第一篇：英語科技論文翻譯

3G TECHNOLOGY Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the 3G TECHNOLOGY of representative technologies this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study.Therefore, control this technology and then seem to be more to deliver the importance.Now I mainly introduce some knowledge of the 3G TECHNOLOGY.Keywords GPRS, TD-SCDMA，WCDMA , EDGE ,CDMA2000 , WAP , SYMBIAN G, the third Generation, known as the Chinese meaning is refers to the third Generation of digital communication.The growth of the global 3G was rapidly in recent years.From 2002 to 2008, the 3 G operators have been gradually from the original is pale and management to the accelerated development.By June 2008, global 3 G users accumulative total up to 709 million, the total 84 countries and regions issued 3 G licenses, including effective certificate for 249 copies.Our country of 3 G development is relatively later than the advanced countries.In 2009, China was officially forward 3 G time.In the economic crisis of the downturn state，China's ministry of information industry issued three third generation mobile communication(3 G)license for China mobile, China telecom and China Unicom.China Mobile use our country with independent intellectual property rights of the 3 G standard TD-SCDMA , China Telecom get CDMA2000 license and China Unicom WCDMA license.2009 as China 3 G formal first commercial.Although the technology behind 3G may seem complicated, the ways in which 3G will affect all of our lives are easy to imagine.Just imagine having a combined camera, video-camera, computer, stereo, and radio included in your mobile phone.Rich-media information and entertainment will be at your fingertips whenever you want anywhere there is a wireless network.Mobile communication is moving from simple voice to rich media, where we use more of our senses to intensify our experiences.But not all of this will happen at once.3G is an evolution to a communications ideal that no one completely understands yet.What we do know is that mobile multimedia will hit the Japanese markets in 2001, and Europe and North America will follow soon after.3G brings together high-speed radio access and IP-based services into one, powerful environment.The step towards IP is vital.IP is packet-based, which in simple terms, means users can be “on line” at all times, but without having to pay until we actually send or receive data.The connectionless nature of IP also makes access a lot faster: file downloads can take a few seconds and we can be connected to our corporate network with a single click.3G introduces wideband radio communications, with access speeds of up to 2Mbit/s.Compared with today's mobile networks, 3G will significantly boost network capacityAt home 3G is going to affect our home and social lives in many ways.The services that 3G enables will help us to manage our personal information, simplify tasks such as grocery shopping, make better use of our time and offer services that are just fun to use.Operators will be able to develop myriad new service opportunities to attract and retain new customers.Here are some examples:

· You're sitting on a train and use this “dead” time to log on to your bank account, check your balance and pay a few billsAt work

3G will not just support the needs of businesspeople who travel a lot, but will also help new, flexible working practices, such as home-working and remote access to corporate networks outside traditional working hours.Businesspeople are often high-volume airtime users, so they represent a big opportunity for mobile operators.Here are some examples:

·

At work you receive a message from your “smart” refrigerator at home.The message tells you that certain items need restocking and an order has already been prepared for the local grocery store, which you can approve, so that your groceries are ready to collect on the way home.·

You are on the road, and urgently need to discuss a draft presentation with a number of colleagues back in the office.Pulling into a service station, you use your 3G device to hold a telephone conference with your colleagues and, at the same time, you can all view the draft presentation and make changes on line.·

A maintenance engineer is repairing some equipment on a client's premises and hits a problem.Using his 3G device, he contacts his department and downloads a demonstration video that guides him through the repair process.TECHNOLOGY 3G brings together two powerful forces: wideband radio communications and IP-based services.Together, these lay the groundwork for advanced Mobile Internet services, including personalized portals, “infotainment”, mobile commerce and unified messaging-encompassing high-speed data, superior quality voice and video and location-based services.Making 3G a reality depends on technology developments in different areas.These include

amendments to the radio interface to support wideband communications and in the core network.Supporting technologies, such as WAP and Bluetooth, also have an important role to play.This section provides a brief overview of some of the main technologies and developments involved.Ericsson supports all of these technologies and has played an active role in their development.·GPRS General Packet Radio Service(GPRS)is an enhancement to existing GSM and TDMA networks that introduces packet data transmission, enabling “always on” mobility.This means that users can choose to be permanently logged on to e-mail, Internet access and other services, but do not have to pay for these services unless sending or receiving information.When EDGE is added to GPRS, these data rates will increase up to 384kbit/s.GPRS will be implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing nodes to provide a routing path for packet data between the mobile terminal and a gateway node.The gateway node will provide interworking with external packet data networks for access to the Internet and intranets.Benefits:

·Faster data speeds and “always on” mobility ·Almost instantaneous connection set-up

·Connection to an abundance of data sources around the world, through support for multiple protocols, including IP

·A step towards full 3G services.·TD-SCDMA All called Time Division-Synchronous CDMA , this standard is formulated by mainland China alone the 3 G standard.On June 29, 1999, the China telecom science and technology and telecommunications research institute(Datang Telecom)to the ITU, but technical invention father put forward in Siemens AG.TD-SCDMA has the characteristics of low radiation, known as the green 3 G.This standard will intelligent wireless, synchronous CDMA and software radio today the international leading technology into which, in spectrum use efficiency, the business support for flexibility, frequency flexibility and cost, and other aspects of the unique advantages.In addition, because of the huge market in China, the standard by the major telecommunications equipment manufacturer to the attention of the world, more than half of the equipment factory now announced that can support TD-SCDMA standards.This standard is made after 2.5 of the intermediate links, and the generation of directly to the 3 G transition, so it is suitable to GSM system to 3 G to upgrade.Military communication network is the core of TD-SCDMA task.·WCDMA

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA)is a wideband radio technique that provides far higher data rates than other radio techniques available today, up to 2Mbit/s, and highly efficient use of radio spectrum.The higher bandwidth that WCDMA provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example，WCDMA allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.WCDMA is fully compliant with IMT-2000 and is the air interface technology for standards in the 2GHz bandwidth(the IMT-2000 core band), known as UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)in Europe and ARIB(Association of Radio Industry Businesses)in Japan.Ericsson has been at the forefront of WCDMA development.The company delivered an experimental WCDMA system to NTT DoCoMo in Japan back in 1998.Ericsson has also set up WCDMA test systems around the world.At 2000, Ericsson announced its first family of WCDMA base stations.·EDGE

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution(EDGE)enables GSM and TDMA operators to offer 3G services using existing network frequencies.By making changes and additions to standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·CDMA2000 CDMA2000 is a decidedly efficient 3G standard for the delivery of high bandwidth data and high capacity voice services.The evolution of the cdma2000 standard will enable mobile systems to offer data throughputs of 2 Mbit/sec and beyond.The higher bandwidth that cdma2000 provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example, cdma2000 also allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.CDMA2000 is fully compliant with IMT-2000 requirements for 3G.CDMA2000 will be implemented in the existing frequency bands of CMDA and TDMA at 800 and 1900 MHz, as well as in new spectrum at 2GHz in Japan.Ericsson is a leader in cdma2000 development, and a key driver in the standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·Bluetooth

Bluetooth is an open standard for two-way, short-wave radio communications between different devices.It marks the end of cables and cords between mobile phones, palmtops, portable PCs and printers, for example.Furthermore, Bluetooth enables information between such devices to be synchronized.Diary information held on a PDA can be updated automatically when within range of a Bluetooth-enabled PC.Bluetooth is also going to be important for machine-to-machine communicationshundreds of companies are members of the worldwide WAP Forum。The latest version of the WAP standard, WAP 1.2.1, has recently been launched.Our dedicated WAP consutants are ready to assist operators and service providers sharpen their competitive edge.They help today's businesses adapt to the new economy and create cost-effective, innovative ways to communicate with customers.What will 3G give us

People will enjoy the 3G time what services it provide, the image of that, 3G is video conference on that plane;3G is patients receive timely assistance of medical experts;3G is fans will not miss the NBA basketball game;3G is to share with friends your beautiful vacation in Hawaii.· more and more 3G video phone

All along, we use QQ, MSN chat with friends remotely.As the mobile data transfer rate, image processing, transmission, mainly the acceptance of such display devices makes mobile video chat stranded.3G time to rely on high-speed 3G data transmission network, which 3G mobile phone users can “face to face” conversation.Through mobile video, As far away from the mother via cell phone together, were falling through the mobile phone lovers can meet again.·3G Push into the mobile phone shopping blowout Use the mobile internet shopping is a new way to shop, mobile shopping not only will be able to let consumer buy goods but also makes the satisfaction convenient for consumers to pick and choose goods compared with the constant.With the improvement of China's 3G network , more and more users will choose to phone shopping patterns.China's mobile phone shop will grow rapidly in a period.Online businesses not only include clothing, books, cell phones, toys, audio-visual products and other daily goods put on the network shelf, cars, laptop computers, jewelry and other luxury goods are also options for the list.One need only log out of 3G mobile phone shopping website of product information, we can buy our favorite items.Online shopping is not only cheaper than the mall , better able to send home delivery.If not satisfied can return on schedule, on-line business integrity committed to ensuring that the consumer's shopping safety.·Broadband Internet access to mobile phones to be a “small computer” Although China has just begun the road to 3G, broadband internet access business has been a bright spot, we can send and receive voice messages on the phone, write a blog, chat, search, download and so on, as well as top-notch services such as online games, mobile navigation, online chat and so on.·the key to the Mobile Office-OA system Although compared with traditional office, automation system greatly improves the working efficiency.However, the limitations of the region's OA system is limited to local area network applications, this office brings to enterprises a lot of inconvenience.Mobile office can keep in touch with units and complete work in anytime and at anywhere.3G mobile phones can download and install office, java and other office software, office software and hardware will be the traditional “compression” in the palm of a large mobile phone.·LCD TVs will be included in Mobile TV Mobile TV is to use with the operating system and streaming video-enabled smart phones to watch TV business.It is a multimedia that use CMMB technology, whether it is GPRS mobile phone or CD-MA1X phone, need to be equipped with mobile terminal operating system to install the appropriate player software.TV programs from the corresponding mobile communication company or by the corresponding SP to organize and deliver.Despite the development of a thriving scene 3G, but because mobile streaming media software, smooth video images and other technical aspects of picture quality there are some problems, Mobile TV strides also takes some time.3G技術(shù)

摘要：

21世紀是信息經(jīng)濟的時代，作為這個時代的代表技術(shù)，3G技術(shù)將在非常快的速度發(fā)展很快，不斷創(chuàng)造性地將進入人們的工作，學(xué)習(xí)和生活中深。因此，控制這種技術(shù)，然后似乎更有重要性?，F(xiàn)在，我主要介紹一些3G技術(shù)的知識。

關(guān)鍵字：探地雷達，TD-SCDMA，WCDMA，邊緣，CDMA2000，桅索制動器，操作系統(tǒng)使用的手機設(shè)備

3G，全稱為3rd Generation，中文含義就是指第三代數(shù)字通信。全球3G近年來快速成長，從2002年到2008年，全球3G運營商已經(jīng)逐步從最初的慘淡經(jīng)營轉(zhuǎn)為現(xiàn)在的加速發(fā)展，截止2008年6月，全球3G用戶累計已達到7.09億，全球共有84個國家和地區(qū)發(fā)放了3G許可證，其中有效證為249張。

我國3G發(fā)展相對先進國家比較晚，2009年我國才正式邁進3G時代，在經(jīng)濟危機低迷的狀態(tài)下，2009年1月7日，中國工業(yè)和信息化部為中國移動、中國電信和中國聯(lián)通發(fā)放3張第三代移動通信（3G）牌照。中國移動使用我國具有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的3G標準TD-SCDMA，中國電信獲得CDMA2000牌照，中國聯(lián)通獲得WCDMA牌照。2009年成為中國3G正式商用年。

雖然在 3 G 后面的技術(shù)可能很復(fù)雜, 但是3 G 將會在我們生活中產(chǎn)生的影響是我們可以想象的。僅僅想像在你的行動電話中加入照相機、攝像機、計算機、音響以及收音機功能。這樣，無論何時何地你都將能夠通過無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)獲得大量的媒體信息和娛樂。

移動通信正在由單一的語音通信向多媒體方向發(fā)展,通過此途徑來加深我們對外界的感覺。

但不是這全部都將立刻發(fā)生。至今為止沒有一個人能夠完全掌握3G的發(fā)展的進程。我們唯一確信的是2001年多媒體移動通信將沖擊日本市場，而且歐洲和北美也將很快發(fā)展多媒體通信市場。

3G在帶來高速的語音通路之外還集以IP為基礎(chǔ)的服務(wù)為一身,有強大的發(fā)展環(huán)境。向IP方向發(fā)展是至關(guān)重要的。IP技術(shù)是以簡單的數(shù)據(jù)包傳輸為基礎(chǔ)的, 可以使用戶同時上網(wǎng)，但是不必花錢除了我們發(fā)送或接收數(shù)據(jù)。IP 的自然無連接性可以大大提高存取速率: 文件下載只需要很短的時間，而且只需輕輕一點就能和網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接上。

3G采用多頻率通信技術(shù),并且達到 2 Mbit/s 的通路速度。與現(xiàn)在的移動網(wǎng)絡(luò)相比較,3G將會極大的提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)容量-因此將能夠支持更多的使用者, 同時能夠提供更多復(fù)雜的服務(wù)。3 GSynchronous CDMA(時分同步CDMA)，該標準是由中國大陸?yīng)氉灾贫ǖ?G標準，1999年6月29日，中國原郵電部電信科學(xué)技術(shù)研究院（大唐電信）向ITU提出，但技術(shù)發(fā)明始祖于西門子公司，TD-SCDMA具有輻射低的特點，被譽為綠色3G。該標準將智能無線、同步CDMA和軟件無線電等當(dāng)今國際領(lǐng)先技術(shù)融于其中，在頻譜利用率、對業(yè)務(wù)支持具有靈活性、頻率靈活性及成本等方面的獨特優(yōu)勢。另外，由于中國內(nèi)的龐大的市場，該標準受到各大主要電信設(shè)備廠商的重視，全球一半以上的設(shè)備廠商都宣布可以支持TD—SCDMA標準。該標準提出不經(jīng)過2.5代的中間環(huán)節(jié)，直接向3G過渡，非常適用于GSM系統(tǒng)向3G升級。軍用通信網(wǎng)也是TD-SCDMA的核心任務(wù)?！?WCDMA

寬帶碼分多址接入技術(shù)(WCDMA)提供的數(shù)據(jù)傳送速率遠遠大于現(xiàn)在我們采用的通信方式,提供高達2Mbit/s的傳輸速率, 大大提高了光纖對語音信號的傳輸率。3G提供更寬的帶寬是3G中存在的巨 大的潛能。例如，WCDMA能夠使語音信號、視頻信號和數(shù)據(jù)同時進行傳輸。

WCDMA完全遵照了IMT-2000提出的2GHz帶寬標準(IMT-2000中心帶寬),就像是在歐洲采用的UMTS(全球的移動傳輸系統(tǒng))和日本采用的ARIB(語音信號工業(yè)標準聯(lián)盟)。

愛立信在WCDMA的研發(fā)方面走在了前列。公司早在1988年就在日本為移動通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)開始了WCDMA的實驗活動。愛立信已經(jīng)在全球建立了WCDMA的測試系統(tǒng)。在2000年，愛立信

宣布了他建立了WCDMA的基站?！DGE 全球革命性的提高傳輸速率將是原來的GSM和TSMA運營商利用現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備提供3G服務(wù)。通過制定新的通信附加標準來對無線通信和網(wǎng)絡(luò)中樞進化標準化,同時改革所有的IP業(yè)務(wù)和多媒體網(wǎng)絡(luò)。· cdma2000 cdma2000對于提高寬帶傳輸速率和遞送高質(zhì)量的語音服務(wù)無疑是3G標準最有效率的。cdma2000標準的發(fā)展將會使移動通信系統(tǒng)能夠提供2Mbit/sec的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率甚至超過這個標準。cdma2000提供的帶寬向我們展示了3G的潛能。舉例來說，cdma2000允許同時的傳輸多組聲音圖像數(shù)據(jù)。

cdma2000完全融合了IMT-2000標準，并且滿足了3G的標準。cdma2000可以通過現(xiàn)有的CMDA和TDMA在800到1900 MHz的頻段上實現(xiàn),就像日本在2GHz的光譜中實現(xiàn)。

愛立信是cdma2000研發(fā)的先行者,它制定了對無線通信和網(wǎng)絡(luò)中樞進行改革的新標準,同時也提出了對IP和多媒體網(wǎng)絡(luò)進行改革的意見?！?藍牙

藍牙是在不同的裝置之間進行雙通道短波傳輸?shù)墓_標準。舉例來說,它的出現(xiàn)標志著通過電纜進行移動通信連接掌上電腦或筆記本電腦的時代已經(jīng)過去。此外，藍牙能夠說數(shù)據(jù)傳輸同步化。存儲在智能數(shù)字助理上的日程表可以在個人計算機中藍牙能夠達到范圍里面自動更新。藍牙將成為通信領(lǐng)域中用于不同設(shè)備之間傳輸數(shù)據(jù)最重要的手段，同時它也將成為發(fā)展最快的發(fā)展領(lǐng)域。

藍牙技術(shù)是終端和其他設(shè)備使用移動通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的關(guān)鍵。藍牙即可應(yīng)用到現(xiàn)在的2G網(wǎng)絡(luò)也可以支持3G系統(tǒng),它將會在未來的移動通信中占據(jù)越來越重要的地位。愛立信已經(jīng)研制出了藍牙裝置,包括T36藍牙手機和藍牙掌上設(shè)備。

藍牙是由愛立信公司首先研制的,但現(xiàn)在藍牙主要是由一個特殊的世界組織來主管。此技術(shù)已在所有電信器械生產(chǎn)商、計算機制造商以及芯片制造商中普及?！?Symbian Symbian是一個被包括愛立信，諾基亞，摩托羅拉和 Psion公司共同投資的項目。Symbian的目標是通過以下兩種方式提高其在移動通信市場的份額: · 第一, 通過發(fā)展軟件的核心，優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)，進一步的研發(fā)手機通信設(shè)備工具(例如個人數(shù)傳助手，小巧的手機和通信器材)。

· 第二,制定移動設(shè)備傳輸信息的標準。Symbian的EPOC操作系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)研制成功，而且愛立信已經(jīng)在R380中使用了EPOC操作系統(tǒng)?！?無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定

無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定(無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定)是一個全球性的協(xié)議，是通過移動設(shè)備訪問英特網(wǎng)的公開標準。它可以使用戶通過移動設(shè)備例如手機和便攜設(shè)備訪問整個移動網(wǎng)絡(luò)和受據(jù)庫服務(wù)商,不用用不同的設(shè)備完成這些任務(wù)。

無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定允許統(tǒng)過建立“無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定微型瀏覽器”組織電話信息的方向, 同樣地網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器經(jīng)由英特網(wǎng)-個人計算機提供在線服務(wù)。典型地，無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定監(jiān)控屏將會顯示各種不同的服務(wù)或數(shù)據(jù)入口的若干超鏈接。

和采用無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定的手機一樣,愛立信也已經(jīng)宣布研制出一種無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定來服務(wù)開發(fā)者的裝備(WapIDE)和無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定出入口/代理,用移動的網(wǎng)絡(luò)在英特網(wǎng)和局域網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境中來橋接無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定申請和服務(wù)。除此之外，愛立信提供應(yīng)用專利, 像是愛立信本土化了英特網(wǎng)(ELI)給本地服務(wù) , 提供時間和發(fā)展環(huán)境給無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定申請的無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定應(yīng)用服務(wù)商。

愛立信是無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定論壇的四個最初成員之一。自從 1997 以后，當(dāng)它成立的時候, 無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定論壇已經(jīng)得到廣泛的工業(yè)廠商的支持，他們大部分都是是世界無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定論壇的成員。最新版的無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定標準，無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定 1.2.1,剛剛被開發(fā)出來。

我們將盡全力來推進無線傳輸通訊協(xié)定，準備協(xié)助運營商和服務(wù)提供商在競爭中處與更有利的地位。這有助于我們調(diào)整現(xiàn)今的業(yè)務(wù)來適應(yīng)新經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，更有效的利用資源，用創(chuàng)新的方法與客戶溝通。

3G能給我們帶來什么

3G時代人們將會享受到他為我們提供的哪些服務(wù)呢，形象的說，3G就是飛機上的視頻會議；3G就是病人接受及時救助的醫(yī)學(xué)專家；3G就是籃球迷不會錯過的NBA比賽；3G就是與朋友共享你在夏威夷的美好假期?！?視頻手機因3G勃興而揚帆啟航

一直以來，我們通過QQ、MSN等視頻聊天功能，與親朋好友進行遠程視頻聊天。由于手機數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率、圖像處理傳輸、接受顯示設(shè)備等達不到要求使得手機視頻聊天擱淺。3G時代依靠3G網(wǎng)絡(luò)的數(shù)據(jù)高速傳輸，從而3G手機用戶可以“面對面”交談。通過手機視頻，相距萬水千山的母子能夠通過手機相聚，分別日久的戀人能夠通過手機重逢。· ３Ｇ推動手機購物進入井噴期

用手機上網(wǎng)購物是一種新的購物方式，手機購物不僅讓消費者足不出戶就能買到滿意商品 更使得消費者能夠方便快捷的對商品進行挑選比較，隨著我國3G網(wǎng)絡(luò)的不斷完善，越來越多的用戶將會選擇手機購物模式。我國的手機購物將會迎來一個高速增長期。

網(wǎng)上商家不僅將服裝、圖書、手機、玩具、音像制品等日常商品擺上網(wǎng)絡(luò)貨架，汽車、筆記本電腦、珠寶等高檔商品也在備選之列。人們只要拿出３Ｇ手機登陸購物網(wǎng)站查詢商品信息，就能夠買到心儀的物品。網(wǎng)上購物價格不僅比商場便宜，更能夠送貨到家，如果不滿意可以按期退貨，網(wǎng)上商家誠信承諾保證了消費者的購物安全。· 寬帶上網(wǎng)使手機成為“小電腦”

雖然中國的3G之路剛剛開始，寬帶上網(wǎng)已是亮點業(yè)務(wù)，我們能在手機上收發(fā)語音郵件、寫博客、聊天、搜索、下載等，還有拔尖業(yè)務(wù)，如網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲、手機導(dǎo)航、網(wǎng)上聊天等?！?手機辦公—OA系統(tǒng)桎梏開啟的鑰匙

傳統(tǒng)自動化辦公系統(tǒng)雖然較之從前大大提高了辦公效率，然而區(qū)域的局限使的 OA系統(tǒng)僅限于應(yīng)用局域網(wǎng)，這給企事業(yè)單位辦公帶來了很多的不方便。手機辦公可以隨時隨地與單位的信息系統(tǒng)保持聯(lián)系，完成辦公功能越來越受到人們的青睞。３Ｇ手機可以下載安裝office、java等辦公軟件，將傳統(tǒng)辦公軟硬件“壓縮”在手掌大的手機上?！?手機電視將液晶電視收入囊中

手機電視是利用具有操作系統(tǒng)和流媒體視頻功能的智能手機觀看電視的業(yè)務(wù)，它是利用CMMB技術(shù)推出的便攜式的移動的多媒體，不管是 GPRS手機還是CD－

MA1X手機，都需要在裝有操作系統(tǒng)的手機終端上安裝相應(yīng)的播放軟件，而相應(yīng)的電視節(jié)目則由移動通信公司或者通過相應(yīng)的SP來組織和提供。盡管３Ｇ發(fā)展一片欣欣向榮的景象，然而由于手機流媒體軟件，視頻影像的流暢、畫面質(zhì)量等技術(shù)方面存有問題，手機電視大踏步前進還需要時日。

河南科技學(xué)院

信息工程082班

零三七八作品

第二篇：科技英語-翻譯

1.If you are successful, you won’t have to go ask for a raise or accept what you’re given or worry about being turned out when a younger version of yourself comes along.如果你是成功的，你就不用請求加薪，不必勉強接受所給予你的，無需擔(dān)心年輕的你一路走來會達到什么成就

2.What about development aid to give local people economic alternatives to cutting forests and plowing over the land? That kind of funding is difficult to come by.關(guān)于發(fā)展援助給當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窠?jīng)濟替代切割森林和耕作土地怎么樣？這樣的資金得來不易

3.He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance.他是不可能真正快樂的，如果被社會強迫做自己不喜歡做的事情,又或者喜歡做的事情被社會所忽略、被認為是毫無價值、不重要的。

4.Perhaps even more daunting, in the face of Internet-wide virus attacks, is the realization that we will depend in larger and larger measure on the network’s functioning reliably.面對網(wǎng)絡(luò)大范圍內(nèi)的病毒攻擊，但是我們會越來越依賴于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的功能，這使得我們更加沮喪

5.In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations, the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks?

在迫切想要養(yǎng)活其迅速增長而又吃不飽的人口的發(fā)展中國家，問題比較簡單，也更加緊迫：生物技術(shù)的好處是否大于風(fēng)險呢?

6.Once infected, your money will be transferred to an additional account opened by the virus program without anybody knowing it.一旦感染,你的錢就會轉(zhuǎn)移到所建立的其他帳戶上了病毒程序的沒有任何人知道。

7.Petroleum is believed to be produced naturally from dead animals and vegetable matter at the bottoms of shallow seas and swamps.石油被認為是脫離死動物和植物物質(zhì)的底部的淺海區(qū),沼澤地自然的產(chǎn)生。

8.Either party that disagrees to the arbitration may file a law suit at the people’s court.任何反對仲裁的一方都可以向法院提出訴訟。

9.Planning involves setting the firm’s objectives over a period of time and deciding on methods to achieve these objectives.規(guī)劃包括制定公司階段性目標并決定達到這些目標的方法策略。

10.If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution by investigating parts of the problem in isolation.如果宇宙中所有的東西都取決于其他所有在一個基本的方式,有可能無法接近一個完整的解決問題的部分，是孤立的。

11.But genetically modified, virus-resistant crops can reduce that damage, as can drought-tolerant seeds in regions where water shortages limit the amount of land under cultivation.但是轉(zhuǎn)基因、抗病毒的莊稼可以減輕損失，就如因水資源短缺限制了耕地數(shù)量的地區(qū)使用耐旱種子一樣。

12.In most consumer countries, oil has also dominated national economies, as a major component of imports and thus substantially affecting balances of payments.在大多數(shù)的消費者國家、油也占主導(dǎo)地位,作為一個國家經(jīng)濟的重要組成部分,從而大大影響進口國際收支平衡。

13.Whethe they survey children or adults, researchers find that active people are happier than sofa jockeys, and less prone to depression and suicide.通過兒童及成人的調(diào)查,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),積極的人比沙發(fā)的賽馬騎手更快樂,以及不易抑郁和自殺。

14.Choices are usually limited: find a good job in the small business world, stand in line at unemployment, or accept a cut in pay and benefits.機會總是有限的： 在一個小公司找一份好工作，排隊等待下崗，或接受減薪。

15.Crude oil price increases have significantly contributed to the growth of inflation, and with it recession and mass unemployment.原油價格的顯著上漲,導(dǎo)致了通貨膨脹,并且造成了危機,使大量工人失業(yè)。

16.In order to talk about the nature of the universe and to discuss the questions such as whether it has a beginning or an end, you have to be clear about what a scientific theory is.為了要討論宇宙的本質(zhì)和討論這個問題，例如:是否有一個開始或結(jié)束時,你必須要清楚地了解什么是科學(xué)理論。

17.The oil emergency system was set up to offset major disruptions that threatened the global economy and stability, not to manage prices and the commodity cycle.油應(yīng)急體系的建立主要是為抵消中斷全球經(jīng)濟和穩(wěn)定的威脅,而不是價格管理和商品周期。

1.他雖然學(xué)識淵博，但對這種生物科技引起的情況他也不知道如何應(yīng)付。(for all)

2.只要不斷努力，你早晚都會學(xué)好俄語的。(sooner or later)

If you keep trying, you will learn Russian sooner or later.3.那位新的候選人決定參加競選時，競爭對手們的競選活動均已達到高潮

4.這在很大程度上將取決于她對這一難題的反應(yīng)。(depend on)

It depends a lot on her reaction to the problem.6.我上大學(xué)時只能靠粗茶淡飯過活。(live on)

I had to live on bread and water when I was a college student.7.中國是一個富產(chǎn)寶貴的自然資源—原油的國家。(be rich in)

8.我祖母的故鄉(xiāng)位于紐約和芝加哥之間的某個小鎮(zhèn)上。(inbetween)

My grandmother's hometown in New York and Chicagobetween a small town

9.不管怎樣，在我們對人類對環(huán)境的影響做出科學(xué)的評估之前，仍有很長的一段路要走。(in any case)

10.跟其他同學(xué)不同，她花了近一個月時間才適應(yīng)了大學(xué)生活。

(different from)

Different from other students, she spent nearly a month time to adapt to life at university.11.他所提的改進意見對我們很有價值。

(carry weight with)

His suggestions carry a lot of weight with us.12.人們贊揚這部電影中的男女主角在面臨極大的災(zāi)難時表現(xiàn)出的英雄氣概。

(in the face of)

13.這個數(shù)學(xué)問題遠不像你一開始所想的那么復(fù)雜。(far from)

The maths problem is far from first you think so complicated

14.窮人的聲音不被理睬，因為政府只制定對富人有益的政策。（tune out）

15、但歐洲花了很長時間才對中國的崛起醒悟過來

16、一些鳥類棲息地的遷移也與氣候變暖的趨勢一致。

17、在這個試驗中，這種基因改造過的玉米將接受有意的危險性測試。

18、他們感到現(xiàn)在的一套對他們益處不大，所以多過去很留戀。

19、中國西部有著豐富的土地和資源，具有很大的開發(fā)潛力

20、顯然，我們難以招募到素質(zhì)好的職員

21、我對這部電影里的任何角色都難以認同。

22、油氣圈閉層由頂層、儲集層和底層巖石組成23、當(dāng)你在實驗中看到那樣的東西時，你會知道你會有所發(fā)現(xiàn)。

24、他們還提供給我們一些關(guān)于為什么身體健康的人比其他人更易于受到感染的線索。

25、采訪者會連珠炮式地提出很多問題而不給你很多思考答案的時間。

26、我們不應(yīng)該僅僅關(guān)注學(xué)者和研究者的著作能否對社會作出貢獻。

27、他會看天文星象運行，加以估算及預(yù)測。

28、原有道路寬度不合規(guī)定者，應(yīng)一律逐漸拓寬。

29、那個國家已處在生死存亡的關(guān)頭。

30、我反對該項計劃，理由是花費太大。

31、現(xiàn)在石油化工成品占所有化學(xué)制品的四分之一

第三篇：科技英語閱讀翻譯

Before any evidence can be introduced in support of the topic at hand, the definition of invention must be established.Legally, an invention is a new, useful, and non-obvious process, machine, or product.Maurice Fabre, author of A History of Land

Transportation(1963), offered an interesting take on the automobile and its inventor.“who, for that matter ,can say who invented the automobile? Was it Cugnot with his lumbering 'fardier' of 1769? Was it Trevithick with his steam carriage of 1801, or Benz or Daimler with their first successful internal combustion gasoline engine cars of 1886?It depends what you mean by an automobile.” in the year 2001, what do we consider the automobile to be ? I invite the reader to take a minute to look out the window.I see a street lined with cars.Many of these cars possess similar shapes and sizes.In fact, some of them are the same make and model, only different colors.What does this tell us about the modern automobile? The modern automobile is not a single vehicle;it is a collection of millions of cars designed for utilization by a mass market.In fact, we could argue that the modern automobile is a giant technological system that entails a way of life.Entire economies depend on this automobile.Engineers design the components, machinists manufacture the components, assemblers assemble the components into complete systems, truck drivers deliver the assembled product, and salesmen sell the product to the masses.This brief description does not even account for the office

workers who handle logistics and maintain financial accounts, or the separate companies that mine raw materials or design and manufacture the needed machine tools.What would the economy of the United States be like without the modern automobile?

Obviously, the modern automobile and self propelled vehicle are necessarily the same.翻譯：在任何證據(jù)被介紹來支持這個主題以前，必須建立發(fā)明的定義。從法律意義上來說,一項發(fā)明是一個新的、有用的創(chuàng)造性工藝、機器、或產(chǎn)品。Maurice Fabre的《陸運的歷史》(1963)提供了一個有趣的汽車和其發(fā)明者。“關(guān)于那件事,誰可以說是誰發(fā)明了汽車嗎?是1769年笨拙的柯諾特嗎? 這是1801年特里維西克他的蒸汽運輸車,或奔馳或戴姆勒的首次成功或1886年克萊斯勒的內(nèi)部燃燒汽油引擎的汽車嗎?那要看你怎么說一輛汽車。“在2001年,我們認為什么是汽車呢?我請讀者花一分鐘的時間往窗外看。我看到了街兩旁的汽車。這些汽車具有相似的形狀和大小。事實上,他們中的一些是相同的廠牌和型號,只是不同的顏色。這個是在告訴我們什么是關(guān)于現(xiàn)代的汽車嗎?現(xiàn)代汽車不是單獨的車輛,它是一個收集數(shù)百萬輛汽車設(shè)計利用的大規(guī)模市場。事實上,我們可以認為在我們的生活方式中現(xiàn)代汽車是一個巨大的技術(shù)系統(tǒng),整個經(jīng)濟依賴這種汽車。工程師設(shè)計組件,機械師制造部件,組裝成完整的系統(tǒng)組裝元件,卡車司機提供產(chǎn)品的組裝、銷售人員賣產(chǎn)品到群眾。這一簡單的描述甚至占用不了上班族們處理物流和維護金融帳戶或者單獨的的礦業(yè)公司開采原材料或設(shè)計和制造所需的工具的時間。如果沒有現(xiàn)代汽車美國的經(jīng)濟將會怎么樣呢？顯然，現(xiàn)代汽車和自行式車輛必須是一樣的。

第四篇：科技翻譯論文英語知識論文翻譯方法與技巧論文

科技翻譯論文英語知識論文翻譯方法與技巧論文科技翻譯論文英語知識論文翻譯方法與技巧論文

談科技翻譯中英語知識特點

摘要：隨著國民經(jīng)濟建設(shè)和國防建設(shè)的發(fā)展，科技翻譯在科研、實驗、設(shè)計、加工、科技信息和科技管理中充當(dāng)著日益重要的角色，因此提高科技翻譯能力是很有必要的。本文從翻譯學(xué)習(xí)的角度闡述了科技翻譯中英語知識特點。

關(guān)鍵詞：科技翻譯 英語知識 翻譯方法與技巧

從明末清初的科技翻譯至今，人們對科技翻譯的需求越來越大。這個“信息爆炸”的時代，無論是高校的科技教學(xué)與交流，還是社會經(jīng)濟的科技創(chuàng)新和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，都離不開科技翻譯。翻譯的方法、樣式、標準和風(fēng)格無不與時俱進。但是科技翻譯中英語知識特點是不變的。

一個翻譯人員，如果他的外語達不到他母語水平的60％－70％，就很難勝任有關(guān)的翻譯工作。一篇科技文章中其實只有少量自己特定的東西，大多背景和術(shù)語都是差不多的。真正著手時翻譯人員會發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有想象得那么難。一個文科出身的翻譯人員，如果不能從事工程技術(shù)等翻譯工作，并不是因為受文科專業(yè)的限制，而是其本身的功力不夠。是否具有扎實的英語知識是影響科技翻譯的決定性因素。科技翻譯幾乎涵蓋了所有理工常見的學(xué)科、專業(yè)和行業(yè)，而且是一種跨文化和地域的交流活動。這些特征決定了翻譯人員只有具備較高的英語知識技能水平，才能提高雙語對比知識及運用的能力，進而拓展更有廣度的知識結(jié)構(gòu)面和培養(yǎng)思維轉(zhuǎn)換應(yīng)變能力。所以，要真正提高科技翻譯水平，必須了解科技翻譯中英語知識特點，努力在實踐中提高自己的科技翻譯水平。

一、英語詞匯

科技翻譯中的英語詞匯要注意到詞匯量和專業(yè)術(shù)語這兩個方面。詞匯量少，望文生義會導(dǎo)致把握詞語的準確度差且錯詞率高?？萍甲髌分校煌膶I(yè)有不同的專業(yè)術(shù)語，不能隨意改換，所以科技翻譯人員除了要掌握原語和譯入語的基本技能以外，還應(yīng)熟悉所翻譯的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的技術(shù)術(shù)語，在翻譯時盡量使用這些術(shù)語，特別是針對一些概念性詞匯。比如，在同一篇科技譯文中，科技名詞、專業(yè)術(shù)語務(wù)求統(tǒng)一，原則上還必須采用國家自然科學(xué)出版機構(gòu)的詞典或者其他有關(guān)政府部門規(guī)范所規(guī)定的名詞術(shù)語。對于詞匯的翻譯，有三方面的影響因素。首先，許多科技詞匯是通過構(gòu)詞法而來，對其詞義的推敲便離不開詞素的語義語境，所以，了解英語構(gòu)詞法對我們準確理解科技術(shù)語詞義和翻譯科技術(shù)語是有幫助的。此外，周圍詞和所在句及所在段落影響一個詞的詞義，該詞詞義的確切含義通常需要從其詞語語義語境、句子語境或段落語義語境中獲取。如原文：science and technological advances are enabling us comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.譯為：科技進步正在使我們能夠探索宇宙的邊陲。這里的reach不應(yīng)該為原意“到達”，根據(jù)語境引申為“邊陲”。再次，大量科技新成果的出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致大量科技新詞的產(chǎn)生。遇到新詞時，有必要請教專業(yè)人員或查閱相關(guān)工具。

二、造句

科技文章的造句也講究文采，這種文采體現(xiàn)在：長句的邏輯性、表達客觀和描述練達。這也是準確、規(guī)范達意并及時有效的翻譯不可或缺的途徑。把握好句子的文采不僅節(jié)省讀者看原文時拆解長句的時間，而且使他們得以專心致志地研讀原文的技術(shù)內(nèi)涵，快速進入閱讀狀況。反之，如果翻譯還得讓讀者去揣摩核對原文和譯文，就違背了我們科技文獻翻譯的初衷。

1、大量使用長而復(fù)雜的句子是科技文章的一大特點。漢語長句與英語長句在結(jié)構(gòu)上不同，漢語句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較松散，主句與從句之間缺乏應(yīng)有的連結(jié)，但意義的連貫、起、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合一般都隱含在字里行間；而英語長旬的脈絡(luò)比較清楚，很容易從形式上加以判斷。因此，翻譯長句的基本要點是如何組織句子，翻譯時要避免翻譯為英語的流水句和復(fù)雜句。

如：pure science is primarily concemed with the development of theories and the establishment of the relations between the phenomena of the universe.譯文：理論科學(xué)的主要任務(wù)是發(fā)展理論，建立宇宙間各種現(xiàn)象之間的關(guān)系。

分析：這里把英語名詞development和establishment轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動詞“發(fā)展”和“建立”。雙語的靈活轉(zhuǎn)換

增強了譯文的準確性和流暢度。

2、科技文章中“非人稱主語+人稱主語使用的動詞謂語”的現(xiàn)象由客觀性決定，所以翻譯時少用人稱主語，而多用非人稱主語。

3、為使科技翻譯避免表達臃腫，句意不清，應(yīng)該在充分、正確理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，努力使譯文做到言簡意賅。

如：in my personal opinion。we must listen to and think overin a punctilious manner each and every suggestion that is offer to us.這樣的譯文應(yīng)改寫為：we must consider each suggestion carefully.分析：listen to and think over和in a punctilious manner可以分別概括為簡單的詞避免冗長，listen to and think over和eachand every同義詞可以并列，every suggestionthatis offerto us中offer隱含給別人的suggestion，可以替換。

三、語法

如果在語法結(jié)構(gòu)、句型方面不了解中文和英文兩種語言表達上的差異，會造成譯文的錯誤。掌握數(shù)量、時態(tài)、照應(yīng)和句子成分等基本的語法，利于對原文作出正確的理解，從而提高譯文的質(zhì)量?？萍挤g的語法特點表現(xiàn)在：使用一般現(xiàn)在時被動語態(tài)及名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)。在對原理、規(guī)律、性質(zhì)、特征、科學(xué)結(jié)論、調(diào)查結(jié)果和試驗數(shù)據(jù)等客觀真理和科學(xué)事實的描述時，需要采用一般現(xiàn)在時。翻譯中要根據(jù)具體情況選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r態(tài)，體現(xiàn)科技文獻的客觀性；使用被動語態(tài)，為避免采用第一、二人稱或施事者為主語而造成的主觀臆斷，被動語態(tài)在科技文獻中大量使用也使句子意思表達清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)簡潔，客觀性強。如“必須注意這臺機器的功能”可以譯為被動句attention must be paid to the function of the machine；采用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)減少主觀色彩，用名詞作為語句的表述主體可以有助于科技英語描述客觀世界，客觀地表達技術(shù)、學(xué)術(shù)、專業(yè)的內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)研究者或表達者的客觀態(tài)度。一般名詞作主語被名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)代替，可改變句型和動作行為的表達方式，由表示動作變?yōu)楸硎緺顟B(tài)、特征或事實，因而增加表述的客觀性。如“this experience removed any magnetism there was in london”中的magnetism就要比 “l(fā)ondon was less magnetic”中的形容詞magnetic更精準。

四、語篇

語篇，從語言建構(gòu)功能來看，是不能分割、具有相對獨立性且能夠單獨處理的連貫語言片斷。翻譯實踐也證明，那種字對字、旬對句的觀念束縛了譯者的大局觀，致使譯文組織松散，表達不力，削弱了譯文的可讀性，給譯文留下許多遺憾。

如加拿大翻譯理論家delisle(1988：10)曾說“翻譯的過程充滿了艱辛，因為原文中已經(jīng)明示的內(nèi)容以及只是隱含的內(nèi)容都必須在目標語中再現(xiàn)”。每個概念段都有一個核心以及與之相應(yīng)的附屬成分，核心與附屬成分邏輯關(guān)系明確?？萍嘉捏w的邏輯性、信息性很強，較有規(guī)律性。歸納出其中規(guī)律，對這種邏輯關(guān)系進行突出，避免信息傳遞時附屬信息對核心信息的干擾，以提高了譯文的可讀性，有助于讀者更好地把握作者欲言。

五、修辭

一般我們習(xí)慣于將修辭與文學(xué)聯(lián)系在一起，認為修辭是傳遞美學(xué)信息的。但是科技寫作和翻譯與修辭的手法是有聯(lián)系的。修辭從本質(zhì)上說是抽象的思維物質(zhì)符號化的一種外在直觀的表達形式，而借助語符和修辭手法可以將人們有關(guān)科學(xué)的思維物質(zhì)符號化。恰當(dāng)?shù)奈捏w和修辭手法會使科學(xué)的思維和理念展現(xiàn)得準確、簡潔有效。

科技論文寫作和翻譯的修辭是以符合科技論文的要求、以某種程度上有別于文學(xué)作品的修辭形式把科學(xué)的思維和理念組織、表述和展示出來，使科學(xué)的邏輯思維用與之相配的修辭形式，清晰簡潔地在譯文中得以重現(xiàn)?？萍嘉牡姆g研究范圍內(nèi)的修辭是在內(nèi)容上和表達上偏重于煉字鍛句、明確流暢，在形式和結(jié)構(gòu)上偏重于平勻縝密、嚴謹妥貼。它以在傳遞科技信息方面以有效地發(fā)揮語言的交際功能為要旨，有別于文學(xué)體裁中一般概念的美學(xué)修辭?？萍嘉恼麓蠖嘤酶拍?、判斷、推理等方法說明需要解決的問題具有極強的邏輯性。

六、科技翻譯原文涉及的各個學(xué)科領(lǐng)域

翻譯人員通常被稱作是“萬金油”，特別是科技人員，他們的專業(yè)是無法固定的，說不定遇到什么課題和談話內(nèi)容。所以說翻譯人員的知識面越寬，就越有助于發(fā)展。眾所周知，嚴復(fù)提出的“信、達、雅”的翻譯標準，但就科技翻譯而言，最重要的標準就是準確、客觀、規(guī)范、簡練地表達原文?？萍挤g中一般強調(diào)“信”的重要性，指的就是科技翻譯工作者加強專業(yè)學(xué)科的學(xué)習(xí)以及親身深入科技實踐，使科技翻譯做到準。

缺乏文化背景知識，就會引起知識運用面狹窄、譯文可接受性差，所以，專業(yè)知識是影響科技翻譯的重要因素。多數(shù)科技翻譯工作者為高校的外語專業(yè)畢業(yè)生，對科技的翻譯專業(yè)知識生疏，因此，應(yīng)該盡可能地加入企業(yè)和單位生產(chǎn)和科技實踐，接受潛移默化的技術(shù)熏陶，以熟悉每一道工序、流程、技術(shù)難點、專業(yè)行話等等。實際情況不允許他花上一兩年時間去熟悉資料背景的情況下，也可以找?guī)妆拘再|(zhì)類似的資料，盡可能地了解有關(guān)技術(shù)內(nèi)容與文體特點；查閱專業(yè)工具書和用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對信息進行分類檢索義；向?qū)＜一蜃髡哒埥痰?。走上工作崗位以后，則可能涉及到機械、化工、外貿(mào)等多專業(yè)知識領(lǐng)域。要求我們不僅要有扎實的外語及本族語語言功底，不斷擴大知識面，并且盡可能多地掌握各科技領(lǐng)域?qū)I(yè)詞匯及縮略語等。

七、結(jié)語

翻譯界常聞的譯事三難，具體到科技英語漢譯就是：英語理解難，漢語表達難，專業(yè)知識能力要求高。本文對科技翻譯中英語知識特點的一般性討論，有助于翻譯實踐之前正確地定位自己，使自己進入角色，在實踐中改善和提高。

The translation of scientific English translation skills and methods of knowledge in science and technology translation in English translation skills and methods of the knowledge On the characteristics of English knowledge in science and technology translation Abstract: with the development of the national economy and national defense construction, technical translation plays an increasingly important role in scientific research, experiment, design, processing, information technology and scientific management, so improve the ability of translation is necessary.In this paper, from the perspective of translation study English knowledge in science and technology translation.Keywords: translation of scientific English translation skills and methods Since the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty's translation of science and technology, the demand for the translation of science and technology is more and more big.The “information explosion” era, both teaching and communication of science and Technology University, or the social economic and technological innovation and economic development, all cannot do without science and technology translation.Methods of translation, style, standard and style are keeping pace with the times.But the knowledge of English translation of science and technology is invariant features.A translator, if his language is not up to his native level 60%-70%, it is difficult to do the translation work.A scientific article actually only a small amount of their specific things, mostly background and terminology are similar.The real start when translators will find not so difficult to imagine.A liberal arts background of translators, if not engaged in engineering technology and other translation work, not because of liberal arts professional restrictions, but its lack of skill.Have solid knowledge of English is a decisive factor in influencing the translation of science and technology.Translation covers almost all science and engineering disciplines, the common professional and industry, but also is a kind of cross culture and regional exchange activities.These characteristics determine the translator must have high level of English knowledge and skills, to improve the ability of bilingual contrastive knowledge and application of knowledge structure, and to further expand the scope of more and thinking transformation strain capacity.So, to improve the level of science and technology translation, must understand the English knowledge in science and technology translation, and strive to improve their level of science and technology in translation practice.One, the English Vocabulary Translation of scientific English vocabulary should pay attention to vocabulary and terminology of these two aspects.Vocabulary, take the words too literally can lead to grasp the word accuracy and high rate of wrong words.Science and technology works, different professional terminology is different, can not arbitrarily change, so technology translators in addition to master basic skills of source language and target language, technical terms should also be familiar with the translation of the professional field, use as far as possible in the translation of these terms, especially for some conceptual vocabulary.For example, in the same piece of technology in the translation, terminology, terminology to unification, in principle must also terms stipulated by the National Natural Science Publishers dictionary or other relevant government departments to standardize the.For the translation of words, there are three factors.First of all, many scientific vocabulary by means of word formation, semantic context, the meaning of study cannot do without or so, understand English word formation for us to understand scientific meaning and translation of technical terms is helpful.In addition, the surrounding words and the sentences and paragraphs of the meaning of a word, the exact meaning of the word is usually obtained from the semantic context, semantic context in the sentence context or paragraph.Such as the original: Science and technological advances are enabling us comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.translated as: scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.Here reach should not be willing to “reach”, according to the context meaning “border”.Once again, the emergence of a

large number of new achievements in science and technology leads to the generation of a large number of science and technology of new words.In a word, it is necessary to consult a professional or related tools.Two, make sentences

A technical articles also pay attention to literary grace, this literary grace is reflected in: long logic, expression and description of objective particulars.This is accurate, the indispensable means to regulate feelings and timely and effective translation.A good grasp of the sentence will not only save the reader time dismantling sentences see the text, but also make their technical content to devote oneself heart and soul to read text, quickly enter the reading situation.Conversely, if the translation is to let readers try to check the original translation, is against our original intention of science and technology literature translation.1, use a lot of long and complex sentences is a major characteristic of scientific articles.Chinese English and English long sentences differ in structure, the Chinese sentence structure is loose, a lack of connection between the main clause and the clause, but the significance of coherence, play, bearing, rotating, and generally implied in between the lines;while the English long, context clear, easily from the form to be judged.Therefore, the basic point is how to organize the sentence translation of long sentences, translation should be avoided for the English translation of flowing water sentence and complex sentence.Such as: pure science is primarily concemed with the development of theories and the establishment of the relations between the phenomena of the universe.Translation: the main task of scientific theory is the development theory, establishes the relationship between the universe phenomena.Analysis: the English noun development and establishment into the establishment of Chinese verb “development” and “".Flexible conversion bilingual and enhance the accuracy and fluency of translation.2, scientific articles ”impersonal subject + person subject using the verb predicate“ phenomenon from objective decision, so the translation is less personal subject, and more impersonal accustomed to rhetoric is in connection with literature, that rhetoric is conveying aesthetic information.But the scientific writing and translation and rhetoric techniques are linked.Rhetoric is essentially a form of external expression of thinking matter abstract symbols of intuitive, and with the help of language symbols and rhetoric can connect people thinking about science of material symbols.Proper style and rhetoric makes scientific thinking and ideas show was accurate, simple and effective.Technical writing and translation of rhetoric is to meet the requirements of scientific papers, to a certain degree has rhetorical form different from literary works of the scientific thinking and idea of organization, representation and display, make the scientific logical thinking with the rhetoric form with the match, clarity and simplicity in translation to reproduce.EST translation study within the scope of rhetoric is in the content and expression of emphasis on diction forging sentence, clear and smooth, in the form and structure of emphasis on homogeneous careful, rigorous.It takes in the transfer of scientific and technological information in order to effectively play the function of language communication as the essence of aesthetic rhetoric, there is different from the general concept of literature.Scientific articles mostly use concept, judgment, reasoning that need to solve the problem is very logical.Six, the science and technology translation involves all fields The translator is often called a ”one size fits all“, especially in scientific and technical personnel, their professional is not fixed, perhaps meet what topics and conversation.So knowledge of translators is wider, more conducive to the development of.As everyone knows, Yan Fu's ”letter and elegance,“ the criteria of translation, but the translation of science and technology, the most important standard is accurate, objective, standard, concise expression of the original.In EST translation emphasizes the importance of general ”letter", refers to the translation of science and technology workers to strengthen the professional disciplines of learning and personal in-depth practice of science and technology, the science and technology translation standard.The lack of cultural background knowledge, will cause the knowledge narrow, acceptability is poor, so, professional knowledge is an important factor to influence the translation of science and technology.Most technical translators for College English major graduates, on science and technology Translation of professional knowledge is strange, therefore, it should be possible to join enterprises and units of production and the practice of science and technology, the influence of technology acceptance influence character by environment, familiar with every process, process, technical difficulties, the professional jargon.The actual situation does not allow him to spend one or two years time to get familiar with the data context, can also find several of the similar nature of the data, as much as possible about the relevant technical content and stylistic features;access to professional books and classifies information retrieval meaning to consult experts or the Internet;etc..Go after work, may be related to mechanical, chemical, foreign trade and other areas of expertise.We are required not only to have foreign language and native language skills, expand their knowledge, and as much as possible to master the technology in the field of special terms and abbreviations.Seven, the conclusion

Translators often heard the translation difficulties, specific to the EST Translation: English is difficult to understand, difficult to express Chinese, professional knowledge and ability requirements.In this paper, the general knowledge of the English translation of science and technology in the characteristics of discussion, is helpful for translation practice before correctly positioning ourselves, make ourselves into the role, and improve in practice.

第五篇：談科技英語的文體翻譯和語言特點論文

摘要: 隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，全球經(jīng)濟一體化逐步深入，科技英語將越來越引起科學(xué)界和語言界的高度重視和關(guān)注。科技英語越來越表現(xiàn)出其獨特性，已成為一門獨立的文體。本文從科技英語的語言特點出發(fā)，舉例闡述了科技英語的翻譯技巧和方法。

關(guān)鍵詞: 科技英語；語言特點；翻譯

在科技英語文獻中，科技詞匯包括純科技詞匯和普通科技詞匯，其使用率高達60 %，足見其數(shù)量之多。隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，全球經(jīng)濟一體化逐步深入，科技英語將越來越引起科學(xué)界和語言界的高度重視和關(guān)注。著名科學(xué)家錢三強早就指出：“科技英語在許多國家已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代英語的一個專門的新領(lǐng)域?！爆F(xiàn)在世界上許多國家設(shè)立了科技英語研究中心，大學(xué)里也設(shè)立科技英語專業(yè)或科技英語系，專門從事科技英語語言的研究、教學(xué)和科技英語人才的培養(yǎng)。

在我國，科技英語的研究和學(xué)習(xí)方興未艾，科技英語系（專業(yè))、研究中心和翻譯機構(gòu)在各大中城市、高等院校如雨后春筍。這充分說明我國科技的快速發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟的良性循環(huán)以及對世界政治、經(jīng)濟、科技等活動越來越需要科技英語。盡管科技英語和普通英語(如文學(xué)英語)外表上看一樣，都是由語音、詞匯和語法構(gòu)成。但隨著其運用范圍擴大，科技領(lǐng)域的進一步規(guī)范，科技英語越來越表現(xiàn)出其獨特性，已成為一門獨立的文體，并逐步奠定科技英語作為一門學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)。

一、科技英語的語言特點

科技英語的特點表現(xiàn)在詞匯、句法和修辭三個方面。

（一）詞匯方面

科技詞匯在科技英語里大量使用，主要包括以下幾類：．純科技詞匯，即那些只用于某個專業(yè)或?qū)W科的專門詞匯或術(shù)語，如hydroxide(氫氧化物)、diode(二級管)、isotope(同位素)等。隨著科技的發(fā)展，新學(xué)科、新專業(yè)的產(chǎn)生，這樣的詞匯層出不窮，其詞義精確而狹窄，針對性極強。閱讀專業(yè)性強的文獻，就要了解該領(lǐng)域的專門詞匯和術(shù)語。．通用科技詞匯，即不同專業(yè)都要經(jīng)常使用的那些詞匯，數(shù)量較大。這類詞的使用范圍比純科技詞匯要廣，出現(xiàn)頻率也高，但在不同的專業(yè)里有較為穩(wěn)定的詞義。如p o w e r 一詞在機械力學(xué)中的詞義為“力”、“電”、“電力”、“動力”、“電源”、“功率”等，在數(shù)學(xué)中的詞義為“乘方”、“次方”、“冪”；又如f e e d 一詞的意義也很豐富：“饋電”、“供水”、“輸送”、“進刀”等。．派生詞匯，指通過合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生構(gòu)詞手段而構(gòu)成的詞匯。這種詞匯在科技英語文獻中占有很大的比重。例如，由前綴hydro-，hyper-，hypo-和inter-構(gòu)成的詞條在科技英語中就有二干多條；以表示學(xué)科的后綴-logy，-ics 和表示行為、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等的后綴-tion，-sion，-ance，-ence，-ment 等結(jié)尾構(gòu)成的詞匯在科技英語文獻中俯拾即是。

此外，縮寫詞也是科技英語詞匯的重要組成部分，具有經(jīng)濟、簡便的優(yōu)點。

（二）句法方面．被動語態(tài)。

翻開任何一頁科技文獻，都可找到一定數(shù)量的被動語態(tài)，這正是科技英語的顯著特征的表現(xiàn)：客觀、真實，拒絕主觀和臆斷。．非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)。

在科技英語中使用非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以更好、更準確地描述各個事物之間的關(guān)系，事物的位置和狀態(tài)的變化。．名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)。

用名詞詞組或短語(主要是用具有動作意義的名詞+ of + 修飾語)來表示一個句子的意思，就是名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)。這一結(jié)構(gòu)在科技英語中大量使用，主要因為它有簡潔、確切、嚴密、客觀、信息量大等特點。．長句。

根據(jù)上海交通大學(xué)l07萬詞的計算機語料統(tǒng)計，科技英語句的平均長度為21.4 個詞，7 個以下(包括7 個詞)的短句僅占8.77％，超過40 個的長句占6.3％(方夢之，l989：97)。科技英語中使用長句用來描寫復(fù)雜多變的客觀世界。

（三）修辭方面．句型和時態(tài)的使用?？萍加⒄Z文體用來客觀陳述事實和問題，描寫過程和狀態(tài)，說明特性和功能，所論情理多為一般性、頻繁性和特征性。因此，在這樣的文體中，大量使用陳述句型，謂語動詞主要以一般時為主，如一般現(xiàn)在時、過去時和將來時等。．語氣的使用。科技作者在說明事

理、提出設(shè)想、探討問題和推導(dǎo)公式時，常常涉及各種前提、條件和場合。為了避免武斷，總是從假定、猜測、建議和懷疑的角度出發(fā)，這就往往需要采用虛擬語氣；另一方面，有不少作者為了表示自己的謙遜，為了謹慎和留有余地，也樂于采用虛擬語氣而使口吻變得委婉和圓滑。．祈使旬的使用。在使用說明書、操作規(guī)程、作業(yè)指導(dǎo)、注意事項等科技文章中，更多使用祈使句以告誡、建議、勸告和命令用戶或操作者的行動，以達到基本目的。．其他特點。由于科技文章本身的客觀性、信息性，所以在句子結(jié)構(gòu)和其他語言特點上就表現(xiàn)出一些明顯的特點如分隔結(jié)構(gòu)、非言詞符號、倒裝、省略等的使用?？萍加⒄Z是用來傳遞客觀真理、客觀事實，拒絕主觀性和臆斷性，消除歧義，表達上力求簡明、扼要、規(guī)范，邏輯嚴密。以上語言特點是應(yīng)科技英語本身的要求而形成的。

二、科技文體的翻譯

在英語學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)階段，學(xué)生接觸了一些英語翻譯的練習(xí)，但大部分為文學(xué)方面的，較少翻譯科技方面的文章。然而，他們工作時接觸的大多都是科技方面的文獻，且科技文體有其獨特性。如不系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)，將直接影響翻譯效果。

（一）科技術(shù)語和專有詞匯的翻譯一般來說，可采用以下幾種方法：

（1）意譯法

意譯法就是根據(jù)原詞的實際含義譯成對應(yīng)的漢語術(shù)語。這種譯法廣泛運用于科技術(shù)語的翻譯，具有概念明確、易懂易記的優(yōu)點。例如：guided missile 導(dǎo)彈； automobile汽車；software 軟件；barometer 氣壓計；input 輸入；hard-wired modem 硬線調(diào)制解調(diào)器；insulation resistance test 絕緣電阻測定；等等都是采用意譯的方法來翻譯的。

（2）音譯法

音譯法就是按原詞的英語發(fā)音譯成相對應(yīng)的漢語。這種譯法適用于計量單位名稱、人名、地名、公司名、首字母縮略語以及一些還未完全了解的新術(shù)語。如：gallon 加侖； clone 克?。?pound 磅；Coco cola 可口可樂；watt 瓦特；Franklin富蘭克林；Mercerdes-Benz 奔馳（汽車）；AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome)艾滋?。ǐ@得性免疫力缺乏綜合癥）；TOEFL(test of English as a foreign language)托福（作為一門外語的英語測試）等，這種方法是不得已而為之，無法揭示詞匯的真正意義。隨著新術(shù)語的認識，對不少詞已用意譯來代替，如：engine（引擎）發(fā)動機；vitamin(維他命)維生素；microphone(麥克風(fēng))話筒等。

（3）半音半意法

這是音譯與意譯的結(jié)合。

如：Einstein equation 愛因斯坦方程；Noble prizes 諾貝爾獎金；beer 啤酒；card卡片等。

（二）句子的翻譯

科技英語是用來陳述自然界、科技界所發(fā)生或出現(xiàn)的事情，描述其規(guī)律、特點、過程等的語言，表達客觀準確、邏輯性強、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹，這樣才能更好地記錄自然界和科技界的動態(tài)。用來記錄的語言當(dāng)然不會很簡單：句子偏長、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。否則，很難表達這些領(lǐng)域的內(nèi)容或現(xiàn)象。這樣的句子也是難句，給讀者和譯者帶來不少的麻煩。從句法的角度來分析，造成長句難的主要原因是：修飾、限定及附加成分多，從而造成分隔結(jié)構(gòu)(修飾與被修飾成分相隔很遠)。對長難句的處理，首先理順語法結(jié)構(gòu)；然后根據(jù)句子特點采取不同的手段，如分譯法、順序法或變序法等。

例如：These things are notorious;Sir William Scott, in his speech of 1802, in favor of the non-residence of the Clergy,expressly said, that they and their families ought to appear at Watering places,and that this was amongst the means of making them respected by their flocks!

這句話的語法結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，要注意兩個and連接的分句的語法功能。第一個and連接的與主句并列，第二個連接的則是said帶的兩個賓語從句。

參考譯文為：這等丑事，盡人皆知。然而威廉·司各特爵士在1 8 0 2 年演講，明白主張牧師不必定居教區(qū)，而應(yīng)攜眷到溫泉游覽，據(jù)說這樣反而能得到他的教區(qū)子民的尊敬云云。

再如：The reason why air makes fire burn more intensely was learned only about two hundred years ago, when several scientists finally proved that oxygen, one of the gases air contains, can combine with certain other elements li)ke carbon to release much heat.參考譯文：空氣為什么能使火燃燒得更旺？直到大約2 0 0 年前才弄清其原因。當(dāng)時某些科學(xué)家終于證明，空氣中有一種氣體叫氧，它能夠與其它一些元素（如碳）化合，從而釋放出大量的熱。

（三）被動語態(tài)的翻譯

英語中，尤其在科技英語文體中，被動語態(tài)使用范圍很廣。這種語態(tài)能更客觀、準確地描述事物的發(fā)展和變化。在漢語中，被動語態(tài)的使用范圍有限，更多使用主動語態(tài)。在英譯漢時，一般說來，大部分英語被動語態(tài)要譯成漢語主動句、無主句、判斷句，有時也譯成被動語態(tài)，尤其是原文表示強調(diào)時。

如：

A detailed examination was made of energy partition in an impacted solid propellant.參考譯文為：對于固體推進劑受撞擊后的內(nèi)部能量分布情況，已經(jīng)進行了詳盡的研究。

（四）數(shù)詞的翻譯

在科技文獻中，數(shù)詞的使用十分頻繁，表達方法多種多樣，還有英、美表達上的差異，這些給翻譯帶來不少的困難。在工作中如對數(shù)詞翻譯不當(dāng)，后果將不堪設(shè)想。因此，要掌握如何翻譯倍數(shù)、倍數(shù)的增加、倍數(shù)的減少等數(shù)詞，還要了解英國和美國英語在這方面不同的表達方式。

如：

（1）On the moon you could lift weights which are six times heavier than the heaviest weight you can lift on the earth．(一個人在月球上所能舉起的重物要比他

在地球上所能舉起的最重的物體重5 倍。)

（2）When the voltage is stepped-up by 10 times，the strength of the current is stepped-down by 10 times，so that the power remains the same．(當(dāng)電壓升高到l0 倍時，電流強度則降低到1 ／ 10，因此功率保持不變。)

總之，在翻譯科技文體的文章時，要根據(jù)科技英語的語言特點，確保譯文忠實于原文，表達通順流暢，并掌握英漢基礎(chǔ)知識和一定的翻譯理論知識，拓寬知識面，養(yǎng)成嚴謹?shù)墓ぷ鲬B(tài)度，這樣才能較準確地譯好科技文體。

參考文獻：

[1]王泉水.科技英語翻譯技巧：天津：天津科技出版社，1991

[2]方夢之.英語漢譯實踐與技巧：天津：天津科技翻譯出版公司，1994

[3]劉宓慶.文體與翻譯： 北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司，1998

[4]穆 雷.中國翻譯教學(xué)研究：上海：上海外語教育出版社，1999

[5][7]中國科技翻譯.北京：中國科學(xué)院科技翻譯工作者協(xié)會主辦