第一篇：關(guān)于中國佛教的英文講稿

Writing I’m going to talk about Buddhism in China.This is my outline.1.Sorts of Chinese Buddhism 2.Famous mountains of Buddhism in China 3.Famous architecture of Buddhism in China 4.The Buddhist influence on China 5.Conclusion Firstly, I want to show you the sorts of Chinese Buddhism.In China, both women and men can participate in the Buddhism.In the middle of China, There is Chinese traditional Buddhism.And in the North-west and South-west of China, there is Tibetan Buddhism.People in different place believe different sorts of Buddhism.But they came from one place—India.So they all have special expression.And Buddhism mainly expressed by the architecture.Secondly, let me tell you about famous mountains of Buddhism in China.Buddhism in China has the most famous four mountains.They are mount Wutai, Putuo, e’mei, Jiuhua.They are respectively located in Shanxi, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Anhui province.At the same time, many famous places such as Shaolin temple in Songshan, Leshan Buddha, the Potala Palace in Tibet are deeply remembered by people in China even all over the world.Thirdly, I will show you the famous architecture of Buddhism in China.Such as Luoyang Baima temple, Pagoda forest, Pagoda Tianning and Dayan, Grotto Mogao and Longmen, The Potala Palace and Labrang Lamasery.And then, I want to talk about the Buddhist influence on China.The population with Buddhist Belief in China is more than one hundred million.That’s a big figure because China is a no-belief country.In the middle of China, people believe Buddhism because they just want to pray for the health and peace.Only few people are real believers.Most people participate in the Buddhist activity in order to pray for something.But Tibetan Buddhism is different.People in Northwest and Southwest are real believers.They go to worship by their knees and hands.They use all of their money for Buddhism.Buddhism’s main idea—kind is the same as Chinese traditional culture.So people would like to combine them with their peaceful and kind wishes to pray for a better life.That’s why only can Buddhism believed in China.Finally, I get a conclusion.The research on Buddhism in China shows the influence on each other between Chinese culture and Buddhism.Maybe we don’t believe it but we must have prayed for something.Maybe we are touched by the Buddhist mountain and architecture.I believe that Buddhism has its special charm to attract us.Today we think Buddhism as a kind of culture.The mount and building reflect the characteristic of Buddhism and Chinese culture.And the influence on Chinese is positive.So Buddhism should exist and be believed by those who have the hearts of love and kind.The specific treasure that Buddhism left for us is the mount and architecture.They are the treasure of us Chinese and the world.That’s all my presentation, thank you.

第二篇：中國佛教發(fā)展史

中國佛教發(fā)展史

公歷紀(jì)元前后，佛教開傳人中國，經(jīng)長期始由印度傳播發(fā)展，而形成具有中華民族特色的中國佛教。由于傳入的時間、途徑、地區(qū)和民族文化、社會歷史背景的不同，中國佛教形成三大系，即漢地佛教(漢語系)、藏傳佛教(藏語系)和云南地區(qū)上座部佛教(巴利語系)。

中國漢族地區(qū)的佛教，經(jīng)過長期的經(jīng)典傳譯、講習(xí)、融化，與中國傳統(tǒng)文化相結(jié)合，從而形成具有民族特點(diǎn)的各種學(xué)派和宗派；并外傳朝鮮、日本和越南。三國時期，漢地佛教開始有戒律、受戒之始。到了南北朝，南朝宋、齊、梁、陳各代帝王大都崇信佛教。有大批外國僧人到中國弘法，中國也有一批信徒去印度游學(xué)，隋文帝統(tǒng)一南北方朝后恢復(fù)了在北周禁佛時期所破壞的寺院、佛像。唐代是中國佛教臻于鼎盛時期。終唐之世，佛教僧入備受禮遇，賞賜有加。唐時中國名僧輩出，對佛學(xué)義理上的闡發(fā)無論在深度和廣度上都超過前代，因此為建立具有民族特點(diǎn)的很多宗派奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)，而且佛教信仰深入民間，創(chuàng)造了通俗的俗講、變文等等文藝形式。北宋初期，朝廷對佛教采取保護(hù)政策，恢復(fù)譯經(jīng)。南宋偏安時期，江南的佛教仍保持一定盛況，但由于官方限制佛教的發(fā)展，除禪、凈兩宗外，其他各宗已日益衰微，遠(yuǎn)非昔比。

宋元明清時期，元代的統(tǒng)治者崇尚藏傳佛教，但對漢地佛教也采取保護(hù)政策。佛教中的禪、律宗等繼續(xù)流傳、發(fā)展，寺院林立，僧尼眾多。明萬歷以后，祩宏、真可、德清、智旭四大家出，進(jìn)一步發(fā)展了對內(nèi)融會禪、教、律等宗學(xué)說，對外融通儒、釋、道三家的風(fēng)氣，所以深受士大夫的歡迎和一般平民的信仰，并使佛教更加具有中國的特色。清初皇室崇奉藏傳佛教，對漢地沸教采取限制政策?？滴鯐r禁令稍弛，迎請明末隱居山林的高僧重返京師，使已經(jīng)衰微的佛教一時又呈現(xiàn)出活躍的氣象。雍正雖重視體系的思想淵源之一。此外，一批名僧如月霞、諦鬧、圓瑛、太虛、弘一等也都奮起從事振興、弘揚(yáng)佛教的工作，使佛教產(chǎn)生了新的氣象。

藏傳佛教，10世紀(jì)后半期形成。13世紀(jì)中開始流傳于蒙古地區(qū)，至今，蒙古、土、裕固等民族，仍多信奉藏傳佛教。藏傳佛教正式形成。這一時期中藏傳佛教的特點(diǎn)，一為大量傳譯印度波羅王朝時期盛行起來的密教無上瑜伽部的經(jīng)典和法門，一為以密教傳承為主形成各種教派。藏傳佛教的各派也是在后弘期中逐漸形成的。藏傳佛教奉行說一切有部戒律，各派對大乘菩薩戒及密宗根本戒等也都通行。但在后弘期中戒律也有所松弛。

佛教開始自漢地傳入西藏，以后又直接自印度傳入。在前弘期中，漢、印兩系佛教在西藏都有影響。漢、印兩地高度發(fā)展的工藝美術(shù)也一并傳人，故蓮花生主持興建的桑耶寺即采用印、漢、藏三式，這種兼收并蓄，搏系眾長，取精用宏的作風(fēng)在西藏民族文化中隨處可見。

云南傣族等少數(shù)民族佛教，屬巴利語系，亦即南傳的上座部佛教，它和北傳的小乘佛教在教義、學(xué)說上都有不同的發(fā)展而各具特色。

現(xiàn)在云南地區(qū)上座部佛教擯其名稱可分為潤、擺莊、多列、左抵四派，又可細(xì)分為八個支派。

第三篇：中美關(guān)系英文講稿

英語國家社會與文化入門——中美關(guān)系解說稿（周長專用）

Good morning, I have been fortunate enough today to show you, because of time constraints, and I can only show some general content of the Sino-US relations,if you find something is not good,please forgive me.if you are interested in this topic ,welcome to talk about it with me after the class.As we all know,China is the world's largest developing country, the United States is the world's most developed countries, China is the world's largest exporter, the United States is the world's largest importer, so, Sino-US relations are very important.First, we take a look at the stage characteristics of the Sino-US relations, Sino-US relations is divided into three stages.First stage: the founding of New China to the early 1970s, and china and america have a full-scale confrontation in this period, this a hostility period.Phase II: In the early 1970s to the 1980s, during this period ,due to various reasons, the Sino-US relations achieved normalization,and china and america established diplomatic relations.Phase III: Since the reform and opening up, during this period China and the United States formed a strategic partnership, cooperation and friction is the topic in this period.let us take a concern about the first period, the period of hostilities, the founding of New China, the Communist Party defeated the Kuomintang which supported by the United States, China confirmed “one-sided” strategy.So,The next 20 years China has been treated with political hostility and diplomatic isolation, military threats by america.The most typical manifestation is the Korean War，here we see the video of the Korean War,in this video, Chairman Mao made ainspiring speech in the the last,from this video,not only we can get the history, but also can experience the indomitable spirit with china’s leader.But this period end of China coming back to the United Nations,this case also mean U.S.policy of isolating china failed，英語國家社會與文化入門——中美關(guān)系解說稿（周長專用）

Look at this picture ,this is a very famous picture, called qiao’s laughing,", Qiao Guanhua is the head of the Chinese delegation, the picture recorded after the victory

let's look at the second stage of normalization of the Sino-US relations in the 1970s to 1980s, and do you know why the two sides are seeking to improve relations during this period? The first should be the failure of U.S.policy of isolating China, Second, during this period, the United States on the defensive in US-Soviet hegemony, the Soviet hegemonism was a direct threat to our country in that age, from a strategic consideration, the normalization of Sino-US relations is the needs to against Soviet Union, which also gave the Soviet Union a big suprise indeed, of course, this decision is also out of the needs of the Taiwan issue.Look at this picture , Premier Zhou Enlai and President Nixon,you know, this handshake across the world's widest oceans.And This is in the state banquet,Premier Zhou Enlai take food for Nixon.Here we look at the video section of Nixon’s china visiting.I do not know did you notice the scene when Nixon took the coat for Zhou Enlai, it’s a famous detail,Premier Zhou Enlai has a very strong personality, foreign guests who have been in contact with Premier Zhou will be impressed by his sincerity, which is also worthy of our Chinese diplomat to learn.Let’s come to the final stage, period since the reform and opening up, i devid this period into three steps

The first step is the late 1970s to the late 1980s, this period is the first dacade after the normalization of Sino-US relations,the relations developed smoothly during this period, and vice-premier Deng Xiaoping visited the United States during this time.Here is a video of Deng Xiaoping's visiting to U.S..The second step of the late 1980s to the early 1990, United States began sanctions

英語國家社會與文化入門——中美關(guān)系解說稿（周長專用）

during this period, the collapse of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, China has also undergone a political storm, commonly known as the student movement.The United States believes that China's suppression of the counter-revolutionary rebellion is terrible, so america made sanctions against China.Incidentally, I personally do not agree with the student movement event, any historical event must have international and domestic background and underlying causes, and this incident precisely do not have.Ok,Return to the Sino-US relations, the third step, since the mid-1990s, the sanctions have no effect, the U.S.change the policy, cooperation accounted for the main line, such as China's accession to the WTO.Here is a video of China's accession to the WTO, Premier Zhu Rongji visited the United States.Actually,except these,i intended to show you Sino-US relations after U.S.President Barack Obama took office, such as trade friction, the United States to return to the Asia-Pacific strategy, but this problem is too complex to have the opportunity to be explained today.Why the Sino-US relations is so important and complex, only one word can describe,there is no permanent friends, no permanent enemies, only permanent interests!

Ok,This is the entire contents of the speech today ,Finally, I want to do a summary with Chinese to end the speech，中國的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展奔騰向前，浩浩蕩蕩，勢不可擋。我們堅信，勤勞勇敢智慧的中國人民，在全面建設(shè)小康社會這一前無古人的偉大實(shí)踐中，一定能夠萬眾一心，奮發(fā)圖強(qiáng)，勇往直前地朝著宏偉目標(biāo)闊步邁進(jìn)，光榮完成時代賦予的崇高使命，把我國早日建設(shè)成為富強(qiáng)民主文明的社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家。最后愿我們的祖國在瞬息萬變的世界大潮中屹立不倒！愿祖國繁榮昌盛！

第四篇：英文國際會議講稿

PPT(1)大家上午好！今天我匯報的主題是：基于改進(jìn)型LBP算法的運(yùn)動目標(biāo)檢測系統(tǒng)。運(yùn)動目標(biāo)檢測技術(shù)能降低視頻監(jiān)控的人力成本，提高監(jiān)控效率，同時也是運(yùn)動目標(biāo)提取、跟蹤及識別算法的基礎(chǔ)。圖像信號具有數(shù)據(jù)量大，實(shí)時性要求高等特征。隨著算法的復(fù)雜度和圖像清晰度的提高，需要的處理速度也越來越高。幸運(yùn)的是，圖像處理的固有特性是并行的，尤其是低層和中間層算法。這一特性使這些算法，比較容易在FPGA等并行運(yùn)算器件上實(shí)現(xiàn)，今天匯報的主題就是關(guān)于改進(jìn)型LBP算法在硬件上的實(shí)現(xiàn)。

good morning everyone.My report is about a Motion Detection System Based on Improved LBP Operator.Automatic motion detection can reduce the human cost of video surveillance and improve efficiency [?'f??(?)ns?]，it is also the fundament of object extraction, tracking and recognition [rek?g'n??(?)n].In this work, efforts ['ef?ts] were made to establish the background model which is resistance to the variation of illumination.And our video surveillance system was realized on a FPGA based platform.PPT(2)

目前，常用的運(yùn)動目標(biāo)檢測算法有背景差分法、幀間差分法等。幀間差分法的基本原理是將相鄰兩幀圖像的對應(yīng)像素點(diǎn)的灰度值進(jìn)行減法運(yùn)算，若得到的差值的絕對值大于閾值，則將該點(diǎn)判定為運(yùn)動點(diǎn)。但是幀間差分檢測的結(jié)果往往是運(yùn)動物體的輪廓，無法獲得目標(biāo)的完整形態(tài)。

Currently, Optic Flow, Background Subtraction and Inter-frame difference are regard as the three mainstream algorithms to detect moving object.Inter-frame difference based method need not model ['m?dl] the background.It detects moving objects based on the frame difference between two continuous frames.The method is easy to be implemented and can realize real-time detection, but it cannot extract the full shape of the moving objects [6].PPT(3)

在攝像頭固定的情況下，背景差分法較為簡單，且易于實(shí)現(xiàn)。若背景已知，并能提供完整的特征數(shù)據(jù)，該方法能較準(zhǔn)確地檢測出運(yùn)動目標(biāo)。但在實(shí)際的應(yīng)用中，準(zhǔn)確的背景模型很難建立。如果背景模型如果沒有很好地適應(yīng)場景的變化，將大大影響目標(biāo)檢測結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性。像這副圖中，背景模型沒有及時更新，導(dǎo)致了檢測的錯誤。

The basic principle of background removal method is building a background model and providing a classification of the pixels into either foreground or background [3-5].In a complex and dynamic environment, it is difficult to build a robust [r?(?)'b?st] background model.PPT(4)

上述的幀間差分法和背景差分法都是基于灰度的?；诨叶鹊乃惴ㄔ诠庹諚l件改變的情況下，性能會大大地降低，甚至失去作用。

The algorithms we have discussed above are all based on grayscale.In practical applications especially outdoor environment, the grayscales of each pixel are unpredictably shifty because of the variations in the intensity and angle of illumination.PPT(5)為了解決光照改變帶來的基于灰度的算法失效的問題，我們考慮用紋理特征來檢測運(yùn)動目標(biāo)。而LBP算法是目前最常用的表征紋理特征的算法之一。首先在圖像中提取相鄰9個像素點(diǎn)的灰度值。然后對9個像素中除中心像素以外的其他8個像素做二值化處理。大于等于中心點(diǎn)像素的，標(biāo)記為1，小于的則標(biāo)記為0。最后將中心像素點(diǎn)周圍的標(biāo)記值按統(tǒng)一的順序排列，得到LBP值，圖中計算出的LBP值為10001111。當(dāng)某區(qū)域內(nèi)所有像素的灰度都同時增大或減小一定的數(shù)值時，該區(qū)域內(nèi)的LBP值是不會改變的，這就是LBP對灰度的平移不變特性。它能夠很好地解決灰度受光照影響的問題。

In order to solve the above problems, we proposed an improved LBP algorithm which is resistance to the variations of illumination.Local binary pattern(LBP)is widely used in machine vision applications such as face detection, face recognition and moving object detection [9-11].LBP represents a relatively simple yet powerful texture descriptor which can describe the relationship of a pixel with its immediate neighborhood.The fundamental of LBP operator is showed in Fig 1.The basic version of LBP produces 256 texture patterns based on a 9 pixels neighborhood.The neighboring pixel is set to 1 or 0 according to the grayscale value of the pixel is larger than the value of centric pixel or not.For example, in Fig1 7 is larger than 6, so the pixel in first row first column is set to 1.Arranging the 8 binary numbers in certain order, we get an 8 bits binary number, which is the LBP pattern we need.For example in Fig.1, the LBP is 10001111.LBP is tolerant ['t?l(?)r(?)nt] against illumination changing.When the grayscales of pixels in a 9 pixels window are shifted due to illumination changing, the LBP value will keep unchanged.PPT(6)

圖中的一些常見的紋理，都能用一些簡單的LBP向量表示，對于每個像素快，只需要用一個8比特的LBP值來表示。

There are some textures , and they can be represent by some simple 8bit LBP patterns.PPT(7)

從這幅圖也可以看出，雖然灰度發(fā)生了很大的變化，但是紋理特征并沒有改變，LBP值也沒有變化。

You can see, in these picture , although the grayscale change alot, but the LBP patterns keep it value.PPT(8)上述的算法是LBP算法的基本形式，但是這種基本算法不適合直接應(yīng)用在視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)中。主要有兩個原因：第一，在常用的視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)中，特別是在高清視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)中，9個像素點(diǎn)覆蓋的區(qū)域很小，在如此小的區(qū)域內(nèi)，各個像素點(diǎn)的灰度值十分接近，甚至是相同的，紋理特征不明顯，無法在LBP值上體現(xiàn)。第二，由于以像素為單位計算LBP值，像素噪聲會造成LBP值的噪聲。這兩個原因?qū)е掠嬎愠龅腖BP值存在較大的隨機(jī)性，甚至在靜止的圖像中，相鄰兩幀對應(yīng)位置的LBP值也可能存在差異，從而引起的誤檢測。

為了得到更好的檢測性能，我們采用基于塊均值的LBP算法。這種方法的基本原理是先計算出3×3個像素組成的的像素塊的灰度均值，以灰度均值作為該像素塊的灰度值。然后以3×3個像素塊（即9×9個像素）為單位，計算LBP值。

The typical LBP cannot meet the need of practical application of video surveillance for two reasons: Firstly, a “window” which only contains 9 pixels is a small area in which the grayscales of pixels are similar or same to each other, and the texture feature in such a small area is too weak to be reflected by a LBP.Secondly, pixel noise will immediately cause the noise of LBP, which may lead to a large number of wrong detection.In order to obtain a better performance, we proposed an improved LBP based on the mean value of “block”.In our algorithm, one block contains 9 pixels.Compared with original LBP pattern calculated in a local 9 neighborhood between pixels, the improved LBP operator is defined by comparing the mean grayscale value of central block with those of its neighborhood blocks(see Fig.2).By replacing the grayscales of pixels with the mean value of blocks, the effect of the pixel noise is reduced.The texture feature in such a bigger area is more significant to be described by LBP pattern.PPT(9)

運(yùn)用LBP描述背景，其本質(zhì)上也是背景差分法的一種。背景差分法應(yīng)用在復(fù)雜的視頻監(jiān)控場景中時，要解決建立健壯的背景模型的問題。駛?cè)氩⑼２丛诒O(jiān)控畫面中的汽車，被搬移出監(jiān)控畫面的箱子等，都會造成背景的改變。而正確的背景模型是正確檢測出運(yùn)動目標(biāo)并提取完整目標(biāo)輪廓的基礎(chǔ)。如果系統(tǒng)能定時更新背景模型，將已經(jīng)移動出監(jiān)控畫面的物體“剔除”出背景模型，將進(jìn)入監(jiān)控畫面并且穩(wěn)定停留在畫面中的物體“添加”入背景模型，會減少很多由于背景改變而造成的誤檢測。

根據(jù)前一節(jié)的介紹，幀間差分法雖然無法提取完整的運(yùn)動目標(biāo)，但是它是一種不依賴背景模型就能進(jìn)行運(yùn)動目標(biāo)檢測的算法。因此，可以利用幀間差分法作為當(dāng)前監(jiān)控畫面中是否有運(yùn)動目標(biāo)的依據(jù)。如果畫面中沒有運(yùn)動目標(biāo)，就定期對背景模型進(jìn)行更新。如果畫面中有運(yùn)動目標(biāo)，就推遲更新背景模型。這樣就能避免把運(yùn)動目標(biāo)錯誤地“添加”到背景模型中。

In practical application, the background is changing randomly.For traditional background subtraction algorithm the incapability of updating background timely will cause wrong detection.In order to solve this problem, we propose an algorithm with dynamic self updating background model.As we know, Inter-frame difference method can detect moving object without a background model, but this method cannot extract the full shape.Background subtraction method can extract the full shape but needs a background model.The basic principle of our algorithm is running a frame difference moving object detection process concurrently [k?n'k?r?ntli] with the background subtraction process.What’s time to update the background is according to the result of frame difference detection.PPT(10)

運(yùn)動目標(biāo)檢測系統(tǒng)特別是嵌入式運(yùn)動目標(biāo)檢測系統(tǒng)在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中要解決實(shí)時性的問題。比如每秒60幀的1024×768的圖像，對每個像素都運(yùn)用求均值，求LBP等算法，那么它的運(yùn)算量是十分巨大的，為此我們考慮在FPGA上用硬件的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)。

If LBP algorithm is implemented in a software way, it will be very slow.FPGA have features of concurrent computation, reconfiguration and large data throughput.It is suitable to be built an embedded surveillance system.The algorithm introduced above is implemented on a FPGA board.PPT(11)

這就是我們硬件實(shí)現(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)圖。首先輸入系統(tǒng)的RGB像素信號的濾波、灰度計算及LBP計算，得到各個像素塊的LBP值。然后背景更新控制模塊利用幀差模塊的檢測結(jié)果控制背景緩存的更新。區(qū)域判定模塊根據(jù)背景差模塊的輸出結(jié)果，結(jié)合像素塊的坐標(biāo)信息，對前景像素塊進(jìn)行區(qū)域判定。

The structure of the system is showed in this figure.In this system, a VGA signal is input to the development board.and the LBP pattern is calculated , Frame difference module also compares the current frame and the previous frame to determine whether there is a moving object in the surveillance vision.If the surveillance vision is static for a certain amount of frame, the background model will be updated.PPT(12)圖中是LBP計算模塊。圖中所示的窗口提取結(jié)構(gòu)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)3×3像素塊窗口的提取。像素信號按順序輸入該結(jié)構(gòu)，窗口中的數(shù)據(jù)就會按順序出現(xiàn)在Pixel1-Pixel9這9個寄存器中，從而在最短的延時內(nèi)提取出相鄰9個像素點(diǎn)的灰度值。行緩存的大小等于每一行圖像包含的像素個數(shù)減1。將9個像素點(diǎn)的灰度值通過求均值模塊，可以求出一個像素塊的像素均值。

將像素塊均值作為輸入再次通過類似的結(jié)構(gòu)，可以提取出3×3個相鄰像素塊的灰度值。這時行緩存的大小為每一行包含的像素塊的個數(shù)減1。再用9個窗口的灰度值作為輸入，用比較器陣列計算出最終的LBP值。

To achieve real time computation of the LBP, a circuit structure is put forward as showed in Fig.5.Two line buffers and nine resisters are connected in the way showed in the figure.Nine neighbor pixels are extracted with minimum ['m?n?m?m] delay, and the mean value of this block is calculated by the mean value calculate module which contains some adders and shifters.The mean values of the blocks are inputted to a similar structure and extracted in a similar way, and the LBP is calculated by the consequence LBP calculate module.PPT(13)求均值模塊采用如圖3-12所示的四級流水方式實(shí)現(xiàn)。在算法的設(shè)計過程中，需要求出的是3×3像素塊中9個像素的均值。但是在硬件實(shí)現(xiàn)時，為了更合理地利用硬件資源，只計算剔除中心像素后的8個像素的均值。這樣做可以在不對計算結(jié)果造成太大影響的情況下減少加法器的使用。而且在求均值的最后一級流水，除8運(yùn)算比除9運(yùn)算更容易實(shí)現(xiàn)。因為8是2的整數(shù)冪，除8運(yùn)算只需要將各個像素的和右移3位。而除9運(yùn)算在FPGA中需要專用的DSP模塊來完成。PPT(14)如圖所示，塊均值計算模塊計算出的8個塊均值被圖3-11中的窗口提取模塊提取出來，并作為比較器陣列的輸入，比較器的輸出結(jié)果用0和1表示。最終的比較結(jié)果按一定的順序排列，重新拼接成一個8位的二進(jìn)制數(shù)，即LBP值。LBP計算電路沒有采用流水結(jié)構(gòu)，在一個時鐘周期內(nèi)就能得到計算結(jié)果。

PPT(15)

這個是在系統(tǒng)測試中，實(shí)現(xiàn)對多個目標(biāo)的檢測。

In this system test ,we achieve a multi-object detection.PPT(16)

這個圖是對動態(tài)背景更新的測試，在監(jiān)控區(qū)域中劃定一個目標(biāo)區(qū)域，把一個靜止的物體放置到目標(biāo)區(qū)域中。在前3分鐘內(nèi)，系統(tǒng)會將其當(dāng)做前景目標(biāo)，矩形窗口會以閃爍的形式發(fā)出報警信號。3分鐘過后，由于物體一直處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)，系統(tǒng)檢測到了10800個靜止幀，于是更新背景模型。靜止的物體被當(dāng)做背景的一部分，此后窗口不再閃爍。經(jīng)驗證，該系統(tǒng)能夠正確實(shí)現(xiàn)背景模型更新算法。

This is the test for the auto background update.We put a statics object in the surveillance area，at the beginning this is trusted as a moving object.after 3 minutes , the system receive ten thousand static frames ,and then update the background model.Then this object is regard as a part of the background.PPT(17)

此外為了驗證系統(tǒng)對室外光照變化抑制能力，我們選取了大量有光照變化，并且有運(yùn)動目標(biāo)的視頻對系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了測試。

In order to verify the resistance to the varation of illumination , a certification experiment is designed, and the ROC curves of the two algorithms based on LBP and grayscale are plotted and compared.A number of short video clips with shifty and fixed illumination, including positive samples with moving objects and negative samples without moving objects.PPT(18)

測試平臺如圖所示。用一臺PC機(jī)作為測試信號的輸出源，然后在PC機(jī)中播放視頻，并將視頻VGA信號發(fā)送給運(yùn)動目標(biāo)檢測系統(tǒng)，模擬真實(shí)的監(jiān)控環(huán)境。FPGA將輸入信號和區(qū)域邊框圖形相疊加后在LCD上顯示。

The picture of the certification experiment is showed in this picture.A PC acts as the source of the test signal which is input to the FPGA in the form of VGA.Passing through the FPGA board, video signal is displayed on a LCD screen.PPT(19)

并最終描繪了系統(tǒng)的ROC特性曲線。在沒有光照強(qiáng)度變化的情況下，采用基于灰度的運(yùn)動目標(biāo)檢測算法的性能略優(yōu)于基于LBP值的運(yùn)動目標(biāo)檢測算法，兩種算法都能取得較好的檢測效果。但是在圖5-15中（測試集2），也就是在光照強(qiáng)度變化的情況下，畫面整體灰度發(fā)生較大的改變，基于灰度的檢測算法的性能大幅度下降，接近于失效。而采用LBP值的檢測算法卻能維持較好的性能?？梢娀贚BP的檢測算法對抑制光照強(qiáng)度變化造成的誤檢測有較好的效果。

This two figure are the ROC curves of the experiments using our

algorithm and traditional grayscale-based algorithm.We can see in the Fig.1 which corresponds to the condition with fixed illumination, the performance of the grayscale-based algorithm is slightly better than these of LBP-based algorithm, they can both detect moving object effectively.But in Fig.2 which corresponds to the condition with shifty illumination, grayscale based algorithm deteriorates drastically and nearly lose efficacy ?k?s?].But the improved LBP algorithm still keeps a good performance.PPT(20)

謝謝大家！

Thanks for your attention

第五篇：英文試講稿[范文模版]

We have discussed how to simplify a logic function using logic algebra.This method relies on the skill of the individual in applying the appropriate rules.Sometimes it is hard to be sure whether the logical function is already simplest form or not.Now we will introduce a new method, which is graphical, known as the Karnaugh map.It’s a tool for performing the simplification of logic function.2 first, we must know what is the K-map, and how to design it!Usually, the K-map is made up of 3 parts, and the 3 parts are variables, cells and binary numbers.Ok, we can get 2 k-maps, you should note each map includes 3 parts.Please remember the 3 parts, when you design k-maps, each of the parts is essential.we note the first map has 2 variables, it has 4cells, and the second map has 3 variables, it has 8 cells.So in an n-variable k-map, there are 2 to power n cells.4 then please observe the binary numbers on the upper and left side of the k-map.What do you discover from the changed values? Take the numbers on the upper side as example, look at the first map, the numbers is changed from 0 to 1 between adjacent cells, only one-bit is changed, of course, the number just has one-bit.On the second map, each number has 2 bits, the number is changed from 00 to 01, from 01 to 11, from 11 to 10, between the adjacent cells, there is only one-bit in the number changed.If we change the position of the 2 binary numbers, do you think this sequence is right? No!It’s not right, because the number is changed from 01 to 10, two bits are changed.So you should know there is only a single-variable value changed between adjacent cells.This is one of the K-map’s features.5 we look at other features.On the fist map, Cell 1’s adjacent cells are cell 2 and 3, it’s easy to understand.What are the cell 4’s adjacent cells? They are also cell 2 and 3.But on the second map, cell 3’s adjacent cells are cell 1, 4 and 7.This is easy to understand.Now please give the cell 1’s adjacent cells!You may list cell 2 and 3, it’s right, but it’s not all right, because you ignore the cell 5.Do you know what that is on the left side of cell 1? In fact, cell 5 is on the left side of cell 1, of course, cell 6 is on the left side of cell 2.In this case, adjacent cell include the cells located in the symmetric place.I hope everyone should note this.6 this is a 4-variable K-map.Please give the cell 11’s adjacent cells!Now you should know except cell 12 and 15, cell 3 and 9 are cell 11’s adjacent cells.Cell 3 is on the right side of the cell 11, and cell 9 is on the lower side.7 Ok, let’s summarize the feature of K-map.Fist, if a k-map has n variables, it must possess 2 to power n cells.Second, when you design a k-map, please note how to change the binary number on the upper and left side, there is only a single-variable value changed between adjacent cells.Third, it’s easy to find a cell’s adjacent cells, but I must emphasize that you don’t ignore these cells located in the symmetric place.Please care about these, it will easy for you to make use of K-map.8 after discussing K-map, let’s learn how to represent a truth table on k-map.Here is an example.This is a truth table of a 3-variable function, the knowledge about the truth table has been discussed earlier.The key step is to design a K-map, we know the function has 3 variables, the k-map also has 3-varibales, according to the features of k-map, there are 2 to power 3 cells in the K-map, they are 8 cells.Then the binary numbers will be written, you seem to note there is only single-variable value changed between adjacent cells, we have drawn a K-map.The second step is to mapping the logic function.It is an easy work for you to enter the value of the output variable Y in each cell.On the K-map, cell 0 corresponds to row 0, because the variables’ value are same, a is equal to 0, b is equal to 0, c is equal to 0, so we should enter 0 in cell 0.Cell 1 corresponds to row 1, a is equal to 0, b is equal to 0, c is equal to 0, enter 1 in cell 1.so we can draw a conclusion if all variables’ value on the map is same as those in the table, enter output value in corresponding cell.Ok, fig.5.3 gives the complete K-map of the truth table.Look at this example 2, this equation is in SOP form, first we should convert it into standard SOP, and then it can be represented on K-map.Observe this equation, this term and this term are not minterm.Although minterm and SOP form are discussed early, I think it’s necessary to review this knowledge.Minterm is also called standard product form, we look at example 2, the 3 terms are product form.This and this terms are only product form, they are not standard product form.But this term is standard product form.What’s minterm? A function has n variables, if the product term contains n variables, each variable may be in complemented form or in uncomplemented form.The product term is called a minterm or standard product form.11 of course, it’s easy to understand that if a function has n variables, there must be 2 to power n minterms.There are 3 variables A,B,C, so we can write 8 minterms.12 if the logical function is represented as a sum of minterms only, the function is said to be in standard sum of products form.This expression is not in standard SOP form, because this and this term are not minterms, and this expression is in standard SOP form.13 In fact, the logical function can be converted into standard SOP form.We know the C plus the complement of c equal 1, any term multiply 1 equal itself.So if the fist term multiplies this expression, it can be converted into two minterms, the two sides of the equal mark are equivalent.The second term can be converted into two minterms by the same way.We can get a standard SOP form.14 the represent the SOP form on K-map.15 According to minterm’s features, logical 1 corresponds to the original variable, logical 0 corresponds to complement of variable.When a equal 0, b equal 0, c equal 0, we can get this minterm, this term corresponds to this cell.In fact, the K-Map includes all minterms.16 the first term corresponds to this cell, so we enter 1 in this cell.the second term corresponds to this cell, so we enter 1 in this cell.the third term corresponds to this cell, so we enter 1 in this cell.the forth term corresponds to this cell, so we enter 1 in this cell.the fifth term corresponds to this cell, so we enter 1 in this cell.17 Ok.The equation in standard SOP form is represented on K-Map.18 this section is very important.It is well-known that K-map is perhaps the most extensively used tool for simplification of logical function.Ok, let’s look at how to simplify logical function using K-map.We will illustrate every step through a example so that you can understand this method easily.Let’s look at the fist step, Mark those cells with a 1 that correspond to the terms in expression.Here is an equation in standard SOP form.After designing a k K-map, enter 1s in corresponding cells.So we get fig 5.6.19 Form the 1s into the largest valid group.Some conditions limit the largest group.The group must be a rectangle, and must contain 2 to power i cells, i is equal 0, 1, 2, n.n is the number of variables.When you face this K-map, how to make valid group, on the left side, there are 3 ones, on the right side, there are 2 ones.The 3 ones couldn’t form a group, because it is not rectangle, and it has 3 cells, normally, the group should contain 1, 2, 3, or 8 cells.But these 2 ones can form a group, these and these also can form a group.u should remember this cell and this cell are adjacent, this cell is on the left side of this cell, this cell is in the right side of this cell, the two cells are the same.So these 4 cells should form a group, and it also satisfy the demand of form the largest group.ok we have formed two groups Step 3 each 1 on the map must be included in at least one group.The ones already in a group can be included in another group as long as the overlapping groups include noncommon ones.Please note this cell, it isn’t only in the group, but also in this group, it belongs to the two groups, these 2 groups are permitted.Because the 2 overlapping groups include noncommon ones.Except this cell , this group has this cell, this group has this, this and this cells.21 Step 4 will give us a rule about how to produce terms.Identify adjacent ones in a group, then see the values of the variable associated with these cells.If the variables will be different and they gets eliminated.Other variables will appear in ANDed form in the term.This map exist 2 groups.We observe this group first, the value of variable C is not changed, it is equal to 1.the value of A is also not changed, it’s equal to 0, but look at variable B, the value is changed from 0 to 1 between adjacent cells, variable B should be eliminated.The other two Variables A, and C will appear in ANDed form in the term, I have to emphasize that this term is written by the method of producing minterm.0 corresponds to complemented variable, 1corresponds to uncomplemented variable.So we get this term.Then we observe this group include 4 cells, the value of variable B is not changed, the others will be eliminated.We get the complemented B.two groups get 2 terms.22 step5 these terms are ORed to get the simplified equation in SOP form.This equation is previous, and this is simplified equation, in fact, it’s a simplest expression, these two equations are equivalent.Now, we have simplified a logical expression using K-map, do you find it is a simple and efficient method? Remember these 5 steps, they are useful.23 After this chapter, we should appreciate the two points.First, you must know how to design a K-map;it’s a basal and important knowledge.When you design a K-map, you should pay more attention to these details.Second, simplification a logical expression using K-map method, we know this method is simplest and most commonly used method, it’s an essential knowledge in this chapter and easy for you to be operated, I will give you some homework to practice yourselves, they are 7, 12, 16, and 18 on the page 188 and 189 respectively.Please treat them seriously, you will get promoted.