用法
vt.1)put sth.in its former or proper place again 放回
【例句】He replaced the book on the shelf.他把書放回架上。
2)pay back 送還
【例句】Has he replaced the borrowed money? 他借的錢還了沒有?
3)take the place of 代替,取代
【例句】Can anything replace a mother’s love and care? 有什么東西能取代母愛和關(guān)懷嗎?
Horses have been replaced by cars.馬已被汽車所代替?
相關(guān)詞
replacement n.代替,替換
4.limit 基本用法
n.1).the farthest point or place, boundary 界限,界線,邊
界
【例句】Yao Ming’s fame passed beyond the limits of China.姚明的名聲超越了中國的國界。
2).the largest(or smallest)extent 限度,范圍,極限
【例句】His energy seems to have no limits.他的精力似乎無限。
3).restriction 限制,限定
【例句】Is there a speed limit on that throughway? 那條快車道限定車速嗎?
vt.keep below or at a certain point or amount 限定,限制
【例句】Our holidays are limited to two weeks a year.我們的假期被限定為一年兩周。
相關(guān)搭配:
limit sth./sb.to 限定于
【例句】I’ll limit myself to the discussion of this topic.我將只限于討論這個題目。
within the limits of 在?的范圍內(nèi)
without limits無限制的,無限的
reach the limit of one’s resources 山窮水盡
相關(guān)詞
limitation n.an act of limiting 限度,極限,范圍
limited adj.having a limit, narrow 有限的,限定的,狹窄的
limitless adj.without limit or end無限的,無止境的5.share 基本用法
n.1)one of the parts of sth.that is divided among several people, etc.一份,份兒。份額
【例句】Everybody ought to have his proper share.每個人都應(yīng)得到他應(yīng)得的一份。
His company now commands a larger share of trade in the European market.現(xiàn)在他的公司在歐洲市場的貿(mào)易中占很大的份額。
2).one of the equal parts into which the capital of a business firm is
divided 股,股份
【例句】The company was formed with 3000 shares.該公司由3000 股組成。
v.have a share with sb.else 分享,分擔(dān),共享,共用
【例句】They share their joys and sorrows.他們同甘共苦。
Everyone in the house shares the bathroom.住在這所房子里的人共用這間浴室。
相關(guān)搭配:
have/take a/ one’s share in 分擔(dān),參加
on/upon shares 共負(fù)盈虧,同甘共苦
Grammar Focus Countable and Uncountable Nouns 可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞
1.不可數(shù)名詞
不可數(shù)名詞通常指不能直接計數(shù)的名詞(如land, advice等),表示材料和成分的物質(zhì)名詞,如coal, oil, air, cloth 等,和表示抽象概念的抽象名詞,music, love, equality, modernization, trade, service,education 等。
2.集合名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)用法
集合名詞指的是同一類人或物的集合體,其中有的是復(fù)數(shù)含義。例如police, cattle, clothes, people, goods 等;
但有的集合名詞也是不可數(shù)名詞,如furniture, equipment, merchandise, machinery 等。
3.名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的特殊變化
1)大多數(shù)名詞直接加-s: 如soldier, model, car, joke 等。
2)以s, x, ch, sh 結(jié)尾加-es: 如 bus, boss, match, sketch 等。
但如詞尾ch 的發(fā)音為/k/, 其復(fù)數(shù)要加?s: 如stomach.Epoch 3)以o結(jié)尾的單詞:
a.有些加-es: 如hero, potato, tomato, echo等。
b.有些加?s:如 piano, photo, tobacco, memo 等。
c.有些加-s/-es 均可:如cargo, motto, volcano 等。
4)一些以f或fe 結(jié)尾的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)需要把f 或fe變?yōu)関es。如: half, knife, leaf, life, shelf,thief, wife, wolf 等。
5)不規(guī)則變化
foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, mouse-mice, child-children, ox-oxen,phenomenon-phenomena, formula-formulae, criterion-criteria, basis-bases,thesis-theses, crisis-crises 6)單復(fù)數(shù)相同
deer, headquarters, means, series, species, sheep等。
4.可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的轉(zhuǎn)化
1)當(dāng)抽象名詞表示抽象概念時,為不可數(shù)名詞;但當(dāng)抽象名詞的意義具體化時,該名詞為可數(shù)名詞。如:
She was a beauty in her youth.(美人)She had much beauty in her youth,(美麗動人的氣質(zhì))
2)動物的名稱作個體解釋時為可數(shù)名詞;作肉解釋時為不可數(shù)名詞。如:
There are many chickens in the yard.(小雞)I like chicken.(雞肉)3)iron 解釋為 “鐵” 時為不可數(shù)名詞;解釋為 “熨斗”時為可數(shù)名詞。如:
Iron is harder than aluminum.(鐵)We need an iron.(熨斗)
4)experience 解釋為“經(jīng)驗”時,為不可數(shù)名詞;解釋為“經(jīng)歷”時,為可數(shù)名詞。如;
we share a common experience.(經(jīng)歷)
I have not much experience in teaching.(經(jīng)驗)
5)hair 解釋為“頭發(fā)”時,是不可數(shù)名詞;但若強調(diào)一根根頭發(fā)或幾縷頭發(fā),則是可數(shù)。如: These old men have
long hair.(長頭發(fā))
Look!A hair is in my soup.(一根頭發(fā))
She has some grey hairs.(幾根花白的頭發(fā))
6)paper 解釋為“紙張”時,為不可數(shù)名詞;解釋為“考卷”、“報紙”或“文件”時,為可數(shù)名詞。
7)room 解釋為“房間”時,是可數(shù)名詞;解釋為“空間”時,是不可數(shù)名詞。例如:
Make room for me, please..8)glass 表示“玻璃”時,是不可數(shù)名詞;解釋為“玻璃杯”時,是可數(shù)名詞;glasses 還可以解釋為“眼鏡”,是復(fù)數(shù)形式。
9)space 表示“空間;太空”時,為不可數(shù)名詞;表示“空格”時,為可數(shù)名詞。
10)word 表示“詞語”時,為可數(shù)名詞;表示“消息”時,為不可數(shù)名詞。例如:
How many words are there in this article?(單詞)
Word came that the war had ended.(消息)Function and Structure 1.Using right vocabulary and phrases is important when you
meet someone or introduce yourself in English.First impressions are important, so here’s some guide to using the right expression in the situation.Two friends’ meeting:
Friends often say “Hi” to each other.Then they often ask a general question, such as “How are you?” or “How are things?” or “How’s life?” The reply to this question is normally positive.“Fine thanks, and you?” “Fine thanks, what about yourself?” “Not bad.” Or “Can’t complain.”
Greeting people you don’t know:
You can say “Hello” to people you don’t know.A more formal greeting is “Good morning/afternoon/evening.” The other person normally replies with he same greeting as you have used, and then makes some polite conversation, such as “How was your trip?” or “Did you find our office easily?”
2.Chinese like to greet each other by asking questions such as “Where are you going(去哪呀)?” “Have you had dinner yet(吃過了嗎)?” or “ Are you eating your lunch(吃飯吶)?” For Chinese, these questions are asked simply as sort of a greeting rather than a genuine request for information.But in English it is not appropriate
to greet people in this way.Questions of this sort are usually interrupted as a lead-in to a suggestion or invitation;otherwise, it seems rather weird or rude to ask about something quite obvious or very personal.3.Americans use “small talk” when they first meet another person.The most common topic of small talk is the weather;another very common topic is the speakers’ current surroundings------the room or building they are in, the sidewalk where they are standing, etc.Later, Americans may talk about past experiences they have both had, such as watching a particular TV program, going to New York, or eating at a particular restaurant.Besides these very general topics of small talk, Americans talk about different things according to the life situation of people involved and the setting in which the conversation is taking place.Students are likely to talk about their teachers and classes;if they are of the same sex, they are likely to discuss their social lives.Adults may discuss their jobs, interests, houses, or family members.Men are likely to talk about sports or cars.Housewives are likely to talk about their children or about household matters or personal care(e.g., hairdos).Americans are taught not to discuss religion and politics unless they know the people they are talking to fairly well.Politics and religion are thought to be “
controversial”, and discussing a controversial topic can lead to an argument.There are other topics Americans generally avoid because they are “ too personal”.Financial matters is one.Inquiries about a person’s earning or about the amount someone paid for an item are usually not acceptable topics.Practical Reading 時間表是一種實用文體,形式直觀,閱讀的關(guān)鍵是要注意同所縱橫坐標(biāo)確定要學(xué)找的信息的位置。時間表往往涉及到以下內(nèi)容:時間及其發(fā)生的時間;時間的順序,排位。
在考查這類文體的閱讀效果時,往往是圖表給出了一部分內(nèi)容,要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章填出其他部分或其他環(huán)節(jié)等.要完成這類任務(wù),學(xué)生需要在準(zhǔn)確把握文章內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,讀懂圖表,并能夠利用圖表解決有關(guān)問題.本題要求學(xué)生能通過文字部分完成列車時刻表,考查學(xué)生跳讀(也叫尋讀,即scanning skill: glancing from point to point of, often hastily, casually, or in search of a particular item)的能力和推理的能力(inferring skill: deriving as a conclusion from facts or premises)。
根據(jù)原文前面3句話,我們可以將從Stone這個地方始發(fā)的時間,按照先后,一一列舉出來。每個小時里的15和50分各有一班。
1.50分這一班中途不停,直達目的地Keel,是快車,所以時間是4小時20分.利用這一線索,我們可以知道6點50分,7點50分,8點50分,9點50分從Stone出發(fā)的列車,到達Keel的時間分別是11點10分,12點10分,13點10分和14點10分。
2.15分這一班在一小時和兩小時15分后分別到達Mont和Trent,這樣我們就可以得到6點15,7點15,8點15,9點15從Stone始發(fā)的列車分別到達Mont,Trent以及終點站的時間。
3.8點25分和9點25分另有兩趟慢車,到達三個站所需時間與15分始發(fā)車一樣.4.注意:題目要求我們完成的只是時刻表的一部分。
5.有了這個時刻表,要完成后面回答問題的練習(xí),就一目了然了。
Notes 1.a stopping train:每站??康牧熊?慢車.2.a through train:快車,直達列車.這里through的意思是without stopping.3.community college: In Canada and the United States, a community college, sometimes called a junior college, is an educational institution providing post-secondary education and lower-level tertiary education, granting certificates, diplomas, and associate’s degrees.美國和加拿大的社區(qū)大學(xué),有點近似于我國培養(yǎng)大專生的地方性大學(xué).4.graduation ceremony: 畢業(yè)典禮
5.attend a conference: 參加會議
6.do a survey on: 做關(guān)于??的調(diào)查
7.marketing: 營銷.注意,營銷不同于銷售(sales).營銷是一個范圍廣泛、內(nèi)容豐富的概念,是 “ 人或組織進行的社會的管理的過程, 是通過創(chuàng)造并交換產(chǎn)品價值來滿足他們的基本需求和個性需求的過程”.(a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others------Philip Kotler)
Homework 1.Vocabulary 2.Grammar 3.Reading Summary In this unit, students have known main content of this unit.After class, students should learn more details.
第三篇:現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語精讀三Unit 1 教案
教案一:
Unit 1 Your College Years I.Teaching Plan This essay is planned to finish in 20 minutes.1-3 mins
Warming-up &Pre-reading 4-17 mins
While-reading 18-20 mins Post-reading II.Teaching Aims:
1.Knowledge aims(1)Students can understand and master the new words and expressions.(2)Students can master the main grammar.2.Ability aims(1)Students can understand the main idea through listening to tape.(2)Students can express their attitudes toward the article in English.(3)Enhance students' reading ability and skills of guessing new words in context.3.Emotion aims(1)Help students to understand the university life(2)Improve students' sense of cooperative learning.III.Teaching Methods: Task-based method, Grammar-translation method.IV.Teaching Difficult /Key Points:
1.Grammar Parallelstructure, Object clause 2.Writing techniques V.Teaching Contents: Step 1: Warming up
Lead in the topic by providing some basic backgrounds.1.Background Author--Bob Hartman Bob Hartman is a storyteller of children and part-time pastor.He was born in Pittsburgh in the United States.(Justification:Help students to know about the author and understand the essay better.)Step 2: Pre-reading
Ask students to have a free talk: 1.In the 1st college year, did you experience anything different from that in high school?
2.What do you think about these differences?(Justification: Arouse interest of students.)Step 3: While-reading 1.New Words
(1)Endeavor
v.to try very hard eg.He endeavored to claim himself down but in vain.辨析: Endeavor強調(diào)愿望發(fā)自內(nèi)心以及用異乎尋常的極大努力去做某事,尤指克服困難。Strive 和endeavor 一樣,表示付出極大努力,但該詞強調(diào)做某事所需要的辛勞和竭盡全力,不強調(diào)努力的結(jié)果。
Try指花費體力或心力試圖完成某事,且包含有成功的可能。
Attempt強調(diào)開始著手進行某事,但不強調(diào)花費力氣,且所希望或期待的結(jié)果常常未能實現(xiàn)。
(2)Perceive
v.to understand or think of sth in a particular way perceive
through
take
>>>憑借感覺去拿,即意識到,認(rèn)為 憑借拿
Perception n.洞察力,看法,見解
(3)Excessive adj.much more than is reasonable or necessary eg.Bad habits, such as smoking and excessive drinking, can harm your health.excessive 超出行走
…的>>>行走的距離超出的,即過分的,過多的
(4)Resentment
n.A feeling of anger because sth has happened that you think is unfair
re
sent
ment 相反感覺行為>>>相反的感受,即反感,憤恨,怨恨 resent v.憤恨,感到氣憤
(5)Project
v.to show other people(what your future role will be as a man or woman)project
forward
throw >>>向前投擲,向前扔,即規(guī)劃,計劃 向前投擲,扔
(6)Feminine
adj.belonging to or considered typical of women or girls the traditional feminine(7)Masculine adj.belonging to or considered typical of men or boys eg.Her husband was handsome and strong, and very masculine(8)Option
n.a choice you can make in a particular situation 辨析: Option 指特別賦予的進行選擇的權(quán)利,強調(diào)的是進行選擇的自由和權(quán)利。Choice 指運用自己的判斷進行選擇的機會,權(quán)利或能力,強調(diào)的是進行選擇的可能性。
Alternative 主要指在相互排斥的兩者之間做嚴(yán)格的選擇,也可指在兩者以上中進行選擇。
(9)Rebel
v.to oppose or fight against sb in a position of authority rebel against sb./ sth.反抗…,反叛…
rebellion n.謀反,叛亂,反叛rebellious
adj.叛逆的,造反的(10)Ethnic VS.Ethic A.Ethnic adj.relating to a particular race, nation, or tribe and their customs and traditions
ethnic groups 族群
ethnic tensions 種族緊張局勢
B.Ethical adj.connected with principles of what is right and what is wrong ethic n.倫理標(biāo)準(zhǔn),道德準(zhǔn)則,道德體系
(11)Affirm
v.to state that sth.Is true and you agree with it or support it, esp.in public eg.I affirm that you will not lose the job.affirmation
n.肯定,斷言
affirmative adj.肯定的,同意的 辨析: Affirm 強調(diào)說話人堅定地相信自己說的是事實,并且有可靠的根據(jù),不容置疑。Assert 指沒有客觀證據(jù)而非常自信地宣稱或斷言。Allege 指在缺乏證據(jù)的情況下宣稱。
Claim 指強調(diào)宣稱某事是真實的,尤指在面對反對意見時的宣稱。Declare 指肯定地說某事,往往是公開地針對反對意見的宣稱或斷言。(12)Contribute
v.to help to cause sth to happen con
tribute
全部給予>>>全部給予,即捐助,捐贈 contribute to sth.是…的原因之一,促成… 3.Phrases& Grammar(1)Has it ever occurred to you that your professors and other school personnel have certain goals for your growth and maturity during your college years? 句中,it為形式主語,真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的從句。Occur to sb(觀念或想法)被想到,出現(xiàn)在頭腦中
(2)Has it dawned on you that certain developmental changes will occur in your life as you move from adolescence to your adulthood? Dawn on sb使開始明白,使?jié)u漸領(lǐng)悟
(3)During this time, students are going through an identity crisis and are endeavoring to find out who they are and what their strengths and weaknesses are.本句為復(fù)合句。句中,who和what均引導(dǎo)賓語從句,做find out的賓語。Go through sth.經(jīng)歷,遭受;仔細(xì)檢查,仔細(xì)查看;詳細(xì)研究,仔細(xì)琢磨(4)While students are going through an identity crisis, they are becoming independent from their parents yet are probably still very dependent on them.Be dependent from 獨立于,不依賴于
(5)College students need to stand back and see where they are in the independence struggle.本句為復(fù)合句。句中,where引導(dǎo)賓語從句,做see的賓語。
(6)In the late sixties, a young woman from a background that was extremely prejudiced against people from other races came to college convinced that her race was superior.句中,介詞短語from a background that…為后置定語,修飾woman;其中that 引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾background;過去分詞短語convinced that her race was superior作伴隨狀語,其中that引導(dǎo)定語從句,作convinced的賓語。Be prejudiced against 對…有偏見(7)平行結(jié)構(gòu)
在英語中,并列連詞and, but, as well as, both…and, neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, rather than, as…as 等可連接兩個對等的詞或?qū)Φ鹊慕Y(jié)構(gòu),我們稱之為平行結(jié)構(gòu)(parallelstructure)。平行結(jié)構(gòu)的要求主要有以下幾個方面。A.所連接的謂語形式必須一致。
eg.He went downtown, brought some books and visited his daughter.(went, bought 和visited 都是用的過去時)B.所連接的詞或短語形式必須一致。
eg.She has good looks, quick wits, and a good character.(looks, wits 和character都是名詞)C.所連接的非謂語動詞的形式必須一致。
eg.Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home.(swimming和sitting都是動名詞)D.所連接的句子結(jié)構(gòu)必須一致。
eg.Restrict your passage to one or two pages, and list the references on a separate sheet.(and連接的兩個句子都是祈使句)4.Structure Part 1(para.1)
Introduce that college students will go through many key changes during their college years.Part 2(paras.2-9)Explain the key changes students will experience in detail.Part3(para.10)
Conclude that college is a time of personal growth and expansion.4.Style(1)Genre:expository essay
(2)Diction:formaland technical words, eg.adulthood, adolescence(3)Syntax:long and involved sentences(4)Techniques 1.quotationeg.'' in...source, according to...'' 2.parallelism eg.words : para.2 ''strengthens and weaknesses'' phrases : para.2 ''determined by genetic endowment;shaped
by environment;influenced by chance events''(Justification:Improve students' skills of reading details and help them to master new words and grammar.)Step4: Post-reading Read the article again and ask students to work in groups and have a competition to answer the following question: 1.Do you agree that young adults such as college students are bound to go through an identity crisis? Have you had any identity crisis yourself so far? 2.Do you consider yourself reasonably independent from your parents? Why it is so important to gain this independence? 3.What other things should students do at university? What does the author mean by "internalizing"religious faith, values, and morals?(Justification: Make students use initiatives.)VI.Homework 1.Retell the text.2.Write an essay by using writing techniques in this essay.3.Discussion(1)Is it true that our struggles for independence and our desire to establish our identity start at college when we reach early adulthood?(2)Have you gained much freedom now that you are a college student? If the answer is yes, how are you enjoying your newly acquired freedom?(Justification: Improve students' oral competence and writing skills.)
第四篇:精讀教案
對外漢語教學(xué)教案《籃球明星姚明》
一、教學(xué)對象
本教案的教學(xué)對象大約需學(xué)習(xí)了200個小時的漢語,掌握的漢語詞匯在160個左右。
二、采用教材
《HSK快樂閱讀》(北京大學(xué)出版社)
三、教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1、掌握本課數(shù)量詞的用法
2、理解課文內(nèi)容并能復(fù)述課文
3、掌握新學(xué)的生字詞
4、了解姚明的形象特點,并能用所學(xué)詞語描述人物特點
四、教學(xué)內(nèi)容
“漢語精讀課”是對外漢語教學(xué)語言技能課中的主干課,也叫核心課、綜合課?!皾h語精讀課”以講解教授漢語語言知識為主要教學(xué)任務(wù)。本課共用三課時。(1)教學(xué)重點:量詞的用法(注:海外學(xué)生量詞基礎(chǔ)較弱)。(2)復(fù)習(xí)上一課“家庭暴力和婚姻”、導(dǎo)入新課《籃球明星姚明》。(3)情景對話:“對話姚明”。(4)拆解本課生字、組詞(5)以聽說為重點練習(xí)課文
(6)課文,通過大聲朗讀以及問題提問等方式加深學(xué)生對文章大意的理解。(7)練習(xí),重點放在語言點的練習(xí)上。
五、教學(xué)方法
1.對于生詞和語言點的講解,重點放在詞義、語義以及用法上。在講解的基礎(chǔ)上,通過設(shè)置語境對重點生詞和語法進行操練,幫助學(xué)生理解并掌握,達到會應(yīng)用的目的。
2.在課文教學(xué)中,在掌握生詞的基礎(chǔ)上,首先通過領(lǐng)讀和大聲朗讀使學(xué)生感知文章,對難理解處進行簡單的講解,力求掌握文章大意。
3.圍繞課文相關(guān)內(nèi)容進行簡單地提問并小范圍討論,加深學(xué)生對作者寫作意圖的把握。
六、教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)
1、復(fù)習(xí)(1)聽寫
掐
掠
不堪
法庭
涉嫌
狀告
無獨有偶
忍無可忍(2)提問
為什么不部分已婚男人都把錢交給妻子 以前,人們心目中的婦女形象是什么樣
為什么說在家庭重大事務(wù)的決策上,婦女已經(jīng)能夠取得了決定性的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位?
2、生字和詞
.拆解生字的部首、筆畫數(shù)和組合(要求師生互動)。(板書)
傲視 競技 覓 配角 涌現(xiàn) 破天荒 震撼 可想而知 熏陶 顯露 耀眼 蕩氣回腸 隔岸觀火 競選 狀元 殿 轟動 效應(yīng) 進取 超越 挑戰(zhàn) 魅力 含蓄 鋪天蓋地 擁戴 超凡 低落 霸
3、語法點:量詞
1.、解釋什么是量詞(板書)
通常用來表示人、事物或動作的數(shù)量單位的詞,叫做量詞。量詞是表示人、事物或動作行為的計量單位的詞。A.表示人或事物的計量單位的是物量詞,又稱名量詞。如:尺、寸、斗、個、只、支等等。課文實例:
(1)在一些熱門的體育運動中(2)但他們畢竟還只是一些配角
(3)破天荒的出現(xiàn)了一張來自東方神秘國度的黃種人面孔(4)1980年9月12日出生于上海的一個籃球世家(5)逐步成長為一顆耀眼的籃球明星
(6)一種不斷地超越自我、挑戰(zhàn)自我的人格魅力(7)也許已經(jīng)超過了其他一些原有的宣傳手段(8)可以說已經(jīng)形成了一種“姚明現(xiàn)象”
(9)它也是中國人渴望參加世界最高水平的競爭并且在競爭中展現(xiàn)自我的一種體現(xiàn)(10)但是我們不能只有一個姚明,不能只靠一個姚明來體現(xiàn)中國人的形象 B.表示動作行為的計量單位的是動量詞。如:次、回、趟、陣、頓、遍等等。課文實例:
2004年希臘奧運會上,中國隊又前進了一大步,金牌數(shù)一躍而成為第二 2.練習(xí)運用量詞(請學(xué)生上黑板做)。
(板書)一條(蛟龍)一團(浪花)
一幅(圖畫)一架(飛機)
一個(老人)一只(小鳥)
一次(旅行)一陣(鼓聲)(注:括號里面的詞是參考答案)4.課文
(1)老師示范朗讀,板書提示詞。(2)分讀。
檢查學(xué)生的課文朗讀,糾正發(fā)音。3)復(fù)述課文。5.、作業(yè)
(1)書面作業(yè):
完成課文課后練習(xí)。
(2)預(yù)習(xí)新課《網(wǎng)絡(luò)語言》。
課文:
第五篇:研究生英語 綜合教程精讀英語翻譯
Unit Seven
我對人類的了解越多,對他們的期望就越低。和以前相比,我現(xiàn)在常常以較寬松的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)把一個人叫做好人。
1人性是性格、氣質(zhì)和性情的基礎(chǔ),性格正是基于這種牢不可破的基質(zhì)之上的,它必須以這種基質(zhì)的形式存在,并將它保留終生,這種基質(zhì),我們稱之為一個人的本性。
2人類的本性不會也不能改變,只有一些表面特征才會變化、改善和進一步提升;我們可以改變?nèi)藗兊娘L(fēng)格、舉止、衣著和習(xí)慣。一項歷史研究表明,曾經(jīng)行走在地球上的古人們和今天的男男女女們受著同樣的基本力量驅(qū)使,被同樣的激情左右并有著同樣的抱負(fù),時至今日,對幸福的追求仍然是全世界人類全身心投入的事業(yè)。
3此外,沒有人希望改變自己的本性,有人可能會覬覦總統(tǒng)或國王的職位,但不會和他們交換位置,除非那意味著他自己身份的繼續(xù)。每個人都把自己看成是獨特個體,而且,就他而言,他就是宇宙的中心,有別于其他任何人。如果有人把史密斯先生誤認(rèn)作瓊斯先生,這人就該道歉。
4每個人都表現(xiàn)出一種與眾不同的性格,而環(huán)境和教育對性格的影響都極其有限。兩個人從相同的經(jīng)歷中也不會得出相同的結(jié)論,但是兩個人會各自分析這些事件并將它們?nèi)诤系阶约贺S富的生活模式中去。人性總是忠于它本身,而不受信仰或教育體制左右。一個人的個性和他獨特的天性在出生時就已經(jīng)形成了,而且不會改變。一個人與生俱來的品質(zhì),無論是否有機會發(fā)展,都保持為潛力。在遭受壓力或興趣變化的情況下,他們會部分或全部地消失相當(dāng)一段時間,但是沒有什么能永久地改變他們,也沒有什么能把他們抹去。
5人性的恒定性是眾所周知的,因為沒有人相信一個人能夠從根本上改變他的本性。這就是為什么一個惡名遠(yuǎn)揚的人很難重建公眾對他的信心。人們憑經(jīng)驗知道某一年中表現(xiàn)出無賴性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改觀。小偷也不會變成值得信賴的員工。吝嗇鬼也不可能變成慈善家。而且,一個人不會在五六十歲的時候變成謊話精、懦夫或叛徒,如果那時候他是,那么早在他性格形成的時候他就已經(jīng)是了。大罪犯最初都是小罪犯,正如大橡樹最初都是小橡果。
6盡管人類有完美的潛質(zhì),但事實上他遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有達到完美。如果事實上他已經(jīng)是完美的,那么那些神父、教師和人道主義者便會無事可做;那些教堂、學(xué)校、法庭和監(jiān)獄便會無所用處。因此雖然人性是不可能改變的,但是人們可以研究它、控制它和引導(dǎo)它。而且這應(yīng)該是我們的宗教機構(gòu)、教育機構(gòu)和社會機構(gòu)的最高職能。
7人類在胚胎期是完美的,就好比一粒種子,在幼芽期是完美的一樣。精神是完美的,但它棲居到人類肉體結(jié)構(gòu)中后,便參與其中,表現(xiàn)出后者的不完美。在它與物質(zhì)的聯(lián)系過程中呈現(xiàn)出凡人的弱點、欲望和局限。但是精神,也就是人的內(nèi)在,卻仍能免遭邪惡的染指和玷污。只有外在的人——個性和軀體,由于無知、思想錯誤和違反自然規(guī)律而變得不完美。外在的人,原本也是完美的,但是由于人類如此的褻瀆和濫用,今天,它已經(jīng)與原型相去甚遠(yuǎn)。8人們想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為人類是偉大和高尚的,盡管他的過錯和弱點不斷地暴露在我們面前。只有當(dāng)人類行為偏離常規(guī)時才會引起人們的注意。人們對好鄰居、良民、慈父和貞夫視而不見,但殺人犯、搶劫犯或毆打妻子的人卻成為公眾矚目的焦點。因為這些行為非同尋常。
9人類固有的優(yōu)點還體現(xiàn)在不計其數(shù)的英雄主義行為、充滿無私和犧牲精神的舉動上,每天我們都會讀到人們冒著生命危險挽救他人生命的事跡:有人躍入水中拯救溺水的泳者;有人沖進火場將陌生人帶出險境;有人從死亡的車輪下救出孩子;許多人獻出鮮血使他人生命得以延續(xù)。數(shù)不勝數(shù)的不知姓名、不被記載的人們,不僅在戰(zhàn)場上,而且還在戰(zhàn)爭的大后方,為了他們的同胞獻出了生命。
10人性不會也不能改變,它只展現(xiàn)它固有的模式。它有天性而且這種天性的規(guī)律是可知的。我們只能盡力去了解人類的真實面貌。Unit Eight
安全帶可以避免乘客在車禍中受傷或死亡,這幾乎是常識。但是,約翰.亞當(dāng)斯最近所做的研究得出了更加復(fù)雜的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)。當(dāng)司機系著安全帶時,他們開車無所顧忌,更多車禍因此而發(fā)生。
座椅安全帶的隱患
大衛(wèi)·布杰克里
1座椅安全帶固然能降低我們在車禍中死亡的危險,但從統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)看,情況并不是那么絕對。事實上,據(jù)一位研究者說,安全帶可能會使人們在駕車時更加肆無忌憚。2對于這個有危險的世界,如果有一件事我們還算了解,那就是座椅安全帶可以救命。當(dāng)然,它確實可以救命。但實際情況通常要更混亂、更復(fù)雜。倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院的風(fēng)險專家、地理學(xué)榮譽教授約翰·亞當(dāng)斯早就質(zhì)疑安全帶能保證駕車安全的信條。亞當(dāng)斯最早開始查看統(tǒng)計數(shù)字是早在25年前的事了。他的發(fā)現(xiàn)與人們的普遍看法恰恰相反——在18個強制使用安全帶的國家,要么交通事故死亡率根本沒有變化,要么實際上反而導(dǎo)致了死亡率的凈增長。
3怎么會這樣?亞當(dāng)斯用風(fēng)險補償?shù)母拍顏斫忉屵@些數(shù)據(jù)資料,這個概念就是:人們往往會根據(jù)他們意識到的風(fēng)險程度的改變來相應(yīng)地調(diào)整自己的行為。亞當(dāng)斯解釋說,假設(shè)一位司機駕車途中要過一個窄彎道,這名司機是個男青年,那么他會受到自己對以下兩方面認(rèn)知的影響:駕車的風(fēng)險和駕車的回報。他所考慮的東西可能包括:能夠準(zhǔn)時上班或準(zhǔn)時趕赴朋友的飯局、讓同伴對他的駕車技術(shù)留下深刻印象、使自己作為熟練駕車手的形象更加鞏固。他還可能考慮到自身的安全問題、長命百歲的愿望、對車上年幼乘客的責(zé)任感、撞毀自己的漂亮新車或駕駛證被沒收的代價。這些可能的擔(dān)心也不是孤立存在的。他還要考慮到天氣和路況、交通擁擠的程度和所駕車子的性能。但亞當(dāng)斯說,關(guān)鍵的是這個司機還將根據(jù)他對風(fēng)險變化的判斷來調(diào)整自己的行為。如果他系上了安全帶,而他的車子帶有前、側(cè)氣囊和防滑剎車系統(tǒng),他駕起車來可能會更大膽。
4亞當(dāng)斯強調(diào)說,問題就在于自我感覺安全的司機們實際上對其他司機、騎自行車者、行人和自己車上的乘客來說是更大的危險(平均
80%的司機系安全帶,而同車后座的乘客只有68%系安全帶)。風(fēng)險補償絕不僅限于駕車行為。亞當(dāng)斯說,類似的還有表演高空秋千的藝人、攀巖者或摩托車手。如果在他們的安全等式上增添某種安全裝置——比如說分別給他們一張救生網(wǎng)、一根保險繩或一個頭盔——這個人可能就會試著做些平時認(rèn)為很愚蠢的技巧性表演。因此,安全帶并非簡單、直截了當(dāng)?shù)販p少死亡人數(shù),而是對風(fēng)險和死亡事故進行了更加復(fù)雜的再分配。為了說明其中的道理,亞當(dāng)斯提出人們可以想象一下,如果在方向盤中間安一個尖頭的木樁,司機開車時會受到怎樣的影響?或者在保險杠上裝滿炸藥呢?這簡直是喪心病狂,是的,不過這確實提供了一個生動的例子,來說明人們?nèi)绾胃鶕?jù)對風(fēng)險的判斷來調(diào)整行為。
5日常生活中,風(fēng)險是不斷移動的靶子,而并不像統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)那樣是個固定數(shù)字。除了外部因素外,每個人對于冒險都有自己內(nèi)在的安全尺度。有些人天生大膽而有些人天生謹(jǐn)慎,還有些人是宿命論者,他們會認(rèn)為,有一種更強大的力量設(shè)計了死亡時間表,預(yù)先確定了我們的死期。因此,對駕車風(fēng)險做任何單一的測算所得到的肯定只是最粗略的基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)。亞當(dāng)斯引用了這樣的統(tǒng)計事實作例子:青年男子發(fā)生嚴(yán)重撞車事故的概率比中年婦女高100倍。同樣,在星期天凌晨3點鐘駕車的人比同一天上午10點鐘駕車的人死亡風(fēng)險高出100多倍,有人格障礙的人比一般人死亡風(fēng)險高10倍。亞當(dāng)斯說,假如這個人還喝醉了,匯總所有這些因素并分別加以考慮,就會得到一個具有統(tǒng)計性的預(yù)測:一位心理失常又喝醉酒的青年男子在午夜駕車,7個小時后一位頭腦清醒的中年婦女駕車去教堂,前者發(fā)生嚴(yán)重交通事故的概率比后者高270萬倍。
6問題的要點就在于風(fēng)險并不是孤立存在的,它會受到許多因素的影響,包括承擔(dān)風(fēng)險所帶來的種種回報——無論是財產(chǎn)方面的、身體方面的,還是情感方面的。這正是風(fēng)險賴以存在的真實的人類社會。亞當(dāng)斯說,這才是問題的關(guān)鍵,正如他把近期的一篇博客題目定為《關(guān)鍵的是置人于死地的東西,而不是數(shù)字》。我們對風(fēng)險的反應(yīng)多半取決于它在多大程度上是自發(fā)的行為(如戴水肺潛水)、是不可避免的(如公共交通)、還是強加給我們的(如空氣質(zhì)量);取決于我們認(rèn)為在多大程度上是我們能控制的(如駕駛)或是由別人控制的(如乘飛機);還取決于這種潛在危險在多大程度上是出于好意(如醫(yī)生的指令)、無意的(如自然因素)或惡意的(如謀殺和恐怖活動)。我們每天要做幾十遍風(fēng)險計算,但是可以確信的是,多數(shù)時候人們對風(fēng)險的計算自然而然或者說是出自本能,以至于我們幾乎注意不到我們在做計算。
Unit Nine
住房危機走向郊區(qū)
邁克爾·格倫沃爾德
在過去的五年里,弗吉尼亞州費爾法克斯縣的住房價格增長速度是家庭收入增長速度的12倍.今天,該縣中等家庭不得不將其收入的54%用于購買位于該縣的普通住房;在2000年,這個數(shù)字是26%。形勢如此嚴(yán)峻,以至于費爾法克斯縣最近開始對年收入90,000美元的家庭提供住房補貼;很快,這個數(shù)字可能提高到110,000美元。
1富蘭克林·羅斯福總統(tǒng)曾經(jīng)說經(jīng)濟大蕭條造成1/3的美國人住房簡陋、衣衫襤褸、營養(yǎng)不良,然而70年后的今天,美國人卻是穿著考究、營養(yǎng)日益過剩。但是,廉價房稀缺是一場日益加深的民族危機,而不僅僅是依靠福利為生的城市家庭的危機。這個問題已經(jīng)波及中產(chǎn)階級,并向郊區(qū)蔓延,在那里服務(wù)工作者及其家屬擠在過于狹小的公寓里,大學(xué)畢業(yè)生不得不借宿在父母家,而消防隊員、警察和教師在他們所服務(wù)的社區(qū)也買不起房。
2住房擁有率接近歷史最高位,但有房戶和無房戶之間的差距越來越大,有房戶和房子離工作單位80英里遠(yuǎn)的有房戶之間的差距也越來越大?,F(xiàn)在,1/3的美國人花費至少30%的收入用于住房,聯(lián)邦政府將這種情況定義為“無力支付”的負(fù)擔(dān),而有一半的窮打工仔花費至少50%的收入用于租房,這種情況被稱為“極其嚴(yán)重”的負(fù)擔(dān)。在過去10年里,房地產(chǎn)迅猛發(fā)展,這使得在此之前就已經(jīng)購置房產(chǎn)的美國人大賺特賺了一把,但現(xiàn)在廉價房對中、低收入的美國人來說,是一個比稅收、社會保險、汽油價格更嚴(yán)重的問題。3美國曾經(jīng)非常關(guān)注廉價房問題。1934年和1937年,羅斯福簽署了住房立法,提供抵押貸款、政府公寓,并為那些窮困潦倒的工人提供建筑工作。1949年,國會樹立了官方目標(biāo)——“讓每一個美國家庭都能擁有一個體面的家和宜居環(huán)境,”而到了1974年,尼克松總統(tǒng)開始對數(shù)以百萬計的低收入租戶在私有住房方面提供租金補貼憑單。半個世紀(jì)以來,在華盛頓發(fā)生的大多數(shù)住房方面的辯論都圍繞著一個主題:即應(yīng)該在多大程度上擴大聯(lián)邦政府的資助。
4但在過去20年中,唯一的聯(lián)邦住房新提案就是HOPE VI,也就是克林頓政府拆毀80,000單位的最差公共住房,重建混合收入寓所來取而代之。該計劃已經(jīng)拆除了大部分高度危險的房子,它們曾使公共住房聲名狼藉,并已重建了一些城市的社區(qū)。但是它更多的是把享有補貼的公寓房夷為平地而不是取而代之。
5總的來說,自90年代初以來,接受聯(lián)邦援助的家庭數(shù)已經(jīng)降到最低,盡管人口不斷增加、預(yù)算不斷膨脹。美國國會已經(jīng)拒絕了美國總統(tǒng)布什提出的大部分的削減計劃,但幾乎沒有討論過增加計劃;廉價房的倡導(dǎo)者花費的大部分時間都被用于努力爭取保持現(xiàn)狀。6而現(xiàn)狀真是很艱難。今天,有450萬低收入家庭享受聯(lián)邦住房救助,還有3倍于此的家庭符合被救助資格,卻拿不到救助。費爾法克斯縣有12,000戶家庭在排隊輪候4,000套救助公寓。“這太寶貴了,一旦擁有,沒有人愿意放棄?!辟M爾法克斯住房委員會主席康拉德·艾根這樣說。這聽起來奇怪,但如今住房危機的受害者不是那些已經(jīng)享受“救助計劃”的人,而是那些沒那么幸運去享受這個計劃的人。7一些自由派人士夢想著對所有合格的低收入家庭都給予補貼,但是這個每年要斥資上千億美元的解決辦法很不現(xiàn)實,即便是在預(yù)算赤字再度膨脹之前也不現(xiàn)實。因此,即使一些曾經(jīng)主張住房政策的人,現(xiàn)在也支持對大多數(shù)聯(lián)邦租房救濟金實行時間限制。人們對10年前福利改革中所涉及的時限問題有爭議,但研究表明,這些時限有助于激勵受助人擺脫對福利的依賴。和福利不同的是,住房救濟金不
是聯(lián)邦所賦予的權(quán)利,因此幾年后對一個家庭停止供給意味著給另一個同樣需要救濟的家庭一個喘息的機會。8“這是顯而易見的事,”大衛(wèi)·史密斯——波士頓的一位廉價房的倡導(dǎo)者說,“你不能讓內(nèi)在矛盾無限地延續(xù)?!?/p>
9問題的根源是廉價房的供需,或者更準(zhǔn)確地說,工作地點附近的廉價房的供需之間極不協(xié)調(diào)。據(jù)哈佛大學(xué)住宅聯(lián)合研究中心提供的數(shù)據(jù),現(xiàn)在有1,500萬個家庭至少把他們一半的收入用于支付住房費用;許多人為了住房甚至在醫(yī)療保健、照顧兒童和食品等方面節(jié)省開支。其他人為了減少租金,居住條件極為擁擠,研究表明,擁擠的居住條件與高犯罪率、學(xué)習(xí)成績差、以及健康狀況不佳緊密相關(guān);僅洛杉磯就有62萬戶家庭多人共居一室。其他工作者居住在較為便宜的社區(qū),忍受著越來越長距離的交通往返,這種現(xiàn)象被稱為“駕駛以保生活質(zhì)量”。
10這造成各種不良結(jié)果——孩子們看不到父母;當(dāng)汽油價格飆升、城市向外擴張、道路上堵滿了長途通勤的打工者、他們的汽車排放著溫室氣體,勞動者根本就入不敷出。費爾法克斯縣監(jiān)督委員會的會長凱西·哈金斯說:“我認(rèn)為如果我們迫使人們平均每天四個小時呆在汽車?yán)?,我們就無法建立強大的社區(qū)?!绷畠r房也可以使社區(qū)具有競爭力;如果打工者沒錢住在那里,我們還真不知道費爾法克斯縣怎能一直創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會。
11為促進廉價房,地方官員最好不要擋在路上——不要要求一英畝最小面積和兩車位的車庫、不要阻止低收入和高密度的項目。12另一方面,聯(lián)邦預(yù)算由華盛頓政界人士決定。但是,美國國會自1986年施行低收入住房稅收抵免政策以來沒有再支持過新的建設(shè)項目,該政策每年造就近100,000套廉價住房,足以取代被拆除或被轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槭袌龌凶獾哪切┳》靠倲?shù)的一半。布什在2000年和2004年的競選中提出了房屋所有權(quán)稅收抵免政策,這是一項極好的政策,但是他最終竟然沒有實行。一項等待國會投票的法案可能會把一些聯(lián)邦特許機構(gòu)——如房利美——的利潤按照一定的百分比轉(zhuǎn)移到國家廉價房信托基金名下,但這項法案似乎停滯不前。唯一的用國家力量促進支付能力的辦法并不是有關(guān)住房的辦法;例如,有一個方法可以讓勞動者更能夠負(fù)擔(dān)得起住房費用,那就是提高他們的收入——通過提高最低工資、降低工資稅或擴大收入稅收抵免等方式。
13解決廉價房危機的一個明確辦法:房地產(chǎn)市場崩潰。這是一個能夠吸引媒體關(guān)注的住房問題——因為這會傷害有房戶。但是對于使用風(fēng)險貸款的低收入房屋所有人來說放松價格可能是毀滅性的,另一方面對于無房者來說,它也不會帶來居者有其屋的結(jié)果。價格下降還有很大的空間;在2000年,費爾法克斯2/3的房屋銷售價格不高于$250,000,但去年只有不到1/20的房屋以此價格出售。即便價格小幅下滑都可能引發(fā)建設(shè)減速,從而使中等收入家庭缺乏廉價房的局面變得更糟糕。
14最終,政治家可能重新發(fā)現(xiàn)住房問題不是一個城市貧困問題,而是一個中產(chǎn)階級的生活質(zhì)量問題,正如燃油價格或醫(yī)療保健一樣。居者有其屋通常被稱為是美國夢,但如今許多勞動者為了使他們的家人不至于破產(chǎn),寧愿租一所體面的房子居住。
Unit Ten
普林斯頓大學(xué)校長在其任職演說中提到:與接受高等教育這項權(quán)利相伴的是各種義務(wù)。
危機時代,大學(xué)該扮演的角色
1今天,由于長期以來美國人對教育價值的共識,大學(xué)在美國社會中占有得天獨厚的地位。一位前任校長哈羅德·多茲1933年在就職演說中曾提到,“沒有哪個國家像美國這樣,不論對公立教育還是私立教育的投入都是如此地慷慨大方。美國人民對正規(guī)教育所能起到的作用抱有一種近乎天真的信念?!边@一信念是在這樣一個深信不疑的基礎(chǔ)上確立的,即美國的活力、它富有創(chuàng)造性和多樣化的文化生活、它具有驚人獨創(chuàng)力的經(jīng)濟、它的國家安全以及它健全的民主制度——極大地依賴于其高等教育機構(gòu)的質(zhì)量。
2我國社會對高等教育機構(gòu)的信心通過以下幾點表現(xiàn)出來:聯(lián)邦政府和州政府對基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究給予大量投資,這些投資明智地將對研究的支持與對研究生教育的支持結(jié)合起來;聯(lián)邦政府和州政府對無力負(fù)擔(dān)高等教育學(xué)費的學(xué)生給予資助;一些私人基金會和慈善機構(gòu)給予投資,他們認(rèn)為高等院校是達成其戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)的最佳途徑;一些個人和私人部門給予投資,他們認(rèn)為高等院校是未來健康發(fā)展和富裕繁榮的孵化器。社會當(dāng)然期望我們能有所作為以回報這種廣泛的支持。社會期望我們產(chǎn)生新思想,開發(fā)新知識,以一種開放和共同協(xié)作的方式探索復(fù)雜的問題,培養(yǎng)未來一代公民和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。當(dāng)處于困境的時候,我們不辜負(fù)這些期望就尤為重要。
3中世紀(jì)大學(xué)的形象是一座象牙塔,學(xué)者們遠(yuǎn)離社會進行孤獨的沉思,不關(guān)心窗外之事——這一形象已被現(xiàn)代大學(xué)所取代——現(xiàn)代大學(xué)不是象牙構(gòu)筑的,而是高度開放的機構(gòu),允許內(nèi)外自由交流。高校是屬于社會的,而不是游離于社會之外的。高校的理想,經(jīng)由多少代人的鑄造,旨在滲入國民意識之中。學(xué)者和教師必定要周旋于學(xué)院內(nèi)外以尋覓運用他們的才能為公眾服務(wù)的機會,尋覓能給我們帶來啟發(fā)和見識的創(chuàng)造性工作,尋覓把實驗室的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)化為實際應(yīng)用的途徑。我們的學(xué)生在從事社會活動時懷有一種強烈的公民責(zé)任意識,并且當(dāng)他們畢業(yè)若干年后成為老校友時仍然會這樣做。這些都是理所當(dāng)然的。
4探索新思想和新知識不是依靠也不應(yīng)該依靠功利主義動機,而是依靠以新穎的和創(chuàng)造性的方式進行思考的能力。當(dāng)諾貝爾獎獲得者約翰·納什在普林斯頓大學(xué)讀研究生時推動了構(gòu)成“非合作博弈論”基礎(chǔ)的數(shù)學(xué)概念的發(fā)展時,他可能根本不會想到這些概念會在今天被用于分析選舉策略、戰(zhàn)爭起因及預(yù)測人的行為表現(xiàn)等方面。當(dāng)還是一名年輕科學(xué)家的分子生物學(xué)教授埃里克·維紹斯著手識別決定果蠅胚胎身體結(jié)構(gòu)模式的基因時,他可能不知道他會識別出在推動對人類癌癥的研究中起到關(guān)鍵性作用的基因。由此得知,我們無法準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)及學(xué)術(shù)成就將如何影響未來一代又一代的人們。同時,我們也得知,只在可預(yù)知的領(lǐng)域來挖掘知識是不明智的,因為新知識往往依賴于在未知領(lǐng)域準(zhǔn)備好肥沃的土壤,在那些領(lǐng)域,好運氣同深奧的智慧一樣能開花結(jié)果。我們最珍視的組織原則之一——探索的自由,不僅僅從道德上說是必需的,而且它也是一個實際需要。5就像我們有義務(wù)廣泛尋求新知識一樣,我們也有義務(wù)確保我們的學(xué)術(shù)研究能夠被廣泛地傳播。只有這樣,別人才能對其做出必要的修正,或?qū)⑵浒l(fā)揚光大,或依據(jù)它來作出更好的決定,開發(fā)出更好的產(chǎn)
品,或構(gòu)建出更好的規(guī)劃。在日后的歲月中,我希望我們國家的決策者根據(jù)留存于大學(xué)的知識來做決定,咨詢能通過對過去的深刻理解而洞悉現(xiàn)在的歷史學(xué)家們;咨詢能提供明辨是非原則的哲學(xué)家們;咨詢能以其洞察力使經(jīng)濟回歸正軌的經(jīng)濟學(xué)家們;咨詢知道如何建造更安全建筑的工程師們;咨詢能分析我們?nèi)菀渍兄挛磥硪u擊的軟肋并能制訂出彌補這些弱點的戰(zhàn)略的科學(xué)家們;以及咨詢能幫助我們弄清恐怖分子在我國及世界各地實施恐怖行動的動機的多個領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者們。
6現(xiàn)在,請允許我來闡述一下我們應(yīng)對社會所盡的第三項義務(wù):培育下一代的公民與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。普林斯頓大學(xué)所提倡的對大學(xué)文科教育的見解,我校第13任校長伍德羅。威爾遜曾作過精辟的表述,我在開學(xué)典禮上曾誦讀過他的雄辯的語句:“在大學(xué)里我們應(yīng)當(dāng)努力傳授的,與其說是知識本身還不如說是做學(xué)問的精神。它包括:辨別正確推理與錯誤推理的能力,消化與闡釋論據(jù)的能力,廣泛觀察的習(xí)慣,對于持客觀見解的偏好,執(zhí)著于清晰有條理的思維過程,本能地?zé)嶂杂陉U釋內(nèi)涵而不拘泥于推論的字面意思,對知識的鑒賞力,對人類健全心智的無限尊重?!?/p>
7威爾遜及其繼任者們拒絕這一狹隘的觀念:即大學(xué)文科教育只限于為某種職業(yè)做準(zhǔn)備。他們在了解職業(yè)教育重要性的同時,更清楚在普林斯頓首先應(yīng)該培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思考能力和洞察力,堅信這才最有益于社會健全發(fā)展。因此我們對以下兩方面做了區(qū)分:對職業(yè)素質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)有重要作用的信息獲取和能夠應(yīng)用于任何職業(yè)的思維習(xí)慣的發(fā)展。所以,當(dāng)古典文學(xué)家走進醫(yī)學(xué)院、物理學(xué)家成為國會議員或歷史學(xué)家執(zhí)教小學(xué)的時候,我們便感到慶幸。如果我們作為教育家做好我們的工作,我們的每一個學(xué)生將從普林斯頓的教育中學(xué)會尊重和欣賞各種理念與價值、思維的開放與嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、社交實踐與公民責(zé)任感。在這困難重重的年代,我們將號召我們的學(xué)生和校友們在他們的職業(yè)中、在他們的團體和日常生活中實踐這些品質(zhì)。通過這樣做,通過他們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力、洞察力和勇氣,他們將幫助履行普林斯頓對社會的義務(wù)和實踐我們的座右銘:“普林斯頓——為國家服務(wù),為世界服務(wù)!”
Unit3 A 奧斯陸
1記得我第一次去歐洲旅行的時候,我在哥本哈根獨自一人去看電影。在丹麥,電影票是對號入座的。(此文來自袁勇兵博客)我走進電影院,發(fā)現(xiàn)在我的票對應(yīng)的座位旁,只有一對年輕情侶。這對情侶如膠似漆地?fù)肀г谝黄?,如同一場持久?zhàn)爭結(jié)束后碼頭上親人的團聚。我很不情愿坐在他們旁邊,就如我絕不會要求加入他們的行為一樣——這兩者對我來說并沒有什么不同——因此我謹(jǐn)慎地隔幾個座位坐了下來。2人們陸續(xù)地走進影院,參照電影票找到位子,在我們周圍坐了下來。電影開場時,這個寬敞空曠的觀眾席中間,扎堆地坐了約30人。電影開場兩分鐘后,一個拎著大包 小包購物袋的女士艱難地擠到我這排,在我座位旁停下,并用嚴(yán)厲的口吻憤怒地朝我用充滿了喉塞音的丹麥語說道,我坐在了她的位子上。女引座員馬上打開手電筒查看情況,身邊所有的人都不安地重新確認(rèn)自己票上的座位號,直到大家都清楚了,我是一個美國游客,因此沒有遵循簡單的就座指示。在羞愧中我被送回指定的位子。
3接下來我們坐在一起看電影,30人如同一艘超載的救生船上的難民一般擠作一團。肩膀相互摩擦著,忍受著各種細(xì)小的噪聲。那時我想,有些國家在某些事情上做的比任 何其他國家都好,然而在另外一些事情上,他們卻糟糕很多。我開始思考為何會有如此反差。4有時候某個國家的小發(fā)明是如此獨特和精巧,以至于我們總是由它而聯(lián)想到這個國家——英國的雙層巴士,荷蘭的風(fēng)車(給原本單調(diào)的景觀增添了多么美妙的創(chuàng)意:想想這些風(fēng)車是如何改變了內(nèi)布拉斯加州),還有巴黎人行道上的露天咖啡館。然而,也有一些事情,大部分國家能不費吹灰之力地辦到,但某些國家卻完全想不到。
5比如說,法國人無法掌握排隊的竅門。他們一遍遍地嘗試,但這似乎超出了他們的能力范圍。無論你去巴黎的任何地方,總會看到整齊的隊伍在公交車站候車。但一旦公交車靠站,隊伍立刻瓦解,就像精神病院的消防演習(xí)一樣,所有人都爭搶著第一個上車,完全沒意識到,這樣一來排隊的意義就蕩然無存了。(此文來自袁勇兵博客)
6另一方面,英國人則不能領(lǐng)略吃的基本要領(lǐng)。證據(jù)就是他們本能地使用刀叉來食用漢堡。更令我驚訝的是,他們大多數(shù)都把叉子顛倒放置,將食物擱在它的背上。我已經(jīng) 在英國居住了 15年,但我仍不得不壓制這種沖動,想要走向酒吧或餐館里的陌生人說:“打擾一下,可以允許我告訴你一個小技巧嗎?(此文來自袁勇兵博客)那樣你就不會把豆子散落在整張桌子上了。(此文來自袁勇兵博客)”7德國人被幽默困擾,瑞士人對樂趣毫無概念,西班牙人絲毫不覺得在半夜吃晚飯有什么滑稽之處,而意大利人從不,也絕不會讓別人告訴他們汽車是如何發(fā)明的。(此文來自袁勇兵博客)
8這次歐洲之旅帶給我很多驚奇的小事,其中一個就是我發(fā)現(xiàn)世界竟能如此多樣化,對于本質(zhì)上相同的事物處理起來卻方式各異,比如說吃喝或是買電影票。有趣的是,歐洲人有時可以突然變得如此相似——他們普遍好學(xué)而理性,開著小車,住在古鎮(zhèn)的小房子里,喜歡足球,不怎么注重物質(zhì)生活,遵紀(jì)守法,而且他們住寒冷的賓館房間,去溫暖舒適的地方吃喝——然而卻同時擁有著如此琢磨不透、永無止盡的差異。在歐洲沒有什么是百分之百肯定的,對此我十分贊同。
9我仍然享受著對事情進展的未知感。從哈默菲斯特返回后,我在奧斯陸的賓館呆了四天,女服務(wù)員每天早上都留給我一盒叫做Bio Tex Bla的東西,說明上說是一種 “minipakke for ferie,hybel og weekend”。我不清楚它到底是用來洗衣服的,還是漱口的,或是用來淸洗抽水馬桶的,我通過聞它的氣味,并試驗它各種可能的用法,度過了好幾個快樂的小時。最后我判定它是甩來洗衣服的——它的確有效——然而就我所知,在奧斯陸度過的剩下幾周中,無論我去哪兒,都聽見有人互相議論:“你知道嗎?那個人身上有馬桶清潔劑的味道?!?/p>
10當(dāng)我告訴倫敦的朋友,我將周游歐洲各地并將其寫成書時,他們說:“喔,你肯定會說很多語言吧?!?1 “為什么,我不會,”我會帶著一點傲氣回答,“我只會英語?!比缓笏麄兙涂粗遥孟裎爷偭?。(此文來自袁勇兵博客)但是就我而言,那正是國外旅游的美妙
之處。我并不想知道人們在說些什 么。置身于一個對你而言完全陌生的國家,能激發(fā)一種孩子般的好奇心。除此之外,我想不出還有什么更好的辦法。突然之間你又回到了五歲。你無法讀懂任何東西,你對事物運行方式只有最基本的感知,你甚至無法安全地穿過馬路。你的整個存在變成了一系列有趣的猜想。看國外電視節(jié)目,試著想象到底發(fā)生了什么事,這讓我樂此不疲。比如說,在奧斯陸 的第一個晚上,我收看一個科學(xué)節(jié)目,演播室里的兩個男子站在一張實驗桌旁,討論著一種有著光滑皮毛的貌似嚙齒目的動物,它們在桌面上爬行,偶爾爬上主持人的外套。主持人正在說:“那么你與所有這些動物做愛,是嗎?(此文來自袁勇兵博客)”“當(dāng)然,”嘉賓回答道,“你必須對豪豬十分小心,當(dāng)然,旅鼠若是感覺你不再像以前 那樣愛它們,會變得焦躁不安并跳下懸崖,但總的來說,這些動物是非常親切的伴侶,并且性也是十分美妙的。(此文來自袁勇兵博客)”“哎呀,我覺得那很棒。下周讓大家見識一下你是怎么用藥柜中的簡單家庭用藥制造出致幻藥的。(此文來自袁勇兵博客)該讓熒幕空白幾分光突然亮起,然后讓燈光突然亮起,照在主持人身;讓他看起來似乎就像正要摳鼻子。下周見?!比ミ^哈默菲斯特后,就貨得奧斯陸簡直妙不可言。天氣依然很冷,到處還撒著灰蒙蒙 的雪花,但是比起哈默菲斯特來那可要暖和多了,這也讓我徹底放棄了想要買毛皮帽的想法。我參觀了博物館,并花了一天時間游覽巴度半島,那里叢林茂密的山坡上矗立著該城市最美的房子,其視野可跨越海港冰面一直延伸到市區(qū),十分迷人。但是大多數(shù)時間我就在市中心閑逛,在火車站和皇宮之間來回溜達,在卡爾約翰街向街旁的商店櫥窗里張望。在路邊明亮的燈光的照耀下,長長的卡爾約翰步行街富麗堂皇,與健康快樂、不屈不撓又充滿朝氣的挪威人融合在一起。我很高興能離開哈莫斯菲特并來到這個充滿活力、猶如白晝的世界。當(dāng)我覺得寒意逼人時,我便進入咖啡館或酒吧坐下,偷聽那些我無法明白的對話,抑或拿出我的《托馬斯庫克歐洲時刻表》,滿懷敬意地加以研究,做接下來的旅行安排。16《托馬斯庫克歐洲時刻表》可能是已出版的最優(yōu)秀的書籍。當(dāng)你迅速翻閱了其500頁 密密印刷的時間表后,你必然有沖動想要往旅行包內(nèi)塞進兩抱衣服,然后立刻出發(fā)。每一頁都低聲訴說著浪漫:蒙特勒——茲懷斯門——施皮茨——因特拉肯,貝爾格萊 德——的里雅斯特——威尼斯——維羅納——米蘭,哥德堡——拉赫斯河——(哈爾 斯貝里)——斯德哥爾摩,文堤米利亞——馬賽——里昂——巴黎。無論是誰吟誦這 些地名,都會感受到一股強烈的興奮,想象著霧氣蒙蒙的月臺,以及在400多 米長的流線型車廂旁,站滿了期待的旅客,堆滿了行李,每個車廂里都放著一張寫著外國地名的列表。當(dāng)讀到莫斯科——華沙——柏林——巴塞爾——日內(nèi)瓦這一 系列地名時,又有誰不會傷感地羨慕那些能夠橫跨這個歷史悠久的大陸的幸運兒呢?看過這樣的旅行安排,誰不想踏上行程呢?(此文來自袁勇兵博客)那么,桑尼.馮.比洛就是這樣一個例子。但是對我來說,我可以花大量時間就這樣凝視著這些列表,每一份都不可思議地包含了時刻、數(shù)量、距離、畫著交叉刀叉、酒杯、匕首、礦工鎬(不管做何用途)、渡輪和巴士的神奇小圖,以及令人困惑的深奧腳注。