第一篇:四六級(jí)寫作高分技巧
必須完成的: 1 完成黑皮書 2 讀兩本中英互譯的書,寫兩篇書評(píng) 500 字(就是觀后感,可以縱向或者橫向或者綜合 這是鄙人的認(rèn)識(shí))推薦書目:English digest Reader's digest Economist 注意是考研英語(yǔ)閱讀題源出處 可以考慮完成的:新概念 3、4(教程+輔導(dǎo)用書)注意要 背書·翻譯·聽寫
第二篇:【實(shí)用】英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)級(jí)寫作高分技巧
一、提綱式作文 1.對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)式
A.有人認(rèn)為X 是好事,贊成X,為什么? B.有人認(rèn)為X 是壞事,反對(duì)X,為什么? C.我的看法。
Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X.They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一個(gè)原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一個(gè)原因。
However, other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to do X.They firmly point out that 反對(duì)X 的第一個(gè)理由。An example can give the details of this argument: 一個(gè)例子。
There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages.In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一個(gè)壞處。
二、批駁觀點(diǎn)式 A.一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。B. 我不同意。
Many people argue that 錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。By saying that, they mean 對(duì)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的進(jìn)一步解釋。An example they have presented is that 一個(gè)例子。(According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 贊成這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)或者受到這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)的影響)。
There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief.But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 與錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)相反的觀點(diǎn)。There are a number of reasons behind my belief.(以下參照辯論文的議論文寫法)。
三、社會(huì)問題(現(xiàn)象)式 A.一個(gè)社會(huì)問題或者現(xiàn)象。B. 產(chǎn)生的原因
C.對(duì)社會(huì)和我們生活的影響 D. 如何杜絕。(如果是問題的話)E. 前景的預(yù)測(cè)。
Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem.(X has increasingly become a common concern of the public).According to a survey, 調(diào)查內(nèi)容說明這種現(xiàn)象的情況(或者是一個(gè)例子)。There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面參照辯論式議論文的寫法。
X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated(表達(dá))in the following aspects.參照辯論式議論文的寫法。
A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm.參照辯論式議論文的寫法。
Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will ……..四. 圖表式作文
It is obvious in the graph/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes.It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years(as X varies).At the point of(接近)X1, Y reaches its peak value of …(多少).What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are …(多少)reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table.First of all, …(第一個(gè)原因).More importantly, …(第二個(gè)原因).Most important of all, …(第三個(gè)原因).From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future.The trend described in the graph/table will continue for quite a long time(if necessary measures are not taken括號(hào)里的使用于那些不太好的變化趨勢(shì)).五. 辯論式議論文 模版1 Some people believe(argue, recognize, think)that 觀點(diǎn)1.But other people take an opposite side.They firmly believe that 觀點(diǎn)2.As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.First of all, 論據(jù)1.More importantly, 論據(jù)2.Most important of all, 論據(jù)3.In summary, 總結(jié)觀點(diǎn).As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心.或From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測(cè).模版2 People hold different views about X.Some people are of the opinion that 觀點(diǎn)1, while others point out that 觀點(diǎn)2.As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing, 論據(jù)1.For another, 論據(jù)2.Last but not the least, 論據(jù)3.To conclude, 總結(jié)觀點(diǎn).As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心.或From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測(cè).模版3 There is no consensus 一致of opinions among people about X(爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn))。Some people are of the view that 觀點(diǎn)1,while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 觀點(diǎn)2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion(觀念)is preferable in many senses.The reasons are obvious.First of all, 論據(jù)1。Furthermore, 論據(jù)2。
Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest.That is, 論據(jù)3。A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)。
As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心.或From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測(cè)
常用句型:
1. 表示原因
1)There are three reasons for this.2)The reasons for this are as follows.3)The reason for this is obvious.4)The reason for this is not far to seek.5)The reason for this is that...
6)We have good reason to believe that...
例:There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly, people’s living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly, most people are well paid, and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least, more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.注:如考生寫第一個(gè)句子沒有把握,可將其改寫成兩個(gè)句子。如:Great changes have taken place in our life.There are three reasons for this.這樣寫可以避免套用中的表達(dá)失誤。2.表示好處
1)It has the following advantages.2)It does us a lot of good.3)It benefits us quite a lot.4)It is beneficial to us.5)It is of great benefit to us.例:Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.3.表示壞處
1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.2)It does us much harm.3)It is harmful to us.例:However, everything divides into two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.4.表示事實(shí)、現(xiàn)狀
1)We cannot ignore the fact that... 2)No one can deny the fact that... 3)There is no denying the fact that...
4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.5)However, that’s not the case.例:We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems,we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.5.表示比較
1)Compared with A, B...
2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV.3)There is a striking contrast between them.例:Compared with cars, bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly, they do not consume natural resources of petrol.Secondly, they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least, they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise.6.表示數(shù)量
1)It has increased(decreased)from...to...
2)The population in this city has now increased(decreased)to 800, 000. 3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15%compared with that of January.例:With the improvement of the living standard,the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased.再如:From the graph listed above,it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.【重點(diǎn)】五. 辯論式議論文【近幾年幾乎都靠這種】 模版1 Some people believe(argue, recognize, think)that 觀點(diǎn)1.But other people take an opposite side.They firmly believe that 觀點(diǎn)2.As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.First of all, 論據(jù)1.More importantly, 論據(jù)2.Most important of all, 論據(jù)3.In summary, 總結(jié)觀點(diǎn).As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心.或From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測(cè).模版2 People hold different views about X.Some people are of the opinion that 觀點(diǎn)1, while others point out that 觀點(diǎn)2.As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing, 論據(jù)1.For another, 論據(jù)2.Last but not the least, 論據(jù)3.To conclude, 總結(jié)觀點(diǎn).As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心.或From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測(cè).模版3 There is no consensus 一致of opinions among people about X(爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn))。Some people are of the view that 觀點(diǎn)1,while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 觀點(diǎn)2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion(觀念)is preferable in many senses.The reasons are obvious.First of all, 論據(jù)1。Furthermore, 論據(jù)2。
Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest.That is, 論據(jù)3。A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)。
As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心.或From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測(cè)
第三篇:四六級(jí)寫作高分5C法則
距離2010年6月19日的四、六級(jí)考試還有40天的時(shí)間,相信考生們都在有條不紊的準(zhǔn)備著,不管你現(xiàn)在是胸有成竹,還是信心不足,都希望大家能在最后一個(gè)月的時(shí)間集中精力,不斷突破,并始終保持一顆良好的心態(tài),來迎接6月份的考試。四、六級(jí)寫作輔導(dǎo)名師王兆飛,根據(jù)多年四、六級(jí)輔導(dǎo)經(jīng)驗(yàn),現(xiàn)寫作思路指導(dǎo)及解題技巧為大家歸納如下,希望能幫助大家在最后一個(gè)月的時(shí)間里不斷提高寫作水平,一次突破四六級(jí)高分。
寫作解題時(shí)間為30分鐘,分為三步:5分鐘審題和構(gòu)思,20分鐘寫作,5分鐘檢查可能犯的錯(cuò)誤。下面分步驟說明。
第一步:認(rèn)真審題,充分運(yùn)用關(guān)鍵詞構(gòu)思法
事實(shí)上,提供給寫作的時(shí)間不止30分鐘。一般來說,各考場(chǎng)會(huì)提前5分鐘左右將答題卡一發(fā)到學(xué)生手里,大一點(diǎn)的考場(chǎng)甚至可能提前10分鐘發(fā)卷。這5到10分鐘不允許學(xué)生作答,但考生完全可以用來做作文部分的審題和構(gòu)思工作。注意審題一定要仔細(xì),按要求
寫作,不得擅自改動(dòng)題目,給定的提綱不得有遺漏,否則會(huì)按比例扣分。尤其注意,不要因?yàn)槭孪茸约罕尺^或練過哪篇相似的文章而死搬硬套。否則后果很嚴(yán)重。例如,2008年12月六級(jí)寫作真題題目是College Students’ Mental Health,提綱為
1.心理健康對(duì)于大學(xué)生很重要
2.鑒于此,學(xué)??梢浴?/p>
3.我們自己應(yīng)該……”
而在考試之前,我們給學(xué)生出過一道類似的模擬題,題目為“Psychological Problems Among College Students”,提綱為
1.很多大學(xué)生有嚴(yán)重的心理問題
2.產(chǎn)生這些問題的原因
3.如何解決這些問題”
可以看出,我們給的提綱是按照比較規(guī)矩的三段論來的,即“提出問題、分析問題、解決問題”。但真題的提綱并未要求考生分析問題,反倒有兩段要寫解決問題。有的考生因?yàn)榭催^或背過模擬題的范文,就直接照搬,導(dǎo)致了失分。
另外,構(gòu)思不是打草稿。并不建議學(xué)生練習(xí)寫作時(shí)養(yǎng)成打草稿的習(xí)慣。因?yàn)榭紙?chǎng)上時(shí)間有限,打完草稿再謄寫很可能來不及。另外,更重要的原因是考場(chǎng)上不發(fā)草稿紙,一般也不允許往里帶紙,難以找到打草稿的地方??忌灰ㄈ宸昼娮鲆幌聵?gòu)思即可,即想象一下每段大致寫什么,可以記幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞(比如在準(zhǔn)考證空白的地方)提示自己,在接下來的二十分鐘里面按照這幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞提示的內(nèi)容擴(kuò)展就行。
一般來說,四級(jí)作文要求不少于120詞,最好能寫到150到180詞;六級(jí)作文要求不少于150詞,最好寫到180到200詞。就句子數(shù)目來說,如果分三段,每段也就三到五句話,平均四句一段。那么整篇文章大約10個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞就可以做好構(gòu)思。以2009年6月六級(jí)寫作真題為例。
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On the Importance of a Name.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below。
1.有人說名字(或名稱)很重要
2.也有人覺得名字(或名稱)無關(guān)緊要
3.我認(rèn)為……
構(gòu)思第一段時(shí),想到可以來一句鋪墊的話,如“名字重不重要是個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的話題”,可以寫下controversial或topic,作為關(guān)鍵詞;下一句是“有人說名字(或名稱)很重要”,可以先寫下important。再往后想兩條理由或例證即可。理由如“好名字容易被記住,因而可以給人來更多機(jī)會(huì)”(關(guān)鍵詞remember或o
pportunity),和“按照傳統(tǒng)理論起的名字可能會(huì)對(duì)人起到暗中庇護(hù)的作用”(關(guān)鍵詞tradition或shelter);例證如“有人認(rèn)為毛澤東偉大是因?yàn)槊志痛髿猓珺ill Gates有錢是因?yàn)樗拿挚梢员硎锯n票,姓表示很多大門,很多大門都來錢,所以有錢”。第二、三段情同此理。其實(shí)第一段想好了,后兩段也就容易了。比如第二段可以將第一段的理由或例證反過來用,第三段可以總結(jié)或折中一下。字?jǐn)?shù)還是比較容易寫夠的。
第二步:寫作高分須遵循的5C法則
1、字跡清楚,段落明朗(clear):字體不要太大,也不要太小,以行間距的三分之一到二分之一為合適;另外,大小要一致,不要忽大忽小;字母的傾斜方向要一致,不要東倒西歪;要抵著給出的虛線寫,不能上竄下跳;總之,要給閱卷人清楚、工整的感覺。段落一般為三段,采用段首縮進(jìn)式,即每段開頭空4至8個(gè)字母的格,每段段首縮進(jìn)的量要一致,要讓閱卷人一目了然。
2、內(nèi)容完整,緊扣提綱(complete):一般來說,六級(jí)寫作都會(huì)給出**漢語(yǔ)提綱,考生應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照**寫成三段。不要有遺漏,也不要隨意改變提綱要點(diǎn)的順序。因?yàn)殚喚砣艘?0秒左右的時(shí)間打出分?jǐn)?shù),所以不希望看到與提綱嚴(yán)重背離的作文。
3、首保正確,再求閃光(correct):這一條是最核心的,因?yàn)樵趯懽鲿r(shí)間和篇幅都比較短的情況下,考生寫出的內(nèi)容幾乎是一樣的,唯一的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)幾乎就是語(yǔ)言的質(zhì)量。要首先保證語(yǔ)法和拼寫正確,哪怕用小詞、短句也可以。有能力的話再追求閃光的詞句。例如,有考生在寫2009年6月的作文時(shí),寫出了這樣的開頭句:There is no denying the fact that the vital of name has been a hotly debated topic in China.這句話是套用我以往范文給過的句子,基本結(jié)構(gòu)是對(duì)的,但有兩處明顯的錯(cuò)誤。一處
為vital,是個(gè)形容詞,而這里應(yīng)該用名詞。作者可能想用一個(gè)牛詞來替換importance以顯示用詞多樣,結(jié)果弄巧成拙。另外一處錯(cuò)誤為name之前應(yīng)該有冠詞a,其實(shí)題目中都給了,結(jié)果這位同學(xué)忽略了,缺乏基本的語(yǔ)法意識(shí)。其實(shí)作文中常犯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤除了冠詞錯(cuò)誤,還包括時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤、名詞和動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)誤、代詞不一致錯(cuò)誤、詞性錯(cuò)誤以及句子主謂不完整錯(cuò)誤。下筆時(shí)一定要謹(jǐn)慎。篇幅關(guān)系這里不能贅述。
4、先總后分,連詞用上(coherent):這里說的是段落的結(jié)構(gòu)和連貫性的問題。英語(yǔ)文章特別喜歡先總后分或開門見山的格局,另外,段落之間和句子之間的形式連接手段特別明顯,即關(guān)聯(lián)詞用的很多。在寫作的時(shí)候,幾乎就是把給出的**提綱作為每段的開頭句,然后再加上兩三個(gè)擴(kuò)展句即理由或例證句就可以了。當(dāng)然有時(shí)候?yàn)榱苏撟C自然或擴(kuò)展字?jǐn)?shù)也可以加上一點(diǎn)鋪墊的句子。如2009年6月真題作文開頭一句既可以是Some people
claim that names are of great importance.也可以是There is no denying the fact that it is a controversial topic whether names are important or not.然后再說Some hold the positive view。后面再加上兩三句論證的話。論證句或擴(kuò)展句之間最好有連接詞,如First, Second, Besides, Also, Similarly, In the same way, However等等。
5、語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練,論據(jù)得當(dāng)(concise):不要啰嗦,不要過于重復(fù)和堆砌。有些考生背誦了一些經(jīng)典的句型,為了湊字就全用上了,給人低層次的感覺。如最后一段用同學(xué)寫道:As far as I am concerned, weighing the p
ros and cons of the arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter point of view.其實(shí)As far as I am concerned和weighing the pros and cons of the arguments用一個(gè)就行了。另外,盡管內(nèi)容不及語(yǔ)言重要,但也肯定會(huì)影響分?jǐn)?shù)的??忌鷳?yīng)盡量平時(shí)多練,以期在考場(chǎng)上也能很快想到一些有力的理由和貼切的例證。另外,要敢于表達(dá)自己的思想,不要一味地為了保證語(yǔ)言正確而裹步不前,只說一些小學(xué)生的話。如有同學(xué)寫09年真題第一段時(shí)寫道:Some people think that names are important.They say that, if a person has a name, we can remember him.If he does not have a name, we cannot remember him.這樣的作文倒是沒有語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤,但肯定也得不了高分。
第三步:進(jìn)行詞匯拼寫和語(yǔ)法檢查,并注意改正方式。
其實(shí)考生應(yīng)該在下筆寫作的時(shí)候就謹(jǐn)慎,仔細(xì),避免錯(cuò)誤,但即便這樣,錯(cuò)誤也是會(huì)有的,包括語(yǔ)法和拼寫錯(cuò)誤,尤其對(duì)于平時(shí)缺乏練習(xí)的同學(xué)來說。那么就需要留幾分鐘通讀一下,檢查和改正。注意,要改的是一些語(yǔ)法或拼寫錯(cuò)誤,而不是作內(nèi)容上的大的改動(dòng),換言之,是改一些詞或詞組,而不是改整個(gè)句子或段落,因?yàn)槟菢訒?huì)造成卷面混亂,導(dǎo)致低分。要想避免內(nèi)容上的錯(cuò)誤,構(gòu)思時(shí)就要想好,落筆時(shí)就要謹(jǐn)慎。還有改正錯(cuò)誤要注意方式,盡量不要用涂改液或涂改帶,以免有作弊嫌疑,也不要在一個(gè)詞上涂畫太多,影響卷面整潔。一般可以用一條斜線劃掉錯(cuò)詞,然后在其上方寫出正確的,或者用膠帶或刀片之類輕輕將錯(cuò)詞去掉,然后在原位置寫出正確的。
附:2009年6月六級(jí)寫作真題參考范文
On the Importance of a Name
There is no denying the fact that it is a controversial topic whether names are important or not.Some hold the positive view.They claim that a good name, or a name that can be easily remembered, can bring one a lot more opportunities than others.Some Chinese may also believe that a name designed according to the traditional theory of five elements can bring good luck。
Others, however, hold the opposite view.They argue that a name is nothing but a code to distinguish one from another.A person “good” name may not be as successful as the name indicates.In the same way, a person who has a common or casually given name can also achieve tremendous success。
Personally, I believe that both sides have something right, so we should not go to extremes.On the one hand, we have to admit that a well designed name can help a person to some extent.On the other hand, we should not exaggerate the effect of a name on a person’s fate.Anyway, a person’s success mainly depends on his hard work and desirable personalities。(186 words)
第四篇:托福寫作的高分技巧
官方網(wǎng)站:
托福寫作的高分技巧
對(duì)于托福作文,一個(gè)很關(guān)鍵性的要求就是要用詞準(zhǔn)確,行文流暢。我們以前往往總是會(huì)陷入一個(gè)誤區(qū),就是要用大詞,要寫一些句式磅礴的句子。之所以這樣就是因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在中國(guó)95%以上的作文教師,尤其是托福作文教師對(duì)于什么樣的作文才是滿分作文缺乏一個(gè)概念,雖然很多人能考出高分作文,但是他們很難做出一個(gè)指向性,就像是他們殺雞用牛刀,然后他們就認(rèn)為殺雞只能用牛刀,是一個(gè)道理。
他們不知道,其實(shí)殺雞的時(shí)候,只用一把菜刀就可以了,是一個(gè)道理。所以,這就是為什么現(xiàn)在很多國(guó)內(nèi)的初中經(jīng)常用博士來當(dāng)老師,但是這些人一上課就發(fā)現(xiàn),學(xué)生根本不喜歡聽他在說什么,甚至這些教師還經(jīng)常被學(xué)生趕走,就是這個(gè)道理。
“There are no perfect people in the world;otherwise he is not a human being, but a god”.This proverb is often said by people.I cannot agree with this claim any more.It is common for our students to make mistakes, we should forgive them, even help them when they are in trouble because of the errors.這一段是一篇新托福真實(shí)滿分作文的節(jié)選。從這段文字里我們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),本段幾乎沒有什么我們以前很多老師推崇的長(zhǎng)難句,復(fù)雜句,整段內(nèi)容,幾乎都是由簡(jiǎn)單句組成的。這對(duì)于現(xiàn)在的培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)的老師講課的內(nèi)容是一個(gè)大大的嘲諷,但是反過來又能告訴我們考生很多信息。
這段節(jié)選告訴我們:滿分托福作文,要求的不是龐大的單詞量,而是在已有的8000單詞的準(zhǔn)確應(yīng)用。想要托福寫作滿分,不是靠單純的堆砌復(fù)雜句就可以完成的,如果你還不相信這一點(diǎn),請(qǐng)去中國(guó)各大留學(xué)論壇,看看一片哀嚎之音。想要拿到30分,要求你寫出更為具體化的例子,而不是單純的泛泛而談。想拿滿分,一定首先要多看滿分作文是什么樣子,這些作文一定是你要仔細(xì)研究的。
同樣一種托福作文備考方法,花1周的時(shí)間來研究,就是“踏實(shí)肯干”;只花一分鐘,讀完了事,就是投機(jī)取巧,小編祝愿大家在托福寫作考試中取得好成績(jī)。
第五篇:申論寫作高分技巧及模式
申論議論文文體寫作格式
一、總分式格式: 標(biāo)題(12字左右)引論------------------------。(點(diǎn)明主題、根據(jù)主題、上升主題)(300字)本論------------------------。(說明原因)(100字)------------------------------(過渡句)(50字)-------(措施).具體方法步驟,重要措施要從制定原因目的意義,加以論證.---------------.(700)結(jié)論--------.重申問題及解決意義,發(fā)出號(hào)召或希望.(150)(以上以1200字為例)
二、分總式(平行)格式: 主標(biāo)題(12字左右)引論------------------。(點(diǎn)明主題、根據(jù)主題、上升主題,重點(diǎn)點(diǎn)明要論述的類型.如:措施存在問題及原因意義等)(300字)本論 分標(biāo)題(1)分標(biāo)題(2)分標(biāo)題(3).(700字)結(jié)論-------.重申問題,發(fā)出號(hào)召或希望.(150)(以上以1200字為例)
三、遞進(jìn)式格式: ?標(biāo)題(12字左右)?引論--------------------------。(點(diǎn)明主題、根據(jù)主題、上升主題)(300字)?本論------------------------(過渡句)(50字)--.(700字)?結(jié)論-----------------------.重申問題及解決意義,發(fā)出號(hào)召或希望.(150 ?(以上以1200字為例)
申論答題萬能模式
一、概括總結(jié)的基本套路和句式
一般而言,一個(gè)全面完整的概括主要由三個(gè)部分構(gòu)成:總述(對(duì)材料所反映情況的一個(gè)概述);分述(對(duì)材料中反映出來的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行并列式或遞進(jìn)式的陳述);抽象概括(對(duì)材料的主旨和反映的深層次問題進(jìn)行升華和發(fā)揮。
(一)如何提煉總括句
總括一句話,高度概括全文主要內(nèi)容和主要問題。句式模型為:(1)“這篇材料談到了一個(gè)……的題”,中間可以加的修飾語(yǔ)包括“社會(huì)各界都關(guān)注的”,“目前所面臨的”。(2)“這是一篇關(guān)于主語(yǔ)+事件或行為的文體。”其中,主語(yǔ)是文章涉及的主要任務(wù)的姓名或所涉主要單位名稱。文體是指所給材料的文章體裁,如新聞報(bào)道、調(diào)查報(bào)告、工作總結(jié)、講話、案例等。多數(shù)時(shí)候是案例。事件是指主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),也可理解為事件的某個(gè)階段。對(duì)于個(gè)別文章會(huì)有一件核心事件,就只需要以該事件作為定語(yǔ)就夠了。如“這是一篇關(guān)于純凈水廣告論戰(zhàn)的報(bào)道”。
(二)分述
就是要把總括句里涉及的內(nèi)容,根據(jù)并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系分條分類地整理出來。這時(shí)候,可以根據(jù)材料的具體情況采用不同的方法和套路。
1.遞進(jìn)式分析法。對(duì)于那些以縱向思路和結(jié)構(gòu)寫的給定材料,也就是以時(shí)間上的階段漸進(jìn)性為序或邏輯上深入為序的文章,可以使用這種方法。如對(duì)一篇反映醫(yī)藥行業(yè)藥價(jià)虛高情況的報(bào)道。生產(chǎn)廠家自己定價(jià),中間商層層加價(jià),醫(yī)生或醫(yī)院為了自身利益給病人開高價(jià)藥,病人購(gòu)買高價(jià)藥品。這是按醫(yī)藥流通在時(shí)間和邏輯上的四個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)來分析的。
2.主體分析法。某個(gè)事件或行為可能有好幾方的主體參與。在分述句里,我們可以從各方主體的角度進(jìn)行分述答題。如汽車超載問題,就可以從各方主體的角度進(jìn)行概括,包括治理部門、汽車車主、汽車制造商、修理商、地方政府等.3.關(guān)系分析法。有時(shí)候,一則材料中所涉及的事件是一環(huán)扣一環(huán)的,各個(gè)事件之間有明顯的關(guān)系,這時(shí)就適用關(guān)系分析法。如關(guān)于我國(guó)9家彩電企業(yè)結(jié)盟限價(jià)銷售彩電的一組材料??梢栽陉P(guān)系鏈條上進(jìn)行歸納:九家彩電企業(yè)深圳結(jié)盟之后,國(guó)家有關(guān)部門對(duì)此提出了質(zhì)疑,專家認(rèn)為價(jià)格聯(lián)盟是變相壟斷,消費(fèi)者對(duì)此無動(dòng)于衷,結(jié)盟商家內(nèi)部意見也不統(tǒng)一,最終導(dǎo)致彩電限價(jià)失敗。
4.分類分析法。對(duì)于一則材料所涉及的是不同類別的人事物,則可以進(jìn)行分類表述。5.關(guān)鍵詞分析法。對(duì)于給定的材料,有時(shí)我們會(huì)感到無處下筆進(jìn)行概括。這時(shí)可以將文中出現(xiàn)頻率高的詞語(yǔ)羅列出來,然后結(jié)合文中事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)把它們串聯(lián)起來。這只適用于基本功較弱者。
(三)抽象或升華
基本句式為“這個(gè)問題(這種情況)涉及……需要在制度上(體制,宏觀調(diào)控等較高層次上)……”
二、提出對(duì)策的萬能模型
問題有輕有重,有緩有急,如果是急性事件,提出對(duì)策是由近到遠(yuǎn)、先標(biāo)后本、由微觀到宏觀;如果是慢性事件,提出對(duì)策的思路是由遠(yuǎn)到近、治標(biāo)先治本、先宏觀再微觀。
(一)由近到遠(yuǎn)式
1.緊急狀況的近期、微觀和的對(duì)策,可以從不同的側(cè)面和角度提出幾條; 2.配套基礎(chǔ)和硬件設(shè)施上;
3.思想觀念上,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)重視,深化認(rèn)識(shí); 4.法律法規(guī)上的制定與完善
5、制度或體制上; 6.宣傳教育上。(二)由遠(yuǎn)到近式
主要在順序上作個(gè)調(diào)整,從宏觀到微觀,先本后標(biāo)。比如首先從思想觀念與制度更新上。
三、申論寫作的三大模式
申論文章的寫作可以按照三大模式來:總分式、三段式、層進(jìn)式。
(一)總分式
先概括出總領(lǐng)句,先總說,再分說,結(jié)構(gòu)上會(huì)顯得更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)些。分說可以從不同的主體或不同的立場(chǎng)或不同的角度進(jìn)行分門別類地闡述.也可以從宏觀上區(qū)分政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和社會(huì)各個(gè)層面.(二)層進(jìn)式
對(duì)文章整體按照邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行謀篇布局,步步展開,層層推進(jìn)。一般是由表層進(jìn)入深層,由現(xiàn)象進(jìn)入本質(zhì)。
(三)三段式:這是最普通的結(jié)構(gòu),先提出問題,再分析問題,最后解決問題。一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的范式,有破有立,述、評(píng)、析結(jié)合。