第一篇：英漢互譯第8-10課

Lecture 8 Sentence Translation

Omission

一、教學(xué)目的：要求熟練理解句子的翻譯技 巧，從而在英漢翻譯時(shí)做到通順、準(zhǔn)確。

二、教學(xué)過程： 1.增譯法 省譯法 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換

正說反譯、反說正譯法 重譯法 語態(tài)變換法 詞序調(diào)整法 拆譯法

Omission(省譯法)

1)A book is useful.書（是）有用（的）。

2)The earth goes around the sun.地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。

3)On Sundays we have no school.禮拜天我們不上課。

Omission(省譯法)任何事物具有兩面，翻譯既然有增譯法，就必定有對(duì)應(yīng)的減譯法或省略法。省略法就是指原文中有些詞在譯文中不譯出來，因?yàn)樽g文中雖無其詞但已有其意，或者在譯文中是不言而喻的。簡(jiǎn)言之省略法就是刪去一些可有可無或有了反而累贅或違背譯文表達(dá)習(xí)慣的詞。省略法不是省掉原文的思想內(nèi)容。這種省略多從語法和修辭角度考慮。

冠詞、連詞、代詞（尤其是人稱代詞、關(guān)系代詞）、關(guān)系副詞等，在英語中經(jīng)常使用，但譯成漢語時(shí)很少出現(xiàn)，為了使譯文忠實(shí)地道，減譯法或省略法就不可少了。

1.省略代詞

英語中通常每句都有主語。但根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣，若前句出現(xiàn)一個(gè)主語且后句仍為同一主語時(shí)，后句主語一般省掉。如：

1）He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他身體消瘦，面容憔悴，看上去一副可憐相。

? Cf：Like his friends he had many wonderful ideas, but he only put a few into practice.? 他象他的朋友一樣，雖然頭腦里有許多美妙的想法，卻只有少數(shù)付諸實(shí)施。2)We live and learn.活到老，學(xué)到老。

3)Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new Campus.新校區(qū)處處可以看到新人、新事物。4)If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.得寸進(jìn)尺。

5)I have received your letter and read it with delight.我收到了你的信，愉快地讀了。

6)When conditions exist, go ahead;when they don’t, create them and go ahead.有條件要上；沒有條件，創(chuàng)造條件也要上。7)I wash my face in the morning.我早上洗臉。

cf：別把手放在口袋里。Don’t put your hands in your pockets.8)He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.他聳聳肩，搖搖頭，兩眼看天，一言不發(fā)。

Practice：

①.But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it.但我就這個(gè)脾氣，雖然幾經(jīng)努力，卻未能改變過來。

②.Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist.不承認(rèn)這個(gè)事實(shí)，就不是唯物主義者。

③.The more you tried to hide your warts, the more you revealed them.越是想掩蓋爛瘡疤（缺點(diǎn)、瑕疵），就越是會(huì)暴露。

④.You must excuse me, I shall not speak of the matter again.請(qǐng)?jiān)?，我以后不?huì)再提這事了。⑤.She put up her hand in a solute.她舉手致敬。

⑥.Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.外面一團(tuán)漆黑，大雨傾盆。

⑦.It is only shallow people who judge by appearances.只有淺薄的人才會(huì)以貌取人。

⑧.It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house.他費(fèi)了不少勁才找到了回家的路。2.省略連詞

我們?cè)谟懻撛鲎g法時(shí)，提到“漢語語言精煉，并列連詞較少使用，其上下邏輯關(guān)系常常是暗含的，由詞語順序來表示。但譯為英語時(shí)，需要增補(bǔ)。證實(shí)了英語是形合語言，漢語是意合語言的命題。”相反，把英語譯成漢語時(shí)，很多情況則需省略連詞。如： 1).He looked gloomy and troubled.（表并列）

他看上去有些憂愁不安。

2).As the temperature increase, the volume of water becomes greater.（表原因）

溫度升高，水的體積就增大。

3)If winter comes, can spring be far behind?（表?xiàng)l件）

冬天來了，春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎？

4)When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west;when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north.（表時(shí)間）

東方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。Practice: 1).It is in the plant that we work together with the workers.就是在這個(gè)工廠內(nèi)我們同工人一起勞動(dòng)。

2).The door was opened, and he came in.門開了，他走了進(jìn)來。

3).He studied in the college for two years, and then he went to join the army.他在大學(xué)念過兩年書，后來就去參軍去了。4).If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.明天下雨我就呆在家里不出去。

5).When at last he stood upon the cliff, he turned to his little sister and looked upon her sorrowfully.最后他站到了懸崖上，轉(zhuǎn)過身來，憂郁地看著他的妹妹。

6).John rose gloomily as the train stopped for he was thinking of his ailing mother.火車停了，約翰憂郁地站了起來，因?yàn)樗肫鹆瞬≈械哪赣H。

3.省略介詞

一般說來，表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的英語前置詞，譯成漢語如出現(xiàn)在句首，大都可以省略，出現(xiàn)在句尾時(shí)大都不省。如：

1)The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.一九四九年中華人民共和國(guó)成立。

比較：中華人民共和國(guó)成立于一九四九年。2)In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal.一九五六年七月，埃及占領(lǐng)了蘇伊士運(yùn)河。

比較：埃及占領(lǐng)蘇伊士運(yùn)河是在一九五六年。3)And on July 1st, 1999, I graduated from university.一九九九年七月一日，我大學(xué)畢業(yè)了。4)Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共場(chǎng)所不準(zhǔn)吸煙。

4.省略冠詞

英語有冠詞，漢語沒有冠詞；因此，英譯漢時(shí)往往要將冠詞省略。相反，漢譯英時(shí)，多要增加冠詞，也就是增譯法中的增加冠詞。如： 1)A book is useful.（是）有用（的）。2)The earth goes around the sun.地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。

（省略表示獨(dú)一無二的事物的定冠詞 the）又如：The moon was slowly rising above the sea.）3)A teacher should have patience in his work.當(dāng)教員的應(yīng)當(dāng)有耐心。（省略表示類別的不定冠詞a）

4)The girl standing at the window is his girlfriend.站在窗口的（那個(gè)）女孩是他女朋友。

此句中g(shù)irl后有定語，漢譯時(shí)定冠詞The可省也可保留。）5)Milk is sold by the pound.牛奶按磅計(jì)價(jià)。（牛奶是論磅賣的。）

當(dāng)然，有些場(chǎng)合，冠詞是不能省略的。比如不定冠詞a 或an 表示數(shù)量“一”時(shí)，定冠詞the 表示“這”或“那”時(shí)，均不能省略。6)He left without a word.他一句話不說就走了。7)The children are of an age.這些孩子都是同歲的。Exercises 1.We can not see sound waves as they travel through air.聲波通過空氣傳播，是看不見的。（省人稱代詞）

2.The dog is stretching itself.這條狗在伸懶腰。(省反身代詞）

3.It was a cold, dark day, the sky overcast.寒冷陰沉的一天，烏云密布。（省略非人稱代詞it)4.I can do it, and so can you.我能做，你也能做。（省略并列連詞）5.Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.倉庫重地，嚴(yán)禁吸煙。（省略介詞）6.Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。（省從屬連詞）

7.A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainment but no virtue.聰明的人是不會(huì)娶有才無德的女子為妻的。（省關(guān)系代詞）8.他們開始研究敵情，分析敵情。

They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemies.（增加并列連詞）9.禮拜天我們不上學(xué)。

On Sundays we have no school.（增加介詞）10.孩子就是孩子。

A boy is always a boy.(增加冠詞）

Lecture 9 Conversion

(詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法)教學(xué)要求

了解并熟悉詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法（Conversion）的翻譯技巧；在此基礎(chǔ)上了解英漢常見的差異。In terms of conversion we mean that in translating a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessary to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language.As a matter of fact, conversion in the English language is very common.Let’s take the word “round” for example:

This is the first round.(n.)There is a round table in the room.(adj.)Round the corner slowly.(v.)He walked round the table.(prep.)So, conversion is one of the important techniques and is needed primarily by the differences in syntactic structure and idiomatical way in the two languages.Conversion occurs on many occasions.But the most commonly seen are as follow: 1.轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞

英語和漢語相比較，漢語中動(dòng)詞用得比較多，這是一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。往往在英語句子中只用一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，而在漢語中卻可以幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞性結(jié)構(gòu)連用。如： He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃能睡。

He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job.他對(duì)總統(tǒng)聲明為保持其職位而決心奮斗表示欽佩。

A.由動(dòng)詞的派生名詞（或含有動(dòng)作意義的名詞）轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞 His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.無論什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。

An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of translation.讀一點(diǎn)世界史，對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)翻譯是有幫助的。

A view of Mt.E-mei can be obtained from here.從這兒可以看到峨嵋山。

A.由動(dòng)詞的派生名詞（或含有動(dòng)作意義的名詞）轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞 Exercise： a.The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.b.On the walk through the campus they saw many students reading in the garden.c.He urged upon citizens of the country the necessity of persisting in participation in political controversies.看到我們的噴氣式飛機(jī)，聽見隆隆的機(jī)聲，令我特別神往。漫步校園時(shí)，他們看見許多學(xué)生在公園里看書。他告誡全國(guó)公民，必須堅(jiān)持參加政治論戰(zhàn)。

B.英語中加后綴-er,-or 的名詞，在句中并不表身份和職業(yè)，而是含有較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作意義。He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.他倒是不抽煙，但他的爸爸卻一支接一支地抽（是個(gè)老煙槍）。

He was a regular visitor.他經(jīng)常來。

I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.我未必會(huì)教你游泳。我想我的弟弟比我教得好。C.介詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞

Jones opened the windows to let fresh air in.瓊斯把窗子打開,讓新鮮空氣進(jìn)來。That day she was up before sunrise.那天她在日出前就起來了。

“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.“來啊!” 她轉(zhuǎn)身蹦著跳著地跑了, 越過草地, 跑上小徑,跨上臺(tái)階, 穿過涼臺(tái),進(jìn)了門廊。C.介詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞

Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then he entered a huge building.他們沿著大街走去，經(jīng)過許多商店，穿過一個(gè)大廣場(chǎng)，然后進(jìn)入了一座大廈。in accordance with 符合on the basis of 根據(jù) by means of 利用

on behalf of 代表 instead of 代替

in favor of 支持，贊成D.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞

They were suspicious and resentful of him.他們不信任他，討厭他。2.轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞

A.Verbs-Nouns 英語中有許多由名詞派生的動(dòng)詞，以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞，在漢語中往往不易找到相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞，這時(shí)可將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的名詞。如： She behaves as if she were a child.她的舉止跟一個(gè)孩子一樣。

A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.一個(gè)衣著講究的人上了車，他的言談舉止酷似美國(guó)人。A.Verbs-Nouns Edison patented over one thousand separated inventions during his life.愛迪生一生中得到一千多項(xiàng)發(fā)明項(xiàng)目的專利。It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure.它的主要特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。His image as a good student was badly tarnished.Tarnish: 失去光澤；褪色

他作為一個(gè)好學(xué)生的形象，已遭受到很大的玷污。

B.Adjectives-Nouns 一種情況，英語中有些形容詞加上定冠詞表示一類的人，漢譯時(shí)常譯成名詞（例1、2、3）。另外，有些英語中的形容詞根據(jù)情況，也可譯成名詞。如例4：

1.They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號(hào)和傷員。

2.Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.羅賓漢和他的同伴們痛恨富人，熱愛并保護(hù)窮人。3.Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—but soft.史蒂文森有口才、有風(fēng)度，但很軟弱。4.This problem is no less important than that one.這個(gè)問題的重要性不亞于那個(gè)問題。5.Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth.玻璃的透明度比塑料布要好。

Exercise: They are going to build a school for the blind and the deaf.他們將為盲人和聾人修建一所學(xué)校。The White family were religious.王爾德(懷特)全家都是虔誠(chéng)的教徒。Hospitals are getting more efficient these days.近日來，醫(yī)院的效率越來越高了。C.Adverbs—Nouns It is editorially said that… 社論說……

He is strong physically, but weak mentally.他體力很強(qiáng)，可智力很弱。

The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1.圖一所示是這種新型機(jī)器的簡(jiǎn)圖。獨(dú)立思考是學(xué)習(xí)所絕對(duì)必要的。

Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.我們覺得難于解決這個(gè)問題。

We find difficulty in solving this problem.3.轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞

A.Nouns—Adjectives

1.I can note the grace of her gesture.我可以看到她優(yōu)雅的舉止。

2.We have seen the beauty of Mt.Tai.我們看到了美麗的泰山。

3.You pass from the heat and glare of a big open square into a cool, dark cavern.你從一個(gè)巨大的露天廣場(chǎng)上炎熱而耀眼的陽光中進(jìn)入涼爽陰暗的洞穴。A.Nouns—Adjectives 4.As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.他對(duì)這個(gè)城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能給他必要的幫助。

英語中有些名詞加不定冠詞作表語時(shí)，往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞（例4和例5）。又如：The blockade was a success.封鎖很成功。B.Adverbs—Adjectives

The English language has changed subtly and pervasively.英語的變化很微妙，很普遍。She looked at me expectantly.她用期待的眼光看著我。

Hopefully, it will be done early next month.下月初完成這項(xiàng)工作是大有希望的。

Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.他們之間一直有著傳統(tǒng)的友好關(guān)系。B.Adverbs—Adjectives

他慢條斯理地點(diǎn)了一兩下頭說：“是的?！?“Yes,” he said with a slow nod or two.他們熱忱地歡迎他。

They give him a hearty welcome.他會(huì)立即答復(fù)。

He will give an immediate reply.A.Nouns—Adverbs 1.The man nodded with satisfaction.那人滿意地點(diǎn)了點(diǎn)頭。

2.He had the honor to attend the congress.他榮幸地出席了代表大會(huì)。

B.Adjectives—Adverbs 3.He had a careful study of the map before he started off.他在出發(fā)前仔細(xì)地看了看地圖。

4.Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence? 你能準(zhǔn)確地把這句話譯出來嗎？

很簡(jiǎn)單，由于英語中帶有動(dòng)作意味的名詞漢譯為動(dòng)詞，因而原文修飾名詞的形容詞也相應(yīng)地漢譯為副詞，以便修飾動(dòng)詞。

Exercise 1.It is impossible to live in society and be independent of society.(adj—v.)生于社會(huì)，不能脫離社會(huì)。

2.They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally.(adv.—n.)但是，他們的思想工作沒有他們的組織工作做得好。3.I have the honour to inform you that…(n.—adv.)我榮幸地通知你。

4.He had the kindness to show me the way.(n.—adv.)他好意地給我指路。

5.I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries(中間人).(n.—adj.)我認(rèn)識(shí)到，通過中間人跟他們打交道是愚蠢的。6.他們懷疑這是否是真的。(v—adj.)They are doubtful whether it is true or not.7.“放我出去！”房間里的孩子叫道。(v.—adv.)“Let me out!” the child in the room cried.8.你撥錯(cuò)了電話號(hào)碼。(adv.—adj.)

You dialed the wrong number.Lecture 10

Affirmation and Negation

Sentence Translation

一、教學(xué)目的：要求熟練理解句子的翻譯技巧，從而在英漢翻譯時(shí)做到通順、準(zhǔn)確。

二、教學(xué)過程： 1.增譯法 省譯法 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換

正說反譯、反說正譯法 重譯法 語態(tài)變換法 詞序調(diào)整法 拆譯法

During the process of E-C or C-E translation, due to different ways or habit of expressing, the transfer of affirmative expression into negative one or vice versa is not only frequent but necessary.The reasons of using this method is，first, to express the exact meaning of the source language smoothly;second, to conform to norms of the target language Examples: Excuse me.對(duì)不起。

“Don’t stop working” he said.他說，“繼續(xù)干活吧” 別停止工作

He went into the insecure building.他走進(jìn)那所危樓。

他走進(jìn)那所不安全的大樓。

A.源文從正面表達(dá)，譯文從反面表達(dá) 1.動(dòng)詞

Such a chance denied me.我沒有得到這樣一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。2.副詞

A: The boy is quite clever.B: Exactly.甲：這孩子很聰明。

乙：一點(diǎn)不錯(cuò)/的確如此。3.形容詞

1）It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given.甚至只要有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)風(fēng)聲漏出去，結(jié)果就不堪設(shè)想。2）The explanation is pretty thin.這個(gè)解釋是相當(dāng)不充實(shí)的。

3）His refusal is not final.他的拒絕不是不可改變的。4.介詞

1）This problem is above me.這問題我不懂。（或：我解決不了）。

2）It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.他無權(quán)簽訂這種合同。5.連接詞

The guerrilla would fight to death before they surrender 游擊隊(duì)員寧愿戰(zhàn)斗到死，而決不投降。

I will not go unless I hear from him 如果他不通知我，我就不去

6.名詞

1）By about six-thirty the sounds of aircraft, trucks and tanks had become quite familiar, but a series of small explosions nearby seemed to cause new anxiety.大約到六點(diǎn)半，大家對(duì)飛機(jī)、卡車和坦克的聲音已經(jīng)很習(xí)以為常了。但是附近一些輕微的爆炸聲似乎又造成了新的不安。

7.短語

1）The islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the war.島民發(fā)現(xiàn)自己遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有做好作戰(zhàn)準(zhǔn)備。

2）We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我們相信，年輕一代將不會(huì)辜負(fù)我們的信任。

3）When Philip missed the last bus, he was at a loss to know what to do.菲利普誤了最后一班公共汽車，茫然不知該怎么辦。二．英語從反面表達(dá)，譯文從正面表達(dá) 1．動(dòng)詞

1）I rode around with him one day seeing how the ships unloaded.一天我和他乘車轉(zhuǎn)了一轉(zhuǎn)，看看船如何卸貨。

2）The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.雖經(jīng)他一再解釋，疑團(tuán)仍然存在。

2．副詞

1）He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.他馬馬虎虎地看了看那張便條就走了。

2）Many agreed that the Prime Minister had in effect resigned dishonorably.許多人認(rèn)為首相辭職實(shí)際上是很丟面子的。

3．形容詞

1）He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.他這個(gè)人優(yōu)柔寡斷，而且總是反復(fù)無常。

2）All the articles are untouchable in the museum.博物館內(nèi)一切展品禁止觸摸。4．名詞

1）He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business.他對(duì)他的父親的行業(yè)表示強(qiáng)烈的厭惡情緒。

2）I watched with disbelief as a number was put on my right forearm---82585.當(dāng)一個(gè)號(hào)碼—82585刺在我右前臂時(shí)，我懷疑地看著。

5．短語

1）Don’t lose time in posting this letter.趕快把這封信寄出去。

2）The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer.調(diào)查的結(jié)果清清楚楚說明病人死于癌癥。

3）Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon.今天下午學(xué)生統(tǒng)統(tǒng)要交書面作業(yè)。A.Some Idiomatic Expressions 1.riot police

防暴警察(即anti-riot police，而不是**的警察)2.crisis law

反危機(jī)法案(即anti-crisis law)3.spy film 反諜影片 4.After you, sir.先生，您先請(qǐng)。

A.Some Idiomatic Expressions 5.Keep in lane!

不準(zhǔn)換線！6.Keep off the lawn!

請(qǐng)勿踐踏草地！

7.I couldn’t agree more with you.我完全同意你的看法。8.Just make yourself at home.不要客氣。/別見外。

9.He was the last man to say such things.他絕不會(huì)說這樣的話。

10.They are non-local laborers in Beijing 他們是在北京打工的外地民工。

11.We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.我們要永遠(yuǎn)對(duì)生活抱樂觀的態(tài)度。Exercises：

1.I’m new to the work.這工作我是生手。（這工作我不熟悉。）2.He is free with his money.他花錢大手大腳。（他花錢從不吝嗇。）

3.He realized that he was in trouble.他意識(shí)到遇到麻煩了。（他感到自己的處境不妙。）4.The station is no distance at all.車站近在咫尺。（車站一點(diǎn)兒也不遠(yuǎn)。）5.It’s no less than a fraud.這簡(jiǎn)直是一場(chǎng)騙局。（這無異于一場(chǎng)騙局。）6.The works of art were left intact, the money gone.藝術(shù)品還在，錢卻不翼而飛。（藝術(shù)品原封未動(dòng)，錢卻不翼而飛。）

7.Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst.(adv.)時(shí)間是我們最缺少的，但可嘆之至，偏偏許多人最不善于利用。8.They feel great anxiety about his sickness.他們對(duì)他的病情感到焦慮不安。9.The criminal is still at large.(phrase)罪犯還未捉拿歸案。After class exercises: 1.Isn’t it funny!

2.I am never at a loss for a word;Pitt is never at a loss for the word.3.When Stephen was introduced to the old couple, they said simply, “We’ve read your article.We expected to meet an older man.”

4.In a little town such things cannot be done without remark.5.The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him.6.That’s a thing that might happen to any man.7.This book is a fool to that both in plot and execution.8.He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.9.His speech leaves much to be desired.10.John was a fool for danger.

第二篇：英漢擬聲詞互譯.

英文擬聲詞與翻譯

試看譯例：

1.風(fēng)蕭蕭，雨蕭蕭，馬蕭蕭。

The wind whistled, the rain pattered and the horse neighed.2.Thunder began to rumble.雷聲開始隆隆地響。3.The cart rumbled past.車轱轆轱轆地過去了。

4.His stomach rumbled emptily.他肚子空空如也咕嚕咕嚕地叫。

5.噠噠噠噠噠！咚！咚！李先生突然抱著頭直跳起來，但隨即像一塊木頭似的倒下去。Rat-ta-ta-ta, boom!boom!Wrapping his arms around his head, Mr.Li leaped up, but immediately fell forward like a log.6.這個(gè)時(shí)候，長(zhǎng)城線上，烽火連天，一輛囚車，卻囚著革命英雄，向南急馳。

At a time when the war was raging along the Great Wall, a Carriage, carrying this

revolutionary hero, went rumbling swiftly southwards.7.Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels and have not charity, I am become a sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal.我若能說萬人的方言，并天使的話語，卻沒有愛，我就成了鳴的鑼，鈸一般。

8.She drew one out.R-ratch!Now it sputtered and burned.她抽出一根或才，哧！啪！一下子燃著了。

有關(guān)擬聲詞的譯法：

一、同一個(gè)擬聲詞，如例1中的“蕭蕭”，在不同的上下文或結(jié)構(gòu)中，應(yīng)根據(jù)譯文的語言習(xí)慣或地道用法，選用不同的與原文意義對(duì)應(yīng)的詞或表達(dá)方式。

二、根據(jù)上一條，自然可以從另一面總結(jié)出第二種方法，即原文不同句中的幾個(gè)不同擬聲詞可以譯成同一個(gè)詞。如“隆隆地響”、“咕嚕咕嚕地叫”、“ 轱轆轱轆”均可譯成同一個(gè)英文擬聲詞 rumble, 其基本意思是 “make a deep, heavy, continuous sound”。

三、原文中有擬聲詞，譯文中也用擬聲詞相對(duì)應(yīng)。有的譯為獨(dú)詞句，有的譯為動(dòng)詞或名詞的輔助成分。有時(shí)可以將英文的擬聲詞譯為漢語中較為抽象的“..........的叫，...........聲”，如he seemed to hear about him the rustle of unceasing and innumberable wings，耳際仿佛傳來無數(shù)翅膀的拍擊聲。

四、原文中沒用擬聲詞，但很生動(dòng)，如例6中的“向南疾馳”，也可以譯成擬聲詞。增加擬聲詞可以增加效果，如The logs were burning briskly in the fire.木柴在火中嗶嗶剝剝燒的正旺。

五、與上一方法相對(duì)應(yīng)，原文中用了擬聲詞，譯文中可以不用擬聲詞，而是用其他能產(chǎn)生同樣效果的詞語，如例7。譯文也可以不用擬聲詞而直敘其動(dòng)作，如They splashed through the mire to the village.他們一路踏著泥水向村子去。

關(guān)于動(dòng)物叫聲的擬聲詞不管是在英語還是漢語中，都很具體，在互譯中要特別注意選準(zhǔn)具體詞語。英國(guó)人說“......動(dòng)物怎么叫？”“What dose a XXX go?”現(xiàn)將最常用的具體詞語列舉如下：

A bee hums(buzzes, drones).蜜蜂嗡嗡（哼哼）的叫。

A fly hums(buzzes, drones).蒼蠅嗡嗡叫。

A mosquito hums(buzzes, drones).蚊子哼哼（嗡嗡）叫。

A bird twitters(chirps, chirrups).鳥叫（嘰嘰喳喳的叫）。

A sparrow twitters(chirps, chirrups).麻雀吱吱喳喳叫。

A cicada chirps(chirrups).知了啾啾叫。

A cricket chips(chirrups).蟋蟀唧唧叫。A crow caws(croaks).烏鴉哇哇叫。

A dove/ pigeon coos.鴿子咕咕叫。

A magpie chatters.喜鵲喳喳叫。

A nightingale jugs(jug-jugs).夜鶯歌唱。

An owl hoots(whoops).貓頭鷹叫。

A parrot squawks.鸚鵡叫。

A wild-goose honks.雁叫。

A crane whoops.（風(fēng)聲）鶴叫。

A bull bellows(lows).公牛哞哞叫。

A cow moos(lows).母牛哞哞叫。

A calf bleats.小牛哞哞叫。A goat bleats.山羊咩咩叫。

A lamb bleats(baas).小羊咩咩叫。A sheep bleats(baas).綿羊咩咩叫。A deer bleats.鹿叫。

A hen cackles(chucks, chuckles, clucks).母雞咯咯叫。A chick cheeps(pips, peeps).小雞唧唧叫。

A cock crows.公雞喔喔叫。

A duck quacks.鴨子呱呱叫。

A goose cackles(gaggles).鵝嘎嘎叫。

An elephant trumpets.大象叫。

A fox yelps.狐貍叫。

An ass brays(hee-haws).驢叫。

A horse neighs(whinnies, knickers).馬叫。

A lion roars.獅吼。

A tiger growls.虎嘯（吼，叫）。

A turkey gobbles.火雞（咯咯）叫。

A whale blows.鯨魚（撲撲）叫。

A wolf howls(growls).狼（嚎，號(hào)）叫。

A frog croaks.青蛙哇哇叫。

A monkey screeches(chatters, gibbers, jabbers).猴子叫（猿啼，猿嘯）。

A mouse squeaks(peeps).老鼠吱吱（唧唧）叫。

A snake hisses.蛇聲咝咝。

A cat miaows(miaus, mews, purrs).貓咪咪叫。

A dog barks(yaps, yelps, bays, snarls, growls, howls).狗汪汪叫（狂叫等）。

A pig grunts(squeals).豬咕嚕咕嚕（哼哼）叫。

其它一些擬聲詞：

1、金屬磕碰聲

當(dāng)啷

clank,clang

2、形容金屬的響聲 當(dāng)當(dāng) rattle

3、金屬、瓷器連續(xù)撞擊聲 丁零當(dāng)啷 jingle, jangle, cling-clang

4、鼓聲、敲門聲 咚咚 rub-a dub, rat-tat, rat-a-tat

5、脆響的（關(guān)門）聲 吧嗒 clik

6、敲打木頭聲 梆梆 rat-tat，rat-at

7、重物落下聲 咕咚 thud, splash, plump

8、東西傾倒聲 嘩啦 crash, clank

9、風(fēng)吹動(dòng)樹枝葉聲 颯颯 sough, rustle

10、樹枝等折斷聲 嘎巴 crack, snap

11、不大的寒風(fēng)聲 瑟瑟 rustle

12、踩沙子、飛沙擊物或風(fēng)吹草木 沙沙、颯颯 rustle

13、飛機(jī)螺旋槳轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng) 呼呼 whirr

14、雨點(diǎn)敲擊房頂 噼里啪啦 patter

15、水流動(dòng)聲 拔拉 splash, gurgle

16、物體受壓 嘎吱 creak

喀嚓 crack, snap

17、溪水、泉水流動(dòng)聲 潺潺 murmur, babble, purl

18、液體、沸騰、水流涌出或大口喝水聲 咕嘟 babble, gurgle

19、重物落地聲 撲通 flop, thump, splash, pit-a-pat 20、笑聲、水、氣擠出聲 撲哧 titter, snigger, fizz

21、雷聲、爆炸聲、機(jī)器聲 隆隆 hum, rumble, roll

22、汽笛或喇叭聲 嗚嗚 toot, hoot, zoom

23、油在鍋里 滋滋 sizzle

24、鞭炮爆炸聲 噼啪 pop

25、腳踏樓板聲 登登 clump

第三篇：自我介紹英漢互譯

女士們，先生們大家上午好：

我叫郭若松，是一個(gè)性格活潑、愛好廣泛的男孩，對(duì)播音主持和奔放的舞蹈更是情有獨(dú)鐘。我喜歡在我的世界里載著夢(mèng)想自由飛翔。如果說主持人用語言與觀眾交流，那我更是喜歡舞者使用無聲的肢體語言與人交流。

而熟知我的老師和同學(xué)們都說我是一個(gè)愛做夢(mèng)的男孩。假如有一天，能夠面對(duì)著麥克風(fēng)——我最親密的朋友，將我心中最美的感受和最多的感動(dòng)，通過聲音和畫面?zhèn)鬟f給更多人。我相信心靈的溝通將是笑顏更加燦爛，情感的交融會(huì)讓忙碌得你我他多一些寬容和關(guān)愛，這就是我的夢(mèng)想和孜孜以求的目標(biāo)。Good morning ladies and gentalman:

I called Guo ruo song is a lively personality, hobbies boy is a soft spot, radio host and imaginative dance.I like to fly freely carrying the dream of my world.If the host language to communicate with the audience, then I like the dancers use the silent body language to communicate with people.And the well-known teacher and classmates say I love dream boy.If, one day, the face of the microphone-my closest friends, the best feelings in my heart and moved passed to more people through sound and pictures.I believe that spiritual communication will be more brilliant smile, emotional blend makes busy you and me a little more tolerant and caring, this is my dream and pursued the goal.

第四篇：英漢詞匯互譯

英漢詞匯互譯的若干方法

(一)準(zhǔn)確理解詞義

1.根據(jù)上下文辨詞義。

2.論褒貶，即要注意同義詞之間有不同的語體色彩、使用范圍及程度。

任何語言都有語體之分，有高雅的、通俗的、粗野 的，還有俚語、公文用語及術(shù)語等。文學(xué)作品中，作家通過不同的語體來刻畫人物的性格特征，更是常用的方法。翻譯時(shí)，必須審其雅俗，量其輕重，這樣，才能恰如其分地表達(dá)原文的精神。

(1)詞義有輕重的不同

例如表示“打破”的詞

break是最一般的用語，意思是經(jīng)打擊或施加壓力而破碎。

crack是出現(xiàn)了裂縫，但還沒有變成碎片。

crush是從外面用力往內(nèi)或從上往下而壓碎。

demolish是破壞、鏟平或削平(如土堆、建筑物、城堡等)。

destroy是完全摧毀，使之無法復(fù)原。

shatter是突然使一物體粉碎。

smash舊指由于突如其來的一陣暴力帶一聲響而徹底粉碎。

又如表示“閃光”的詞

shine照耀；指光的穩(wěn)定發(fā)射。

glitter閃光；指光的不穩(wěn)定發(fā)射。

glare耀眼；表示光的最強(qiáng)度。

sparkle閃爍；指發(fā)射微細(xì)的光度。

(2)詞義有范圍大小和側(cè)重面的不同

在一定上下文中，在agriculture，farming，cultivation，agronomy四個(gè)詞中：griculture指農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)、農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)、整個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程，所包含的范圍最廣。farming指農(nóng)業(yè)的實(shí)踐。cultivation指農(nóng)業(yè)物的栽培過程。agronomy指把科學(xué)原理運(yùn)用到農(nóng)業(yè)耕作中去的實(shí)踐。

又如在empty，vacant，hollow這組同義詞中，它們各自有不同的形容對(duì)象和強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容：

empty可以用來形容house，room，cup，box，stomach，head，words等詞，表示“空的，一無所有?！?/p>

vacant可以用來形容position，room，house，seat等詞表示“沒有人占用的，空缺的。”hollow可以和tree，voice，sound，cheeks等詞連用，表示“空洞的，虛的，不實(shí)的，下陷的?！?/p>

(3)詞義有感情色彩(如憎惡、蔑視、諷刺、詛咒、尊敬、親昵等等)和語體色彩(如莊嚴(yán)、高雅、古樸、俚語、方言詞語、公文用語、委婉詞等等)的不同。如“死”就有許多委婉的說法：

to expire 逝世

to pass away 與世長(zhǎng)辭

to close(end)one's day 壽終

to breathe one's last 斷氣

to go west 歸西天

to pay the debt of nature 了結(jié)塵緣

to depart to the world of shadows 命歸黃泉

to give up the ghost 見閻王

to kick the bucket蹬腿You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket.to kick up one's heels 蹬腿

又如“懷孕”也有許多委婉的說法：

She is having a baby.She is expecting.She is in the family way.She is knitting little booties.She is in a delicate condition.She is in an interesting condition.又如“警察”：

policeman 正式用語

cop 美國(guó)口語

bobby 英國(guó)口語

nab 美國(guó)俚語

3.看搭配。任何一種語言，在長(zhǎng)期使用的過程中，會(huì)形成一種固定的詞組或常見的搭配。這些比較固定的說法，有時(shí)可以譯成另一種語言，有時(shí)則不行。翻譯時(shí)，必須注意英漢兩種語言中詞的不同搭配。

以kill為例：

He killed the man.他殺死了那個(gè)人。

He killed his chances of success.他斷送了成功的機(jī)會(huì)。

He killed the motion when it came from the committe e.他否決了委員會(huì)提出來的動(dòng)議。

He killed three bottles of whisky in a week.他一周內(nèi)喝光了三瓶威士忌。

kill the peace 扼殺和平

kill the promise 取消諾言

kill a marriage 解除婚約

還要注意英漢定語與名詞的搭配不同：

heavy crops 豐收

heavy news 令人悲痛的消息

heavy road 泥濘的路

heavy sea 波濤洶涌的海洋

heavy heart 憂傷的心

heavy reader 沉悶冗長(zhǎng)的讀物

又如：

a broken man 一個(gè)絕望的人

a broken soldier 一個(gè)殘廢軍人

a broken promise 背棄的諾言

a broken spirit 消沉的意志

broken money 零錢

國(guó)際著名品牌趣譯

許多國(guó)際著名品牌源于很平凡的名字，譯為中文必須有巧思。

如果把營(yíng)銷比喻成一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)役，那么成功的品牌名稱就像一面不倒的軍旗。國(guó)際品牌在全球范圍內(nèi)營(yíng)銷，必然要跨越種種文化障礙，如語言差異、消費(fèi)習(xí)慣差異、宗教差異等。把品牌譯為中文必須有巧思。

由于西方國(guó)家的文化比較相似，所以某一個(gè)國(guó)家的品牌比較容易為其他國(guó)家所接受。中華文化與西方文化差異較大，因此，國(guó)外品牌要打入華人市場(chǎng)，必須慎重考慮命名問題。商品經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象的復(fù)雜，使西方品牌名稱的翻譯超越了語言學(xué)概念，而上升到文化心理和市場(chǎng)重新定位層面。

麥當(dāng)勞：蘊(yùn)含多層意義，比如麥當(dāng)勞，英文名稱是“McDonald’s”，它是店主人名字的所有格形成。西方人習(xí)慣以姓氏給公司命名，像愛迪生公司、華爾特·迪斯尼公司、福特公司。但是華人通常喜歡以喜慶、興隆、吉祥、新穎的詞匯給店鋪命名，如“百盛”、“天潤(rùn)發(fā)”、“好來順”、“全聚德”、“喜來登”。McDonald是個(gè)小人物，他比不上愛迪生，人家是世界聞名的大科學(xué)家，也不如迪斯尼，因?yàn)榈纤鼓岢闪恕翱ㄍㄊ澜纭钡拇~，所以如果老老實(shí)實(shí)地把“McDonald’s”譯成“麥克唐納的店”，就過于平淡，而“麥當(dāng)勞”就非常成功：

一，大致保留了原發(fā)音；

二，體現(xiàn)了食品店的性質(zhì)；

三，蘊(yùn)涵著“要吃麥就應(yīng)當(dāng)勞動(dòng)”的教育意義；

四，風(fēng)格既“中”又“洋”，符合華人的口味。

可口可樂：絕妙之譯，眾所周知，“可口可樂”就是“CocaCola”，但是卻很少有人追問一句：那是什么意思？原來Coca和Cola是兩種植物的名字，音譯為古柯樹和可樂樹，古柯樹的葉子和可樂樹的籽是該飲品的原材料，古柯葉里面含有古柯堿，也叫可卡因（有時(shí)用做局總麻醉藥，尤其用于眼睛、鼻子或喉嚨，還因其興奮性和刺激性而廣泛用做毒品）。這樣枯燥乏味甚至有點(diǎn)可怕的名字居然被翻譯成“可口可樂”，真是CocaCola公司的化腐朽為神奇?！翱煽诳蓸贰弊g名的成功之處在于：

一，保留了原文押頭韻的響亮發(fā)音；

二，完全拋棄了原文的意思，而是從喝飲料的感受和好處上打攻心戰(zhàn)，手段高明；

三，這種飲品的味道并非人人喜歡，很多人甚至覺得它像中藥，但它卻自稱“可口”，而且喝了以后還讓人開心。善于進(jìn)行自我表揚(yáng)，討好大眾。

上述兩例是保留原品牌名稱發(fā)音，而改變?cè)獾某晒Ψ独?。其他如中?guó)譯為“奔馳”，新馬譯為“馬賽地”的名牌汽車，原文“MercedesBenz”是該汽車公司老板愛女的名字，譯為“奔馳”是刪除了復(fù)雜的Mercedes，簡(jiǎn)潔而響亮。

“Ikea”譯為“宜家”是高招，再如“Ikea”家具品牌，即便在瑞典也很少有人知道它的意思，是聰明的中譯者賦予它“宜家”這美好的含義。實(shí)際上，Ikea是該品牌的創(chuàng)始人IngvarKamprad和他的農(nóng)場(chǎng)名Elmtaryd及村莊名Agunnaryd的詞首字母組合。

有的品牌名稱只進(jìn)行音譯，如“麥斯威爾”咖啡，僅僅是“Maxwell”的發(fā)音而已。由于它的訴求對(duì)象是白領(lǐng)階層，尤其是“外向型”白領(lǐng)，因此這個(gè)名字是成功的。但如果想讓廣大華人買賬，就不如“雀巢”。在雀巢咖啡剛進(jìn)入中國(guó)大陸時(shí)，聽村里的農(nóng)民議論：“雀巢”咖啡就是“鳥窩”咖啡。即使沒文化的人也對(duì)它產(chǎn)生興趣，可見名稱的戲劇性效果非常有利于提高品牌的知名度。

名牌手機(jī)“諾基亞”，芬蘭文原名“Nokia”，是廠子所在小鎮(zhèn)的名字，很顯然，譯文比原文更富有高科技感，好像還有點(diǎn)“承諾亞洲”的味道。

“福士偉根”跟希特勒有關(guān)，有的品牌名稱只進(jìn)行意譯。如“福士偉根”（中國(guó)稱“大眾汽車”），德文原名“Volkswagen”，Vokls的意思是人民大眾，Wagen是汽車。

關(guān)于“福士偉根”，還有一段鮮為人知的來歷：19世紀(jì)二三十年代，汽車非常昂貴，只屬于少數(shù)富人。希特勒上臺(tái)后，宣稱要為全體勞動(dòng)大眾制造汽車，汽車的牌子就叫“Volkswagen”，他號(hào)召人們每月省下一些錢，建立“汽車存款”，若干年后家家有汽車?？墒遣痪脩?zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)，汽車廠忙著造戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)機(jī)器去了。然而戰(zhàn)后大眾汽車的品牌名稱卻保留了下來。

還有一類是以簡(jiǎn)稱進(jìn)行跨國(guó)界統(tǒng)一傳播，比如慕尼黑的一家汽車廠，德文全稱是BayerischeMotorenWerke（拜耶里奇飛機(jī)引擎生產(chǎn)廠），簡(jiǎn)稱為BMW，后來它不僅生產(chǎn)飛機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，還擴(kuò)展到越野車、摩托單車、高級(jí)轎車?，F(xiàn)在沒有人關(guān)心BMW到底是什么意思，BMW三個(gè)字母圍繞的藍(lán)白徽標(biāo)，已成為成功和信譽(yù)的標(biāo)志。其中文名稱“寶馬”是多么浪漫、簡(jiǎn)潔、貼切。

再如，Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company（明尼蘇達(dá)礦業(yè)及制造公司），就是我們熟知的3M公司。西方人對(duì)品牌名稱的要求比較單純：一，簡(jiǎn)單易記；二不重復(fù)；三，在別國(guó)語言里不會(huì)產(chǎn)生誤解，對(duì)宗教信仰不要有侮辱性含義。為安全起見，有些廠家就干脆造一個(gè)新詞，如康柏公司“Compaq”（美國(guó)電腦生產(chǎn)商）來源于Compact（電腦術(shù)語，意思是密集的、壓緊的），把詞尾變成q，就構(gòu)成一個(gè)新詞，它很容易使人聯(lián)想到源詞，使公司的行業(yè)特征非常明顯。

感冒癥狀表達(dá)法

1.I've got a cold./ I've got a bad cold.我感冒了。/ 我感冒很嚴(yán)重。

2.I've got a runny nose./ My nose is running.我流鼻水。

3.I've got a sore throat.我喉嚨痛。

4.I've been coughing day and night.我早晚都在咳嗽。

5.I can't stop sneezing.我打噴嚏打個(gè)不停。

6.I've got a temperature./ I'm running a high fever.我發(fā)燒了。/ 我發(fā)高燒。

7.I've got a very bad headache./ This headache is killing me.我頭很痛。/我頭快痛死了。

8.I feel sore and ache all over.我覺得全身酸痛。

9.I feel like I'm dying.我覺得我好象要死了一樣。

10.I feel dizzy./ My head is swimming.我頭暈。/ 我頭昏腦脹的。

關(guān)于[緣]的表達(dá)

緣分 predestined relationship

緣 reason;cause;sake, relationship, edge;fringe, climb

血緣 blood relationship

人緣 relations with people

姻緣 predestined marriage

前世因緣 predestination

天賜良緣 a godsent marriage;a good marriage arranged in Heaven

天緣巧合 a luck coincidence

喜結(jié)良緣 tie the nuptial knot

締結(jié)姻緣 form marital tie

聊得投緣 talk congenially

有緣結(jié)識(shí)某人 be lucky to get acquainted with sb.無緣結(jié)識(shí)某人 have no opportunity to get acquainted with sb.

第五篇：00英漢互譯答案

00英漢互譯答案

1.The grey-black clouds had suddenly departed and an expanse of colored clouds had blazed up at the western edge of the sky.灰黑的云突然遁去，西天邊燒起一片云彩。

2.A penniless lass with a long pedigree and a sweet face, she had been raised by a scheming aunt to find a million dollars and marry it.這位小姑娘雖然一貧如洗，卻是世家出身，長(zhǎng)得俏麗動(dòng)人，由姑母撫養(yǎng)，這位長(zhǎng)輩頗有心計(jì)，這心想讓侄女嫁個(gè)百萬富翁。

3.John doesn't invite Mary to coffee because she is a wet blanket.約翰不邀請(qǐng)瑪麗去喝咖啡，因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)令人掃興的人。

4.It was an early September day, cool and bright and just right for running, and I was in the first few miles of a 10.5-mile race over a course through steep exhausting hills.那是九月初的一天，秋高氣爽，陽光明媚，正是賽跑的好時(shí)光。我正參加一場(chǎng)10.5英里的比賽，剛跑了幾英里。比賽路線要穿越一些陡峭、使人精疲力竭的山坡。

5.I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse.我不知道他是否是個(gè)內(nèi)奸。

6.It is right here, at Geneva, whose very name evokes peace, the will to peace, cooperation among nations, that after long years of discussion, the negotiations were completed which had started on March 24，1984 at Havana on the necessity of creating as part o f the United Nations system a body responsible for regulating international trade.日內(nèi)瓦是一個(gè)喚起和平、喚起各國(guó)和平意愿與合作的地方。正是在此地，于1984年3月24日在哈瓦那開始的曠日持久的談判終于完成了。這次談判的目的是，有否必要在聯(lián)合國(guó)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)建立一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)調(diào)節(jié)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的機(jī)構(gòu)。7.In China, they “made mistakes”, suffered by them, acknowledged and studied them, thus planned victory.在中國(guó)，他們犯過錯(cuò)誤，吃過錯(cuò)誤的虧，承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤，研究錯(cuò)誤，從而制定了勝利的方針。

8.The questions were evidently unexpected to the slow-witted spokesman, who instantly found himself tongue-tied.這些問題顯然使得這位頭腦遲鈍的發(fā)言人感到意外，他立刻顯得張口結(jié)舌，啞口無言。

9.They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings.他們駕著一輛黑色大轎車，經(jīng)過一片片白樺林，穿過一排排鱗次櫛比的新建筑。

10.Motion is infinite in variety, and the study of certain simple type of motion constitutes the science of mechanics.盡管運(yùn)動(dòng)的方式多種多樣，但是人們通過對(duì)某些簡(jiǎn)單運(yùn)動(dòng)形式的研究而創(chuàng)立了力學(xué)。

11.理論必須密切聯(lián)系實(shí)際，這是我們應(yīng)當(dāng)牢記的一條原則。

That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.12.這家小工廠經(jīng)過技術(shù)改造，發(fā)展很快，使人感到驚訝不已。

This small factory underwent a technological renovation, thus developing with surprising speed.13.我們恢復(fù)和采取這些貿(mào)易方式的原因很簡(jiǎn)單：我們出口商品就是為了滿足國(guó)外客戶消費(fèi)方面的需要。

The reason why we have restored and adopted these trade practices is very simple.Our export commodities are for the use and consumption of our foreign customers.14.另一方面，必須用上述材料進(jìn)行廣泛宣傳，使人們認(rèn)識(shí)到，自然保護(hù)區(qū)是保護(hù)自然及文化遺產(chǎn)的基本單位，它們是在人類進(jìn)步里程中長(zhǎng)期斗爭(zhēng)中形成的，對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)有著重要的作用。

On the other hand, it is necessary to carry on the extensive publicity, enabling the public to know that the protected areas are the basic unit of the management of the natural and cultural heritages which are formed in the struggle process against the nature by human beings and will play an important role in the economic construction.15.最近幾年，學(xué)校對(duì)教學(xué)制度進(jìn)行了改革，最明顯的一點(diǎn)是學(xué)分制，也就是學(xué)生若提前修滿規(guī)定的學(xué)分，就可以提前畢業(yè)。

We have been undergoing some educational reforms in recent years.An obvious method is to adopt credit system which means students can graduate ahead of schedule whey then complete the regular credits.2.1)全球變暖有人們以前擔(dān)心的兩倍那么快。近來聯(lián)合國(guó)發(fā)表報(bào)告警告說，21世紀(jì)地球氣溫可能上升近6 攝氏度--比過去1萬年的任何時(shí)候都要迅速。在過去100年里，地球的氣溫僅上升了0石攝氏度。但20世紀(jì)的最后10年里，氣溫達(dá)到了最高紀(jì)錄。數(shù)個(gè)月前在海牙進(jìn)行的減少5％的溫室氣體排放的談判失敗了。報(bào)道警告說，若地球氣溫升高5．8攝氏度，隨著海洋變暖和極地冰帽融化，海平面將升高3英尺，幾千萬孟加拉人和埃及人將無家可歸。部分英國(guó)低地也面臨著同樣的危險(xiǎn)?？茖W(xué)家們相信其預(yù)言的升溫將帶來風(fēng)暴、洪水和旱災(zāi)，部分原因?qū)⑹强諝馕廴緶p少。該報(bào)告是由在上海舉行的有 99國(guó)專家參加的一次會(huì)議上發(fā)布的。這種升溫將部分地歸咎于污染的消除。引起酸雨的二氧化硫氣體排放減少，溫室氣體的影響隨之?dāng)U大'。這些氣體留住"陽光中的熱量，而二氧化硫使空氣冷卻。聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化國(guó)際專門小組呼吁各國(guó)政府進(jìn)一步努力，減 少排放礦物燃料燃燒產(chǎn)生的諸如二氧化碳等溫室氣體，以制止全球變暖。

2)置身幸福環(huán)境的人，在思想受到困擾的時(shí)候，總有這種體驗(yàn)。接著，他幾乎會(huì)奢望幸福環(huán)境能分擔(dān)他的困擾并在分擔(dān)中變得更為真實(shí)。在那個(gè)星期天，人們感到，一個(gè)黃金時(shí)代已在昨日宣告結(jié)束，而大地對(duì)這消息尤渾然不覺。這場(chǎng)變化之所以發(fā)生，不是上帝旨意使然，甚至也不是人類的意志使然，而是因?yàn)檫h(yuǎn)在別處的少數(shù)人怯于開誠(chéng)布公地善待同類。他們手中握有足以令他們戰(zhàn)栗的大權(quán)。有一條他們知道不可觸動(dòng)的彈簧，可是如同喜歡搗蛋又戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢的孩子，他們畢竟去觸動(dòng)了，為了他們的淘氣，如今全世界的人要受罪了。于是，翌日早晨，人們看見一名預(yù)備役士兵穿上了制服，在農(nóng)舍門口告別妻孥，爬山出谷去了，臉上仍掛著欣喜的笑容。那是出現(xiàn)麻煩的第一個(gè)朕兆，一點(diǎn)蛛絲馬跡而已，當(dāng)事人更是盡量不事張揚(yáng)。歸根到底，這片谷地遠(yuǎn)在可能燃起的戰(zhàn)火之外，這兒的一應(yīng)作物以及用于今年釀酒的梨子和蘋果都將在和平環(huán)境中收摘?dú)w倉。

3.Judging from what we have accomplished in recent years, it should be possible for our economy to reach a new stage every few years.We actually started the reform in 1980.In 1981, 1982 and 1983 it was carried out primarily in the countryside.In 1984 the focus shifted to urban areas.The years from 1984 to 1988 witnessed comparatively rapid economic growth.During those five years rural reform brought about many changes: grain output increased substantially, as did the peasants’ income, and rural enterprises emerged as a new force.The purchasing power of peasants increased and many new houses were built.The “four big items”---bicycles, sewing machines, radios and wristwatches---entered ordinary peasant household, along with some more expensive consumer goods.The increase of farm and sideline products, the expansion of rural markets and the shift of surplus farm labor to rural enterprises stimulated industrial development.In those five years the gross industrial output value amounted to more than 6 trillion Yuan, with an average annual growth rate of 21.7 percent.：Production of processed food, clothing, housing, transportation and commodities for daily use, including major appliances such as color TV Sets, refrigerators and washing machines, increased by a wide margin.There was also substantial growth in the production of capital goods such as rolled steel and cement.Thus, agriculture and industry, rural areas and urban areas had a reciprocal impact, progress in one sector promoting progress in the other.This is a vivid, convincing model of the development process.It can be said that during this period China’s wealth expanded considerably, and the economy as a whole was raised to a new level.