第一篇：英文合同解讀--(八)英語合同的常用句型

英文合同解讀--(八)英語合同的常用句型

有限責任公司，股份有限公司，外商投資公司 王輝

2009-08-17 分類 作者

發(fā)文日期

正文內(nèi)容:

一、引導(dǎo)條件從句的句型

in the event that(短語為in the event of), in case(短語為in case of), providing(that), provided(that), on the conditions that, if(if and whenever), where, in so far as(insofar as), should, suppose/supposing（that）

在英文合同中，以上這些詞常用來引導(dǎo)條件從句表示“如果、假如”等情形，基礎(chǔ)英語中常用的“as long as”在英文合同中非常鮮見。

例一：In the event that the Contract Price or any other terms of the Contract changes after the issuance of the Letter of Credit(or Letter of Guarantee)the Owner shall arrange for such Letter to be amended accordingly as soon as possible after any such changes.如果在信用證（或保函）開出后，合同總價或合同其他條款發(fā)生變化，業(yè)主應(yīng)盡快安排對信用證（或保函）進行相應(yīng)的修改。

例二：In case part of or all know?how of the above?mentioned technical contents have been published by Party B or Third Parties A obtains evidence of such publication, then Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential the part already published.如上述專有技術(shù)的一部分或全部已由第三方公布，而甲方也掌握了已公布的證據(jù)，則甲方不再承擔保密義務(wù)。

例三：15% of the above contract price, e.g.US $ 21, 000.00 shall be paid by Party A to Party B by M/T within 30 days after Party A has received from Party B the following technical documentations and documents and providing that they are in conformity with the contract:甲方從乙方處收到以下技術(shù)資料和文件后30天內(nèi)應(yīng)信匯乙方上述合同總價的15%，也就是21000美元，但該技術(shù)資料和文件應(yīng)符合本合同要求。

例四：Either party may at anytime replace the chairman, deputy chairman or director(s)it has appointed, provided that it gives written notice to the Joint Venture Company and the other party.任何一方可隨時更換自己委派的董事長、副董事長或董事，但必須書面通知合資公司和合資的另一方。

需要注意的是，provided that通常語氣上有轉(zhuǎn)折的含義，不宜翻譯為“假如，如果”；譯為“但是”，則譯文過渡自然，符合漢語表達的規(guī)范。

例五：Should the seller make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Clause18 to this contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.如果賣方并非因本合同第18條規(guī)定的不可抗力事件而未按合同規(guī)定的期限交貨，那么，只要賣方同意支付罰金，并由付款行從議付款中扣除，買方便同意賣方延期交貨。

句中出現(xiàn)兩處條件從句，should引導(dǎo)的從句屬于非真實條件句，即虛擬語氣，表示該條件發(fā)生的可能性很小，也就是說是當事人不希望出現(xiàn)的不利情況。而on condition that引導(dǎo)的條件從句，往往表示只要某情況出現(xiàn)，就如何如何。

例六：Notwithstanding the completion of the sale and purchase of theordinary shares in the Company, the terms and conditions of this agreement shall remain in full force and effect as between the parties hereto in so far as the same are not fulfilled.即使買賣公司股普通股已經(jīng)結(jié)束，只要該行為尚未履行完畢，本協(xié)議條款對雙方仍然完全有效。

例七：In all cases where Licensee desires artwork involving articles which are the subject of this license to be executed, the cost of such artwork and the time for the production thereof shall be borne by Licensee.如果被許可方需要的工藝品涉及本許可將履行的標的，則該工藝品的費用和生產(chǎn)該工藝品的時耗應(yīng)由被許可方承擔。

例八：As an example, suppose that Stamps.com has a partnership agreement with a company called “Internet Marketing”.In this example, “Partner Name” would be “Internet Marketing”.試舉一例，如果Stamp.com公司與一家名叫Internet Marketing的公司有一合伙協(xié)議。本例中，該“合伙名稱”就是“Internet Maketing”。

If and whenever the attorney at law designated by Party B comes to work with Party A, Party A shall offer all sufficient and necessary facilities, arrange the said legal counsel with an office, appoint a company officer to assist legal counsel with his function, provide relevant information and write and print legal draft for such legal counsel.乙方律師到甲方工作時，甲方應(yīng)充分給予安排，安排法律顧問辦公場所，選派干部協(xié)助律師工作，提供有關(guān)情況，繕寫、打印稿件等。

相關(guān)鏈接：in no case, in no event, in the case of，in any case等

in no case和in no event表示“決不”即無論怎樣都不行。

例如：Vessel over 20 years of age shall in no event be acceptable to the Buyer.船齡超過20年的，買方概不接受。

In the case of 就什么來說，關(guān)于，in any case 無論如何

例如：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo(es), the Seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.關(guān)于危險或有毒貨物，賣方有義務(wù)照管確保其屬性安全且應(yīng)在每一包裝上標注通常采用的標識。

二、表示“某物所有權(quán)屬于某人”的句型

Sth.is(shall remain)the property of sb., the title of sth.shall be vested in sb.英語合同表示“某物所有權(quán)屬于某人”時，常用到這兩個句型。如果用the ownership of sth.belongs to sb.,或者sb.owns/possesses sth.就不夠正式，而且possess只指目前屬于某人，并不能說明獲得的來源，而own只表示“對??的合法占有”。

例一：Any drawings or technical documents interested for use in the Construction of the Plant or of part thereof and submitted to the Seller by the Buyer prior or subsequent to formation of the Contract remain the exclusive property of the Buyer.本合同訂立前后由買方送交賣方用于建筑設(shè)備或其部分設(shè)備的圖紙或技術(shù)資料仍為買方的專有財產(chǎn)。

例二：Licensee hereby agrees that at the termination or expiration of this agreement Licensee will be deemed to have assigned, transferred and conveyed to Licensor any rights, equities, good will, titles or other rights in and to the Name which may have been obtained by Licensee or which may have vested in Licensee in pursuance of any endeavors covered hereby, and that Licensee will execute any instruments requested by Licensor to accomplish or confirm the foregoing.被許可方特此同意本協(xié)議終止或?qū)脻M時，被許可方視為向許可方轉(zhuǎn)讓被許可方因該名稱可能已獲得或經(jīng)努力已擁有的任何權(quán)利、權(quán)益、商譽、所有權(quán)或其他權(quán)利，并且被許可方應(yīng)在許可方的要求下簽署任何文件以完成或確認上述轉(zhuǎn)讓。

三、It is + p.p that（past participle過去分詞）+clause

英文合同在使用被動語態(tài)時，有一些常見的特殊句型：

It is agreed that+clause

例一：It is mutually agreed that the certificate of quality and quantity of weight issued by the manufacturer shall be part of the document for payment with the adopted Letter of Credit.雙方同意以制造廠出具的品質(zhì)、數(shù)量或重量檢驗證明書作為有關(guān)信用證項下付款的單據(jù)之一。

例二：It is expressly agreed that Lessee will not, without obtaining prior written permission of Lessor, assert on its behalf, or on behalf of Lessor, any immunity from taxation based on the tax?exempt status, if any, of the Lessor.雙方明確同意承租人未經(jīng)出租人事先書面同意，不得自行或代表出租人基于出租人的免稅身份主張免稅，如果出租人有該身份。

It is understood that+clause

例一：It is strictly understood that the Sellers can not be held responsible for non?delivery of delayed delivery of the goods ordered if the situation is caused by Force Majeure, such as war, rebellion, fire, strike, new levies imposed by government, mistakes in telegrams, inability of, or refusal by the manufacturers to fulfill this Contract or any other causes beyond Seller?s control.嚴格明確賣方對于自己無法控制的不可抗力，如戰(zhàn)爭、叛亂、火災(zāi)、罷工、政府新征稅、電報錯誤、生產(chǎn)廠商無能力或拒絕按合同生產(chǎn)，致使的已定貨物不能發(fā)貨或遲延發(fā)貨概不負責。

例二：It is understood that the Seller shall not be liable for any discrepancy of the goods shipped due to causes for which the Insurance Company, Shipping Company, other transportation organizations and/or Post Office are liable.雙方明確賣方概不承擔屬保險公司、裝運公司或其他運輸機構(gòu)、郵局責任范圍內(nèi)原因所造成已裝運貨物的瑕疵責任。

It is stressed that+clause

例句：It is essentially stressed that the Buyers are requested to sign and return the duplicate of this Contract within 3 days from the date of receipt.In the event of failure to do this, the Sellers reserve the right to cancel the Contract.必須強調(diào)：買方應(yīng)于收到本合同之日起３天內(nèi)簽字并退還合同的副本，如買方不這樣做，賣方保留取消合同的權(quán)利。

四、Saving Clause ?

在英文合同中Saving Clause（除外條款, 但書條款）通常有save that句型和save as句型，表示“??者例外”。

例一：Subject to clause 18.4, each party shall bear its own costs arising out of or in connection with the preparation, negotiation and implementation of this Agreement save that if this Agreement is lawfully rescinded by the Purchaser the Vendors shall pay to the Purchaser its accountancy, legal and other costs and expenses in relation to the investigation of the Company prior to the date hereof and the preparation and negotiation of this Agreement.在遵守第18.4條的條件下，每一方應(yīng)各自承擔其準備、協(xié)商和實施本協(xié)議所產(chǎn)生的或與之有關(guān)的費用，除非如本協(xié)議系買方依法解除，則賣方應(yīng)向買方支付與本協(xié)議訂立前調(diào)查公司以及準備和協(xié)商本協(xié)議有關(guān)的會計、法律和其他花費和支出。

例二：Save as expressly provided herein, this Agreement may be amended or terminated, and any of the terms hereof waived, only by a document in writing specifically referring to this Agreement and executed by the parties hereto or, in the case of a waiver, by the party waiving compliance.除非本協(xié)議明確規(guī)定，本協(xié)議可做修改或終止，本協(xié)議任一條款可放棄，僅當通過書面文件特別提及本協(xié)議并由本協(xié)議雙方執(zhí)行或一方通過棄權(quán)聲明放棄遵守。?

此外，也常見用provison表示限制條款或但書。

例一：5.6 Legal Proceedings;Injunctions.(a)The Seller, the Buyer and the Company shall use commercially reasonable efforts(subject to the provision in Section 5.6(b))to cooperate with each other in connection with any claim, action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation with any other person which relates to the execution and delivery of this Agreement or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereunder.法律訴訟；禁止令。（1）賣方、買方和本公司應(yīng)竭盡全力（除本條第二款的但書規(guī)定外）互相配合處理涉及本合同履行與交付及本合同項下預(yù)期交易完成的與他方有關(guān)的索賠、訴訟、案件、訴訟程式、質(zhì)詢或調(diào)查。

例二：Tenant shall not be required to join in any proceedings referred to in the provision at the end of 4.6 hereof unless the provisions of any law, rule or regulation at the time in effect shall require that such proceedings be brought by or in the name of Tenant, in which event Tenant shall join and cooperate in such proceedings or permit the same to be brought in its name, but shall not be liable for the payment of any costs or expenses in connection with any such proceedings, and Landlord shall reimburse Tenant for, and indemnify and hold Tenant harmless from and against, any and all costs or expenses which Tenant may reasonably pay, sustain or incur in connection with any such proceedings.承租人不得被應(yīng)要求參加本合同第四條第六款最后但書/限制性條款提及的任何訴訟，除非當時生效的法律法規(guī)要求該訴訟應(yīng)由承租人或以承租人名義提起，此種情況下，承租人應(yīng)參加配合該訴訟或允許該訴訟以其名義提起，但概不承擔任何與該訴訟有關(guān)的任何費用和花費，業(yè)主應(yīng)償還并保證賠償承租人合理支付的因該訴訟產(chǎn)生或遭受的全部費用和花費且確保承租人免于以上責任。

五、As句型

參看本章第一節(jié)as的用法

六、Upon sth.英文合同中表達“一經(jīng)??，就??”的含義時，不用基礎(chǔ)英語中的as soon as, 而用upon sth.表達。

例如：Upon expiration of such term of contract, the contract shall automatically become void and null.合同一經(jīng)屆滿則自動失效。

七、Unless otherwise 和 except(as)otherwise

英文合同中表示“除非另有規(guī)定”時，常常用到這兩個句型。它們在句中的位置非常靈活，句首、句末或者句中都能看到它們的身影，后接stipulate, provide, require, state, specify等動詞或其過去分詞。

例一：On the Transfer Date，New Company shall transfer to B, free from any lien or encumbrance created by New Company and without the payment of any compensation, all its right, title to and interest in the infrastructure project, unless otherwise specified in the Agreement or any supplementary agreement.新公司應(yīng)在轉(zhuǎn)讓日向乙方轉(zhuǎn)讓其在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項目中的全部權(quán)利、所有權(quán)和權(quán)益，免于新公司創(chuàng)設(shè)的任何質(zhì)押或財產(chǎn)擔保，除非本協(xié)議另有規(guī)定或補充協(xié)議。

例二：The arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing Party except otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Institute.仲裁費由敗訴方承擔，除非仲裁機構(gòu)另有裁決。

例三：Except as otherwise provided herein, all import permits and licenses and the import duties, customs fees and all taxes levied by any government authority other than the Seller?s country shall be the sole responsibility of the Buyer.除非本協(xié)議另有規(guī)定，所有進口許可證照和政府機關(guān)（不是賣方國家）征收的進口關(guān)稅和所有稅費均應(yīng)由買方獨自承擔責任。

八、表示“盡力做某事”的句型

Use all reasonable endeavors(efforts)to do sth., make full endeavors(efforts)to do sth.，exert one?s effort(s)to do sth.，exert oneself to do sth.英文合同中表示“盡力做某事”時，常常用到這幾個句型，而不用基礎(chǔ)英語中try one?s best to do sth.等句型。

例一：Except as contemplated by this Agreement, from the date hereof through the Closing Date, Mattel shall cause each TLC Subsidiary to use commercially reasonable efforts to conduct its business in the ordinary course in all material respects, and shall use commercially reasonable endeavors to preserve intact its business relationships, keep available the service of its employees and maintain satisfactory relationships with its suppliers and customers.除非本協(xié)議預(yù)期，從本協(xié)議日期到成交日，Mattel公司應(yīng)促使TLC子公司竭盡全力在所有實質(zhì)方面按通常程式進行交易。并應(yīng)盡力來保持其商業(yè)關(guān)系完整，可獲得其員工的服務(wù)并與供應(yīng)商和客戶維持良好的關(guān)系。

例二：However, both parties shall make efforts to get the ratification within 60(sixty)days.然而，雙方應(yīng)努力在60天內(nèi)獲得批準。

例三：Each of Quotesmith and IIS agrees to exert its commercially reasonable efforts so that IIS can begin providing instant quotes on QIM in as short a time as the capabilities and technologies of each party will allow.Quotesmith和IIS均同意盡其全力使得IIS在各方能力和技術(shù)許可的范圍內(nèi)盡快開始向QIM公司提供即時報價。

例四：Promptly following the Effective Time, the shareholders of Tunes who are employed by JAMtv or Merger Sub shall exert their best efforts to cause all employees of Tunes and Merger Sub to execute in favor of Merger Sub proprietary rights agreements substantially similar to JAMtv?s existing employee proprietary rights agreement.生效時間后，被JAMtv公司或Merger Sub公司所聘的Tunes公司股東應(yīng)立即竭盡全力促使Tunes公司和Merger Sub公司的所有員工執(zhí)行Merger Sub公司控股權(quán)協(xié)議，該協(xié)議實質(zhì)上與JAMtv公司現(xiàn)有的員工控股權(quán)協(xié)議類似。

第三節(jié)合同各部分常用例句與用詞

(Sample Wording and Sentences in Each Part)

英文合同由標題（Title）、前言(Preamble)、正文(Habendum)、附錄(Schedule)及證明部分即結(jié)尾詞(Attestation)五大部分構(gòu)成。標題部分由于比較簡單，在此就不多述，而附錄由于不是所有合同都具備，固定的句式用詞很少，現(xiàn)就前言(Preamble)和證明部分即結(jié)尾詞兩個方面介紹如下。

1.前言部分

前言又分為合同方（Parties）和敘述（Recital）兩部分，合同方部分主要載明合同當事人的名稱或者姓名、國籍、主營業(yè)所在地或住所地以及合同簽訂的日期等內(nèi)容，通常有兩種句型：

一種是完整的句子，以This Contract is made on, 20, by and between ABC Company Ltd.(hereinafter called Party A)and XYZ Company Ltd.(hereinafter called Party B)為代表。

另一種則是由名詞主語加動詞過去分詞構(gòu)成的短語，如Agreement made thisday of , between(hereinafter called “Licensor”), and(hereinafter called “Licensee”)。

其中，made 后常用entered/concluded into等并列，this后直接接日期，或者用on，后接方式較為靈活，但接日期更為正式。而表達合同各方時還成對出現(xiàn)of /as one part(y), of/as the other part(y), 或是of/as one hand, of/as the other hand。表示“以下簡稱”時通常用hereinafter called 或是hereinafter referred to as, 甚至有直接把簡稱寫到括弧里的情形。

合同方（Parties）的句式范例：

例一：This Contract made on April 1, 19, at, China, between ABC Co.with its principal office at, China(hereinafter called Party A), and XYZ Co.with its principal office at, USA(hereinafter called Party B).本合同于19年4月1日于中國簽訂，合同雙方為ABC公司（以下簡稱甲方），其主營業(yè)地位于中國，和XYZ公司（以下簡稱乙方），其主營業(yè)地為美國。

例二：This contract is signed on this(date)of(year)in(place)by and between(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and(hereinafter referred to as Party B).本合同由公司（以下簡稱甲方）與公司（以下簡稱乙方）于年月日于地簽訂。

例三：AAA Corporation, Beijing, China(hereinafter referred to as the Buyer)as one party and(hereinafter referred to as the Seller)as the other party agree to authorize their representatives to sign the present Contract under the following terms and conditions...合同一方中國北京AAA公司（以下簡稱買方）和合同另一方公司（以下簡稱賣方）同意授權(quán)各自代表簽署現(xiàn)有合同，條款如下??

例四：This contract is made by and between the Sellers and the Buyers;Whereby the Sellers agree to sell and the Buyers agree to buy the undermentioned goods according to the terms and conditions stipulated below and overleaf...本合同由買賣雙方簽訂，憑此合同，賣方同意出售、買方同意購買根據(jù)下文和背面規(guī)定條款的如下貨物??

前言的敘述（Recital）部分，往往由whereas引導(dǎo)的句子（鑒于條款）后，再接now therefore...(最為常見)等結(jié)構(gòu)。

例一：Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows...由此，以上述各點和以下規(guī)定契約為約因，甲乙雙方約定如下??

例二：Now therefore, the parties hereby agree as follows...由此，雙方特約定如下??

例三： Now, Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises herein contained, it is hereby agreed...由此，以相互本協(xié)議包含的承諾為約因，雙方特此約定如下??

例四： Now it is hereby agreed as follows...特此約定如下??

例五：now, therefore, the parties agree as follows...由此，合同方約定如下??

例六：It is understood and expressively agreed that...雙方確認并明確約定如下??

2.證明部分，即結(jié)尾詞(Attestation)

英文合同的該部分，通常表達“雙方簽字蓋章，特此為證”的含義。主要是由in witness where of或者in testimony whereof后接常用的句子。通常有如下形式：

例一：In witness whereof, the parties hereto have caused their respective duly authorized representatives to execute the Agreement on theday ofin the year of.合同雙方授權(quán)其代表于年月日簽訂本協(xié)議，特此為證。

例二：In witness whereof, the parties have caused this instrument to be duly executed as of the day and year first above written.雙方確認本協(xié)議于上述所具日期起簽訂生效，特此為證。

例三：in witness whereof, the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized representatives as of the day and year set forth below.合同雙方確認本協(xié)議自以下注明的日期起由其授權(quán)代表簽字生效，特此為證。

例四：In witness whereof, the parties have executed this agreement at(designate place of execution)the day and year first above written.合同雙方于上述日期于地（指定簽訂地）簽訂本協(xié)議，特此為證。

例五：In testimony whereof, Assignor has caused this Assignment to be executed by its officer(s)thereunto duly authorized.轉(zhuǎn)讓方授權(quán)其官員簽署生效本轉(zhuǎn)讓協(xié)議。

（出自：英文合同解讀--語用、條款及文本范例）

2010 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.

第二篇：英文合同句型翻譯技巧匯總

英文合同句型翻譯技巧匯總

英文合同中使用的大量長句，主要分為三大類：簡單長句、復(fù)合長句和并列長句。在翻譯這些長句時，首先要正確理解各種相關(guān)成分的邏輯關(guān)系，然后再適當切分，理出句子的主干成分。最后再按漢語表達習(xí)慣，變動語序，重新組合。這樣才能連貫、準確、清晰地予以表達。

☆簡單長句及其翻譯

在翻譯英文商務(wù)合同中的簡單長句時，首先要正確理解各種相關(guān)成分的邏輯關(guān)系；然后再適當切分，理出句子的主干成分，翻譯時以句子的主干為主導(dǎo)；最后再按漢語表達習(xí)慣，變動語序，重新組合。這樣才能連貫、準確、清晰地予以表達。下面舉三個簡單長句翻譯的例子來說明：

1． The Buyers may，within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination，lodge a claim against the sellers for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.這是一個簡單長句，其主干為The Buyers may?lodge a claim?。

修飾謂語動詞的狀語有三個，a.分別表示時間within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination

b.方式being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor和

c.目的for short-weight

而且狀語中還有狀語，作定語的分詞issued還有自己的狀語by a reputable public surveyor。

眾多狀語，盡管在英語中的位置十分靈活，然而按照漢語的行文規(guī)范，方式狀語一般應(yīng)位于動詞之前；而有些狀語在譯文中可以靈活處理，例如本句中的時間狀語，可以提前至句首。因此，上句可譯成：

貨物抵達目的港15天內(nèi)，買方可以憑有信譽的公共檢驗員出示的檢驗證明向賣方提出短重索賠。

2.Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract，the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export port.此句的主干為?the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price?to the Seller，其中含有一個時間狀語within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract。

從語用的角度來看，商務(wù)合同中許多時間狀語表示的是某一締約方必須在何時何地承擔某一義務(wù)和享有某一種權(quán)利，即時效性。因此整個句子的重心不是句子的動詞，而是發(fā)生動作的時間。

在 譯成中文時，為了突出行為的時效性，時間狀語應(yīng)盡量靠近表示義務(wù)責任的關(guān)鍵詞“須”。此句中還含有一個較為復(fù)雜的方式狀語by opening an irrevocable L/C?，其中含有三個介詞短語作定語修飾an irrevocable L/C。按照漢語的行文規(guī)范，方式狀語一般應(yīng)位于動詞之前。

此外，若動詞同時帶有時間狀語和方式狀語時，英文的通常順序是方式在前，時間在后，而漢語卻正好與之相反，為方式在后，時間在前。因此本句可譯成：

買方須于本合同簽字并生效后30天內(nèi)通過出口地銀行開立以賣方為收益人的不可撤銷信用證支付全部貨款計30 000美元。

3.The Equipment and Material shall be carefully and properly packed in the best and stable condition according to the figures and characteristics of the Equipment and Material so as to withstand long-distance sea and inland transportation and numerous handlings.此 句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜但包含一個較為復(fù)雜的方式狀語。從語用特征的角度來看，方式狀語通常都是規(guī)定性的，其作用是規(guī)定合約方履行某項義務(wù)必須采取的方式或手段，在合同的語言環(huán)境下，即使有關(guān)締約方履行了合同規(guī)定的義務(wù)，但若其履行義務(wù)的方式與合同規(guī)定的方式不符，乃構(gòu)成違約。因此，方式狀語的作用通常都是 比較重要的。本句可譯成：

設(shè)備和原料須根據(jù)其形狀和特點以完善而牢固的方式精心妥當?shù)匕b，包裝須適合于長途海、陸運輸，能經(jīng)受多次裝卸。

☆英文合同中并列長句的翻譯技巧

由 于撰寫合同時不能遺漏任何可能情況，所以英文商務(wù)合同中往往有大量并列成分。這些并列成分包括并列的詞、短語以及從句。從語用角度看，并列的平行結(jié)構(gòu)使合同的句式平衡，表意完整。在翻譯由兩個或兩個以上的并列單句構(gòu)成的復(fù)雜長句時可以采用分句譯法。并列長句的分句之間的語義關(guān)系比較松散，因此翻譯時可以斷 開，分解成單句獨立存在。例如：

The Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Seller for compensation of losses within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination，should the quality of the goods be found not in conformity with the specifications stipulated in the Contract after re-inspection by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau and the Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Sellers for compensation of short-weight within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination，should the weight be found not in conformity with that stipulated in the Bill of Lading after re-inspection by the CCIB.此句由兩個結(jié)構(gòu)相同的并列分句組成，均為主句在前，條件狀語在后，在兩個條件狀語中均含有時間狀語，此外，兩個并列分句中也都含有時間 狀語，均為within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination，譯成中文時，條件狀語應(yīng)分別置于主句之前，而所有的時間狀語均放在各自修飾的動詞的前面。同時，為了符合漢語句式較短的特點，可以將兩個并列分句斷開，分解成兩個單句，即譯成：

若貨物經(jīng)中國商品檢驗局復(fù)檢后發(fā)現(xiàn)質(zhì)量與本合同之規(guī)定不符，買方有權(quán)于貨物抵達目的港后的60天內(nèi)向賣方提出索賠。若經(jīng)中國商品檢驗局復(fù)檢發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物質(zhì)量與提單所示重量不符，買方有權(quán)于貨物抵達目的港后的60天內(nèi)向賣方提出短重索賠。

☆商務(wù)合同復(fù)合句的翻譯方法

由于合同的嚴肅，嚴謹，嚴密性，導(dǎo)致復(fù)合句的應(yīng)用較多，而結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的復(fù)合句的翻譯恰是保證整體翻譯效果和準確性的關(guān)鍵。通常遇到此類句型，譯員應(yīng)在在分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)、成分的基礎(chǔ)上，采用順序法、逆序法及分譯法翻譯進行翻譯的策略。

英文合同句型翻譯技巧匯總 英文合同中使用的大量長句，主要分為三大類：簡單長句、復(fù)合長句和并列長句。在翻譯這些長句時，首先要正確理解各種相關(guān)成分的邏輯關(guān)系，然后再適當切分，理出句子的主干成分。最后再按漢語表達習(xí)慣，變動語序，重新組合。這樣才能連貫、準確

一、要翻譯好結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的復(fù)合句，首先要了解商務(wù)英文合同的句式特點

作為法律文 書，商務(wù)合同規(guī)定各方當事人的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，合同文字的表達必須完整、細致、嚴謹、明晰。而英語的復(fù)合句，可以包含多個從句。從句之間的關(guān)系可能包容、限定，也可能并列平行，因此，在合同中較多使用復(fù)合句能夠?qū)⒏鞣降臋?quán)利和義務(wù)在有限的條款中完整明確地體現(xiàn)出來，確保合同句子結(jié)構(gòu)的嚴謹性，以及文意的嚴 密、細致。但是復(fù)合句中往往包含若干從句、修飾語等等，有時會顯得臃腫、晦澀，無疑會增加理解英文合同的難度，與此同時也增加了合同翻譯的難度。

二、要掌握商務(wù)英文合同復(fù)合句的翻譯方法

商務(wù)合同中英文復(fù)合句的出現(xiàn)頻率高，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，邏輯性強，無疑給譯者增添了許多困難，但是，無論多長的句子，多么復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)，它們都是由一些基本的成分組成的。只要弄清了合同原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu)，找出整個句子的中心內(nèi)容及各層意思，然后分析各層意思之間的邏輯關(guān)系，再按漢語的特點和表達方式組織譯文就可以保證合同翻譯的準確性。

合同復(fù)合句的分析方法具體要遵循以下步驟：

首先，譯者要找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語，即句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)

其次，要找出句子中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞。

然后再分析從句和短句的功能，即：是否是主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句或狀語從句等，以及詞、短語和從句之間的關(guān)系。

最后，分析句子中是否有固定搭配，插入語等其他成分。下面舉一個實例說明

例：If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.分析：

第一步，拆分句子：此長句可拆分為四個意義段，分別是

1)If a Party breaches ?in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2)then in addition to ?Applicable laws

3）it shall indemnify and ?costs, expenses, liabilities and claims

4)that such Party or ?as a result of such breach.第二步，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析：

1.句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主語（It）（情態(tài)動詞 動詞原形）（shall indemnify and keep indemnified?against）賓語（the other Party and the Company）。

2.“if”引導(dǎo)的是條件從句，條件句的賓語部分跟隨后置定語（given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2）。

3.“in addition to”引導(dǎo)的是增補成分，其核心詞remedies也跟了后置定語（available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable laws）。

4.而“that”引導(dǎo)的則是后置定語修飾緊鄰的五個名詞。

5.固定結(jié)構(gòu)“indemnify sb.Against ?”使某人不受??

根據(jù)以上分析，以及漢語的行文習(xí)慣（條件在前.結(jié)果在后，以及定語在所修飾的核心詞之前），以上條款可翻譯為:

如果一方違反任何其根據(jù)第18．1條或18．2條所做的陳述及擔?；蛑厥觯瑒t另一方除根據(jù)本合同或相關(guān)法律尋求任何可能的救濟之外，違約方應(yīng)當賠償另一方或合營公司因此種違反而招致的任何損失、損害、費用、開支、責任或索賠。

第三篇：八上英語句型匯總

八上英語句型匯總 1.decide to do sth.決定去做某事

2.want /would like to do sth 想要做某事 3.want sb.to do sth.想讓某人做某事

4.ask sb.(not)to do sth.要求某人（不要）做某事5.tell sb.(not)to do sth.告訴某人（不要）做某事 6.It is+ adj.+ to do sth.做某事的……的。

7.It is+ adj.+for sb.to do sth.對某人來說，做某

1.begin/start doing sth.開始做某事2.dislike doing sth.不喜歡做 某事3.feel like doing sth 喜歡想要做某事 4.enjoy doing sth 喜歡做某事

5.have fun/a good time doing sth.做某事玩的開心事……的。(difficult/hard/necessary/easy...)

8.the best way/time/place to do sth.做某事的最好方式/（時間）/（地點）

9.help sb.with sth./help sb.(to)do sth幫助某人做某事10.plan to do sth.計劃/打算做某事11.hope to do sth.希望做某事

12.happen to do sth.碰巧做某事13.expect to do sth.盼望做某事14.be ready to do sth.樂于做某事

15.try one’s best to do sth./try to do sth盡力做某事 16.learn to do sth.學(xué)會做某事17.promise to do sth.許諾去做某事

18.agree/disagree to do sth.(不)同意做某事

19.It’s time(for sb.)+to do sth.到（某人）做某事的時間了

20.how + to do sth.如何做某事 21.need+to do sth.需要做某事

22.invite sb.to do sth.邀請某人做某事23.invite sb.to +地點.邀請某人到某地 24.be+adj+to do sth做某事...be sad/surprised/glad...to do sth.做某事很悲傷/驚訝/高興...25.be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事26.advise sb.to do sth.勸告某人做某事

27.It’s best(not)to do sth.最好（不）做某事28.refuse to do sth 拒絕做某事

29.It takes sb some time to do sth花費某人多少時間做某事

30.be able to do sth 能夠做某事

31.seem+（to be）+ adj.看起來……

32.be up to sb to do sth由某人決定去做某事

33.主語+find /think it +adj+to do sth 某人發(fā)現(xiàn)/認為做.....（怎么樣）

1.try doing sth.嘗試做某事try to do sth.盡力去做某事

2.forget doing sth.忘記做過某事 forget to do sth.忘記做某

3.remember doing sth 記得做過某事 remember to do sth.記住做某事 4.stop doing sth停止做某事 stop to do sth停下來去做某事

6.by doing sth.通過做某事7.without doing sth.沒有做某事

8.spend time(in)doing sth花費時間做某事 9.be good at doing sth擅長做某事

10.Thanks/ Thank you for doing sth.感謝做某事 11.play a role in doing sth.發(fā)揮作用做某事/在做某事方面扮演重要的角色

12.How/what about doing…?做……怎么樣？13.practice doing練習(xí)做某事14.keep doing sth.繼續(xù)/一直做某事 15.keep on doing sth.不斷地做某事 16.finish doing sth.做完某事

17.play a part in doing sth.參與做某事

18.There is/are +sb./sth.+doing sth.有…正在做某事 19.look forward to doing sth.期盼做某事

20.be halfway to doing sth.部分地做成某事，完成事情的一部分

21.be busy doing sth忙于做某事 22.mind doing sth介意做某事

1.watch sb.do sth.觀看某人做某事watch sb.doing sth.觀看某人正做某事2.see sb.do sth.看到某人做某事

see sb.doing sth.看到某人正在做某事 3.look at sb.do sth.看到某人做某事look at sb.doing sth.看到某人正在做某事 4.notice sb.do sth.注意到某人做某事notice sb.doing sth.注意到某人正在做某事 5.hear sb.do sth.聽到某人做某事hear sb.doing sth.聽到某人正在做某事 6.listen to sb.do sth.聽某人做某事listen to sb.doing sth.聽某人正在做某事

Why not do.sth.?/Why don’t you do.sth.?為什么不做……呢？

make/let/have sb.(not)do sth.使某人(不)做某事

第四篇：英文合同翻譯最常用句型總結(jié) 專業(yè)版

Upon first presentation the buyer shall pay against documentary draft drawn by the seller at sight.The shipping documents are to be delivered against payment only.買方憑賣方開具的跟單匯票，于第一次見票時立即付款，付款后交單。

In the event the Buyer does not furnish the seller with shipping instructions on or before August 17, 2007, the Seller may at his option cancel this contract and demand the Buyer to pay any damages he has sustained on account of such failure of the Buyer to give such instructions.如果買方?jīng)]有在2007年8月17日之前發(fā)給賣方裝運通知，賣方可以自行取消取消合同，由于買方?jīng)]有提供給賣方裝運說明所引起的賣方已經(jīng)承擔的一切損失，將要求買方全部承擔。

If any change is required regarding the terms and conditions of this Agreement, then both parties shall negotiate in order to find a suitable solution, change of this Agreement shall be subject to the approval by the Canadian Government.如果此項協(xié)議的有關(guān)條款或者條件需要變更，雙方應(yīng)進行協(xié)議解決。此協(xié)議的任何變動必須通過加拿大政府的批準方可生效。

“Provisional Sum” means a sum included in the Contract and so designated in the Bill of Qualities for the execution of work or the supply of goods, materials, or services, or for contingencies, which sum may be used, in whole or in part, or not at all, at the direction and discretion of the Engineer.備用款是指在合同所含的，用于工程清單的專用款項。該用于施工，供貨，供料，服務(wù)或者意外事故。它可能被全部使用，也可能被部分使用，或者根本不被使用，其使用情況都由工程師全權(quán)決定。

The Contractor shall, subject to the provisions of the Contract, and with due care and diligence, execute and maintain the Works and provide all labor, including the supervision thereof, materials, constructional plant and all other things, whether of a temporary or permanent nature, required in and for such execution and maintenance.承包人應(yīng)當根據(jù)合同的各項規(guī)定，認真負責任，小心謹慎地進行施工和維修，并提供所有勞務(wù)，包括監(jiān)工，材料，施工設(shè)施備以及施工或維修，短期或長期的其他所有事項。

No salary shall be paid and charged against the operating expenses, provided that the commission or brokerage of the Second Party shall be paid and charged as a part of operating expenses.如果第二方的傭金或回扣作為營業(yè)費用的一部分，營業(yè)費用中將不含工資。

If the technical documentation supplied by party B is not in conformity with Clause 9.1 of the contract, Party B shall be paid and charged as a part of the operating expenses.如果乙方提供的技術(shù)資料與合同中的條款9.1項不一致，乙方應(yīng)該支付給甲方一部分的營業(yè)費用。

The Seller, provide that Buyer so agrees, may retain the whole or part of the said incomplete equipment, fabricated or unfabricated parts, work-in-process, and other material referred to in paragraph(D)of this Article in which the amount to be paid by the Buyer shall be reduced by a sum equal to the value of the property so retained.如果買方同意，賣方可以完全或部分保留上述提未完成的設(shè)備，已加工和未加工的零件，正在加工的產(chǎn)品，以及條款D中所提到的任何材料。在這個條款中，買方需支付的費用應(yīng)該減去賣方保留的物品的價格。

Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30, 000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export point so that the seller may draw the sum in due time.買方應(yīng)在合同簽字生效30天內(nèi)，通過外匯銀行向賣方開具不可撤銷信用證，全額3萬美元，向賣方支付貨物價錢，以便賣方能夠如期收款。

Should the Seller fail to make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of force majeure specified in Clause 18 of this Contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery On condition that the Seller should agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.如果賣方不是由于合同中第18條細化的不可抗力未按照合同規(guī)定的期限按時交貨，則只要賣方同意承擔違約金，買方應(yīng)該同意延期交貨。違約金應(yīng)在匯入行中從協(xié)議款項中扣除。

Seller shall have the option of delivering 5% more or less on the Contract quantity.Such surplus or deficiency shall be settled at the market price on the day of the vessel’s arrival, the value shall be fixed by arbitration unless mutually agreed.賣方有權(quán)按合同規(guī)定數(shù)量的5%溢短交貨。溢短部分應(yīng)以船抵之日的市場價計算。如果雙方有異議，其價格將由仲裁判定為準。

In case the Contract is concluded on CIF basis, the insurance shall be effected by the Seller for 110% of invoice value covering all risks, war risks, S.R.C.C risks(i.e.Strike, Riot, and Civil Commotions).在到岸價基礎(chǔ)上訂立的合同，將由賣方以發(fā)票110%的金額投保綜合險，戰(zhàn)爭險，罷工險，**險，民變險。

第五篇：英文合同

美國資深律師經(jīng)驗：二十一世紀寫好合同的五十招（英漢對照）作者：James.Martin 來源： 梅世杰的日志美國資深律師經(jīng)驗：二十一世紀寫好合同的五十招（英漢對照）

作者：James.Martin

FIFTY TIPS FOR WRITING THE 21ST CENTURY CONTRACT THAT STAYS OUT OF COURT

二十一世紀寫好合同的五十招

作者：James.Martin

譯者：胡清平

Published in The Florida Bar Journal, Nov.2000

（本文于2000年11月發(fā)表于美國佛羅里達州的律師雜志上）

Note: This article is for background purposes only and is not intended as legal advice.作者注：本文僅供參考，并不旨在提供法律意見

譯者注：翻譯本文并未得到原作者同意，故譯文僅供學(xué)習(xí)和研究使用.------------------Welcome to the 21st Century.Where practicing law requires us to don the garb of computers and the Internet.And where litigation is as costly as ever.Lawyer bills running $10,000 a month are not unusual in a hotly contested breach of contract lawsuit.With every word, phrase and sentence carrying the potential for winning or losing, the stakes are high.Simple logic, therefore, directs us to cautious and thoughtful drafting.新世紀的到來，要求我們在法律實踐中應(yīng)該多用電腦和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，不過，訴訟成本還是那么地高，面對日益競爭激烈的違約訴訟，律師每月開出1萬美元的賬單也是常有的事。合同中的每一個字，每一個詞，每一句話，都意味著潛在的輸或贏，換句話說，押在這上面下的賭注也很大，所以，在起草合同時要把握兩條原則：小心謹慎和深思熟慮。

Drafting contracts is actually one of the simple pleasures of practicing law.Just 3 years ago at this Convention I presented 50 tips for contract writing.This article updates those tips in the context of our new tools and abilities.Following these tips could result in your writing a contract so clear no one will want to litigate it, saving your client from the trials and tribulations of litigation, truly a good reason to write the contract that stays out of court.然而，起草合同的確又是法律實踐中一件有意思的事兒。大約三年前，也是在這樣一個會議上，我提出了合同起草的50招。本文在那些招數(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合一些新的工具和技能，推出了下面這個新版本,但愿它們能幫助你起草無可挑剔的合同，讓你的客戶免受訴訟的困擾。

These tips apply to writing all kinds of agreements: office leases, real estate contracts, sales agreements, employment contracts, equipment leases, prenuptial agreements.They even apply to stipulations and settlements in litigation, where you want an agreement so clear that it avoids future litigation.Wherever clarity and simplicity are important, these tips will guide you there.The Appendix provides a few sample forms to illustrate these tips.這些招數(shù)適用于各種合同，比如，辦公租賃合同、不動產(chǎn)合同、買賣合同、勞動合同、設(shè)備租賃合同、婚前協(xié)議。同樣，如果你不想讓你在訴訟中所起草的和解條款與協(xié)議再起爭議的話，也可以參考一下這些招數(shù)。另外，通過了解這些招數(shù)，你就會明白，起草合同，清晰、簡明是多么地重要。本文的附錄提供了一些簡單的法律文書范本-----這將有助于你理解這些招數(shù)。

Before You Write the First Word

第一部分：在動筆之前

1.Ask your client to list the deal points.This can be in the form of a list, outline or narration.Doing this will help the client focus on the terms of the agreement.1.要求你的客戶列出合同交易的要點，也可以說是合同的清單、目錄或概述。這一招首先幫助你的客戶弄清合同的重點所在。

2.Engage your client in “what if” scenarios.A good contract will anticipate many possible factual situations and express the parties' understanding in case those facts arise.Talking to your client about this will generate many issues you may not otherwise consider.2.讓你的客戶提供一些假設(shè)可能發(fā)生的情況。好的合同不僅能夠預(yù)見到許多可能發(fā)生的情況，而且還能清楚地描述出發(fā)生這些情況后合同雙方的立場。和客戶聊這些情況將有助于你發(fā)現(xiàn)一些你可能沒有考慮到的問題。

3.Ask your client for a similar contract.Frequently, clients have had similar transactions in the past or they have access to contracts for similar transactions.3.請求你的客戶提供類似的合同。通常情況下，客戶都保留著過去的交易記錄或者是類似合同。

4.Search your office computer or the Internet for a similar form.Many times you can find a similar form on your computer.It may be one you prepared for another client or one you negotiated with another lawyer.Just remember to find and replace the old client's name.Starting with an existing form saves time and avoids the errors of typing.Here are some Web sites where you can find forms:

http:// 5.Obtain forms in books or CD-ROM.Typical forms of contracts can be found in form books, such as West's Legal Forms(a nationwide set)and Florida Jur Forms, as well as in treatises and Florida Bar CLE publications.These can be used as the starting point for drafting the contract or as checklists of typical provisions and wording to include in the contract.Many treatises and form books now come with forms on disk or CD-ROM.5.從書中或者是光盤上獲取合同范本。典型的合同范本在一些范例書中都可能找到：比如,西方法律文書（全國版）佛羅里達州文書期刊，另外，在有些論文和佛羅里達州律師協(xié)會的法律繼續(xù)教育出版物中也可以找到一些。起草合同時，你可以把這些范本當做原始資料，利用其中某些典型的條款和措詞。更為方便的是，許多論文和書中的合同范本都有電子文本儲存在磁盤或光盤中。

6.Don't let your client sign a letter of intent without this wording.Sometimes clients are anxious to sign something to show good faith before the contract is prepared.A properly worded letter of intent is useful at such times.Just be sure that the letter of intent clearly states that it is not a contract, but that it is merely an outline of possible terms for discussion purposes.See Appendix C.6.如果沒有特別申明，不要讓你的客戶在意向書上簽字。有時候，在合同未準備好之前，客戶為了表示誠意，往往急于簽署某些東西，當然，在這種情況下，如果客戶急于簽署的是有特別申明的意向書，這也是可以的，但一定要注明：本意向書并非合同，只是雙方為了更好地溝通協(xié)商，而擬定的對未來條款的概述。類似意向書的范例見附錄C。

Writing that First Word

第二部分：開始起草合同

7.Start with a simple, generic contract form.The form in Appendix A is such a form.It provides a solid starting point for the structure of the contract.Like a house, a contract must have a good, solid foundation.7.從簡單、典型的合同入手。附錄A就是一個簡單、典型的合同，它提供了一個合同的基本支架。像房子一樣，一個合同必須有一個牢固的根基。

8.State the correct legal names of the parties in the first paragraph.As obvious as this is, it is one of the most common problems in contracts.For individuals, include full first and last name, and middle initials if available, and other identifying information, if appropriate, such as Jr., M.D., etc.For corporations, check with the Secretary of State where incorporated.8.在合同的第一段要寫清楚雙方的名稱。，這是個簡單而又不得不引起重視的問題。如果是個人，要寫清姓和名,中間有大寫字母和其他身份信息的，也要注明，例如：jr.,M.D,等等；如果是公司，為避免弄錯，寫名稱時可以到公司注冊地的相應(yīng)機構(gòu)去核對一下。

9.Identify the parties by nicknames.Giving each party a nickname in the first paragraph will make the contract easier to read.For example, James W.Martin would be nicknamed “Martin.”

9.確定合同雙方的別稱（簡稱）。為便于閱讀，一般要在合同的第一段為雙方弄一個別稱，如：將詹姆士.馬丁簡寫為“馬丁”。

10.Be careful when using legal terms for nicknames.Do not use “Contractor” as a nickname unless that party is legally a contractor.Do not use “Agent” unless you intend for that party to be an agent, and if you do, then you better specify the scope of authority and other agency issues to avoid future disagreements.10.使用法定術(shù)語作為雙方當事人的別稱時，要小心。除非一方當事人在法定上就是承包人，否則不要將“承包人”作為其別稱。同樣，除非你想讓一方當事人成為法定上的代理人，否則不要稱其為“代理人”，如果堅持要用，最好明確一下代理范圍并找到其他可以避免將來爭執(zhí)的方案。

11.Include a blank for the date in the first paragraph.Putting the date in the first paragraph makes it easy to find after the contract is signed.It also makes it easy to describe the contract in other documents in a precise way, such as the “December 20, 2000, Contract for Sale of Real Estate.”

11.在合同的第一段要為書寫簽約時間留下空格。把簽約時間放在第一段，當合同簽署后，你就能夠很容易地找到它，而且，這樣做還可以給你在其他相關(guān)文件中準確地描述這個合同提供幫助，范例如：不動產(chǎn)買賣合同，訂立于2000年12月20日

12.Include to provide background.Recitals are the “whereas” clauses that precede the body of a contract.They provide a simple way to bring the contract's reader(party, judge or jury)up to speed on what the contract is about, who the parties are, why they are signing a contract, etc.The first paragraph in the body of the contract can incorporate the recitals by reference and state that they are true and correct.This will avoid a later argument as to whether or not the recitals are a legally binding part of the contract.12.書寫引述語。引述語是指那些放在合同主體前面的“鑒于”條款。書寫此類條款的目的是為了讓讀者（通常指合同雙方，法官，陪審團）很快地了解到合同的主要內(nèi)容是什么，合同雙方是誰，以及他們?yōu)槭裁春炗喓贤鹊?。當然，合同主體的第一段也可以加上引述語并陳述其是真實準確的，如果這樣做了，合同雙方將來就不會爭執(zhí)：引述語作為合同的一部分是否具有法律效力？

13.Outline the contract by writing out and underlining paragraph headings in their logical order.The paragraphs should flow in logical, organized fashion.It is not necessary to write them all at once;you can write them as you think of them.Try to group related concepts in the same paragraphs or in adjacent paragraphs.For example, write an employment contract's initial paragraph headings like this: Recitals.Employment.Duties.Term.Compensation.13.按邏輯順序列出合同段落的標題詞.合同的段落是按一定的邏輯順序組織起來的，當然，你并不需要一下子列出所有段落的標題詞，想到多少就寫多少，不過，這些標題詞要力求總結(jié)出每個段落或相關(guān)段落的內(nèi)容。比如：撰寫勞動合同時列出的標題詞就像下面這些：

引述語

聘用

職責

期限

賠償

14.Complete each paragraph by writing the contract terms that apply to that paragraph.This is simple.You learned this in elementary school.Just explain in words what the parties agree to do or not do paragraph by paragraph.14.在撰寫每一段時要注意內(nèi)容集中，不要東拉西扯，是的，這很簡單，你可能上小學(xué)時就學(xué)過，但我還是要提醒你，要集中火力，一段一段地分別說明合同雙方同意做什么，不同意做什么。

15.Keep a pad at hand to remember clauses to add.It is normal to think of additional clauses, wording and issues while writing a contract.Jot these down on a pad as you write;they are easily forgotten.Also keep your client's outline and other forms in front of you as you write, and check off items as you write them.15.放一個便箋簿在手邊，以便記下需要添加的條款。在書寫合同的同時，你可能隨時會想到一些需要添加條款、措詞和問題，要盡快記在便箋簿上，因為他們太容易忘了。另外，你最好將客戶列出的要點和一些類似的合同范本也放在眼前，以便在書寫過程中隨時查對。

16.Repeat yourself only when repetition is necessary to improve clarity.Ambiguity is created by saying the same thing more than once;it is almost impossible to say it twice without creating ambiguity.Only if the concept is a difficult one should you write it in more than one way.In addition, if you use an example to clarify a difficult concept or formula, be sure that all possible meanings are considered and that the example is accurate and consistent with the concept as worded.16.除非是為了更清晰地說明問題，否則不要在合同中重復(fù)陳述某個內(nèi)容。將一個事實來回地說很容易讓人模棱兩可。如果你將一個概念重復(fù)地解釋，那理解起來就更有困難。另外，如果你想通過一個例子來闡明一個難以理解的概念或規(guī)則時，一定要考慮到其所有的含義、這個例子的準確性以及它和概念的相符性。

What to Watch Out for When Writing

第三部分：撰寫時的注意事項

17.Title it “Contract.” Do not leave this one to chance.If your client wants a contract, call it a contract.A judge now sitting on the federal bench once ruled that a document entitled “Proposal” was not a contract even though signed by both parties.The lesson learned is, “Say what you mean.” If you intend the document to be a legally binding contract, use the word “Contract” in the title.17.標題上注明“合同”兩字。不要為碰運氣而忽略這個。如果你的客戶需要合同，就要注明是合同。一個仍在聯(lián)邦法院里任職的法官就曾經(jīng)裁定：有雙方簽字，但標有“建議書”的文件并非合同。這給我們的教訓(xùn)就是，你怎么想，就應(yīng)該怎么說。如果你想讓你的文件成為具有法律效力的合同，就要在標題中注明“合同”字樣。

18.Write in short sentences.Short sentences are easier to understand than long ones.18.寫短句子，因為短句子比長句子讓人更容易理解。

19.Write in active tense, rather than passive.Active tense sentences are shorter and use words more efficiently, and their meaning is more apparent.Example of active: “Sellers shall sell the Property to Buyer.” Example of passive: “The Property shall be sold to Buyer by Seller.”

19.用主動語態(tài)而不用被動語態(tài)。相對而言，主動語態(tài)的句子更簡短，措詞更精練，表達更明白。還是讓我們來來看一個例子吧，主動語態(tài)的句子：賣方將把此物賣給買方;被動語態(tài)的句子：此物將被賣方賣給買方。

20.Don't use the word “biweekly.” It has two meanings: twice a week and every other week.The same applies to “bimonthly.” Instead, write “every other week” or “twice a week.” 20.不要用“雙周”之類的詞，因為這有可能產(chǎn)生歧義----是兩周還是每隔一周？類似的詞還有“雙月”,所以最好這樣寫:“兩周”或“每隔一周”。

21.Don't say things like “active termites and organisms”.Avoid ambiguity by writing either “active termites and active organisms” or “organisms and active termites.” When adding a modifier like “active” before a compound of nouns like “termites and organisms”, be sure to clarify whether you intend the modifier to apply to both nouns or just the first one.If you intend it to apply to both, use parallel construction and write the modifier in front of each noun.If you intend it to apply to just one noun, place that one noun at the end of the list and the modifier directly in front of it.21.不要說“活動著的白蟻和有機體”之類的話，為了避免模棱兩可，最好這樣寫：“活動著的白蟻和活動著的有機體”或是“白蟻和活動著的有機體”。當一組名詞（如“白蟻和有機體”）前有一個修飾語（如“活動著的”）時，你一定要弄清楚這個修飾語是修飾兩個名詞還是僅僅修飾第一個名詞。如果是修飾兩個詞，可以用排比的手法分別在這兩個詞之前加上修飾語，如果你只想修飾一個名詞，那么你就應(yīng)該把這個詞放在這組詞的最后，然后在它的前面加上修飾語。

22.Don't say “Lessor” and “Lessee.” These are bad nicknames for a lease because they are easily reversed or mistyped.Use “Landlord” and “Tenant” instead.The same applies to lienor and lienee, mortgagor and mortgagee, grantor and grantee, licensor and licensee, party A and party B.This is where you can use your creativity to come up with a different nickname for a party, as long as you use it consistently throughout the contract.22.不要說“出租人”和“承租人”。這對一個租賃合同來說是些不好的別稱，因為他們?nèi)菀妆活嵉够蛘叱霈F(xiàn)打印錯誤?？梢杂谩胺繓|”和“房客”來代替他們。同樣，在合同中也不要說留置權(quán)人和留置人，抵押權(quán)人和抵押人，保證人和被保證人，許可人和被許可人，當事人A和當事人B......到底怎么說，這就要看你駕馭語言的能力了，不過，要把握的一條原則，即在整個合同中，對合同一方只能用一個別稱。

23.Watch out when using “herein.” Does “wherever used herein” mean anywhere in the contract or anywhere in the paragraph? Clarify this ambiguity if it matters.23.使用術(shù)語“本文（herein，也可譯為”“在這里”）時要當心。為了避免含糊不清，使用“本文”時最好特別申明一下“本文”是指整個合同，還是指其所在的某一段落。

24.Write numbers as both words and numerals: ten(10).This will reduce the chance for errors.24.寫數(shù)目時要文字和阿拉伯數(shù)字并用，如：拾（10）。這將減少一些不經(jīng)意的錯誤。

25.When you write “including” consider adding “but not limited to.” Unless you intend the list to be all-inclusive, you had better clarify your intent that it is merely an example.25.如果你想用“包括”這個詞，就要考慮在其后加上“但不限于.....”的分句。除非你能夠列出所有被包括的項，否則最好用“但不限于....”的分句，來說明你只是想舉個例子。

26.Don't rely on the rules of grammar.The rules of grammar that you learned in school are not universal.The judge or jury interpreting the meaning of your contract may have learned different rules.Write the contract so that no matter what rules they learned, the contract is clear and unambiguous.Follow this test for clear writing: Remove all periods and commas, then read it.Choosing the right words and placing them in the right place makes the writing clear without punctuation.26.不要依賴于語法規(guī)則。那些你在學(xué)校里得到的語法規(guī)則并不是放之四海而皆準的東西，因為有權(quán)力來解釋此合同的法官或陪審團成員學(xué)的語法規(guī)則可能和你學(xué)的不一樣，但不管學(xué)的是什么規(guī)則，撰寫合同都要遵循一個基本原則：簡潔、明確。檢測你寫的東西是否達到這個要求有個好辦法，那就是去掉所有的句號和逗號，然后去讀它。在沒有標點符號的情況下，選擇正確的詞語放在正確的位置上，這將使你寫出來的東西更簡明，更流暢。

27.Don't be creative with words.Contract writing is not creative writing and is not meant to provoke reflective thoughts or controversies about nuances of meaning.Contract writing is clear, direct and precise.Therefore, use common words and common meanings.Write for the common man and the common woman.27.不要創(chuàng)造詞語。合同文書不是創(chuàng)造性的作品，也就不能因為意思的細微差別而引起思考或爭論。合同文書應(yīng)該是清晰、直接而準確的。因此，要使用普通的詞語,表達普通的意思，為普通人撰寫合同。

28.Be consistent in using words.If you refer to the subject matter of a sales contract as “goods” use that term throughout the contract;do not alternately call them “goods” and “items.” Maintaining consistency is more important than avoiding repetition.Don't worry about putting the reader to sleep;worry about the opposing lawyer a year from now hunting for ambiguities to get your contract into court.28.用詞一致。在一份銷售合同中，如果你想用“貨物”來指整個合同的標的物，就不要時而稱它們?yōu)椤柏浳铩?，時而又改稱它

們?yōu)椤爱a(chǎn)品”。保持用詞一致性比避免重復(fù)更加重要。不要擔心這會讓讀者打瞌睡；你應(yīng)該提防的是對方律師會因為含糊不清的合同而將你告上法庭。

29.Be consistent in grammar and punctuation.The rules of grammar and punctuation you learned may differ from others, but you had better be consistent in your use of them.Be aware of such things as where you put ending quote marks, whether you place commas after years and states, and similar variations in style.29.在文法和標點符號上保持一致。你可能學(xué)過許多不同類的文法和標點符號規(guī)則，但在使用它們時最好保持一致。要特別注意句末的引號、時間和地點之后的逗號以及文風(fēng)的相似性。

30.Consider including choice of law, venue selection, and attorneys fee clauses.If your contract gets litigated, you might as well give your client some “ammunition” for the fight.Examples of these clauses appear in Appendices A and C.30.可以在合同中加入準據(jù)法、審判地、律師費等條款。有了這些條款，一旦合同引起訴訟，你就已經(jīng)為了你的客戶打這場訴訟戰(zhàn)準備了一些“彈藥”。類似的條款見附錄A和B。

Write for the Judge and Jury

第四部分：要為法官和陪審團考慮

31.Assume the reader is a knowledgeable layman.If your writing is so clear that a layman could understand it, then it is less likely it will end up in court.31.要假設(shè)合同的讀者是一個受過教育的外行,如果你書寫的合同簡明得連一個外行都能理解，那么即使到了法庭上，你也不用害怕。

32.Define a word by capitalizing it and putting it in quotes.Capitalizing a word indicates that you intend it to have a special meaning.The following are two sample clauses for defining terms: Wherever used in this contract, the word “Goods” shall mean the goods that Buyer has agreed to purchase from Seller under this contract.Buyer hereby agrees to purchase from Seller ten(10)frying pans, hereinafter called the “Goods.” 32.強調(diào)一個合同術(shù)語可以這樣做：加上雙引號并將其開頭的字母大寫。將一個詞語的開頭字母大寫表明你想讓它有一個特別的意思。下面有兩個定義術(shù)語的例子：

一.本合同中使用的“貨物”(“Goods”)是指買方已經(jīng)同意向賣方購買的貨物;

二.本合同中買方同意向賣方購買的拾（10）只平底鍋，即下文中的“貨物”(“Goods”)。

33.Define words when first used.Instead of writing a section of definitions at the beginning or end of a contract, consider defining terms and concepts as they first appear in the contract.This will make it easier for the reader to follow.33.第一次使用某個術(shù)語時就要下定義。定義合同術(shù)語不是在合同的開頭，也不是在合同的結(jié)尾，而是在這個術(shù)語第一次出現(xiàn)的時候，這樣做，有利于讀者更好地理解合同。

34.Explain technical terms and concepts.Remember that the parties might understand technical jargon, but the judge and jury who interpret and apply the contract do not.Therefore, explain the contract's terms and concepts within the contract itself.Let the contract speak for itself from within its four corners.34.勤于解釋合同中的術(shù)語和概念。要記住合同雙方的當事人可能會理解合同中某些專用術(shù)語，但法官和陪審團卻可能一無所知。所以撰寫合同時要讓合同自己為自己釋義。

Keep Your Client Informed While You Write

第五部分：書寫時要常和你的客戶溝通

35.All contracts should come with a cover letter.This gives you a place to instruct your client on how to use and sign the contract.35.所有的合同都應(yīng)該有一封說明書---用來告訴你的客戶如何使用和簽署合同。

36.Tell your client the ideas that come as you write.Many ideas will occur to you as you write: things that could go wrong with the deal, things that might happen in the future, things that happened in the past, ways to structure things better.Write these in your letter to the client.36.告訴客戶你在撰寫過程中的一些想法。比如：哪些事情可能會隨著交易變得很遭，哪些事可能會在將來發(fā)生，哪些事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生了，哪些可以讓事情朝好的方向發(fā)展的方法.....你最好在給客戶的說明書中都將這些都寫上。

37.Inform your client of the risks.Writing a letter to the client as you write the contract is the perfect way to inform the client of the risks and rewards of entering into the contract.Frequently, problems do not become apparent until time is spent trying to word a contract.37.告訴客戶合同的風(fēng)險所在。在撰寫合同時，你最好向客戶說訂立合同需要承擔的風(fēng)險和能夠得到的利益。通常情況下，只要你花時間來起草合同，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)真正的風(fēng)險在哪里。

What To Do After the First Draft Is Written

第六部分：完成初稿后做什么

38.Check spelling, paragraph numbering, and cross references both manually and with your word processor's sp

elling and grammar checker.This almost goes without saying today, especially since Microsoft Word now checks your spelling and grammar as you type.(Unfortunately it also changes “per stirpes” to “per stupid” if you fail to watch it closely.)And now there are even computer programs that check contract documents for undefined terms.DealProof is packaged with Corel WordPerfect for law offices, and DocProofReader is available for download for MS Word 97 and 2000.38.核實合同的拼寫情況、段落序號以及上下文的注解，你可以自己手動來做，也可以用文字編輯軟件中的拼寫和語法檢查功能來完成，特別是自從有了微軟的 word軟件后，做這樣的工作你似乎不要費多少精力（但機器有時也不可靠，如果你不看仔細，它就會把“per stirpes”改變?yōu)?“per stupid”）?，F(xiàn)在，這類專業(yè)的軟件甚至可以幫你檢測到合同中沒有釋義的術(shù)語，如：Corel公司專門為法律辦公開發(fā)的文字處理軟件包中的 DealProof軟件，還有可供word97和word2000下載安裝的DocProofReader軟件。

39.Let your secretary or paralegal read it.Not only will your staff frequently find spelling and grammar errors missed by your word processor's spell checker, but they will find inconsistencies and confusing areas that you missed when drafting.39.讓你的秘書或者助手閱讀你草擬的合同。你的同事不僅能通過文字處理軟件來幫你檢查到你沒有查到的拼寫和語法錯誤，而且他們還能發(fā)現(xiàn)你起草時沒有察覺到的矛盾和混淆之處。

40.Sta