第一篇：國(guó)際商務(wù)期末考試重點(diǎn)

1.經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的載體和作用

載體：貿(mào)易自由化；生產(chǎn)國(guó)際化；金融全球化；科技全球化

積極作用:有利于各國(guó)生產(chǎn)要素的優(yōu)化配置和合理利用；促進(jìn)國(guó)際分工的發(fā)展和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的提高；促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的合理優(yōu)化和生產(chǎn)力的較大提高；促進(jìn)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)多極化的發(fā)展

消極作用：造成了發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的失業(yè)問(wèn)題和工人工資下降問(wèn)題；使發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的老勞工剝削更加嚴(yán)重；跨國(guó)工廠的建立破壞了落后地區(qū)良好的生態(tài)環(huán)境；經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化中世界機(jī)構(gòu)的建立和跨國(guó)公司影響的加大，對(duì)一些國(guó)家的主權(quán)構(gòu)成了威脅；社會(huì)財(cái)富分配不均，各國(guó)各地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展很不平衡，富國(guó)和貧國(guó)的差距也越來(lái)越大。2.絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論和比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論的內(nèi)容及評(píng)價(jià)

絕對(duì)的內(nèi)容：分工可以提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)力；分工的原則是發(fā)揮絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)或絕對(duì)利益；國(guó)際分工的基礎(chǔ)是有力的自然稟賦或后天的有利條件 絕對(duì)的評(píng)價(jià)：絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)論是建立在勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論基礎(chǔ)上的，是對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易問(wèn)題的第一次科學(xué)的解釋具有十分重要的意義。它指出了分工對(duì)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的重要意義；闡明了國(guó)際貿(mào)易是貿(mào)易雙方都能獲利，貿(mào)易利益的普遍性為自由貿(mào)易政策提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。但絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)論本身有一定的局限性，它不能解釋國(guó)際貿(mào)易的全部情形，而只能說(shuō)明國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的一種特殊情況，既具有國(guó)際優(yōu)勢(shì)的國(guó)家參加國(guó)際分工和國(guó)際貿(mào)易能夠獲利。比較的內(nèi)容:兩優(yōu)取其重，兩劣取其輕

比較的評(píng)價(jià)：比較比優(yōu)勢(shì)更全面、更深刻；比較在歷史上起過(guò)重大的進(jìn)步作用。局限性：所所揭示的各國(guó)獲得的貿(mào)易利益是靜態(tài)的短期利益，這種利益是否符合一國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益則不得而知；對(duì)于更復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題沒(méi)有觸及；大衛(wèi) 李嘉圖的勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論是不完全的、不徹底的。3．關(guān)稅和非關(guān)稅的影響

關(guān)稅對(duì)進(jìn)口國(guó)消費(fèi)者的影響：提高了進(jìn)口國(guó)商品的價(jià)格，增加了消費(fèi)噢者的負(fù)擔(dān)；增加進(jìn)口國(guó)政府的稅收收入；保護(hù)了進(jìn)口國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)與進(jìn)口商品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的部門(mén)；征收關(guān)稅會(huì)引起進(jìn)口國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的再分配效應(yīng) 4.傾銷(xiāo)的必要條件和種類(lèi)

必要條件：出口國(guó)將本國(guó)產(chǎn)品以低于正常價(jià)格的價(jià)格擠入進(jìn)口國(guó)；使進(jìn)口國(guó)相同行業(yè)出現(xiàn)重大損害或重大威脅 5.對(duì)外直接、間接投資的種類(lèi)

直接：合資、獨(dú)資、合作企業(yè)、合作生產(chǎn)、補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易、加工貿(mào)易、特許經(jīng)營(yíng)和非股權(quán)安排、BOT、外資并購(gòu)離岸金融中心的投資

間接:證券投資、借貸資本輸出

6.跨國(guó)公司全球經(jīng)營(yíng)考慮因素：避免運(yùn)輸；尋求低勞動(dòng)成本；更為廣闊的市場(chǎng)；繞過(guò)關(guān)稅壁壘

7.價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)的比較：包含到買(mǎi)方的運(yùn)費(fèi)（FOB裝運(yùn)港船上交貨；CFR成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)；CIF成本、保護(hù)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi)到岸價(jià)）只包含到買(mǎi)方約定地點(diǎn)的運(yùn)費(fèi)（FCA貨交承運(yùn)人；CPT運(yùn)費(fèi)付至）

8.信用證的流程：開(kāi)證人按照合同規(guī)定向當(dāng)?shù)劂y行提出申請(qǐng)，并提供若干押金或其他擔(dān)保，要求開(kāi)證行向受益人開(kāi)出信用證；開(kāi)證行將信用證寄給出口人所在地的代理銀行（通知行）；通知行將信用證轉(zhuǎn)遞或通知受益人；受益人經(jīng)審查信用證認(rèn)可后，即可按規(guī)定條件發(fā)貨，受益人發(fā)貨后，備妥信用證規(guī)定的貨運(yùn)單據(jù)，開(kāi)具匯票，在信用證有效期內(nèi)送當(dāng)?shù)氐淖h付行議付；議付行經(jīng)與信用證核對(duì)，確認(rèn)匯票與單據(jù)符合信用證規(guī)定后，按匯票所開(kāi)金額，扣除若干利息或手續(xù)費(fèi)，將款墊付給的受益人；議付行將匯票、貨運(yùn)單據(jù)等寄開(kāi)證行索償；開(kāi)證行經(jīng)審核單據(jù)無(wú)誤后，付款給議付行；開(kāi)證行在辦理轉(zhuǎn)賬或匯款給議付行的同時(shí)，通知開(kāi)證人付款，贖回單據(jù)。

9.貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造、貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移的好處：貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造：只在關(guān)稅同盟內(nèi)部取消成員國(guó)之間的關(guān)稅后，國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)成本高的商品被成員國(guó)中生產(chǎn)成本低的商品所取代，來(lái)自成員國(guó)的低價(jià)進(jìn)口商品替代了昂貴的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的商品，成員國(guó)之間的貿(mào)易被創(chuàng)造出來(lái)。

貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移：指一國(guó)產(chǎn)品遭到另一國(guó)的貿(mào)易保障措施后轉(zhuǎn)而大量向其他國(guó)家出口。國(guó)際商務(wù)談判

國(guó)際商務(wù)談判的含義國(guó)際商務(wù)談判，是國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)中不同的利益主體，為了達(dá)成某筆交易，而就交易的各項(xiàng)條件進(jìn)行協(xié)商的過(guò)程

國(guó)際商務(wù)談判是一種對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中普遍存在的一項(xiàng)十分重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)，是調(diào)整和解決不同國(guó)家和地區(qū)政府及商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)之間不可避免的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益沖突的必不可少的一種手段。

原則：

1、平等性原則（1）談判各方地位平等 2）談判各方權(quán)利與義務(wù)平等。（3）談判各方簽約與踐約平等。

2、互利性原則（1）投其所需。

（2）求同存異。（3）妥協(xié)讓步

國(guó)際商務(wù)談判是國(guó)際貨物買(mǎi)賣(mài)過(guò)程中必不可少的一個(gè)很重要的環(huán)節(jié)，也是簽訂買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同的必經(jīng)階段。國(guó)際商務(wù)談判的內(nèi)容，不僅包括商務(wù)與技術(shù)方面的問(wèn)題，還包括法律與政策問(wèn)題，它是一項(xiàng)政策性、策略性、技術(shù)性和專(zhuān)業(yè)性很強(qiáng)的工作。國(guó)際商務(wù)談判的結(jié)果，決定著合同條款的具體內(nèi)容，從而確定合同雙方當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，故買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方都很重視商務(wù)談判這項(xiàng)重要的活動(dòng)。

二、論述題

我國(guó)人民幣匯率改革的進(jìn)程以及當(dāng)前人民幣升值的原因及影響

進(jìn)程：1.1994年以前我國(guó)先后經(jīng)歷了國(guó)家匯率制度和雙軌匯率制度；2.1994年匯率并軌后，我國(guó)實(shí)行以市場(chǎng)供求為基礎(chǔ)的，有管理的浮動(dòng)匯率制度。企業(yè)和個(gè)人按規(guī)定向銀行買(mǎi)賣(mài)外匯，銀行進(jìn)入銀行間外匯市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行交易，形成市場(chǎng)匯率；3.1997年以前人民幣匯率穩(wěn)中有升，但此后的亞洲金融危機(jī)爆發(fā)，中國(guó)作為一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)任的大國(guó)，主動(dòng)大幅度收窄了人民幣匯率浮動(dòng)區(qū)間，形成了基本上盯住美元的固定匯率；4.2001年到2005年，實(shí)行參考一籃子貨幣調(diào)節(jié)的有管理浮動(dòng)匯率制。

原因：國(guó)際輿論、我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的要求、我國(guó)巨額外匯儲(chǔ)備壓力、我國(guó)存貸款的利差在世界上非常高、我國(guó)是雙順差體制國(guó)家、國(guó)內(nèi)通貨膨脹壓力

影響 ：1利：有利于高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品和高附加值服務(wù)的引進(jìn)，促進(jìn)國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型和優(yōu)化升級(jí)；有利于國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)走出去，對(duì)外投資成本低，利于擴(kuò)大對(duì)外投資，增強(qiáng)影響力；有利于人民幣國(guó)際地位的提高。2.弊：不利于出口企業(yè)的對(duì)外出口；影響我國(guó)企業(yè)和許多產(chǎn)業(yè)的綜合國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。

三、材料分析

對(duì)我國(guó)當(dāng)前對(duì)外貿(mào)易的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r做一綜述

當(dāng)前中國(guó)外貿(mào)發(fā)展面臨的環(huán)境是很有利的。世界經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易開(kāi)始持續(xù)溫和復(fù)蘇，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易低速增長(zhǎng)，而發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易增速較快，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)快于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。從國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)來(lái)看，我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)高速增長(zhǎng)，固定資產(chǎn)投資加快增長(zhǎng)，外商投資規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大，經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的升級(jí)不斷加快，我國(guó)的綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力不斷上升，特別是黨的十六大提出要全面建立小康社會(huì)，為我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)發(fā)展增加了動(dòng)力。在這種形勢(shì)下我國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)了一些新的特點(diǎn)。

1.中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易持續(xù)快速增長(zhǎng)，成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易發(fā)展的一大亮點(diǎn)。

2.從總體來(lái)看，入世促進(jìn)了我國(guó)加工貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，推動(dòng)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的升級(jí)。改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)加工貿(mào)易一直是我國(guó)吸引外資、發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)、提升經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)、提高我國(guó)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的一種主要方式。由于入世后我國(guó)完善和調(diào)整了吸引外資的政策，利用外資的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化；我國(guó)進(jìn)口管理制度和公平貿(mào)易體系進(jìn)一步完善并發(fā)揮了積極作用，進(jìn)口增長(zhǎng)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的帶動(dòng)作用有所加大。

3.我國(guó)進(jìn)出口商品結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化，工業(yè)制成品進(jìn)出口規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大，推動(dòng)了我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)向工業(yè)化社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)變，我國(guó)工業(yè)制成品出口的貿(mào)易比較優(yōu)勢(shì)也越來(lái)越明顯。近年來(lái)，隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)向工業(yè)化社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變，我國(guó)工業(yè)制成品出口大幅增長(zhǎng)，占出口的比重不斷增加，成為帶動(dòng)出口增長(zhǎng)主要因素。我國(guó)的制成品出口已具有一定的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，初級(jí)產(chǎn)品則主要是受我國(guó)加工貿(mào)易進(jìn)口用料較大的影響。4.我國(guó)進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易方式向多樣化發(fā)展。5.我國(guó)的出口市場(chǎng)呈現(xiàn)多元化發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。

6.出口加工區(qū)正成為我國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易發(fā)展的新的增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)。問(wèn)題：（1國(guó)際貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義盛行對(duì)我國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易發(fā)展已形成重大的障礙（2我國(guó)國(guó)有出口企業(yè)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力普遍偏低

（3我國(guó)出口市場(chǎng)上勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)品低價(jià)競(jìng)銷(xiāo)的現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，外貿(mào)經(jīng)營(yíng)秩序亟待改善（4外貿(mào)發(fā)展的質(zhì)量有待提高，出口的增長(zhǎng)方式仍然是粗放型的（5我國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易發(fā)展的鼓勵(lì)性政策和體制仍有待進(jìn)一步理順（6電子商務(wù)市場(chǎng)亟待規(guī)范管理

對(duì)策：（1國(guó)有企業(yè)應(yīng)加快進(jìn)行重組和改革（2我國(guó)鼓勵(lì)外貿(mào)發(fā)展的補(bǔ)貼政策進(jìn)一步完善，同國(guó)際規(guī)范接軌

（3國(guó)家應(yīng)重視對(duì)外貿(mào)易不平衡的問(wèn)題，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)出口市場(chǎng)多元化，增加進(jìn)口原料和高新技術(shù)，滿足國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的需要，促進(jìn)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展

（4應(yīng)大力發(fā)展我國(guó)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)行業(yè)產(chǎn)品的出口，把我國(guó)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)化為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)品

（5加強(qiáng)對(duì)出口產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的指導(dǎo)和協(xié)調(diào)，對(duì)出口市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行規(guī)范化管理（6對(duì)電子商務(wù)市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行規(guī)范化和法制化管理

二、選擇題

2.貿(mào)易理論的提出者：亞當(dāng)斯密（創(chuàng)始者——絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)論；李嘉途——比較優(yōu)勢(shì)論（兩優(yōu)之中選最優(yōu)兩劣之中選最劣）；李斯特——幼稚工業(yè)保護(hù)理論；赫克歇爾和俄林——要素稟賦理論；雷蒙德弗農(nóng)、威爾斯、赫希哲——產(chǎn)品生命周期理論；邁克爾波特——國(guó)家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論

3.國(guó)際金融組織的職能：(1世界貿(mào)易組織的職能：a.促進(jìn)《成立世界貿(mào)易組織協(xié)議》和多邊貿(mào)易協(xié)議的執(zhí)行管理和運(yùn)作；b.為各成員方多邊貿(mào)易關(guān)系的談判提供場(chǎng)所；c.貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端的解決職能；d.貿(mào)易政策的評(píng)審職能；e.與其他國(guó)際組織進(jìn)行合作

(2國(guó)際貨幣基本組織的職能：a.匯率監(jiān)督和政策協(xié)調(diào)b.提供資金援助

（3世界銀行 4.關(guān)稅的種類(lèi)（分類(lèi)）：

從商品流向分為進(jìn)口稅、出口稅、過(guò)境稅；從征稅標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為從量稅、從價(jià)稅、混合稅、選擇稅；從稅率高低分特惠稅、普惠稅、正常貿(mào)易關(guān)稅 5.貿(mào)易的種類(lèi)（3類(lèi)）：一般貿(mào)易、加工貿(mào)易、其他貿(mào)易。貿(mào)易制度統(tǒng)計(jì)：制度方法，統(tǒng)計(jì)范圍，商品分類(lèi)，統(tǒng)計(jì)價(jià)格，統(tǒng)計(jì)國(guó)別，資料來(lái)源。

6.非關(guān)稅措施的種類(lèi)：數(shù)量性措施（配額和許可證）、技術(shù)性貿(mào)易限制、政策性措施（進(jìn)口管制、政府政策、政府采購(gòu)、國(guó)內(nèi)稅、進(jìn)口押金、海關(guān)估價(jià)、政府宣傳等）、道德壁壘 7.補(bǔ)貼的種類(lèi)：直接補(bǔ)貼（現(xiàn)金補(bǔ)貼）、間接補(bǔ)貼（虧損補(bǔ)貼、優(yōu)惠收費(fèi)、減免稅收、提供廉價(jià)資源、優(yōu)惠貸款和出口擔(dān)保、信息服務(wù)和優(yōu)惠匯率）

8.影響匯率變動(dòng)的因素：一國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r、國(guó)際收支、利率水平、貨幣政策、政治事件的影響、心理預(yù)期 9.地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)組織一體化的表現(xiàn)形式：優(yōu)惠貿(mào)易安排、自由貿(mào)易區(qū)、關(guān)稅同盟、共同市場(chǎng)、經(jīng)濟(jì)同盟、完全經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化

10.貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的解釋通則 13種術(shù)語(yǔ)：P243至245 用簡(jiǎn)明的語(yǔ)言來(lái)概括說(shuō)明買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方在貨物交接方面的權(quán)利與義務(wù)，主要內(nèi)容是規(guī)定買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方在貨物交接方面的責(zé)任、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用的劃分。貿(mào)易條件是在長(zhǎng)期的貿(mào)易實(shí)踐中形成的。工廠交貨、貨交承運(yùn)人、船邊交貨、裝運(yùn)港船上交貨、成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)、成本保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi)、運(yùn)費(fèi)付至、運(yùn)費(fèi)及保險(xiǎn)付至、邊境交貨、目的港船上交貨、目的港碼頭交貨、未完稅交貨、完稅后交貨

四、名詞解釋

1服務(wù)貿(mào)易：通過(guò)跨境交付、境外消費(fèi)、商業(yè)存在、自然人流動(dòng)等形式跨越中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)境提供服務(wù)的貿(mào)易 2.貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義是指在對(duì)外貿(mào)易中實(shí)行限制進(jìn)口以保護(hù)本國(guó)商品在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)免受外國(guó)商品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，并向本國(guó)商品提供各種優(yōu)惠以增強(qiáng)其國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的主張和政策。在限制進(jìn)口方面，主要是采取關(guān)稅壁壘和非關(guān)稅壁壘兩種措施。前者主要是通過(guò)征收高額進(jìn)口關(guān)稅阻止外國(guó)商品的大量進(jìn)口；后者則包括采取進(jìn)口許可證制、進(jìn)口配額制等一系列非關(guān)稅措施來(lái)限制外國(guó)商品自由進(jìn)口。

3.對(duì)外貿(mào)易依存度：對(duì)外貿(mào)易依存度又稱(chēng)為對(duì)外貿(mào)易系數(shù)（傳統(tǒng)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易系數(shù)），是指一國(guó)的進(jìn)出口總額占該國(guó)國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值或國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比重。其中，進(jìn)口總額占GNP或 GDP的比重稱(chēng)為進(jìn)口依存度，出口總額占GNP或GDP的比重稱(chēng)為出口依存度。對(duì)外貿(mào)易依存度反映一國(guó)對(duì)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的依賴(lài)程度，是衡量一國(guó)對(duì)外開(kāi)放程度的重要指標(biāo)。

4.信用證（關(guān)于貿(mào)易結(jié)算的方式）：是指在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，開(kāi)證銀行根據(jù)進(jìn)口方的請(qǐng)求和指示，授權(quán)出口方憑所提交的符合信用證規(guī)定的單據(jù)和開(kāi)立以該行或其指定的銀行為付款人的不超過(guò)規(guī)定金額的匯票向其收款，并保證向出口方或其指定人按信用證規(guī)定進(jìn)行支付。

5.BOT方式（用于大型項(xiàng)目融資）:又叫投資方式，意思是建設(shè)——運(yùn)營(yíng)——轉(zhuǎn)讓?zhuān)侵该駹I(yíng)機(jī)構(gòu)參加基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和公共工程項(xiàng)目的開(kāi)發(fā)和運(yùn)營(yíng)，政府授予投資者一段時(shí)間的經(jīng)營(yíng)特許權(quán)，在收回投資并取得利潤(rùn)的特許權(quán)期結(jié)束后，投資者把項(xiàng)目無(wú)償?shù)亟唤o政府的投資方式。6.知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)：主要指智力成果的創(chuàng)造人或工商業(yè)標(biāo)記的所有人依法享有的權(quán)利的統(tǒng)稱(chēng)。

一、版權(quán)與工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)

二、人身權(quán)利與財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利

7.買(mǎi)方信貸：指由出口商國(guó)家的銀行向進(jìn)口商或進(jìn)口商國(guó)家的銀行提供的信貸，用以支付進(jìn)口貸款的一種貸款形式。

8.賣(mài)方信貸：在大型機(jī)械裝備或成套設(shè)備貿(mào)易中，為便于出口商以延期付款方式出賣(mài)設(shè)備，出口商所在地的銀行對(duì)出口商提供的信貸

9.特別保障措施（傾銷(xiāo)與反傾銷(xiāo)）：傾銷(xiāo)是指某國(guó)的制造商或出口商將某種產(chǎn)品以低于正常價(jià)值的價(jià)格出口到另一國(guó)的貿(mào)易行為。反傾銷(xiāo)是指進(jìn)口國(guó)主管當(dāng)局根據(jù)受到損害的國(guó)內(nèi)工業(yè)的申訴，按照一定的法律程序?qū)σ缘陀谡r(jià)值的價(jià)格在進(jìn)口國(guó)進(jìn)行銷(xiāo)售的、并對(duì)進(jìn)口國(guó)生產(chǎn)相似產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)業(yè)造成法定損害的外國(guó)產(chǎn)品，進(jìn)行立案、調(diào)查和處理的過(guò)程和措施。

10反傾銷(xiāo)：指對(duì)外國(guó)商品在本國(guó)市場(chǎng)上的傾銷(xiāo)所采取的抵制措施。一般是對(duì)傾銷(xiāo)的外國(guó)商品除征收一般進(jìn)口稅外，再增收附加稅，使其不能廉價(jià)出售，此種附加稅稱(chēng)為“反傾銷(xiāo)稅”。

第二篇：國(guó)際商務(wù)管理期末考試復(fù)習(xí)題[范文]

1、跨國(guó)公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)特征：

全球戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)、全球一體化經(jīng)營(yíng)、靈活多樣的經(jīng)營(yíng)策略、強(qiáng)大的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力、具有較大的經(jīng)營(yíng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

2、國(guó)際生產(chǎn)折衷理論基本觀點(diǎn)：

核心是，企業(yè)跨國(guó)經(jīng)營(yíng)是該企業(yè)具有的所有權(quán)特定優(yōu)勢(shì)、內(nèi)部化優(yōu)勢(shì)和區(qū)位優(yōu)勢(shì)綜合作用的結(jié)果。

3、國(guó)際商務(wù)的宏觀環(huán)境：

4、制度與市場(chǎng)環(huán)境、政治與法律環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)環(huán)境、社會(huì)文化環(huán)境

5、區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化依據(jù)其經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)合程度和相互依存關(guān)系，可分為：自由貿(mào)易區(qū)、關(guān)稅同盟、共同市場(chǎng)、經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟和完全經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化。

6、國(guó)際商務(wù)經(jīng)營(yíng)形式：

（1）出口：①間接出口②直接出口

（2）非股權(quán)安排：①技術(shù)授權(quán)②其他非股權(quán)安排形式

（3）股權(quán)投資形式，它主要是指對(duì)外直接投資

7、跨國(guó)并購(gòu)的方式：股票替換、債券互換、現(xiàn)金收購(gòu)、以及這三種方式的綜合使用。

8、跨國(guó)公司組織結(jié)構(gòu)的變化趨勢(shì)

（1）扁平化，由傳統(tǒng)的金字塔形象扁平化發(fā)展是當(dāng)前企業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)變革的主要形式。

（2）跨國(guó)公司地區(qū)總部，是指跨國(guó)公司為更好實(shí)現(xiàn)其全球經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，在區(qū)域內(nèi)某東道國(guó)設(shè)立一個(gè)區(qū)域型管理機(jī)構(gòu)。

（3）網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)在國(guó)際經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)中的廣泛應(yīng)用，西方一些大型跨國(guó)公司的組織結(jié)構(gòu)開(kāi)始向網(wǎng)絡(luò)化發(fā)展。

（4）學(xué)習(xí)型組織，是指能熟練地創(chuàng)造、獲取和傳遞知識(shí)，同時(shí)也善于修正自身的行為，以適應(yīng)新的知識(shí)和見(jiàn)解的組織。

9、國(guó)際分銷(xiāo)渠道策略

（1）直接渠道與間接渠道策略（2）渠道長(zhǎng)度策略（3）渠道寬度策略

10、國(guó)際技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移的方式

（1）國(guó)際商品貿(mào)易（2）國(guó)際技術(shù)許可（3）國(guó)際許可經(jīng)營(yíng)（4）國(guó)際技術(shù)咨詢與服務(wù)（5）技術(shù)所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移（6）與國(guó)際工程承包、國(guó)際合作生產(chǎn)和國(guó)外直接投資相結(jié)合的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移

11、國(guó)際人力資源管理的國(guó)際策略：

名族中心策略、多中心策略、全球中心策略、混合策略

12、中國(guó)企業(yè)國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略分析

（1）經(jīng)營(yíng)主體：第一，專(zhuān)業(yè)外貿(mào)公司和大型貿(mào)易集團(tuán)。第二，大型生產(chǎn)型企業(yè)或企業(yè)集團(tuán)。第三，大型服務(wù)企業(yè)與銀行或其他非銀行金融企業(yè)。

（2）經(jīng)營(yíng)方式：第一，貿(mào)易型。第二，契約型，第三，投資型

（3）行業(yè)選擇，首先，投資境外建立資源開(kāi)發(fā)生產(chǎn)基地，參與開(kāi)發(fā)對(duì)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和國(guó)家安全具有重要意義的石油、天然氣等能源以及礦產(chǎn)、森林與漁業(yè)等資源，是我國(guó)企業(yè)開(kāi)展國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)的重要目標(biāo)。其次，積極到境外投資興辦一些投資少、見(jiàn)效快的中小企業(yè)。最后，一些資金和實(shí)力雄厚、國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的大型企業(yè)可以到境外投資建立技術(shù)含量較高的生產(chǎn)企業(yè)。

（4）區(qū)位選擇

（5）技術(shù)選擇：①我國(guó)在一些行業(yè)擁有的小規(guī)模生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和勞動(dòng)密集的適用技術(shù)②我國(guó)已經(jīng)引進(jìn)、吸收、消化，并從應(yīng)用角度加以一定的創(chuàng)新后更加經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的技術(shù)③我國(guó)擁有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的技術(shù)④部分高新技術(shù)。

（6）人才培養(yǎng)

第三篇：商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯期末考試

課程名稱(chēng) 商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯 考試時(shí)間 90 分鐘 總分

I.Match the following Phrase with its Translation(20 points, 1 point for each)

1.unfavorable balance of trade

（）

單據(jù)與表格 2.bank portfolio

（）

光票付款信用證 3.housing mortgages

（）

另函 4.barter trade

（）

會(huì)計(jì)制度 5.bills and forms

（）

國(guó)際分工 6.fiscal year

（）

財(cái)政 7.cargo insurance

（）易貨貿(mào)易 8.carrying vessel

（）

標(biāo)題貨物 9.clean payment credit

（）

清倉(cāng)削價(jià)銷(xiāo)售 10.clearance sale

（）

經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)機(jī) 11.accounting systems

（）貿(mào)易逆差 12.comparative advantage

（）

統(tǒng)保單 13.economic incentives

（）記名提單 14.financial statements

（）財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，15.bills of exchange

（）

匯票 16.captioned goods

（）

貨物保險(xiǎn) 17.floating policy

（）銀行資產(chǎn) 18.international specialization

（）

比較優(yōu)勢(shì) 19.straight B/L

（）

裝貨船只 20.under separate cover

（）

住房按揭

II.Multiple Choice(20 points, 2 points for each)1.As the information requested in our letter dated October 29 is now urgently required, your early reply would be highly appreciated.（）

A.由于我方急需10月29日去信要求的信息，蒙貴方及早答復(fù)，不勝感激。

B.由于急需我方10月29日信中要求的信息，蒙貴方及早答復(fù)，不勝感激。C.由于我方急需10月29日來(lái)信的信息，如蒙貴方及早答復(fù)，不勝感激。

D.由于急需我方10月29日去信要求的信息，如蒙貴方及早答復(fù)，不勝感激。2.Should for certain reasons the Buyers not be able to inform the Seller of the foregoing details 10 days prior to the arrival of the vessel at the port of loading or should the carrying vessel be advanced or delayed, the Buyer or their chartering agent shall advise the Sellers immediately and make necessary arrangement.（）

A.由于某種原因買(mǎi)方不能于裝運(yùn)輪抵達(dá)裝運(yùn)港十天前將有關(guān)詳情通知賣(mài)方或裝運(yùn)輪提前或推遲抵達(dá)，買(mǎi)方或其運(yùn)輸代理人須立即通知賣(mài)方并做出必要的安排。B.由于某種原因買(mǎi)方不能于裝運(yùn)輪抵達(dá)裝運(yùn)港十天前將上述詳情通知賣(mài)方或裝運(yùn)輪提前或推遲抵達(dá)，買(mǎi)方或其運(yùn)輸代理人需立即通知賣(mài)方并做出必要的安排。C.若買(mǎi)方由于某種原因不能于裝運(yùn)輪抵達(dá)裝運(yùn)港十天前將上述詳情通知賣(mài)方，或裝運(yùn)輪提前或推遲抵達(dá)，買(mǎi)方或其運(yùn)輸代理人須立即通知賣(mài)方并做出必要的安排。D.若買(mǎi)方由于某種原因不能于裝運(yùn)輪抵達(dá)裝運(yùn)港十天前將有關(guān)詳情通知賣(mài)方，或裝運(yùn)輪提前或推遲抵達(dá)，買(mǎi)方或其運(yùn)輸代理人需立即通知賣(mài)方并做出必要的安排。

3.All the banking charges incurred in Licensee's Bank shall be borne by Licensee while those incurred outside Licensee's Bank shall be borne by Licensor.（）A.所有在許可方銀行發(fā)生的費(fèi)用均由被許可方承擔(dān)，所有在許可方銀行外發(fā)生的銀行費(fèi)用由許可方承擔(dān)。

B.所有在被許可方銀行發(fā)生的費(fèi)用均由被許可方承擔(dān)，所有在被許可方銀行外發(fā)生的銀行費(fèi)用由許可方承擔(dān)。

C.所有在許可方銀行發(fā)生的費(fèi)用均由被許可方承擔(dān)，所有在被許可方銀行外發(fā)生的銀行費(fèi)用由被許可方承擔(dān)。

D.所有在被許可方銀行發(fā)生的費(fèi)用均由被許可方承擔(dān)，所有在許可方銀行外發(fā)生的銀行費(fèi)用由被許可方承擔(dān)。4.It was found that a country benefits more by producing goods it can make most cheaply and buying those goods that other countries can make at lower costs than by producing everything it needs within its own border.（）

A.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個(gè)國(guó)家只生產(chǎn)成本耗費(fèi)最低的產(chǎn)品，而從其他國(guó)家出售它們用較低成本生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，這比在國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)自己所需要的一切產(chǎn)品要?jiǎng)澦愕枚?。B.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個(gè)國(guó)家只生產(chǎn)成本耗費(fèi)最低的產(chǎn)品，而從其他國(guó)家購(gòu)買(mǎi)它們用較低成本生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，這比在國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)自己所需要的一切產(chǎn)品要?jiǎng)澦愕枚?。C.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個(gè)國(guó)家只生產(chǎn)成本耗費(fèi)較低的產(chǎn)品，而從其他國(guó)家購(gòu)買(mǎi)它們用較低成本生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，這比在國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)自己所需要的一切產(chǎn)品要?jiǎng)澦愕枚唷.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個(gè)國(guó)家只生產(chǎn)成本耗費(fèi)最低的產(chǎn)品，而從其他國(guó)家購(gòu)買(mǎi)它們用最低成本生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，這比在國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)自己所需要的一切產(chǎn)品要?jiǎng)澦愕枚唷?/p>

5.This Convention does not prevail over any international agreement which has already been or may be entered into and which contains provisions concerning the matters governed by this Convention.（）

A.本公約并不優(yōu)先于業(yè)已締結(jié)或可能締結(jié)并載有與屬于本公約范圍內(nèi)事項(xiàng)有關(guān)的條款的任何國(guó)際協(xié)定。

B.本公約并不優(yōu)先于業(yè)已締結(jié)或可能締結(jié)的載有與本公約有關(guān)條款的任何國(guó)際協(xié)定。

C.本公約并不優(yōu)先于業(yè)已締結(jié)或可能締結(jié)并載有與屬于本公約事項(xiàng)有關(guān)條款的任何國(guó)際協(xié)定。

D.本公約并不優(yōu)先于業(yè)已締結(jié)或可能締結(jié)的與本公約有關(guān)條款的任何國(guó)際協(xié)定。6.Rising damp, if not treated effectively, could in time cause extensive damage to the structure of your home, ruin decoration and furniture.（）

A.如果處理不當(dāng)，墻內(nèi)潮氣最終可能會(huì)對(duì)房屋的結(jié)構(gòu)造成大面積破壞，毀掉裝修和家具。

B.如果處理不當(dāng)，墻內(nèi)潮氣最終可能會(huì)對(duì)房屋的結(jié)構(gòu)、裝修以及家具造成大面積破壞和損害。

C.如果處理不當(dāng)，墻內(nèi)的潮濕氣體準(zhǔn)時(shí)可能會(huì)對(duì)房屋的結(jié)構(gòu)造成大面積破壞，毀掉裝修和家具。

處 論 弊 舞 作 者 違 ：，名記姓標(biāo) 他 其 作 或 名 姓 寫(xiě) 禁 嚴(yán)：外號(hào)線考封 密 ； 理 處 分 零 作：者級(jí)違班，題答禁嚴(yán)內(nèi)D.如果處理不當(dāng)，墻內(nèi)的潮濕氣體準(zhǔn)時(shí)可能會(huì)對(duì)房屋的結(jié)構(gòu)、裝修以及家具造成大Ⅲ.Translate the following sentences into English(10*2)面積破壞

1.科技以人為本---------諾基亞廣告 7.The seller must supply the goods in conformity with the contract of sale, together with

such evidence of conformity as may be required by the contract.（）

2.分分秒秒歡聚歡笑-----麥當(dāng)勞廣告 A.賣(mài)方有責(zé)任供應(yīng)符合買(mǎi)賣(mài)所規(guī)定的貨物，如合同有規(guī)定，尚須提供貨物符合合同 的要求的憑證。

3.我的勞力士不像我。它從不休息----手表廣告 B.賣(mài)方有責(zé)任供應(yīng)符合買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同所規(guī)定的貨物，如合同有規(guī)定，尚須提供貨物符合

合同的要求的憑證。

4.留出時(shí)間讀時(shí)代----雜志廣告 C.賣(mài)方有責(zé)任供應(yīng)符合買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同所規(guī)定的貨物，如有規(guī)定，尚須提供貨物符合合同 的要求的憑證。

5.人生似旅行，游歷須盡興----航空公司廣告 D.賣(mài)方有責(zé)任供應(yīng)符合買(mǎi)賣(mài)所規(guī)定的貨物，如另有規(guī)定，尚須提供貨物符合合同的

要求的憑證。6.誰(shuí)都有得意的時(shí)候

8.We would be interested in receiving your inquiries for our computers of different models, 7.有錢(qián)能使鬼推磨 against which we will send you our quotations in dollars, FOB U.S.Ports.Shipment will

be arranged immediately after receipt of your L/C.（）

8.有其父必有其子 A.我們希望貴方來(lái)函詢問(wèn)我們的電腦。我們一定會(huì)寄來(lái)美國(guó)口岸船上交貨的報(bào)價(jià)

單，并保證在收到信用證后立即裝運(yùn)。

9.寸金難買(mǎi)寸光陰 B.我們希望貴方來(lái)函詢問(wèn)各種型號(hào)的電腦。我們一定會(huì)寄來(lái)美國(guó)口岸船上交貨的報(bào)

價(jià)單，并保證在收到信用證后立即裝貨。

10.歲月不等人 C.我們希望貴公司來(lái)函詢購(gòu)我們的電腦。我們一定會(huì)寄來(lái)以美元計(jì)價(jià)的美國(guó)口岸船

上交貨的報(bào)價(jià)單，并保證在收到信用證后立即裝運(yùn)。

Ⅳ.Translate the following phrase into Chinese（10*2）D.我們希望貴公司來(lái)函詢購(gòu)各種型號(hào)的電腦。我們一定會(huì)寄來(lái)以美元計(jì)價(jià)的美國(guó)口

岸船上交貨的報(bào)價(jià)單，并保證在收到信用證后立即裝運(yùn)。1.a broken man

9.The EEC’s Common Agricultural policy is a dinosaur which is adding ￡13.50 a week to the food bill of the average British family.（）

2.a broken soldier A.歐共體的農(nóng)業(yè)共同政策簡(jiǎn)直像個(gè)恐龍，它要使英國(guó)家庭平均每周在食品單上多支

線出13.50英鎊。

3.broken money B.歐共體的農(nóng)業(yè)共同政策簡(jiǎn)直就是恐龍，它使英國(guó)家庭平均每周在食品開(kāi)銷(xiāo)上多支

出13.50英鎊。

4.A special cola.A special choice.C.歐共體的農(nóng)業(yè)共同政策像恐龍一樣不合時(shí)宜，使英國(guó)家庭平均每周在食品單上多

支出13.50英鎊。

5.Anything is possible.D.歐共體的農(nóng)業(yè)共同政策已不合時(shí)宜，它使英國(guó)家庭平均每周在食品開(kāi)銷(xiāo)上多支出

13.50英鎊。6.A secret for perfect skin.10.The new prosperity may represent a long, sustained plateau of brisk demand, plentiful jobs, 7.You leave “Managing Money” alone;Money will manage to leave you alone.and increased living standards.（）

A.新的繁榮可能表現(xiàn)為一段持續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的旺盛的需求、大量就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，生活水平8.No dream is too big.也得到了改善。

封B.新的繁榮可能表現(xiàn)為持續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的旺盛需求、大量的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，生活水平也得9.Give me a chance, and you’ll have a big surprise.到了提高。

C.新的繁榮表現(xiàn)為一段時(shí)間持續(xù)較長(zhǎng)的旺盛的需求、大量就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，生活水平也得10.Go my own way.（運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋廣告）到了提高。

D.新的繁榮表現(xiàn)為持續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的旺盛需求、大量就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，生活水平也得到了改Ⅴ Translation Improvement from English to Chinese.For each English sentence, there is 善。

one or more errors in the translation provided.Please underline the error or errors, and then write the whole of your improved version in the space provided below.(20 points, 2 points for

○ ○ ⊙ each)

1.原文：The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper and more abundant.譯文：工程的目的是要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造有用的物品，使它們更好、更便宜、更充足。改進(jìn)的譯文： ：

2.原文：We also realize the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectors of the economy.譯文：我們也認(rèn)識(shí)到使某些經(jīng)濟(jì)部門(mén)實(shí)行產(chǎn)業(yè)化越來(lái)越多的需要和必要。改進(jìn)的譯文：

3.原文：The Contract is in octuplicate, four in the Chinese language and four in the English language.譯文：本合同一式8份，中文4份，英文4份 改進(jìn)譯文：

4.原文：Commercial business is very profitable, and most radio and TV stations depend on the income.譯文：商事很賺錢(qián)，大部分電臺(tái)和電視臺(tái)都靠這部分收入而生存。改進(jìn)譯文：

5.原文：There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems;more than transient everydayness.譯文：他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止那些政治的、社會(huì)的合經(jīng)濟(jì)的問(wèn)題，遠(yuǎn)不止一時(shí)的日常事物。改進(jìn)的譯文：

6.原文：she is considered as Helen of Troy in her class.譯文：她被認(rèn)為是他們班的海倫。改進(jìn)的譯文：

7.原文：I won’t go there unless you go, too.譯文：我不去，除非你也不去。改進(jìn)的譯文：

8.原文：A road accident caused my being late.譯文：交通事故導(dǎo)致了我遲到。改進(jìn)的譯文：

9.原文：We regret the four of the items enquired for in your Fax are unfortunately not available

for export.譯文：很遺憾，貴方傳真所詢商品有4項(xiàng)無(wú)貨可供。改進(jìn)的譯文：

10.原文：The moderate price coupled with the superiority of our goods will surely induce you to

pass us orders.譯文：由于價(jià)錢(qián)公道，貨物優(yōu)勢(shì)，相信貴公司必樂(lè)于向我們定購(gòu)。改進(jìn)的譯文：

第四篇：遼大《國(guó)際商務(wù)》(2012年10月)大題小范圍重點(diǎn)

《國(guó)際商務(wù)》

第一章國(guó)際貿(mào)易與國(guó)際投資基本理論

四、名詞解釋 1.進(jìn)口替代戰(zhàn)略2.出口導(dǎo)向戰(zhàn)略4.對(duì)外貿(mào)易 P3813.貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)15.托收

五、簡(jiǎn)答題2.超保護(hù)貿(mào)易主義的特點(diǎn)。6.出口導(dǎo)向戰(zhàn)略對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響。

7.國(guó)際貿(mào)易的含義及其特點(diǎn)。

六、論述題

1.試述出口導(dǎo)向戰(zhàn)略的含義及其實(shí)施的政策與措施。2.試述貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的含義及意義。

第二章經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化與多邊貿(mào)易體制

四、名詞解釋1.經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化（國(guó)際貨幣基金組織的定義）

五、簡(jiǎn)答題2.世界貿(mào)易組織的主要特點(diǎn)。

六、論述題1.試述經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的主要內(nèi)容。2.試述世界貿(mào)易組織的職能。

第三章國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易

四、名詞解釋 1.國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易2.過(guò)境交付

五、簡(jiǎn)答題1.國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易的表現(xiàn)方式主要有哪些？其中最主要的方式是什么？

2.服務(wù)貿(mào)易的特點(diǎn)。3.服務(wù)貿(mào)易與商品貿(mào)易的異同。

六、論述題

1.試述國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易的含義及其表現(xiàn)形式。2.試述服務(wù)貿(mào)易與技術(shù)貿(mào)易的異同。

第四章國(guó)際貿(mào)易方式

四、名詞解釋 1.轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易4.國(guó)際展覽會(huì) P1215.國(guó)際博覽會(huì)7.補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易

五、簡(jiǎn)答題1.國(guó)際商務(wù)代理的概念和種類(lèi)。4.補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易的主要特點(diǎn)。

5.補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易的含義及其具體做法。6.國(guó)際租賃的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

六、論述題

1.試述國(guó)際商品招標(biāo)投標(biāo)的含義及特點(diǎn)。2.試述來(lái)料加工與進(jìn)料加工的異同。

3.試述電子商務(wù)的涵義（廣義）及其對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的影響。

第五章海關(guān)制度與關(guān)稅

四、名詞解釋1.ATA單證冊(cè)2.關(guān)稅8.原產(chǎn)地規(guī)則

五、簡(jiǎn)答題3.關(guān)稅的經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)。5.傾銷(xiāo)的特征。6.傾銷(xiāo)的類(lèi)別。7.原產(chǎn)地規(guī)則適用的領(lǐng)域。

第六章非關(guān)稅措施

四、名詞解釋

1.進(jìn)口配額制2.進(jìn)口許可證制3.“自動(dòng)”出口配額制 5.出口信貸9.保稅區(qū)

五、簡(jiǎn)答題 3.經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)的特點(diǎn)。4.經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)的類(lèi)型。5.出口管制的對(duì)象。

六、論述題1.試述環(huán)境壁壘對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的影響。

第七章跨國(guó)企業(yè)與國(guó)際資本流動(dòng)

四、名詞解釋3.BOT方式

五、簡(jiǎn)答題 1.企業(yè)跨國(guó)經(jīng)營(yíng)與國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)二者之間的異同。

第八章企業(yè)跨國(guó)投資環(huán)境及可行性研究報(bào)告

四、名詞解釋1.國(guó)際投資環(huán)境

五、簡(jiǎn)答題 1.國(guó)際投資環(huán)境的涵義及其特點(diǎn)。

第九章跨國(guó)公司的國(guó)際投資與國(guó)際貿(mào)易

四、名詞解釋1.跨國(guó)公司2.跨國(guó)公司全球戰(zhàn)略

五、簡(jiǎn)答題2.跨國(guó)生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)營(yíng)中推行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的作用。3.跨國(guó)生產(chǎn)本地化的主要表現(xiàn)。

六、論述題 1.跨國(guó)公司的涵義及其全球戰(zhàn)略的主要內(nèi)容。

第十章國(guó)際商務(wù)談判

第五篇：國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯

1.國(guó)際貿(mào)易一般指不同國(guó)家當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易，它涉及到許多因素。因而比國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜的多。International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries.It involves mort factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.2.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全獨(dú)立于國(guó)際商務(wù)之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知識(shí)是十分必要的，這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展，又有益于個(gè)人的進(jìn)步With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can enterprises and personal advancement 3.其他參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同，承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。completely stay away from international business.Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project 4.國(guó)際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)，即在一國(guó)生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國(guó)進(jìn)行消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。International consumption or resale in another.5.除了國(guó)際貿(mào)易和投資，國(guó)際許可和特許經(jīng)營(yíng)有時(shí)也是進(jìn)入國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的一種方式

Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are some times taken as a means of entering a foreign market.（二）

1.國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國(guó)收入的兩個(gè)重要概念，區(qū)別在于前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán)而后者著重于進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的國(guó)家。business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e.exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s income.The difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place 2.要估評(píng)某一市場(chǎng)的潛力，人們往往要分析其收入水平，因?yàn)樗鼮槟抢锞用竦馁?gòu)買(mǎi)力高低提供了線索In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.3.世界各國(guó)被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域，高收入國(guó)家、中等收入國(guó)家和低收入國(guó)家

Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income, middle income and low income 4.中國(guó)現(xiàn)在的年人均收入為1100美元以上，但幾年前它還是個(gè)低收入國(guó)家。

China with an annual per capita income of over $1100 is a middle income country though it was a low income country just a few years ago.5.就中國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，周?chē)€有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場(chǎng)，如亞洲四小虎，東盟國(guó)家，俄羅斯等國(guó)，這些國(guó)家都具有前景看好的市場(chǎng)潛力，能為中國(guó)提供很好的商機(jī)。As far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, etc.Those are countries with very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to China.(三)1.過(guò)去的幾十年，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。

The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.2經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟的成員國(guó)不僅要在稅收、政府開(kāi)支、企業(yè)策略等方面保持一致，而且還應(yīng)適用同一的貨幣。

The members of an economic union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc, but also use the same currency.3歐洲委員會(huì)是歐盟的管理機(jī)構(gòu)之一，此機(jī)構(gòu)將提議呈交給部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì)做決定，并監(jiān)督各成員國(guó)根據(jù)所制定的條約履行自己的義務(wù)。

The European Commission is one of the governing organs of the EU.It is the body which puts proposals to the Council of Ministers for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty 4APEC建立與在澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開(kāi)的一次部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議上。當(dāng)時(shí)有12位成員國(guó)出席，分別是澳大利亞、美國(guó)、加拿大、日本、朝鮮、新西蘭和東盟六國(guó)。APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australia capital Canberra attened by 12members of Australia，the united states，canada，japan，republic of korea，new zealand and six ASEAN countries.5著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，它是由美國(guó)、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。

The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Area, the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991(四)1.經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了新的動(dòng)力和機(jī)會(huì), 同時(shí)也使各經(jīng)濟(jì)體更加相互依賴(lài)、相互影響。Economic globalization is giving new impetus and opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive 2.跨國(guó)公司是在一個(gè)以上國(guó)家擁有、控制和經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)的商業(yè)組織。

A multinational enterprise is a business organization that owns, controls and manages assents in more than one country 3.許多人歡呼經(jīng)濟(jì)全球帶來(lái)的好處，但同時(shí)也有強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)聲音。

An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to international headquarters 4.跨國(guó)公司的內(nèi)部交換在整個(gè)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的一個(gè)很大的比例。

The transfer of the intra-MNE transactions constitutes a very significant proportion of total international trade 5.盡管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國(guó)企業(yè)的子公司，但重要決策，如有關(guān)公司和新投資等都由母公司來(lái)決定。

Although the day-to-day running of corporate operations may be decentralized to the affiliate MNCS, the major decisions, such at those on corporate goals and new investments are made by the parent company 6.無(wú)論人們是否喜歡，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化已成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的一個(gè)客觀趨勢(shì)。

Like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development

（五）1.在復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)世界中，沒(méi)有一個(gè)國(guó)家可以完全自給自足。

In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient 2.隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了另一個(gè)刺激貿(mào)易的因素，即國(guó)際專(zhuān)業(yè)化。

With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e.international specialization 3.按照比較利益學(xué)說(shuō)，兩個(gè)貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處。

According to the theory on comparative advantage both trade partners can benefit from trade.4.比較利益并不是一個(gè)靜止的概念，一個(gè)國(guó)家可以通過(guò)自己的行為發(fā)展某種特定的比較利益。Comparative advantage is not a static concept.A country may develop a particular comparative advantage through its own action 5.比較利益理論已成為現(xiàn)代國(guó)際貿(mào)易思想的基石。

The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade

6.根據(jù)絕對(duì)利益理論，只有當(dāng)一個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)的某一商品對(duì)另一個(gè)國(guó)家具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)時(shí)，貿(mào)易才會(huì)發(fā)生。According to the absolute advantage theory, trade occurs only when each country has an absolute advantage over the other in the production of one commodity.（六）

1.一件商品的成本會(huì)因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大而減小。

The cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of production scale 2.在實(shí)際中，即使完全的專(zhuān)業(yè)化在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有利，也可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)發(fā)生。

In reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous

3.配額或者說(shuō)數(shù)量限制是最常見(jiàn)的關(guān)稅壁壘。

Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers 4.國(guó)家從事貿(mào)易種類(lèi)是多樣的，復(fù)雜的，往往是有形貿(mào)易和無(wú)形貿(mào)易的混合。

The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.5.貿(mào)易不是建立在兩個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)能力上而是建立在不同的消費(fèi)偏好上。Trade will be based not on difference in the production capabilities of the two countries but on different consumption preferences 6.各國(guó)政府經(jīng)常采取的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施是貿(mào)易壁壘，典型的例子是關(guān)稅和配額。

Protectionist measures which are often taken by governments are also barriers to trade and typical examples are tariffs and quotas.7.由于戰(zhàn)略或國(guó)內(nèi)的原因，一個(gè)國(guó)家可能繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)不具備優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品。

For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an advantage 8.有形貿(mào)易指貨物的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易而無(wú)形貿(mào)易涉及的是國(guó)家間的勞務(wù)交換。Visible trade,.which involves the import and export of goods，there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between countries.（七）

1.包裝需按運(yùn)輸?shù)囊筮M(jìn)行，在大多數(shù)情況下，賣(mài)方明確知道把貨物安全地運(yùn)到目的地所需要的包裝。Packing should be made according to the requirement of transportation.In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination.2.在許可情況下，應(yīng)通知買(mǎi)方在賣(mài)方將貨物啟運(yùn)之時(shí)或之前安排驗(yàn)貨。除非合同另有規(guī)定，否則賣(mài)方必須支付為其自身利益而安排的驗(yàn)貨費(fèi)用。

In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or before the time of shipment.Unless otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.3.進(jìn)口商可以通過(guò)可轉(zhuǎn)讓的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)將貨物在運(yùn)輸途中賣(mài)給新的賣(mài)方，這類(lèi)可轉(zhuǎn)讓單據(jù)用起來(lái)非常方便。very convenient for use The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable shipping documents which are 5.2000年對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的修改考慮了無(wú)關(guān)稅區(qū)的發(fā)展，商務(wù)活動(dòng)中電子通訊使用的增加以及運(yùn)輸方式的變化。The 2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communication, and the changes in transport practices 6.如果貨物丟失或受損或因某種原因沒(méi)有運(yùn)到，買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方的信任就會(huì)下降可能會(huì)嚴(yán)重到引起法律糾紛的地步。If they are lost or damaged, or if delivery does not take place for some other reason, the climate of confidence between parties may degenerate to the point where a law suit is brought 7.買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方在制定合同時(shí)，如果有理解一致的具體規(guī)則可供參考，他們就肯定簡(jiǎn)單可靠的確定各自的責(zé)任。If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to , they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely

(八)1.合同依法實(shí)施，未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起訴，并被強(qiáng)制做出賠償。

A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2.口頭業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商指的是面對(duì)面的直接談判或通過(guò)國(guó)際長(zhǎng)途電話進(jìn)行的商談。Oral business negotiations refer to face-to-face discussions or those conducted through international trunk calls 3.買(mǎi)方發(fā)出的詢盤(pán)時(shí)為了獲得擬定購(gòu)商品的有關(guān)信息，它對(duì)發(fā)出詢盤(pán)的人無(wú)約束力。Enquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered and are not binding on the inquirer 4.有效期對(duì)于實(shí)盤(pán)是必不可少的。在規(guī)定的時(shí)間之前，或在被對(duì)方接受或拒絕之前發(fā)盤(pán)一直是有效的。The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected

5.還盤(pán)是對(duì)發(fā)盤(pán)的拒絕，一旦做出還盤(pán)，原報(bào)盤(pán)即將失效而失去約束力。

A counter-offer is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made

6.還盤(pán)可以針對(duì)發(fā)盤(pán)中的價(jià)格、付款條件、裝運(yùn)時(shí)間或其他條款而提出。A counter-offer may be made in relation to the price, terms of payments, time of shipment or other terms and conditions of the offer 7.合同背面的規(guī)定是合同的組成部分，對(duì)合同雙方同樣具有約束力The stipulations on the back of the contract are constituent parts of the contract and are equally binding upon the contraction parties

（九）1.對(duì)銷(xiāo)貿(mào)易一般是與有關(guān)國(guó)家的政治目標(biāo)相互聯(lián)系的，如應(yīng)對(duì)外匯短缺和擴(kuò)大出口之類(lèi)的問(wèn)題。objectives in these countries As counter trade often takes place in less developed economies and in centrally planned economies, it is often related with policy 2.實(shí)際上，反向貿(mào)易指的是各種貨物和服務(wù)的直接交換。Fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and services

3.回購(gòu)貿(mào)易和互購(gòu)貿(mào)易之間另一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別在于回購(gòu)貿(mào)易一般比互購(gòu)貿(mào)易要延續(xù)更長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time the a counter purchase deal 4.在正常的市場(chǎng)交易中，由于使用貨幣及市場(chǎng)手段，貨物的買(mǎi)與賣(mài)是分別進(jìn)行的。In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled because of the use of money and the market

5.盡管有很多好處，反向貿(mào)易可能是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的事。

Despite all its advantage, counter trade can be very risky business

6.在其他貿(mào)易方式中還有加工貿(mào)易、寄售、租賃貿(mào)易、代理等。

Among other modes of trade are processing trade, consignment, leasing trade, agency etc

7.對(duì)銷(xiāo)貿(mào)易成為一個(gè)將賣(mài)方的出口，從買(mǎi)方的進(jìn)口聯(lián)系起來(lái)的跨國(guó)界合同的術(shù)語(yǔ)總稱(chēng)。Counter trade has become the generic term to describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller’s exports to imports from the buyer

(十)1.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口雙方都面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)榭偞嬖趯?duì)不履約的可能。In international trade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfil the contract

2.為處理國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的不同形勢(shì)，各種支付方法便發(fā)展了起來(lái)。Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade

3.許多國(guó)際交易是通過(guò)匯票支付的，匯票是對(duì)銀行是顧客的支付命令。A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a customers to pay

4.即期付款交單要求進(jìn)口商立即付款以取得單據(jù)。Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents

5.就出口商而言，即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利，付款交單比承兌交單有利。So far as the exporter’s interest is concerned D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P after sight, and D/P is more favorable than D/A

(十一)1.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，幾乎不可能使付款和實(shí)際交貨同時(shí)進(jìn)行。In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with the physical delivery of the good

2.信用證付款方式對(duì)買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方都提供保障。The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer

3.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，信用證得到了實(shí)質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。

Credits had substantial development after the First World War

4.要么因?yàn)樾庞米C金額過(guò)大，要么因?yàn)閷?duì)開(kāi)證行不完全信任，出口商有時(shí)可能需要保兌的信用證。Either because the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may sometimes require a confirmed letter of credit

5.信用證的形式、長(zhǎng)短、語(yǔ)言和規(guī)定各不相同。

Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language and stipulations

6.雙邊保證是信用證獨(dú)特的具有代表性的特征。

The bilateral security is the unique and characteristic feature of the letter of credit 7.信用證不但保所購(gòu)貨物就是發(fā)票所開(kāi)或所裝運(yùn)的貨物。It does not guarantee that the goods purchased will be those invoiced or shipped

8.銀行只關(guān)心代表貨物的單據(jù)而不是所寄予的合同，銀行對(duì)于貨物是否符合合同不承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任。The banks are only concerned with the documents representing the goods instead of the underlying contracts.They have no legal obligation whether the goods comply with the contract

(十二)1.信用證按其作用、形式和機(jī)制分作不同的種類(lèi)。

Letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form, and mechanism

2.光票信用證主要用于非貿(mào)易結(jié)算，而在商品貿(mào)易中一般使用跟單信用證付款。Clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade settlement, while documentary credits are generally used in commodity trade

3.在即期信用證情況下，提示匯票和正確無(wú)誤的單據(jù)后便立即付款。In the case of sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable shipping documents

5.如果信用證可以有原受益人轉(zhuǎn)讓給另一個(gè)或幾個(gè)人，那么這種信用證即為可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。A letter of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties 6.對(duì)于一筆具體交易來(lái)說(shuō)，信用證不一定是最理想的付款方式，締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況做出最好的選擇。The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions 7.如果允許分批裝運(yùn)，信用證可以同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)讓給多個(gè)受益人。Transferring a credit to more than one party at the same time is allowed provided partial shipments are permitted

(十三)1.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中使用正確的單據(jù)很重要，否則進(jìn)口商提貨時(shí)會(huì)遇到困難。It is very important to use correct documents in international trade, otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods

2.商業(yè)發(fā)票，一般稱(chēng)“發(fā)票”這種單據(jù)對(duì)貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價(jià)和總價(jià)進(jìn)行概括性描述。The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes a general description of the quality, quantity, unit price, and total value of the goods

3.貨物在運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中可能發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失，需要辦理貨物保險(xiǎn)。It is necessary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transportation.4.已裝船提單表明貨物已實(shí)際裝上開(kāi)往目的港的承運(yùn)船只。An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on board of the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination

5.清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船，這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表不良的批注。A clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the goods have been shipped in apparent good order condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and the outer appearance of the goods

6.簽發(fā)保險(xiǎn)單的日期可以早于提單的簽發(fā)日，但絕不能遲于提單簽發(fā)日。The date on which the document can be made earlier but by on means later than the date of the bill of lading

（十四）1.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，一個(gè)沒(méi)有先進(jìn)的運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的社會(huì)仍然是一個(gè)原始落后的社會(huì)。There is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive

2.這些方式在運(yùn)作特點(diǎn)和性能方面不同。從而使它們各有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)，五種運(yùn)輸方式是水路、鐵路、公路、管道、航空。The modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages.The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and air

3.過(guò)去10年，公司自己提供運(yùn)輸能力的傾向越來(lái)越大。The past decade has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability.4.作為一個(gè)社會(huì)，我們現(xiàn)在的生活比完全自給自足時(shí)更富裕、更消閑。As a society, we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would be in a totally self-sufficient community

5.最近幾年運(yùn)輸功能引人注目的另一個(gè)因素就是越來(lái)越多的使用零庫(kù)存系統(tǒng)，這種系統(tǒng)是以公司保持很少數(shù)量的生產(chǎn)投入為基礎(chǔ)的。Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs

6.運(yùn)輸業(yè)可能更容易的集中原料和勞動(dòng)力的投入去生產(chǎn)某項(xiàng)產(chǎn)品。Transportation allows the entrepreneur to assemble more easily the raw material and labor inputs needed to make a specific product

(十五)1.保險(xiǎn)是一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換機(jī)制通過(guò)保險(xiǎn)個(gè)人或企業(yè)可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉(zhuǎn)移給其他人。Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others

2.即使是在這種情況下，大多數(shù)公司寧可付已知的費(fèi)用即保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而不愿面對(duì)不確定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失。Even under these circumstances, most of the firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss 3.對(duì)企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)損失的價(jià)值要比個(gè)人高很多。因此，保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)也比一棟房子或一兩車(chē)高出許多。In the case of business enterprises,the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house or a car

4.企業(yè)投保的主要刺激時(shí)他們可以騰出資金，進(jìn)行其他項(xiàng)目的投資。The main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items

5.因此，貨物保險(xiǎn)是一種目的在于把風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從進(jìn)口商和出口商的肩上轉(zhuǎn)移到轉(zhuǎn)敏承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)人一方的活動(dòng)。Therefore, cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the burden of risk from the exporters and importers to the underwriters

6.通過(guò)向共同基金投保，投保方就得到了一旦遭受損失時(shí)要求從基金中得到賠償?shù)臋?quán)利。By paying a premium into an insurance pool, the assured earns the right to claim compensation from the pool, the assured earns the right to claim compensation from the pool should he suffer loss.（十六）

1.沒(méi)有可保利益的保險(xiǎn)合同是無(wú)效的，而任何根據(jù)這類(lèi)合同提出的索賠都不會(huì)被受理。An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained 2.盡管錯(cuò)誤的陳述是無(wú)意的，保險(xiǎn)人還是受到欺騙，從而保險(xiǎn)合同無(wú)效。Even though the mis-statement is unintentional, the underwriter will still be deceived and the policy voidable.3.將受損失人的利益恢復(fù)到損害發(fā)生前的狀況的合同就是保險(xiǎn)合同。A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred

4.賠償金額一般包括發(fā)票金額加上運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用再加上保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)再加上一個(gè)商訂的百分比如10%。The compensation payable generally includes the invoiced cost plus freight, the insurance premium, and an agreed percentage, say 10%

5.如果投保的險(xiǎn)別不是造成損失的直接原因，保險(xiǎn)公司將不予賠償。The insurance company will not entertain the claim if the risk covered is not the proximate cause of the loss.6.每一份保險(xiǎn)合同都需要有可保利益的支持，否則它就是無(wú)效的，任何根據(jù)此合同提出的索賠都不會(huì)受理。Every contract of insurance requires an insurable interest to support it, or otherwise it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained

7.若兩份保險(xiǎn)單承保同一事件，兩家保險(xiǎn)公司將按比例分?jǐn)倱p失賠償這恢復(fù)保險(xiǎn)人損失部分。If two policies do cover the same event, the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position

(十七)1.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)以前，金本位制建立了固定匯率制，每個(gè)國(guó)家通過(guò)將本國(guó)貨幣與黃金掛鉤來(lái)確定其貨幣的評(píng)價(jià)。Before the First World War, the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value 2.1944年44國(guó)在美國(guó)布雷頓森林舉行會(huì)議簽署了協(xié)議，計(jì)劃在世界貿(mào)易和貨幣方面實(shí)現(xiàn)更好的合作。In 1944, 44 nations held a conference at Bretton Woods, U.S.A., to plan better cooperation in world trade and currency matter

3.彈性匯率從沒(méi)有真正地“干凈”或自由地浮動(dòng)過(guò)。因?yàn)橹醒脬y行為了穩(wěn)定匯率采取了各種措施對(duì)貨幣價(jià)格進(jìn)行干涉。The flexible exchange rate system has never been clean float or free float, because the central bank takes various measures to intervene in the price of its currency in order to stabilize the exchange rate 4.在特定條件下，提高利率可以吸引國(guó)外短期資金，提高一國(guó)的外匯匯率。Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short-term international fund, increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency 5.外匯匯率有三種形式，即：買(mǎi)進(jìn)匯率、售出匯率、和兩者的平均值----中間匯率。There are three types of foreign exchange price namely: the buying rate, the selling rate and the average of the previous two the medial rate

(十八)1.這些機(jī)構(gòu)的共同目標(biāo)是通過(guò)把發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的資金輸送到發(fā)展中國(guó)家?guī)椭@些國(guó)家提高生活水平。The common objective of these institutions is to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries

2.國(guó)際復(fù)興開(kāi)發(fā)銀行的資金有相當(dāng)大一部分來(lái)自它的留存盈余以及償還貸款的不斷流入。A substantial contribution to the IBRD’s resources comes from its retained earnings and the flow of repayments on its loans

3.國(guó)際復(fù)興開(kāi)發(fā)銀行的貸款是向處于經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展較高階段的發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供的。The loans of IBRD are directed toward developing countries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth

4.國(guó)際貨幣基金組織旨在向那些在付款方面有困難的基金會(huì)員國(guó)提供中期貸款。The purpose of IMF is to provide medium term loans to those members with payment difficulties

5.為了承擔(dān)這項(xiàng)使命，多邊投資擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)向投資者提供擔(dān)保以防范非商業(yè)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，向發(fā)展中成員國(guó)政府提供咨詢，并為國(guó)際商業(yè)界與東道國(guó)政府就投資問(wèn)題安排對(duì)話。To undertake this mission, MIG offers investors guarantees against noncommercial risks, advises developing member governments on policies and sponsors dialogues between the international business community and host governments on investment issues.(十九)1.對(duì)外直接投資是國(guó)際投資的主要方式，一國(guó)居民為進(jìn)行督控和經(jīng)營(yíng)通過(guò)對(duì)外投資獲取另一國(guó)的資產(chǎn)。Foreign direct investment is the major form of international investment, whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them

2.控制成本是一些企業(yè)進(jìn)行對(duì)外投資的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)之一。而降低生產(chǎn)成本是考慮的一個(gè)重要發(fā)面。Controlling costs is one of the major motivations for some enterprises to engage in FDI.And lowering production costs is an important consideration

3.直接在國(guó)外經(jīng)營(yíng)提高一個(gè)公司產(chǎn)品的能見(jiàn)度，使當(dāng)?shù)乜蛻魧?duì)他們所購(gòu)買(mǎi)的商品更加放心。Operating directly abroad enhances the visibility of a firm’s products, making local customers feel more assured about the things they buy

4.及時(shí)庫(kù)存管理系統(tǒng)的引進(jìn)能最大限度地降低庫(kù)存從而提高經(jīng)營(yíng)效率。The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory of the stock so as to increase the efficiency of the operation

5.國(guó)外直接投資主要有三種形式：建立新企業(yè)、購(gòu)買(mǎi)現(xiàn)有設(shè)施和建立合資公司。FDI is mainly practiced in three forms: Building new enterprises, purchasing existing facilities and forming joint ventures

(二十)1.選擇權(quán)是指在特定的時(shí)間內(nèi)按規(guī)定的價(jià)格購(gòu)買(mǎi)或出售一種證券的權(quán)利。Options are contracts giving the right to buy or sell a security at an agreed price within a particular period of time 2.未掛牌證券市場(chǎng)是為了滿足已經(jīng)確立地位的，但是較小的，而且不太成熟的公司的需求而建立的。

The unlisted securities market is to meet the needs of established，but smaller，less mature companies 3.政府滿足公共部門(mén)借貸需求的方法之一就是出售金邊證券。One of the ways the government meets the public Sector Borrowing Requirement is by selling gilt-edged stocks

4.通過(guò)為證券的發(fā)行和交易提供中心市場(chǎng)，股票交易所長(zhǎng)期為政府、工業(yè)以及投資商的需求服務(wù)。The Stock Exchange has long served the needs of government, industry and investors in providing the central market place for the issuing and trading of securities

5.國(guó)際股票交易所提供了一種途徑，使人們的存貨能夠?yàn)槟切┬枰Y金的人所利用。The International Stock Exchange provides a channel through which the savings can reach those who need finance

(二十一)1.關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定體系(現(xiàn)為世界貿(mào)易組織)是通過(guò)一系列的貿(mào)易談判或回合發(fā)展起來(lái)的，它最初有三個(gè)基本目標(biāo)。The GATT system(now WTO)was developed through a series of trade negotiations or rounds.It originally had three basic goals

2.加入世界貿(mào)易組織對(duì)中國(guó)有益，因?yàn)樗鼘⒋龠M(jìn)中國(guó)的改革和發(fā)展，提高商品和服務(wù)的質(zhì)量，降低商品成本和服務(wù)費(fèi)用，刺激投資和創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，改善法制。China’s WTO accession will benefit China because it will help advance its reform and development, improve the quality and reduce the cost of goods and services, spur investment and the creation of new jobs, and promote the rule of law.3.世界貿(mào)易組織的主要目的是為了促進(jìn)自由貿(mào)易、進(jìn)一步減少貿(mào)易壁壘并建立更有效的貿(mào)易糾紛解決機(jī)制。The main objectives of WTO are to promote free trade, further reduce trade barriers, and establish more effective trade dispute settlement procedures

4.WTO爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制是當(dāng)今國(guó)際水準(zhǔn)上的最為活躍的體系而且對(duì)國(guó)際法的持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重大意義。The WTO dispute settlement system is the most is the most active one today at the international level and has tremendous importance for the progressive development of international law.5.盡管中國(guó)取得了很大的成就，但仍然面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。一部分挑戰(zhàn)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)來(lái)自于農(nóng)業(yè)、銀行業(yè)和保險(xiǎn)業(yè)，還有一部分來(lái)自于一些國(guó)家所采取的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施。Despite all the achievements, China still faces big challenges.Some of the challenges and competition are from the agricultural sector and banking and insurance industries.And some are caused by the protectionist measures in some countries

（二十二）1.盡管第一次會(huì)議沒(méi)有制定出具體目標(biāo)，聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會(huì)議的總?cè)蝿?wù)是制定、協(xié)商和實(shí)施改善發(fā)展進(jìn)程的措施。Although no specific objectives were laid down at the first conference, the general target of UNCTAD is to formulate, negotiate and implement measures to improve the development process

2.在沒(méi)有有效協(xié)議的情況下，一旦出口收入下降，應(yīng)立即采用強(qiáng)制的合自動(dòng)的補(bǔ)救措施。In the absence of effective agreements, compulsory and automatic compensatory measures should be introduced as soon as there is a decline in export earnings

3.實(shí)際上西方國(guó)家在使低收入國(guó)家繁榮起來(lái)的同時(shí)，其對(duì)這些國(guó)家的出口將增加，因此也能獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。The western nations would, in fact, also have an economic interest when they are bringing prosperity to the low-income countries, since their exports to these countries would thus be stepped up

4.國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序主要是要求發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家提供更多的現(xiàn)金和貿(mào)易發(fā)面的優(yōu)惠。The new international economic order is mainly a demand for more cash and trade concessions from the developed countries

5.貿(mào)易和發(fā)展理事會(huì)是聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會(huì)議的常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)。

A Trade and Development Board is the permanent organ of the United Nations Conforence on Trade and Development