第一篇：英語從句類型總結(jié)

英語從句類型總結(jié)

在復(fù)合句中主句是全句的主體，從句是全句的一個(gè)成分，不能獨(dú)立。從句在復(fù)合句中的功用，和簡單句中的句子成分的功用類似，可作主語、賓語、表語、同位語（以上為名詞性從句）、定語、狀語等。因此，它可以分為主語、賓語、表語、同位語、定語、和狀語從句。

一、定語從句

在復(fù)合句中，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的有關(guān)系代詞 who, whom, whose, which, that等和關(guān)系副詞where, when, why等，關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中擔(dān)任句子成份。1.由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，who用作主語，如： This is the boy who often helps me.2.由whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，whom用作賓語，如： The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.3.由whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，whose用作定語，如 ： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white? 4．由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，which用作主語或謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語或介詞的賓語，如： This is the book which has been retranslated into many languages.這就是那本有多種語言譯本的書。（關(guān)系代詞Which用作主語。）

5.由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，that可以指人或物，在從句中作主語或謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語，但不能放在介詞后面作介詞賓語，如：

The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun. 6.由when, where, why引導(dǎo)的定語從句，如: I don't know the reason why he was late.This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.注意：先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時(shí)，如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是不及物的，就用where引導(dǎo)。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)7.限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句

(1)限制性定語從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分，主句和從句之間不用逗號(hào)分開。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，這些關(guān)系代詞都不能省略。

(2)非限制性定語從句是對(duì)主句先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明，沒有這種從句，不影響主句意思的完整，一般用逗號(hào)把主句和從句分開，關(guān)系代詞用 which,不用that;指人時(shí)可用who,如 ：I have two brothers, who are both students.二、狀語從句

由從句擔(dān)任的狀語，在句子中可修飾謂語（或其它動(dòng)詞）、形容詞、副詞或是整個(gè)句子，它可以用來表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、比較、讓步等。狀語從句是一較大的語法項(xiàng)目，也是近幾年高考題中常見的一個(gè)重要試點(diǎn)。高考中已考查了時(shí)間、讓步、地點(diǎn)、條件、目的等狀語從句，這些從句仍是今后高考熱點(diǎn)，應(yīng)作充分準(zhǔn)備。同時(shí)對(duì)方式狀語從句也應(yīng)引起重視。

1、時(shí)間狀語從句

表示時(shí)間的狀語從句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till(until), since, once, as soon as(或the moment), by the time, no sooner than, hardly(scarcely)when, every time等引導(dǎo)。

When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.He started as soon as he received the news.Once you see him, you will never forget him.No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.2、原因狀語從句

原因狀語從句是表示原因或理由的，引導(dǎo)這類從句的最常用的連詞是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果關(guān)系時(shí)（它引導(dǎo)的不是從句）為并列連詞，語氣不如because強(qiáng)。

He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.As it is raining, I will not go out.Now that you mention it, I do remember.3、地點(diǎn)狀語從句

引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句的連詞是where 和wherever等。Sit wherever you like.Make a mark where you have a question.4、目的狀語從句

引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句最常用的詞（組）是so, so that（從句謂語常有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。

Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.He left early in case he should miss the train.5、結(jié)果狀語從句

結(jié)果狀語從句是表示事態(tài)結(jié)果的從句，通常主句是原因，從句是結(jié)果。由so that（從句謂語一般沒有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）, so that, such that等引導(dǎo)。She was ill, so that she didnt attend the meeting.He was so excited that he could not say a word.She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.6、條件狀語從句

條件狀語從句分真實(shí)性（有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情）與非真實(shí)性（條件與事實(shí)相反或者在說話者看來不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情）條件句。引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的詞（組）主要有if, unless, so(as)long as, on condition that, so(as)far as, if only(= if)。注意：條件從句中的if 不能用whether替換。

If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.So far as I know（據(jù)我所知）, he will be away for three months.You can go swimming on condition that(= if)you dont go too far away from the river bank.If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.7、讓步狀語從句

讓步狀語從句可由although, though, as, even if(though), however, whatever, whether or, no matter who(when, what,)等引導(dǎo)。注意：as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句一般是倒裝的。Though he is a child, he knows a lot.Child as he is, he knows a lot.Whatever(= No matter what)you say, Ill never change my mind.8、方式狀語從句

方式狀語從句常由as, as if(though), the way, rather than等引導(dǎo)。You must do the exercise as I show you.He acted as if nothing had happened.9、比較狀語從句

比較狀語從句常用than, so(as)as, the more the more等引導(dǎo)。I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.The busier he is, the happier he feels.三、名詞性從句

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句(Noun Clauses）。名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。

引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：連詞：that（無任何詞意）；whether, if（均表示“是否”表明從句內(nèi)容的不確定性）；as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）。以上在從句中均不充當(dāng)任何成分

連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.Whichever, whomever 連接副詞：when, where, how, why 具體分類 1．主語從句

作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，if和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。例如：

What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說什么，還不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown.誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。2．賓語從句

名詞句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動(dòng)詞或介詞及非謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語。（1）由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時(shí),第二個(gè)分句前的that不可省。例如：

He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。（2）用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問句，應(yīng)注意句子語序要用陳述語序。例如：

I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告訴了你什么。3．表語從句

在句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后，有時(shí)用as if引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語 + 系動(dòng)詞 + that從句。例如： The fact is that we have lost the game.事實(shí)是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場比賽。That's just what I want.這正是我想要的。4． 同位語從句

同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，可用于同位語從句的名詞有advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，word等。例如：

The news that we won the game is exciting.我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動(dòng)。I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來。

第二篇：英語從句[定稿]

英語從句

復(fù)雜句：由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成。主句是全句的主體，通?？梢元?dú)立存在；從句則是一個(gè)句子成分，不能獨(dú)立存在。

從句的分類：

名詞性從句：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句 形容詞性從句：通常稱為定語從句。

副詞性從句：通常稱為狀語從句。包括：時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、原因狀語從句、方式狀語從句、比較狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、條件狀語從古、讓步狀語從句。

一、名詞性從句：

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句（Noun Clauses）。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句

1.1主語從句：

作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，if和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。

What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說什么還不清楚。

如果what-分句本身明顯表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，比如what分句的動(dòng)詞和補(bǔ)語都是復(fù)數(shù)，那么主句動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。

What I say and think are none of your business.That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.有時(shí)為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下：It + be + 形容詞+ that從句

It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that … It is true that the sun is bigger than the earth。

Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question./ 10 1.2賓語從句：

名詞句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動(dòng)詞或介詞及非謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語。1.由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去，例如：

He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.2.用who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問句，應(yīng)注意句子語序要用陳述語序。I want to know what he has told you.1.3表語從句：

在句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語從句位于系動(dòng)詞后，有時(shí)用as if引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+ 系動(dòng)詞+ that從句。The fact is that we have lost the game.事實(shí)是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場比賽。This is where our problem lies.這就是我們的問題所在。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。

需要注意的，當(dāng)主語是reason時(shí)，表語從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.常見的系動(dòng)詞： be動(dòng)詞（am，is，are），感官動(dòng)詞（feel，look，smell，sound，taste，seem），“變得”（get，become，turn，grow），“保持”（keep，stay）

1.4同位語從句：

同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，可用于同位語從句的名詞有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如： The news that we won the game is exciting.我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動(dòng)。

The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能瑪麗生病了。

二、定語從句(初級(jí)篇)：

2.1定語從句，一個(gè)簡單句跟在一名詞或代詞后進(jìn)行修飾限定，就叫做定語從句。被修飾/ 10 的詞叫先行詞。定語從句不同于單詞作定語的情況，它通常只能放在被修飾的詞（即先行詞）之后。定語從句由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞）引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞位于定語從句句首。

關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。關(guān)系代詞包括：that、which、who、whom、whose。

關(guān)系副詞在句中作狀語。關(guān)系副詞包括：when、where、why 2.2定語從句=先行詞+關(guān)系詞+從句 先行詞：

指被定語從句修飾的名詞、代詞或句子。一般先行詞出現(xiàn)在定語從句的前面。

關(guān)系詞：關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用：

1.連接作用，連接主句和定語從句。

2.指代先行詞。3.在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。

2.3關(guān)系代詞：

2.3.1that(在從句中做主語或賓語)This is the desk that I borrow from my sister。This is the desk

I borrow the desk from my sister.The man that stands near Lucy comes from America.The man comes from America.the man stands near Lucy.2.3.2Which（在從句中做主語或賓語）

A prosperity which had never been seen before appears in the countryside。A prosperity had never been seen before.A prosperity appears in the countryside.The package which you are carrying is very beautiful.The package is very beautiful

You are carrying the package.2.3.3Who(在從句中做主語或賓語)Is he the man who wants to see you? Is he the man?

The man wants to see you.2.3.4Whom（在從句中做賓語）

Is he the man whom you want to see ? Is he the man?

You want to see the man.2.3.5Whose(在從句中做定語,翻譯為誰的)/ 10 Please pass me the book whose cover is green.They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down 2.4 關(guān)系副詞：

2.4.1 When(在從句中做時(shí)間狀語,翻譯為那時(shí)候)There comes a time when you have to make a choice.There comes a time you have to make a choice.I want to read this book in the morning when our memory is pretty good.I want to read this book in the morning

our memory is pretty good.2.4.2where(在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語,翻譯為在那里)Dawan high school is a good school where I spend three years on study.Qingbaijiang is the place where I was born.2.4.3Why（在從句中做原因狀語通常先行詞是reason、explanation，翻譯成為什么）

We don’t know the reason why he dosen’t come to school。She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer.定語從句（高級(jí)篇）

一、限定性定語從句、非限定性定語從句：

限定性定語從句對(duì)被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用，使該詞的含義更具體，更明確。限制性定語從句不能被省略，否則句意就不完整

The book(that/ which)I am reading is very interesting.非限制性定語從句的作用是：不直接修飾先行詞，只為先行詞提供一些補(bǔ)充的信息，缺少也不會(huì)影響全句的理解。在非限制性定語從句的前面往往有逗號(hào)隔開 I made a card for mom, who loves me most.My hometown is Beijing, which is the capital of China.非限定性定語從句可將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾,這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒理解我的意思，這使我心煩。

在非限定定語從句中，有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞，若as在從句中作主語，其引導(dǎo)的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。例如： / 10 The boy has as much progress as we had expected.As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history.非限制性定語從句引導(dǎo)詞：which、who、whom、whose、when、where、as（注意沒有that）

My hometown is Beijing, which is the capital of China.My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.They went to London，where they lived for six months.As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history.二、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)：

1.“介詞+ which”在關(guān)系分句中分別可作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語，代替相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞when, where和why.如：

I still remember the day on which(= when)I first came to school.The factory in which(= where)I work is a large one.我工作的工廠是一個(gè)大廠子。

2.“介詞+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”在關(guān)系分句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，表示存在關(guān)系，關(guān)系分句主謂常須倒裝。如：

They arrived at a farm house, in front of which sat a small boy.他們來到一處農(nóng)舍，前邊坐著一個(gè)小男孩。

I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看見一個(gè)人，他的頭上有一只鳥。3.“不定代詞或數(shù)詞+ of + which（指物）/whom（指人）”在關(guān)系分句中作主語，說明整體中的一部分。如：

China has a lot of islands, one of which is Diaoyu.There are a lot of students here, none of whom like the film.4.“介詞+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”在關(guān)系分句中作目的、方式或地點(diǎn)狀語。如： Could you tell me for whom you’ve bought this coat? The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.5.“介詞+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系分句中，作狀語，說明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。如：

The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.傷害羊的那只狼被打死了。The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.打死狼的那人是一個(gè)好獵手。/ 10 6.“名詞+ of which”代替“whose +名詞”在關(guān)系分句中作定語。如：

I saw some trees, the leaves of which(= whose leaves)were black with disease.我看見一些樹，它們的葉子因害病而發(fā)黑。

He mentioned a book, the title of which(= whose title)I’ve forgotten.7.“介詞+ which（指物）/whose（指人）”修飾后邊的名詞。如： It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship broke into pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在這期間輪船撞碎了。

The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司機(jī)就是那個(gè)男人，她從他的房間偷走地圖。

8.“介詞+ which +不定式”。此種用法多見于正文體中，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)帶有主語和謂語的定語從句。如：

She had only 1.87 with which to buy(= she could buy)Jim, her husband, a present.她只有一元八角七分錢，用這些錢她給丈夫吉姆買一件禮物。

三、.“as”用法：

1.“as”引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句

1.1.“such....as”

He is not such a fool as he looks.1.2.“the same....as”

This is the same book as I lost last week.(區(qū)分“the same...as”與“the same....that”：兩者都引導(dǎo)定語從句。that從句中說明的名詞與the same修飾的名詞是同一個(gè)。as從句中說明的名詞與the same修飾的名詞是同一類，而非同一個(gè)。舉例：

This is the same pen that I lost.這支鋼筆就是我丟的那一支。This is the same pen as I lost.這支鋼筆跟我丟的那支筆一模一樣。1.3.“as...as”

As many children as came were given some cakes.2.“as”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句常用句式: As everyone knows,China is a beautiful country with a long history.as is said above 綜上所述

as is known to all 眾所周知

as is often the case 通常如此

as is reported in the newspaper 如報(bào)紙所報(bào)道的

四、關(guān)系代詞that、which在很多情況下可以替換，特殊情況下不可替換。有六種情況只可用that而不用which:

（1）不定代詞 anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little為先行詞時(shí)；

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.（2）先行詞為 the only, the very, the just時(shí)； / 10

He is the very that helped the girl out of the water.他從水中救起了那個(gè)女孩。（3）先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞或最高級(jí)時(shí)；

The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twain.（4）先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)；

He talked about the teachers and school that he visited.（5）當(dāng)主句是以who或which開始的特殊疑問句時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)用that；

Who is the person that is standing at the gate?（6）關(guān)系代詞作表語時(shí)；

He is not the man that he used to be.他以前不是這樣的人。

有兩中情況只用which不用that：

（1）當(dāng)主句先行詞后有介詞時(shí)，用which。例：This is the one of which I'm speaking。（2）非限定性定語從句，用which。

五、定語從句只能“that”引導(dǎo)的情況：

1、先行詞是最高級(jí)或被最高級(jí)修飾。

This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.2、先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾。

The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek.3、先行詞是不定代詞時(shí)，如“all、few、little、much、anything、nothing、something”

This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.4.、先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)

Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?

5、先行詞被“only”、“the every”、“no”、“one of”、“the right“、“the same”等修飾

He is the only person that l want to talk to.6、在以“which”、“who”、“whom” 引起的問句中，為避免重復(fù)，常用“that”

Who is the man that is standing there?

Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?

六、定語從句可以省略關(guān)系詞的情況 ：

定語從句中關(guān)系詞有時(shí)可以省略，但這只限于限制性定語從句中，在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系詞則不可省略。關(guān)系詞的省略主要限于以下幾個(gè)方面。如：

1.關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí)的省略。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞who, whom, which和that在定語從句中用作動(dòng)詞賓語或介詞位于句末時(shí)的介詞賓語時(shí)，可以省略。如： Is there anything(that)you wanted? 想要什么東西嗎? Who is the man(that / who / whom)you were talking to? 剛才和你講話的人是誰? / 10 2.關(guān)系代詞作表語時(shí)的省略。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中用作表語時(shí)，可以省略。如： China is not the country(that)it was.中國已不是過去的中國了。(that作表語)3.關(guān)系代詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)的省略。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中用作賓語補(bǔ)足時(shí)，可以省略。如： I’m not the madman(that)you thought me.我并不是你所認(rèn)為的那個(gè)瘋子。(that作賓語補(bǔ)語)4.關(guān)系副詞when的省略。用作時(shí)間狀語的關(guān)系副詞when通常不能省略但有一種特殊情況 即用于day, year, time等少數(shù)幾個(gè)詞后時(shí)可以省略(也可換成that)。如： That was the year(that)I first went abroad.就是那一年我第一次出國了。I’ll never forget the day(that)we met.我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了我們見面的那一天。

5.關(guān)系副詞where的省略。用作地點(diǎn)狀語的關(guān)系副詞where通常不能省略，但有一種特殊情況，即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少數(shù)幾個(gè)詞后時(shí)可以省略(也可換成that)。如：

This is the place(where)they met yesterday.這就是他們昨天碰頭的地方。Have you somewhere(that)I can lie down for an hour? 你有沒有一個(gè)什么地方可以讓我躺一個(gè)小時(shí)？

6.關(guān)系副詞why的省略。關(guān)系副詞why通常只用于the reason后引導(dǎo)定語從句，且通?？蓳Q成that或for which，均可省略。如：

That’s the reason(why, for which, that)he came.這就是他來的原因

七、區(qū)分定語從句和同位語從句：

定語從句修飾先行詞，它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；

同位語從句指的是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)同位語的從句，同位語從句用來對(duì)其前面的抽象名詞進(jìn)行解釋說明.是補(bǔ)充說明的關(guān)系。

The boy who is playing football is my classmate.（定語從句）

名詞作同位語

Mr.Wang, my child’s teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.The fact that the moon moves around the earth is known to all.（同位語從句）

可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有：news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility, decision等。

三、狀語從句：

3.1.條件狀語從句:由引導(dǎo)詞if或unless引導(dǎo)的狀語從句叫做條件狀語從句。

If you fail in the exam, you will let him down./ 10 You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.3.2.時(shí)間狀語從句：用表示時(shí)間的連詞連接一個(gè)句子作狀語，這樣的復(fù)合句就是時(shí)間狀語從句。連接時(shí)間狀語從句的連接詞有：when, before, after, while, as soon as, until, since......這里要注意一點(diǎn)的是，如果主句是一般將來時(shí)，從句只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來意義，簡稱主將從現(xiàn)。

We were about to leave when he came in It will be four days before they come back。

3.3.目的狀語從句:從句部分是用以補(bǔ)充說明主句中謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的目的的狀語從句?？梢杂蓆hat, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等詞引導(dǎo).You must speak louder in order that you can be heard by all.I got up early so that I could catch the first bus 3.4.原因狀語從句：

引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有because, as（由于）, since（既然）, now(that)（既然）, when（既然）, seeing(that)（由于，鑒于）, considering(that)（考慮到）, given(that)（考慮到）,for（為）等

I don’t like this computer because it is too ugly.Since you don't trust him, you should not employ him.3.5.方式狀語從句：方式狀語從句通常由as, as…so…, as if, as though, by,with引導(dǎo)。

You must try to hold the tool as I do As water is to fish, so air is to man 3.6.地點(diǎn)狀語從句：地點(diǎn)狀語從句表示地點(diǎn)、方位，這類從句通常由where引導(dǎo)。

I found my books where I had left them.Where there is a will, there is a way.Where 引導(dǎo)定語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)別：

where引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，從句前應(yīng)有一個(gè)表示地點(diǎn)的名詞作先行詞；而狀語從句前則無需先行詞。

Go back where you came from.(where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句）

Go back to the place where you came from.(where引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾place)3.7.比較狀語從句：比較狀語從句主要運(yùn)用于形容詞和副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)及最高級(jí)的句子之中。原級(jí)：as…as，not so（as）…as …，比較級(jí)：more…than（更）特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the more … the more … ； no … more than；not A so much as B My hometown is as beautiful as Hangzhou / 10 Nothing is more dangerous than that you make friends with him The more homework you do, the more you will get in study.3.8.結(jié)果狀語從句:so… that或such…that

The boy is so young that he can't go to school.It was so hot a day that they wanted to go swimming.3.9.讓步狀語從句:引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞主要有以下這些：

though，although, while，as, even if，even though, whether...or...,no matter who/no matter what/ no matter where，whoever/whatever/wherever，regardless of…，despite，in spite of。Although/Though he was exhausted, he still kept on working.They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed

一個(gè)例句記住狀語從句：

雖然我不太乖但是如果媽媽今天不忙，為了給我過生她會(huì)用微信在蛋糕店買一個(gè)（讓步）（條件）（時(shí)間）（目的）（原因）（方式）（地點(diǎn)）足球般大小的蛋糕。（比較）（結(jié)果）/ 10

第三篇：英語從句匯總

從句不能單獨(dú)成句，但它也有主語部分和謂語部分，是一個(gè)特殊句子，就像一個(gè)句子一樣。所不同在于，從句須由一個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞（connective）引導(dǎo)。

根據(jù)從句語法功能的不同可分為：主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句6類。

前四類由于主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句及同位語從句在句子的功用相當(dāng)于名詞，所以通稱名詞性從句；

定語從句功能相當(dāng)于形容詞，稱為形容詞性從句；

而狀語從句功能相當(dāng)于副詞，稱為副詞性從句。狀語從句還可以分為條件狀語從句、原因狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、目的狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、比較狀語從句、方式狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句和時(shí)間狀語從句。

主語從句（Subject Clause）

用作主語的從句叫主語從句。引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有從屬連詞、疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接代詞、縮合連接副詞等。

表語從句（Predicative Clause）

用作表語的從句叫做表語從句。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞很多都一樣。

賓語從句（Object Clause）

在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句.賓語從句分為三類：動(dòng)詞的賓語從句、介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句。

同位語從句

是名詞性從句(主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句)中的主要從句之一，從句作同位語表示與之同位的名詞(短語)的實(shí)際內(nèi)容，它的作用相當(dāng)于名詞，對(duì)前面的名詞(短語)加以補(bǔ)充說明或進(jìn)一步解釋，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表語從句，它們之間的關(guān)系就是同位關(guān)系，即主表關(guān)系。

定語從句

是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個(gè)名詞性成分，相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。

狀語從句 可分為：

(1)時(shí)間狀語從句：(adverbial clause of time)(2)地點(diǎn)狀語從句：(adverbial clause of place)(3)原因狀語從句：(adverbial clause of cause)(4)條件狀語從句：(adverbial clause of condition)(5)目的狀語從句：(adverbial clause of purpose)(6)讓步狀語從句：(adverbial clause of concession)(7)比較狀語從句：(adverbial clause of comparison)(8)方式狀語從句：(adverbial clause of manner)(9)結(jié)果狀語從句：(adverbial clause of result)德語中的從句

狀語從句和賓語從句均用 Dass 來引導(dǎo)

3主語從句編輯

在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語成分的句子叫做主語從句。常規(guī)主語從句，即句子在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)主語。主語從句的時(shí)態(tài)：不受主句的時(shí)態(tài)影響和限制。（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short timesurprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrowremains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accidentremains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.（8）What we needis time.（9）What we needare good doctors.主語從句小結(jié):（1）引導(dǎo)主語從句連詞有that,whether,who,what,whatever等。（2）連詞位于句首不能省略。

（3）主語從句大多數(shù)情況下視為第三人稱單數(shù)，但也有例外，如例（9）注意：當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句作主語時(shí)，主謂一致問題極為復(fù)雜。著名學(xué)者周海中教授在論文《關(guān)于what-分句作主語的主謂一致問題》中就這一問題做了深入研究，并給出了10種的主謂一致關(guān)系。這些一致關(guān)系值得英語學(xué)習(xí)者和使用者特別注意。4表語從句編輯

連接表語從句的連接詞有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever等。還有如because, as if, though等。He has become a teacher.他已經(jīng)成為一名教師。

He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.他已經(jīng)成為了他10 年前想成為的一名教師。His suggestion is good.他的建議是好的。

His suggestion is that we should stay calm.他的建議是，我們應(yīng)該保持冷靜。The question is confusing.這個(gè)問題令人困惑。

The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.問題是，他什么時(shí)候可以到達(dá)酒店。5賓語從句編輯 定義

賓語從句就是一個(gè)句子作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語。賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語，位于及物動(dòng)詞后。Tell him which class you are in.Do you know what he likes？ 賓語從句的分類 A、作動(dòng)詞的賓語： e.g．I heard the news.I(主語)heard(謂語動(dòng)詞)the news.名詞作賓語

I(主語)heard(謂語動(dòng)詞)that he would come here later on.一個(gè)句子作賓語---賓語從句

B、作介詞的賓語：

e.g．He said nothing about the plan.He(主語)said(謂語動(dòng)詞)nothing(代詞作動(dòng)詞的賓語)about(介詞)the plan.名詞作介詞的賓語

C、做有動(dòng)詞意義的形容詞的賓語 e.g.I'm afraid that I can't win.6賓語從句三要素編輯 1：語序

賓語從句必須用陳述語序。

False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.【注】否定前移，及完成反義疑問句；

在think/believe/suppose/guess/imagine/expect等動(dòng)詞后跟賓語從句否定式時(shí)，可以轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上去，完成反意疑問句時(shí)，應(yīng)與從句主、謂保持一致。（注：否定前移的條件是，主句主語是第一人稱）

I don't think you are right,are you？

I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they？

【注】在表示建議suggest,advise；要求demand、desire、require、request、propose；決定 decide;命令 order、command;堅(jiān)決主張 insist;等動(dòng)詞后跟賓語從句，用（should）+v．（虛擬語氣）。

I suggested that you（should）study hard． He ordered that we should go out at once．

【注】如果賓語從句后有賓語補(bǔ)足語，用it作形式賓語，把賓語從句后置。You may think it strange that he would live there． 2：連接詞

帶有賓語從句的復(fù)合句就是用連接詞把一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)賓語從句連接在一起。連接詞有：that(可省略)，what,who,when,where,why,which,if,whether,how。1．從句為陳述句，常選擇連接詞that或?qū)hat省略，直接與主句相連?！咀ⅰ縯hat常在以下情況下不能省略：

（1.當(dāng)that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等動(dòng)詞的賓語時(shí)；

（2．當(dāng)賓語從句較長時(shí)；

（3．當(dāng)主語狀語置于主句尾，賓語從句之前時(shí)；

（4．當(dāng)主語謂語動(dòng)詞(包括非謂語動(dòng)詞)與賓語從句之間有插入語時(shí)；

（5．當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上賓語從句時(shí)，此時(shí)第一個(gè)that可以省略，第二個(gè)that不可以省略；

（6．當(dāng)賓語從句中的主語是this,that或this,that做主語的定語時(shí)；（7．當(dāng)賓語從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時(shí)；（8．當(dāng)賓語從句的主語是非謂語動(dòng)詞或主語從句時(shí)；（9．當(dāng)主語中的謂語動(dòng)詞是固定詞組時(shí)；（10．當(dāng)賓語從句有it做其先行詞時(shí)；

（11．在直接引語中，轉(zhuǎn)述分句把賓語從句隔開時(shí)。

2．從句為一般疑問句，常選擇連接詞if或whether。在whether…or not結(jié)構(gòu)中不能用if替換。

【注】if/whether區(qū)別

①if和whether在作“是否”解時(shí)，引導(dǎo)賓語從句常放在動(dòng)詞know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后，介詞后一般不用if ②少數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如：leave,put,discuss,doubt后的賓語從句常用whether.③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以。④在不定式前只能用whether。

如：I can’t decide whether to stay.我不能決定是否留下。⑤避免歧異時(shí)，我們常用whether而不用if.3．從句為特殊疑問句，常選擇what,when,where,which,why，who,how等的疑問代、副詞作連接詞。

★當(dāng)who為主語時(shí)，句式為：who+謂語+其他 3：時(shí)態(tài)

1．主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)不變。

He says(that)he will leave a message on my desk.They know(that)he is working hard.2．主句是一般過去時(shí)，從句為各種相應(yīng)過去時(shí)態(tài)。He answered that he was listening to me.3．主句是一般將來時(shí)，一般從句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（“主將從現(xiàn)”）。

4.當(dāng)從句所敘述的事實(shí)為一個(gè)定理或客觀存在時(shí)，無論主句是什么時(shí)態(tài)，從句均用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。但與人有關(guān)的均不是定理。

He told me that he was a boy.（雖然性別是客觀存在的，但“男”“女”也是人為定義的，故非第4種情況）

Father told me that practice makes perfect.（所敘述的事實(shí)為一個(gè)定理，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）例題

1.The teacher told the children that the sun ____ round.A.was B.is C.were D.are 選B，因其陳述為無可爭議的客觀事實(shí)。

2.I believe that our team ____ the basketball match.A.win B.won C.will win D.wins 選B或C，這既是講話人現(xiàn)在對(duì)將來情況的主觀推測，也是對(duì)未來發(fā)生動(dòng)作的肯定。3.The soldiers soon reached()was once an old temple()the villagers used as a school.A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where 選B，動(dòng)詞reach后接賓語從句，從句缺少賓語，where不可，which引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)表疑問含義“哪一個(gè)”而此句中并非疑問含義，不知道哪一座廟宇，而是用what從句表陳述含義，意“過去的一座舊廟宇”；temple后為對(duì)其修飾的定語從句，用關(guān)系代詞which代替，并在從句中作動(dòng)詞used的賓語。（注：use sth.as譯為“把…用作”）注意

A.有時(shí)候可以用it作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語從句放在后面。

Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.B.帶有賓語從句的復(fù)合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.C.False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.7連接詞編輯 ①從屬連詞

連接賓語從句的從屬連詞主要有that，if，whether.that引導(dǎo)表示陳述句的賓語從句，而if和whether引導(dǎo)表示“是否”的賓語從句。例句：

He told me that he would go to the college next year.他告訴我他下一年上大學(xué)。

I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否還會(huì)有公交車。

Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.沒人知道他是否會(huì)通過考試。②連接代詞 連接

代

詞

主

要

有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。連接代詞一般指疑問，但what,whatever除了指疑問外，也可以指陳述。例句：

Do you know who has won ‘Red Alert’ game？ 你知道誰贏了這一局紅警游戲嗎？

I don’t know whom you should depend on.我不知道你該依靠誰.The book will show you what the best CEOs know.這本書會(huì)告訴你最好的執(zhí)行總裁該了解些什么.Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你決定好是買諾基亞還是摩托羅拉的電話了嗎？ ③連接副詞

連接副詞主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等。例句：

He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.他沒有告訴我什么時(shí)候我們能再見面。

Could you please tell me how you use the new software? 你能給我展示怎么用這個(gè)新的軟件嗎? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.沒人知道這些的新的零件在哪里能買到。8同位語編輯

與先行詞同位或等同的從句叫作同位語從句。其關(guān)聯(lián)詞多為that。

同位語從句用法比較“固定”,把關(guān)鍵的幾個(gè)詞背下來（下面這個(gè)材料供參考）：

一、在復(fù)合句中用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它一般跟在某些名詞后面，用以說明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容，如：

I heard the news that our team had won．我聽到了我們隊(duì)獲勝的消息。I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在這里。

二、可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如： I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．我從王先生那里來，他讓我告訴你他今天下午不能來看你了。

三、英語中引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞中有連詞 that，whether，連接副詞 how,when,where等。（注：if 不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。）如：

l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必須回答他是否同意這樣一個(gè)問題。

四、有時(shí)同位語從句可以不緊跟在說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。如：

Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them． 幾年以后，有消息傳來說拿破侖要親自視察他們。

The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city． 他突然想起可能敵人已經(jīng)逃出城了。

五、同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別。

1．同位語從句與前面的名詞是同位關(guān)系，即說明它前面名詞的內(nèi)容；而定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾關(guān)系，即限定它前面的名詞范圍，或補(bǔ)充一些情況。如： The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通過了考試這一消息是真的。（同位語從句，即從句所表達(dá)的意思就是前面名詞的內(nèi)容。）

The news that he told me just now is true．他剛才告訴我的消息是真的。

（定語從句，從句對(duì)前面名詞起修飾限制作用，即“他告訴我的”那個(gè)消息，而不是別的消息。）

2．引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that是連詞，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成份，而引導(dǎo)定語從句的that是關(guān)系代詞，除起連接作用外，還在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語等。如：

The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別人的聲音的想法使許多人感到驚奇。（that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成份。）The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的觀點(diǎn)令許多人感到吃驚。（that在從句中作gave的賓語。）

一個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)對(duì)另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行修飾，限定或說明，這個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語。同位語與被它限定的詞的格要一致，并常常緊挨在一起。1)非獨(dú)立的同位語：常出現(xiàn)在被限定詞前 Bruce Lee(姓名)李小龍

Graf Schmidt(稱號(hào)，渾名)施密特伯爵 Doctor Wang(職稱，頭銜)王博士 Uncel Liu(親戚的稱呼)劉叔叔 die Stadt Shanghai(類屬名稱)上海市 the Province Hebei(類屬名稱)河北省 das Jahr 2000(類屬名稱)2000 年

three Kilo tomato(度量名稱)三公斤西紅柿 the University Bremen(專有名詞)不來梅大學(xué) 國際上另一種分法為關(guān)系從句 關(guān)系從句（relative clause)關(guān)系從句的理解與翻譯 人們習(xí)慣稱由關(guān)系代詞that，which，who，whom，whose和關(guān)系副詞when，where等引導(dǎo)的從句為“定語從句”，認(rèn)為這種從句的功能同漢語定語相當(dāng)，只不過英語的定語從句后置，漢語的定語前置罷了。但隨著對(duì)語言認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷深入，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)很多這樣的從句不能用定語來翻譯。讓我們先看一例：

Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately.若拘泥于“簡短的定語從句可譯為漢語前置定語”的觀點(diǎn)，該句子就可能會(huì)被譯為： “肯尼迪被急忙送到一家他很快就死的醫(yī)院?！?/p>

譯文聽上去荒謬可笑，仿佛送醫(yī)院的目的是為了“很快就死”，這顯然有悖原意。這里“where”起過渡連接的作用，相當(dāng)于“and there”，在語義上屬另一新層次，絕無修飾，更無限制“怎樣的醫(yī)院”之意。從句中“died”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生于主句中“was rushed”的動(dòng)作之后，進(jìn)一步交待了事情發(fā)展的結(jié)果。可見，這種結(jié)構(gòu)難用“定語從句”來解釋。因此有的語言學(xué)家主張將這種句子籠統(tǒng)稱為“關(guān)系從句”。這種正名有利于我們擺脫“定語”的吏縛，深入分析該類從句形形色色的內(nèi)在關(guān)系。所以，例1應(yīng)譯為： 肯尼迪被急忙送到一家醫(yī)院，在那里他很快就死了。讓我們?cè)俣嗫磶讉€(gè)例子：

1． When he was still a little boy,Jack London wrote some compositions which were praised by his teachers.杰克·倫敦還是小孩時(shí)，他寫的一些作文就受到老師的贊賞。(不宜譯為：……他就寫受到老師贊揚(yáng)的作文。)2． I met the boatman who then took me across the ferry.我遇到了那位船夫，他將我渡到對(duì)岸。(不宜譯為：我遇到那位將我渡到對(duì)岸的船夫。)3． While they were waiting there,a dog from one of the houses down the road began a wild,hoarse howl that continued until a voice called out and hushed him.他們正在那兒等時(shí)，從路邊一幢房屋竄出的一條狗開始狂吠不止，直到有人出來喝住，它才停下來。

(不宜譯為：……一條狗開始了直到有人出來喝住才停止的狂吠。)4． In the torchlight，he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkines,our local grocer.借著電筒的亮光，他看見一個(gè)人影，馬上認(rèn)出是當(dāng)?shù)仉s貨商比爾·威爾金斯。(不宜譯為：……他看見馬上認(rèn)出的是當(dāng)?shù)仉s貨商比爾·威爾金斯的影子。)我們知道，漢語由于缺乏關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系連詞等連接手段，通常只有以時(shí)間或邏輯為軸線安排句子，對(duì)語序的依賴性極大，如果把后發(fā)生的事做前置定語就會(huì)顯得很好笑，如“送到一家很快就死的醫(yī)院”“寫受老師贊揚(yáng)的作文”。而英語的連接手段相當(dāng)豐富，構(gòu)成信息焦點(diǎn)的中心詞后面可馬上由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)從句補(bǔ)充信息，從句中需補(bǔ)充信息的名詞后又衍生出二度、三度……從句，但仍能使人感到句子層次清楚。如：

5． The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves that grow on the branches.遇到這種一個(gè)從句扣一個(gè)從句的句子，漢語只有以簡馭繁：斷句。譯為： 蛇吃癩蛤蟆，癩蛤蟆吃蟲子，蟲子吃生長在樹枝上的綠葉子。

此外，讀者也許注意到了：在1、2、3、4、5例中，拋開關(guān)系代詞等結(jié)構(gòu)不管，我們可明顯察覺英語、漢語的語序同事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間順序基本一致，這無疑是翻譯轉(zhuǎn)換的極好基礎(chǔ)，只需在關(guān)系代詞處斷句，省掉關(guān)系代詞，必要的話重復(fù)一下名詞，照原文順序翻譯即可。那么如果主、從句中謂語的動(dòng)作是持續(xù)性的，或時(shí)序不清楚又怎么樣呢？請(qǐng)看例句： 6． He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.他是教授，這學(xué)期在幾所大學(xué)兼課。All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much,forthey were unlike any people had ever known.這段時(shí)期我一直和一對(duì)年輕夫婦同住在一塊兒，這對(duì)夫婦使我很感興趣，因?yàn)樗麄兺乙郧八J(rèn)識(shí)的人都不一樣。

以上兩例中主句傳遞了主要信息，從句傳遞了輔助信息，從另一側(cè)面加以補(bǔ)充描述，或提供某種必要的背景知識(shí)，關(guān)系代詞則起停頓、銜接、過渡的作用，使語義發(fā)展順利進(jìn)人另一層次，我們似乎察覺不到這些從句跟中心詞之間有何限制或修飾關(guān)系。

有時(shí)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞還體現(xiàn)了主、從句間的某種邏輯關(guān)系，不能簡單地視為“代替”某個(gè)名詞而同時(shí)接續(xù)從句的詞。如：

8． In 1906,however,Pierre,who was crossing a road,was run over and killed.(who… ≈ when he…)

1906年，皮埃爾在橫穿馬路時(shí)被車壓死了。

9． Dr.Bethune,who was very tired on his arrival,set to work at once.(who was… ≈ though he was)白求恩大夫剛到時(shí)雖然很累，但他立即便開始工作。

10． We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night.(whose eyes… ≈ because its eyes…)我們知道，由于貓眼能比人眼吸收更多的光線，所以貓?jiān)谝估镆材芸吹煤芮宄?/p>

11． He would be a shortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond.(who… ≈ if he…)(誰如果)只守城堡而不往遠(yuǎn)處看，(那他)就是目光短淺的指揮官。

12． There was something original,independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.(that… ≈ so that the Plan…)此方案新穎，有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性，有魄力，(所以)他們都喜歡。

以上五例中，關(guān)系代詞、副詞在特定語境表示了時(shí)間、讓步、原因、條件、結(jié)果等邏輯關(guān)系，意義上相當(dāng)于狀語從句，翻譯時(shí)也當(dāng)然不能譯為定語。另外，11、12兩句的漢譯中括號(hào)里的漢字省掉后意思仍然清楚而且顯得更簡潔、緊湊，這也是我們?cè)诜g時(shí)應(yīng)該考慮的。傳統(tǒng)語法囿于“定語從句”的觀念，以關(guān)系代詞前有無逗號(hào)為準(zhǔn)，機(jī)械地將關(guān)系從句分為“限制性定語從句”和“非限制性定語從句”，這是很不全面的。我們應(yīng)該深入理解原文的深層意思，尊重漢語的習(xí)慣，才能翻譯出正確、地道的譯文。9定語從句編輯

用作定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般皆放在被它所修飾的名（代）詞之后，這種名（代）詞就叫作先行詞（Antecedent）。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞為關(guān)系代詞(或稱引導(dǎo)詞、關(guān)系詞等）。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中可用作主語、賓語、定語等；關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中用作狀語。①引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有who,whom,whose,that,when,where,why 和 which.在非限制定語從句中，只可用which,who,whose,where,when.,如果指代前面整個(gè)句子，多用which.例句：

The dog that/which was lost has been found.（失蹤的狗已經(jīng)找到了。）

Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.（有人認(rèn)為那些對(duì)這個(gè)提案有興趣的人最好是在會(huì)后再具體討論它。）There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.（存在著許多旨在幫助無家可歸者的組織。）

The days when we had to rely on wool,cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.（那種必須依賴羊毛，棉花或者蠶絲做衣服的日子已經(jīng)過去了。）

Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.（空氣從壓強(qiáng)高的地方流向壓強(qiáng)低的地方。）

This is the reason why he refused to help us.（這就是他拒絕幫助我們的原因。）He was born in 1976,when an earthquake struck the country.（他出生于1976年，這一年這個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)發(fā)生了地震。）

They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people,which enraged all of us.（他們對(duì)受苦人們的漠視激怒了我們。）

② 當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語從句的先行詞前有all,any,no,little,much,very first等詞，或先行詞前為形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí)，或先行詞為all,anything,nothing,something,everything時(shí)，從句的引導(dǎo)詞只能用that.The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.（孩子們唯一關(guān)心的是他們什么時(shí)候放假？）

These are the very points that puzzle me.（真正困擾我的是這些觀點(diǎn)。）Is there anything that bothers you?（有什么事煩著你嗎？）

This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.（這部是那個(gè)公司有史以來拍攝得最好的電影。）

③as 可做引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句，多和such,the same 連用.As 引導(dǎo)的定語從句也可修飾整個(gè)句子，既可放在先行詞后，也可放在句子開頭.例句： Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一類人現(xiàn)在很少了。）The boy was run over by a motor-car,as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那個(gè)男孩被一輛摩托軋過去了，這種事在解放前的上海是不少見的。）

As is often the case,the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一樣，這個(gè)女孩又忘了帶上字典。）

We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我們是反對(duì)這種毫無事實(shí)根據(jù)的想法的。）④介詞+which/whom/whose從句

The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是從那個(gè)司機(jī)的房間偷了金表的。）

Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（語言就是人們用來和其他人交流的一種工具。）

Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book,of which none of us had ever heard.（Jane整整一晚上都在談?wù)撝沧罱鼘W(xué)課本，那些內(nèi)容我們聞所未聞。）例題：

Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _______ it comes in contact.a.where b.that c.with which d.as soon as ⑤代/名+介詞+which 從句

He is needing a book,the name of which I don't know.（他需要一本書，但是我不知道書名。）

In factories and in our daily life,there are many waste materials,all of which can be turned into useful things under certain condition.（在工廠里，在我們的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其實(shí)這些垃圾在某種情況下是可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛杏玫臇|西的。）

To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions,each of which has only one correct answer.（為了能夠客觀地測試，老師寫了一串問題唯一的答案。）⑥同位語從句和定語從句

The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他被哈佛大學(xué)錄取的消息非常令人興奮。）

The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告訴我的這個(gè)消息真的是很激動(dòng)人心。）⑦ 難句：

NO.1 He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被選為代表該團(tuán)隊(duì)的人中一員。）

NO.2 He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.（他是那些男孩中唯一一個(gè)愿意再接受任務(wù)的人。）

NO.3 I shall never forget the day when we first met.（我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記我們第一次見面的那一天。）

NO.4 I remember the morning when he first came to school.（我記得早上，當(dāng)他第一次來到學(xué)校的時(shí)候。）

NO.4 I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.（我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我在農(nóng)村度過的日子。）

NO.5 The room where he lived is kept in good repair.（他住的房間保持著良好的狀態(tài)。）NO.6 Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory.（館長在地窖里找到一個(gè)地方使用,作為他第一次實(shí)驗(yàn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。）NO.7 The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable.（以何種方式/這就是你回答的他所提出的問題，令人欽佩。）10狀語從句編輯

用作狀語的從句叫作狀語從句，其關(guān)聯(lián)詞是一些從屬連詞。修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞，通常由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，按其意義和作用可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、讓步、目的、結(jié)果、方式、比較狀語從句等。時(shí)間狀語從句

1)常見連詞有after,as,before,once,since,till,（not）until，when,whenever（no matter when），while，as long as,as soon as… 例句：

As you look at yourself in a mirror,you’ll seen an identical image of yourself.It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.It was not until…that Not until…did he…

Not until I received the letter,did I know he had gone to America.It was not until….When I got to the airport,I suddenly remembered that I had left the ticket behind.I was about to leave,when something occurred which attracted my attention.Whenever we have difficulty,he’ll come to help us.2)no sooner…than,hardly(scarcely,barely)…when: 剛做…就….No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang.She had scarcely news when she fainted.3)還有 immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,the instant,the second,every time etc I’ll tell you about it the moment you come.I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.地點(diǎn)狀語從句

一般用where 或 wherever 引導(dǎo)：

I will stand where I can see the parade clearly.Wherever they went,they were warmly welcome.條件狀語從句

真實(shí)條件從句:if,unless,so long as,provided that,supposing that,on condition that,in the event that,in case that etc I will not go to her party if she doesn’t invite me.I will not go to her party unless she invites me.原因狀語從句

從屬連詞有because,as,since,for,now,that,in that,seeing that,considering that(鑒于，由于)As the school regulations are written quite clearly,there is nothing more to be explained.Considering that the sweater was hard made,it was not expensive.Seeing that they are inexperienced,they are doing quite a good job.讓步狀語從句 引導(dǎo)詞分類： 1): even if,though,even though,while(盡管)no matter what/how/which,however,whatever,whichever,however etc.He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to.Whatever the consequence may be,I will be on your side.However hard she tried to explain,nobody trusted her.It has been the same result,whichever way you do it.2)由as 引起的讓步從句，語氣較強(qiáng)烈，被強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞須放在句首.Simple as the question may seem,it is not at all common in nature.Cold as it is,the children play outdoors.Much as I respect him,I can’t agree with him.Object as you may,I will go on with my plan.3)whether…or,不管…或…

whether you be a student or a teacher,you are required to obey the regulations of the school.結(jié)果狀語從句

引導(dǎo)詞：so that,so…that,such…that

He is so humorous that we’ll never forget him.She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her.目的狀語從句

引導(dǎo)詞：so that,in order that,for fear that,lest,in case I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes.Telephone us in advance in order that we might make the necessary arragements.方式狀語從句

引導(dǎo)詞：as,(just)as…so…，as if,as though.1）as,(just)as…so…引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在(just)as…so…結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是“正如…”，“就像”，多用于正式文體，例如： Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。As water is to fish,so air is to man.我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。

Just as we sweep our rooms,so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。2）as if,as though 兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”，例如：

They completely ignore these facts as if(as though)they never existed.他們完全忽略了這些事實(shí)，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）He looks as if(as though)he had been hit by lighting.他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看來天氣很快就會(huì)好起來。（實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。）

說明：as if / as though也可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)分詞短語、不定式短語或無動(dòng)詞短語，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波濤沖擊著巖石，好像很憤怒。比較狀語從句

1)as…as,not so/as…as

the film was not so exciting as we expected.（這部電影沒有我們期待的一樣精彩。）The history of nursing is as old as the history of man.She likes them almost as much as Paul does.2)比較級(jí)+than,so much/a lot more than She looks much younger than she is.（她看上去比她的實(shí)際年齡更年輕。）

The universe is a lot more complicated than you think.（宇宙的結(jié)構(gòu)比你想象的更復(fù)雜。）

3)no more…than,not more…than,less…than

Jack is not more frightened than Mike is.（杰克不像馬克那么害怕。）Tom is no more rich than Black。（湯姆并不比布萊克富有。）3)the more…the more

The farther north you go,the severer the winter is.The more I see of him,the less I like him.（我越看他越討厭。）

第四篇：英語三大從句

英語三大從句

在英語中，主要有三大從句，即名詞性從句（包括主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句）、形容詞性從句（即定語從句）、副詞性從句（即狀語從句,包括時(shí)間、條件、結(jié)果、目的、原因、讓步、地點(diǎn)、方式等）。定語從句

一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系代詞代替前面的先行詞，并且在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，可以作主語、賓語、定語等。常見的關(guān)系代詞有：who, that, which。它們的主格、賓格和所有格如下表所示：

（一）關(guān)系代詞who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定語從句中作主語。

An architect is a person who designs buildings.建筑師是設(shè)計(jì)房屋的人。whom代替人，是賓格，在定語從句作賓語，在非正式英語?？墒÷浴?/p>

Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我們?cè)趯W(xué)校圖書館里遇到的那位先生你認(rèn)識(shí)嗎？

whose一般代替人，有時(shí)亦可代替物，是所有格，在定語從句作定語。

The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad.其父是一位高級(jí)工程師的那個(gè)女學(xué)生過去在國外留學(xué)。

Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我們這兒能看到窗戶的那個(gè)賓館叫什么名字，你知道嗎？（關(guān)系代詞whose指代先行詞hotel，正式用法應(yīng)該用of which。whose window=the window of which，意思是：the window of the hotel。）

（二）關(guān)系代詞which的用法

which代替物，在定語從句作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)還可省略。I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.我不喜歡有不幸結(jié)局的小說。（which可以換成that）

（三）關(guān)系代詞that的用法

that既可指人又可指物，在當(dāng)代英語中大多指物，在定語從句作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)還可省略。： Is she the girl that sells newspapers? 她是賣報(bào)紙的那個(gè)女孩嗎？（that可以換成who）Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge? 放在冰箱的冰激凌哪兒去了？（that可以換成which）Is this the book that you want to buy? 這是你要買的那本書嗎？（that可以換成which，在定語從句作賓語，還可以省略）

二、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

常用的關(guān)系副詞只有三個(gè)：when, where, why，在定語從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語。

（一）關(guān)系副詞when的用法

關(guān)系副詞when代替的先行詞表示的是時(shí)間，when在定語從句作時(shí)間狀語。In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。（when先行詞是months）

（二）關(guān)系副詞where的用法

關(guān)系副詞where代替的先行詞表示的是地點(diǎn)，where在定語從句作地點(diǎn)狀語。During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.春節(jié)期間，我回到了生我養(yǎng)我的家鄉(xiāng)。（where的先行詞是town）

（三）關(guān)系副詞why的用法

關(guān)系副詞why代替的先行詞表示的是原因，why在定語從句作原因狀語。The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.我打電話給你的原因是想問問你是否收到了我的電子郵件。（why先行詞是reason，當(dāng)代英語里why可以用that替代，這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞that就變成了表示原因的關(guān)系副詞，還可以將why省略）

三、特殊關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語從句

（一）在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中，as引導(dǎo)定語從句 You may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少書就拿多少。（第一個(gè)as是副詞，修飾many的；第二個(gè)as才是關(guān)系代詞，代替先行詞books，在定語從句中作賓語）

（二）獨(dú)立于主句之外，as引導(dǎo)定語從句

As we know/ As is known to us, the earth turns around the sun.正如我們所知，地球圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。

（As we know和 As is known to us均為定語從句，as分別作賓語和主語，替代后面的主句。）Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.你知道，臺(tái)灣是中國不可分割的一部分。（關(guān)系代詞as指代整個(gè)主句，在定語從句中作賓語。）

四、關(guān)系代詞who, which與that的區(qū)別

（一）關(guān)系代詞who與that的區(qū)別

1.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作主語時(shí)，多用主格who。He who loses hope loses all.失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行詞為代詞he, they, any, all, one等時(shí)，多用who）I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.我遇見艾麗斯，她告訴我她在學(xué)漢語。（在非限制性定語從句中，用who）2.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作介詞后的賓語時(shí)，用賓格whom，不用that。The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.我們校長剛才與他談話的那個(gè)人是我們的英語老師。（介詞與關(guān)系代詞緊密相連時(shí)，只能用賓格whom，不可用主格who）注意：介詞與關(guān)系代詞不是緊密相連時(shí)，或者說介詞放在句子后面時(shí)，這時(shí)可以用主格who，也可用that，還可以省略關(guān)系代詞。因此，上面的這句話還可以有如下四種說法：(1)The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(2)The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(3)The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(4)The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.3.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞泛指人時(shí)，多用that。He is a man that is never afraid of failure.他是個(gè)從不怕失敗的人。（that用來泛指人）

4.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在who開頭的疑問句時(shí)，應(yīng)用that。例如： Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 用英語同湯姆交談的那個(gè)女孩是誰？（避免重復(fù)使用who，以免造成誤解或語義含混不清）

（二）關(guān)系代詞which與that的區(qū)別

1.當(dāng)先行詞為all, much, little以及不定代詞anything, something, everything等時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞多用that。All that glitters is not gold.閃閃發(fā)光物，未必盡黃金。

She told me everything that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都告訴了我。

2.當(dāng)先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或限定詞the only, the very, all, every, any, no等時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞一般都用that。

This is the best novel that I have ever read.這是我讀過的最好的一部小說。

He is the only person that has been invited to the ball.他是惟一應(yīng)邀參加舞會(huì)的人。3.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在which開頭的疑問句時(shí)，應(yīng)用that。

Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一個(gè)是推薦給外賓的賓館？（這里使用that很明顯是為了避免重復(fù)which）4.在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞一般只用which。Beijing, which is the capital of the People’s Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games.北京是中華人民共和國的首都，將主辦2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)。5.介詞后的關(guān)系代詞用which，而不用that。

She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps.她收集了600張郵票，其中60％是德國郵票。

五、定語從句的位置

如前所述，定語從句一般總是直接置于所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。有時(shí)候，定語從句與先行詞之間插入了其他的短語，這樣它們被分隔了，這種情況下的定語從句被稱作隔離定語從句。There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.樓上有一個(gè)女孩，大喊大叫。很明顯，她瘋了。（定語從句who was shouting and crying修飾the girl，被upstairs所隔開）

A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.明天要來一位新老師教你們德語了。（定語從句置于句末以示強(qiáng)調(diào)）

名詞性從句 賓語從句

一、引導(dǎo)詞

（1）由that 引導(dǎo)的陳述句性的賓語從句，在很多動(dòng)詞如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等動(dòng)詞后。連詞that只起連接作用，在從句中不做句子的成分，也無詞匯意義，在口語中常被省略。如：I told him that he was wrong.在think, believe, suppose, expect等動(dòng)詞引起的賓語從句中，有時(shí)謂語盡管是否定意義，卻不用否定形式，而將think 等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健＃ㄒ娬Z法：否定轉(zhuǎn)移）如：I don’t think you are right.(我認(rèn)為你做的不對(duì))在許多帶有復(fù)合賓語的句子中，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句經(jīng)常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式賓語。

We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone(我認(rèn)為他向每一個(gè)人撒謊是錯(cuò)誤的)（2）由連詞if、whether 引導(dǎo)的表示“是否…”的賓語從句。

Whether, if 在從句中不做句子的成分，一般情況下，whether和if 可以替換。I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.在介詞后面的賓語從句中不用if引導(dǎo)

Everything depends on whether we have enough money.賓語從句中有or not時(shí)不用if引導(dǎo).I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.和不定式連用作賓語時(shí)不用if引導(dǎo) Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.（3）由wh-引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which和連接副詞when, where, why, how 等連接的賓語從句，它們?cè)诰渲屑从羞B接從句的作用，又在句中充當(dāng)句子的成分。

Do you know which film they are talking about?(which做定語)I don’t know where he lives.(where 做地點(diǎn)狀語)

二、賓語從句的語序，賓語從句的語序必須是陳述語序，既連接詞+主語+謂語+其他成分 I believe that they will come soon.特例：有下列常見的問句，作為從句出現(xiàn)，是“不改變語句順序”的。1.What's the matter? 2.What's wrong? 3.What's up？

4.What's the problem? 5.What's your trouble?

三、賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)。

賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)受主句的限制，即：主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，從句根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定；主句是 一般過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句用相應(yīng)的過去的時(shí)態(tài)。如果從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之前，則從句要用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。

1)She says that she is a student.→ She said that she was a student.2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.→ She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3)She says that she has finished her homework already.→ She said that she had finished her homework already.（1）如果賓語從句說的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或事實(shí)時(shí)，這時(shí)賓語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.（2）Could you tell me…是用來征詢對(duì)方的意見，語氣委婉，并不表示過去。Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum? 注意事項(xiàng)：

（3）由陳述句變成賓語從句時(shí)，要注意人稱的變化。

She said: “I have been to England before.” → She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: “Do you like maths?” → She asked me if I liked maths.（4）賓語從句與簡單句的交換。

由連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，如果賓語從句的主語和主句的主語是同一個(gè)人時(shí)，可以用“疑問詞+不定式”做賓語的簡單句結(jié)構(gòu)。

I don’t know what I should do next.→ I don’t know what to do next.DO SOME EXERCISES: 1.Can you see A? A.what he’s reading B.what is he reading C.what does he read D.he reads what 2.Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一個(gè)句子)Do you know ___that__Jack __come___from Japan? 3._What did your son say in the letter? _He told me that he_D__ the Disney the next day.A.will visit B.has visited C.is going to visit D.would visit 4.He didn’t know___A____ A.what’s the matter B.what the matter is C.what was the matter D.what the matter was 5.Somebody called you just now, but I didn’t know__D__ A.who were they B.who they were C.who was it D.who it was 6.I want to know___D__ A.what is his name B.what’s his name C.that his name is D.what his name is 7.---Could you tell me __C__she is looking for?---Her cousin, Susan.A.that B.whose C.who D.which 8.---What are you searching the Internet for?---I’m trying to find out____.A.What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLU B.How many persons have died in Iraq C.How to protect our environment D.Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea 同位語從句

（一）一般來說，在主從復(fù)合句中，用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它通常跟在某些名詞之后，用以說明或解釋該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容?？梢愿徽Z從句的名詞通常有：advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word（消息），problem，question, doubt, thought等。eg: They were delighted at the news that their team had won.當(dāng)聽到他們隊(duì)獲勝的消息時(shí)，他們欣喜若狂。

有時(shí)同位語從句可以不緊跟在被說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。如： The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.他突然想起湯姆可能已經(jīng)還了書了。

（二）引導(dǎo)詞

1.The news that Mr.Li will be our new English teacher is true.2.He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.3.The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4.I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5.We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.6.I have no idea how I can get to the railway station.7.I have no idea when he will be back．

小結(jié)：① that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)無詞義，也不充當(dāng)任何成分，但通常不可以省略，如句1； ② whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)意為“是否”，通常不能用if來代替, 如句2;③ 連接代詞who, what等可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，如句3，4；

④ 連接副詞where, how, when等可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，如句5，6，7。(三)that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句和定語從句

① 意義不同：同位語從句用來進(jìn)一步說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容；而定語從句用來修飾、限定前面的先行詞。試比較：

1.The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.2.The news that you told us is really encouraging.② that的功能不同：that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)是一個(gè)純連詞，不充當(dāng)任何成分；而引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，不僅起連接作用，而且還指代先行詞并在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語等成分。試比較： 1.Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test.2.Dad made a promise that excited all his children.③ 可否省略：that在引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)，通常不可省略。在引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，若在從句中作賓語，通常可以省略，若作主語則不可以省略。DO SOME EXERCISES: I.請(qǐng)用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空，使下列句子意思完整。

1.They expressed the hope _that_ they would come over to China soon.2.The fact ___that____ he didn’t see Tom this morning is true.3.Word has come __where_____ some American guests will come to our college for a visit next week.4.He can’t answer the question ___how____ he got the money from his home yesterday.5.Do you have any idea __what___ is actually going on in the classroom? 6.The problem _______ we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.II.下列各句中均有一處錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)改正。

1.Our team has won the game, that made us very happy.2.I’ve come with a message from Mr Wang how he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.3.He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not.4.I’ve read the book where you gave me the day before yesterday.5.One of the men held the opinion when what the book said was right.表語從句

表語從句只能置于主句之后，而主句的動(dòng)詞只能是連系動(dòng)詞。名詞性從句在be等系動(dòng)詞后作表語時(shí)被稱為表語從句

The problem is how we can get the things we need.問題是我們?cè)鯓幽芘轿覀冃枰臇|西。(how 在表語從句中充當(dāng)方式狀語)The scissors are not what I need.這把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表語從句中充當(dāng)賓語)What I told him was that I would find him a good play.我告訴他的是我會(huì)給他找個(gè)好劇本。(what在主語從句中作直接賓語，that作為表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞在該表語從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，不能省略)That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要對(duì)你講的。(what在表語從句中充當(dāng)直接賓語)That is why she failed to pass the exam.那就是她考試不及格的原因。(why 在表語從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語)“That is why...”是常用句型，意為“這就是……的原因/因此……”，其中why引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在句中作表語，該句型通常用于針對(duì)前面已經(jīng)說明過的原因進(jìn)行總結(jié) 下面是兩個(gè)與“That is why...”形式相似的結(jié)構(gòu)，它們與“That is why...”結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系要能夠辨析清楚：

(1)“That is why...”與“That is the reason why...”同義，只不過從語法結(jié)構(gòu)上講，“That is the reason why...”中why引導(dǎo)的是—個(gè)定語從句，將其中的the reason去掉則與“That is why...”結(jié)構(gòu)一樣 That is(the reason)why I cannot agree.(2)“That is because...”句型中從屬連詞because引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在此作表語，這也是個(gè)常用句型，意為“這就是為什么……/因?yàn)椤?。“That is because...”與“That is why...”之間的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由，“That is why...”則指由于各種原因所造成的后果

He did not see the film last night.That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他沒有去看電影，那是因?yàn)樗脦椭拿妹米鲎鳂I(yè)。(第一句話說明結(jié)果，第二句話說明原因)He had seen the film before.That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看過那部電影，因此他昨天晚上沒有去看。(第一句話說明原因，第二句話說明結(jié)果)［考題1］

The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.(2007上海)A.when

B.why

C.whether

D.that ［考題2］

You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree.(2004)A.why

B.where

C.what

D.how ［考題3］

— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.— Is that ____ you had a few days off?(1999)A.why

B.when

C.what

D.where ［考題4］

____ made the school proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.(2003上海春)A.What;because

B.What;that C.That;what

D.That;because ［考題5］

— Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game? — Oh, that’s ____.(2003北京春)A.what makes me feel excited

B.whatever I feel excited about C.how I feel about it

D.when I feel excited 表語從句與賓語從句的關(guān)系

賓語從句和表語從句都屬于名詞性從句。其作用跟名詞在句中的作用相同。故充當(dāng)賓語的句子叫賓語從句，充當(dāng)表語的句子叫表語從句。賓語從句

(1)對(duì)于賓語從句要掌握以下三點(diǎn)

①語序: 從句的語序必須是陳述句語序, 即“主語 + 謂語”這種形式。

②時(shí)態(tài): 當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來時(shí)的時(shí)候, 從句可以是任何時(shí)態(tài), 而當(dāng)主句是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)候, 從句時(shí)態(tài)必須是過去時(shí)范圍的時(shí)態(tài), 即(一般過去時(shí), 過去進(jìn)行時(shí), 過去完成時(shí), 過去將來時(shí))。

③連接詞: 當(dāng)從句意思完整, 主句意思肯定時(shí), 連接詞用that, 且可以省去 當(dāng)從句意思完整, 主句意思不確定或含否定含意時(shí), 常用if或whether(是否)當(dāng)從句意思不完整時(shí), 連接詞則是代替不完整部分的特殊疑問詞。表語從句

在句子中起表語作用的從句叫做表語從句，位于主句系動(dòng)詞的后面。表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞和主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞相同。也是名詞性從句的一種。

What the police want to know is when you entered the room.警察想知道的是你什么時(shí)候進(jìn)的房間。

The trouble is that we are short of funds困難是我們?nèi)狈Y金。This is what we should do這是我們應(yīng)當(dāng)做的。

That is why I want you to work there那就是我要你在那兒工作的原因。

His first question was whether Mr.Smith had arrived yet他的第一個(gè)問題是史密斯先生到了沒有。從句中的疑問句用正常語序，即陳述語序。as if, as though, because也可用來引導(dǎo)表語從句。

She seems as if she had done a great thing她看起來好像做了一件大事。It is because you eat too much那是因?yàn)槟愠缘锰嗔?。狀語從句

（一）狀語從句的種類

1.時(shí)間狀語從句2.地點(diǎn)狀語從句；3.原因狀語從句；4.條件狀語從句；5.目的狀語從句；6.讓步狀語從句；7比較狀語從句；8.程度狀語從句；9.方式狀語從句；10.結(jié)果狀語從句。

（二）狀語從句的時(shí)態(tài)

一般情況下，時(shí)間和條件狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”表示“一般將來時(shí)”，用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”表示“將來完成時(shí)”。（1）時(shí)間狀語從句

1.由when, while, as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。

when, while和as的區(qū)別：when引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。并且when有時(shí)表示“就在那時(shí)”。

While引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的，并強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生（或者相對(duì)應(yīng)）。并且while有時(shí)還可以表示對(duì)比。

While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.As表示“一邊……一邊”，as引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作，一般用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；as也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)“一先一后。

As we was going out, it began to snow.當(dāng)我們出門時(shí)，開始下雪了。（as強(qiáng)調(diào)句中兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著先后發(fā)生，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)開始下雪的特定時(shí)間）2.由before和after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。

before引導(dǎo)的從句不再用否定式的謂語，并且當(dāng)before引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后，有時(shí)譯成“就，才”。時(shí)態(tài)：當(dāng)主句用將來時(shí)，從句總是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；如果before引導(dǎo)的從句謂語用 的是過去時(shí)，則主句動(dòng)詞多用過去完成時(shí)，這樣以便體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后。

After表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后。主句和從句的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系正好與before引導(dǎo)的從句相反。

3.由till或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。

till和until一般情況下兩者可以互換，但是在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，必須用否定形式；如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表達(dá)的意思不同。4.由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。

since引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。一般情況下，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，而主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。但在It is ＋時(shí)間＋ since從句的句型中，主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。這些連詞都表示“一……就”。hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相當(dāng)于as soon as之意。主句用過去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。當(dāng)hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首時(shí)，主句應(yīng)用倒裝語序。

6.由by the time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。時(shí)態(tài)的變化：在一般情況下，如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)；如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用將來完成時(shí)。

7.由each time, every time和whenever引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。

8.由as long as和so long as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。這兩個(gè)連詞表示“只要；和…一樣長”。（2）地點(diǎn)狀語從句

地點(diǎn)狀語從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導(dǎo)，已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型，： 句型1：Where＋地點(diǎn)從句，（there）＋主句。此句型通常譯成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在從句后面時(shí)，there可用可不用；如果主句在從句的前面時(shí)，一般都不用there。

句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地點(diǎn)從句，＋主句。

狀語從句是句子的狀語由一個(gè)從句充當(dāng)，來修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞，形容詞或副詞等。狀語從句都由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，與主句連接，放在句末時(shí)，一般不在前面加逗號(hào)。

（3）原因狀語從句： because, since, as和for都表示原因。because語勢(shì)最強(qiáng)，回答why提出的問題，用來說明人所不知的原因。當(dāng)能夠很明顯的看出原因或人們已知原因，就用as或since。

由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號(hào)，則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。

（4）目的狀語從句：表示目的狀語的從句可以由in order that, so that,等詞引導(dǎo)。（5）結(jié)果狀語從句：結(jié)果狀語從句常由so...that 或 such...that引導(dǎo)，首先要了解

so和such后面分別跟什么詞。such是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so是副詞,只能修飾形容詞或副詞。so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用，形成固定搭配。The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.（6）讓步狀語從句：是由though, although 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。

第五篇：英語從句歸類

一.賓語從句的定義

置于動(dòng)詞、介詞等詞性后面起賓語作用的從句叫賓語從句。賓語從句的語序必須是陳述語序。謂語動(dòng)詞、介詞、動(dòng)詞不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能帶賓語從句。有些形容詞（afraid,sure,glad等）之后也可以帶賓語從句。

二.賓語從句中引導(dǎo)詞的用法

在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語，引導(dǎo)詞有：

連詞：that(that 常可省略),whether, if

代詞：who, whose, what ,which

副詞：when ,where, how, why 等。

（一）that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句（在非正式場合that可以省略）

可跟that從句做賓語的動(dòng)詞有：

say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。

例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.注意事項(xiàng)：當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等詞，而賓語從句的意思是否定時(shí)，常把否定轉(zhuǎn)移至主句表示。

例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.在以下情況中that不能省略

1.當(dāng)句中的動(dòng)詞后接多于兩個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí)，第一個(gè)that

可省，但后面的that不可省。

例句：He said(that)you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.2.當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞與that賓語從句之間有插入語時(shí)，that一般不可

省。

例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.3.當(dāng)that從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時(shí)，that不可省。

例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died.定 語 從 句

一、基本概念：

在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。如：

Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?

That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞；定語從句一般用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞放在先行詞與定語從句之間起連接作用，同時(shí)又作從句中的一個(gè)成分。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有：that, who, whom, whose, which;

關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why.二、關(guān)系詞的用法：

（一）關(guān)系代詞的用法：

1． 作主語用who, which和that, 如：

He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.2． 作賓語用whom, who, which, that, 如：

The man(whom/who/that)we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book(which/that)I bought last week?

注：在非正式文體中，用于指人的關(guān)系代詞who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文體中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的關(guān)系代詞which和that 在非正式文體中也通常省略，但在正式文體中一般不省略。

3． 作定語用whose, 如：

(a)He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b)It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名詞中心詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)在定語從句中既能作主語（如上a句），又能作賓語（如上b句）。whose 的先行詞常用來指人，但有時(shí)也可以用來指具體事物或抽象概念，這時(shí)可以與of which 結(jié)構(gòu)互換，詞序是：“名詞+of which”，如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down..(= the back wall of which)He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.(= whose name)

4． 作表語只用that，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但時(shí)常省略。如：He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place(that)it used to be.（二）關(guān)系副詞的用法：

1．when 指時(shí)間，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語，它的先行詞通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：

I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?

注：when時(shí)常可以省略，特別是在某些句型和某些時(shí)間狀語中。如：Each time he came, he did his best to help us.But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.2．where指地點(diǎn)，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。它的先行詞通常有：place, spot, street, house, room,city, town, country等，如：

英語八類狀語從句的用法歸納

一、概說

狀語從句即指在主從復(fù)合句用作狀語的從句。按照其意義，狀語從句可分為時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、條件狀語從句、讓步狀語從句等。狀語從句是高中英語學(xué)習(xí)中的一個(gè)語法重點(diǎn)，也是歷年高考重點(diǎn)考查的內(nèi)容之一。學(xué)習(xí)狀語從句主要應(yīng)注意引導(dǎo)狀語從句的從屬連詞的用法與區(qū)別，以及從屬連詞在一定的語言環(huán)境中的意義與用法。

二、時(shí)間狀語從句

1.引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的從屬連詞很多，常見的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as 等。

2.表示“當(dāng)?時(shí)候”的 while, when, as 的用法區(qū)別是：while從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞；表示帶有規(guī)律性的“每當(dāng)”或當(dāng)主、從句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后時(shí)，只能用 when；當(dāng)表示“一邊…一邊…”或“隨著”時(shí)，只能用 as。另外，用于此義的 as 所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句謂語只能是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，不能是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如下面一道高考題的答案是 B 而不能是A：

“I’m going to the post office.” “_____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps?”

A.AsB.WhileC.BecauseD.If

3.until 在肯定句中通常只連用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表示相應(yīng)動(dòng)作結(jié)束的時(shí)間；在否定句中通常連用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表示相應(yīng)動(dòng)作開始的時(shí)間，意為“直到…才”。如：

He waited until she was about to leave.他等著一直到她準(zhǔn)備離開。

I did not begin to work till he had gone.他走了后我才開始工作。

4.表示“一?就”除用 as soon as 外，還可用 the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, no sooner…than, hardly…when 等。如：

I came immediately you called.你一來電話我就來了。

Hardly had she arrived when it began to snow.她剛到就下起雪來了。The moment I have finished I'll give you a call.我一干完就給你打電話。