第一篇：新編大學(xué)英語Unit2課文翻譯及課后練習(xí)答案

Unit 2 Myths and Legends In-Class Reading Why the Tortoise’s Shell Is Not Smooth

為什么烏龜?shù)谋硽ぐ纪共黄綇倪h(yuǎn)處他妻子們的那些小木屋里傳來的低聲細(xì)語，時(shí)不時(shí)地被歌聲打斷，但是奧康瓦還是聽到了，這是妻子們同各自的孩子在講民間故事。愛克蔚菲和她的女兒愛金瑪坐在一塊小地毯上。現(xiàn)在，輪到愛克蔚菲講故事了。霎時(shí)，低聲細(xì)語靜了下來，所有的眼睛都轉(zhuǎn)向她們最喜歡的故事能手。2 “很久以前”，她開始講道，“所有的鳥兒都被邀請(qǐng)到天上赴宴。它們非常高興，開始為這盛大的日子做準(zhǔn)備。它們用顏料把自己的身體涂成深紅色并畫上漂亮的圖案。“烏龜看到了所有這些準(zhǔn)備活動(dòng)，并很快了解了事情的來龍去脈。動(dòng)物界里發(fā)生的任何事都逃不過他的眼睛，（因?yàn)椋┧器餆o比，詭計(jì)多端。他一聽說這一天上的盛宴，不禁垂涎三尺。那些日子正在鬧饑荒，烏龜已經(jīng)有兩個(gè)月沒好好吃一頓飯了。他的身體就像一段枯柴棍在空蕩蕩的軀殼里咔咔作響。于是他穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打地開始計(jì)劃如何能到天上去?！?4 “但是他沒有翅膀呀，”愛金瑪說。5 “別性急，”她母親回答道，“故事（的關(guān)鍵）就在這里。烏龜沒有翅膀，但他去找鳥兒們，請(qǐng)求能跟他們一起去?！?6 “‘我們太了解你了，’鳥兒們聽了他的請(qǐng)求后說道?！阍幱?jì)多端并且忘恩負(fù)義。如果我們答應(yīng)你，你馬上就會(huì)施展詭計(jì)。我們老早就把你看透了?！?7 “‘你們不了解我，’烏龜說?！乙呀?jīng)脫胎換骨了，不再是你們以前所知道的那個(gè)搗蛋鬼了。相反，我現(xiàn)在既體貼又善良。我已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到，給別人制造麻煩的人就是在給自己制造麻煩。放心吧，我保證不給你們增添任何麻煩?！?“烏龜巧舌如簧，沒過多久，所有的鳥兒都一致認(rèn)為，他確實(shí)已經(jīng)脫胎換骨了，于是每只鳥兒都給了他一根羽毛，用這些羽毛，烏龜做了兩只色彩絢麗的翅膀?！白詈?，這盛大的日子終于來到了，烏龜?shù)谝粋€(gè)到達(dá)了集合地點(diǎn)。等所有的鳥兒都來齊了，他們就一塊兒動(dòng)身。烏龜飛在鳥兒們中間，非常高興，而且由于他擅長演說，很快就被推選為大伙兒的發(fā)言人。10 “‘有件重要的事我們絕不能忘記，’他在飛行途中說道?！?dāng)人們被邀請(qǐng)參加類似于這樣的盛宴時(shí)，要特意給自己取個(gè)新名字。天上的主人們一定也希望我們能遵循這一古***俗?！?“鳥兒們誰也沒聽說過這一習(xí)俗，但他們知道，盡管烏龜在其它方面不怎么樣，卻到過許多地方，知曉不同民族的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。于是他們每人都取了一個(gè)新名字。等他們?nèi)既『昧?，烏龜也取了一個(gè)。他的新名字叫‘你們大家’。“最后群鳥飛到了天上，那兒的主人們見到他們非常高興。烏龜穿著他那五彩的羽衣，起身對(duì)主人們的邀請(qǐng)深表謝意。他的講話如此得體，所有的鳥兒都很慶幸把他帶了來，對(duì)他所說的一切都點(diǎn)頭贊同。主人們把他當(dāng)成了鳥兒們的國王，尤其是因?yàn)樗雌饋碛心敲袋c(diǎn)兒與眾不同。13 “精選出來的各種果仁呈上來吃完之后，天上的人們在客人們面前擺上了烏龜從未見過或夢到過的美味佳肴。湯剛從爐子上燒好就連著罐子熱氣騰騰地端上來了，里面全是肉和魚。烏龜開始很響地嗅氣。有甜薯泥以及用棕櫚油和鮮魚一起煮成的甜薯湯，還有一壇壇棕櫚酒。等所有的菜肴在客人們面前擺好后，有一位天上的人走上前來，把每樣菜肴都嘗一口。然后他請(qǐng)鳥兒們進(jìn)餐。但這時(shí)烏龜一躍而起，問道：‘你們是為誰準(zhǔn)備的這個(gè)宴會(huì)？’

“‘為你們大家啊，’那個(gè)人回答道。15 “烏龜轉(zhuǎn)向鳥兒們說：‘你們該記得，我的名字就是“你們大家”。這兒的習(xí)俗是先請(qǐng)發(fā)言人吃，然后才輪到其他人。我吃完以后，他們會(huì)請(qǐng)你們吃的?！?“他開始大吃起來，鳥兒們則私下里生氣地抱怨著。天上的人還以為把所有的食物讓國王吃是鳥兒們的習(xí)俗。就這樣，烏龜吃掉了最好的食物，還喝了兩壇棕櫚酒，于是酒足飯飽了，他的身體脹得胖鼓鼓的，把整個(gè)龜殼都撐圓了?！傍B兒們圍攏來吃些殘羹剩飯，啄著他扔在地上的骨頭。有一些鳥兒氣得什么都沒吃，他們寧可空著肚子飛回去。但是離開前，每只鳥兒都向?yàn)觚斠亓烁髯越杞o他的那根羽毛。烏龜站在那兒，身上只剩了一個(gè)硬殼，里面滿是佳肴美酒，卻沒了可飛回家的翅膀。他請(qǐng)求鳥兒們捎個(gè)口信給他的妻子，但被大家拒絕了。最后，最生烏龜氣的鸚鵡，突然改變了主意，同意替他帶個(gè)口信。18 “‘告訴我的妻子，’烏龜說道，‘把家里所有軟的東西都拿出來，鋪在地上，這樣我就可以從天上跳下去，而不至于摔傷了。’ “鸚鵡滿口答應(yīng)一定把這個(gè)口信帶到，然后竊笑著飛走了。然而，當(dāng)他飛到烏龜家時(shí)，卻告訴烏龜?shù)钠拮影鸭依锼杏驳摹⒓獾募一锒寄贸鰜?。于是烏龜?shù)钠拮泳捅M心盡責(zé)地把丈夫的鋤頭，刀子，長矛，槍甚至他的大炮都搬了出來。烏龜從天上往下看，看到他的妻子正往外搬東西，但相距太遠(yuǎn)了看不清是些什么。當(dāng)一切似乎都已準(zhǔn)備妥當(dāng)時(shí)，他就縱身一跳。他掉啊，掉啊，掉，直到他開始擔(dān)心自己會(huì)這樣一直不停地掉下去。然后，他重重地摔到了地上，那聲響就跟他的大炮轟鳴一樣?！?20 “他死了嗎？”愛金瑪問道。21 “沒有，”愛克蔚菲回答說。“他的背殼摔成了好幾百塊碎片。不過，那附近有一個(gè)醫(yī)術(shù)高明的行醫(yī)者。烏龜?shù)钠拮泳团扇税阉?qǐng)來，這位行醫(yī)者把所有的碎片撿攏來，粘在一起。這就是為什么烏龜?shù)谋硽ぐ纪共黄降脑蛄??！?/p>

After-Class Reading

Beauty and the Beast

美女與野獸 從前有一位非常富有的商人，他有六個(gè)孩子，三個(gè)兒子和三個(gè)女兒。他滿足女兒想要的一切，但是，除了小女兒，兩個(gè)大女兒都非常自高自大，被寵壞了。小女兒名叫“美女”。她既美麗又溫柔，兩個(gè)姐姐為此嫉妒得不得了。2 在一個(gè)倒霉的日子里，商人得知自己損失了所有的錢，全家人被迫從城里的豪宅搬到鄉(xiāng)下一個(gè)小房子去住。三個(gè)兒子立即幫助父親張羅外面的瑣事?？蓱z的美女，向來都是仆人照料她的起居。現(xiàn)在她不得不在日出前起床，生火、做飯、打掃屋子。但是她很快適應(yīng)了這種生活。她說：“哭不會(huì)改善現(xiàn)狀。我必須努力讓自己快樂起來。”然而，她的兩個(gè)姐姐則每天睡到正午，并且還為美女不像她倆一樣痛苦而生氣。一年后，這位父親收到一封信，告知他有一艘失綜的船已被找到，并已滿載貨物而歸。全家人都很高興，因?yàn)樗麄冇忠兊酶挥辛恕Ｔ谏倘穗x家前，兩個(gè)大女兒懇求父親給她們帶回各種各樣珍貴的首飾和漂亮衣服?！澳敲次业拿琅胍裁茨?”父親問道。“哦，我什么都不需要，但是如果您能帶給我一朵玫瑰，我會(huì)非常感激的，”她說。當(dāng)然，美女并不需要玫瑰，只是她想，為了不使自己看上去似乎在批評(píng)兩個(gè)姐姐的貪婪，她最好得要點(diǎn)什么。4 商人來到了港口，但是天哪，船已經(jīng)沉沒了，結(jié)果他依然貧窮如前。回家時(shí)他在森林里迷了路，并且天開始下起雪來。“我會(huì)凍死的，或者被狼吃掉，再也看不到我親愛的孩子們了，”他傷心地想著。突然，他看到一所富麗堂皇的豪宅，里面燈火通明。他敲了敲門，但 2 沒人答應(yīng)。他走進(jìn)去，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)壁爐里爐火正旺，一張桌子上擺滿美味佳肴。他等了很長時(shí)間，等著主人露面，但是沒有人來。他餓極了，于是他最后（忍不住）吃了一點(diǎn)食物。然后他找到一間臥室，并很快在那兒睡著了。第二天早晨他驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)一套嶄新的衣服擺在他面前，一頓新做的早餐等著他去享用?！斑@兒一定是仙女們住的城堡，” 他想，因此他大聲喊了聲“謝謝你們”，然后離開了。他驚訝地看到雪已經(jīng)消失得無影無蹤，面前有一個(gè)可愛的花園，里面長滿了玫瑰花叢?！拔抑徽欢涿倒?，給我的美女，”他說，但當(dāng)他折下玫瑰時(shí)卻聽到了一聲很可怕的聲音。他看到一頭丑陋的怪獸對(duì)他說，“忘恩負(fù)義的人！我救了你的命，你卻偷我的玫瑰來報(bào)答我。你必須死!”但是商人乞求野獸看在他孩子們的份上不要?dú)⑺?。野獸在聽說了美女和她要求得到一朵玫瑰的故事之后似乎有了興趣?！澳敲茨惚仨毥兴竭@兒來代替你。給你三個(gè)月的時(shí)間。回家去，如果她不愿來，那你必須回來。但是我不會(huì)讓你空著手離開的。到你房間去，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一箱金子，”野獸說?！昂冒?，如果我必須得死，至少我不會(huì)讓我的孩子們身無分文，”這位父親想，于是他帶著一箱金子回到了家。5 “給，美女，”他說，“給你這朵玫瑰。你不知道這朵玫瑰將怎樣使你不幸的父親丟掉性命。”于是他把遭遇野獸的事說了一遍。美女立刻堅(jiān)持要去野獸家，以此來救她父親一命,而且不愿聽任何勸阻。在離開家的那一天，她的姐姐們用洋蔥抹眼睛，為她的離開并且很可能丟掉性命而假裝悲傷。7 當(dāng)商人和美女到達(dá)那所宮殿時(shí)，燈火依舊通明?；鹜?zé)雷由蠑[滿了精美佳肴?！芭?，野獸想先把我養(yǎng)肥了再殺死我，”美女想。盡管害怕，為了父親她仍然表現(xiàn)得振作而又勇敢。突然他們聽到一個(gè)可怕的聲音，野獸出現(xiàn)了?！澳闶切母是樵傅竭@兒來的嗎?”野獸問。“是的，”美女哆嗦著說?！昂茫蔷秃湍愕母赣H道別吧?！北从^的商人就這樣被迫離開女兒回家了。美女肯定野獸會(huì)在那天晚上把她吃掉。（因此）當(dāng)她發(fā)現(xiàn)臥室門的上方有一塊刻著“美女房間”的金牌子時(shí)非常驚訝。房間里到處是華麗的家俱，書架上排列著所有她愛看的書。還有一架鋼琴供她彈奏。在有一本書里還寫著：

歡迎美女，不要害怕，你是這兒的王后、這兒的主人。

說出你的愿望，說出你的意愿，你的心愿，馬上就會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)?！斑@一切都這么豪華，我想野獸不會(huì)很快吃掉我的，”她說，于是她不太害怕了。10 第二天晚上野獸來到餐桌前說，“美女，讓我看著你吃飯，好嗎? 如果我在場會(huì)打擾你，我就離開。告訴我，你是否覺得我很丑?” 美女說，“是的，”因?yàn)樗粫?huì)說謊，但她補(bǔ)充說：“但我認(rèn)為你心地非常善良?！彼麄兘徽勚?，美女開始感覺鎮(zhèn)定多了。這時(shí)，野獸說，“美女，你愿意嫁給我嗎?”盡管美女不想讓野獸生氣，但她還是說，“不愿意”。野獸開始哀號(hào)并且傷心地說，“那么，再見，美女，”然后離開了。三個(gè)月的時(shí)間里，每天吃晚飯時(shí)都發(fā)生同樣的事情。美女開始期待這些見面，而且因野獸的丑陋所引起的恐懼感也消失了，但是每天晚上，在離開之前，野獸都問同樣的問題：“美女，你愿意嫁給我嗎?” “哦，野獸，我要是能同意嫁給你就好了。我會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)把你當(dāng)作我很要好的朋友，但是我并不愛你。”

“但是你能答應(yīng)永遠(yuǎn)不離開我嗎?”野獸問。

“哦，野獸，我非常擔(dān)心我親愛的父親，我也非常想他?！?15

“啊，那你會(huì)離開我，而我這個(gè)野獸會(huì)傷心死的?！?16

“哦，不，”美女說道，“如果你讓我去看望我父親一次，我一定會(huì)回來和你永遠(yuǎn)生活在一起?！?/p>

“你明天就會(huì)在家里了，”野獸說?！暗怯涀?，當(dāng)你想回到我這兒時(shí)，你必須在上床睡覺前把戒指放在桌子上。” 第二天早晨，當(dāng)美女醒來時(shí)，發(fā)覺自己已在父親家里，而且房間里滿是一箱箱的金子和漂亮高雅的綢緞禮服，都是野獸送給她的。除了兩個(gè)狠心的姐姐，所有人見了她都十分高興。兩個(gè)姐姐嫉妒難耐，卻裝作非常高興，請(qǐng)求妹妹能住多久就住多久。第十天晚上美女做了一個(gè)夢，夢中她看見野獸躺在花園里，快要死了。她從夢中哭醒過來。“哦，我多么忘恩負(fù)義啊！他長得丑陋是他的錯(cuò)嗎? 他一直對(duì)我那樣溫和，那樣慷慨。原先我為什么不同意嫁給他呢?” 于是她下床，把戒指放到桌上，然后又回到床上睡著了。第二天早晨醒來時(shí)她已在野獸的城堡里了。她穿上最漂亮的禮服，等待野獸到來。晚飯過后，野獸仍然沒有露面，這時(shí)她想起了那個(gè)夢，急忙跑到花園里，發(fā)現(xiàn)野獸躺在地上，就要死了。她俯身伏在他身上，抱著他大哭。“哦，野獸，請(qǐng)不要死!活下來做我的丈夫?！彼徽f完這些話，只見眼前光芒閃耀，還有音樂聲，她看到的不是丑陋不堪的野獸，而是她所能見到的最英俊的王子。王子被一個(gè)邪惡的女巫用可怕的符咒把他鎮(zhèn)住，美女把它解除了，王子向她表示感謝。接著，出現(xiàn)了一位拿著魔杖的仙女，然后是美女的全家人。仙女微笑著說，“美女，你做了一個(gè)聰明的選擇，（因?yàn)椋┠氵x取了美德而不是美貌。從今以后，你要和王子一起幸福地生活了?！?然后仙女轉(zhuǎn)向美女的兩個(gè)姐姐說，“你們兩個(gè)滿心嫉妒的人，你們將變作兩個(gè)石像但卻仍具有思考能力。你們將站在美女城堡的門前，看著她每天幸福地生活，直到你們死去的那一天，這是對(duì)你們的懲罰。”

課內(nèi)閱讀練習(xí)答案

Part One Preparation

1.An Argument about the Sun Sample 1)Both the children are wrong.The sun gives out almost the same amount of heat at any time of the year.We feel sometimes it is hotter, and sometimes it is cooler only because the angle between the sunlight and the surface of the earth varies constantly.That the sun seems bigger at daybreak is an optical illusion.When it appears on the horizon, only a small part of the sky is bright enough to be seen against it.This makes the sun seem bigger.But when it’s high up in the sky, it seems smaller with the huge bright sky against it.That it is cooler in the morning than at midday is not because of the change of the distance between the sun and the earth.It is because of the change of the angle between the sunlight and the surface of the earth.We don’t feel very hot in the morning because less sunlight is received per unit of area when the angle is smaller.But as time passes, more and more sunlight per unit of area penetrates the atmosphere and reaches us, so we feel hotter at midday.2)Confucius was knowledgeable, but not a genius.We can’t expect him to know everything.Everyone has his or her limitations.Another reason is that at that time science was not as developed as it is today and people didn’t have advanced equipment to do research on the sun and the earth.So it was difficult to understand or explain many natural phenomena.3)

―I think Confucius was honest.He didn’t pretend to know the answer.―No one is perfect.One may be an expert in one field, but a novice in other fields.―The children were very curious, a good quality of theirs.But they only saw one side of the phenomenon and then jumped to conclusions.One should consider different aspects before drawing any conclusions.―Children seldom pretend.They do what they want and they say what occurs to them.The two children in the story laughed at Confucius because he could not answer their questions though he was supposed to be a wise man.Adults are less likely to do these kinds of things.2.Chinese Fables

Three at Dusk and Four at Dawn

In the state of Song there was a man who was very fond of monkeys and kept a large number of them.He could understand the monkeys and they could understand him.In order to satisfy the monkeys’ demands, he reduced the food consumption of his family.After a while his family did not have enough to eat, so he wanted to limit the food for his monkeys.But he was afraid the monkeys would not submit to him.So he played a trick on them.“If I give you three chestnuts in the morning and four in the evening, would that be enough?” he asked the monkeys.All the monkeys rose up in a fury.After a short time he said, “If I give you four chestnuts in the morning and three in the evening, would that be enough?”

All the monkeys lay on the floor, happy and satisfied with this proposal.Moral of the story: I think that we can learn two things from the story.First, we should look at the whole picture when we are dealing with a problem, instead of just one side of the problem.If we can’t have a whole view of the problem, we might be fooled by something superficial and can never find the truth.Second, we should be consistent in what we are doing.We should not change our attitude, manner or method from time to time when we are doing a particular job.His Spear Against His Shield In the state of Chu there was a man who had a spear and a shield for sale.He was loud in praises of his shield.“My shield is so strong that nothing can pierce it through.”

He also sang praises of his spear.“My spear is so strong that it can pierce through anything.”

“What would happen,” he was asked, “if your spear is used to pierce your shield?”

He was unable to give an answer.It is impossible for an impenetrable shield to coexist with a spear that finds nothing impenetrable.Moral of the story: This story tells us that we should be logical in what we are talking about.One can not exaggerate too much what he is capable of.Otherwise, he will be laughed at by others.Moreover, one should be honest with other people.A Matter of Dignity

There was a great famine in the state of Qi.Qian Ao, a rich man in Qi, prepared food by the roadside for the hungry to come and eat.Along came a starving man, his sleeves covering his head, his hempen(麻制的)sandals held together by string, walking as if he did not know where he was going.With food in his left hand and drink in his right, Qian Ao shouted at him.“Hey you!Come and eat!”

The man looked up and stared at Qian.“I’m reduced to this state just because I refuse to take anything from loud-mouthed(高談闊論的, 嘰里呱啦的)people giving away food,” he said.Qian immediately begged his pardon but the man still refused to eat and eventually starved to death.Moral of the story: Dignity is more important than anything else.One may lose his life but not his dignity.Today, so many people, in order to reach certain positions or win some titles, give up their conscience or dignity.On the other hand, everyone should respect other people, poor or rich.Only when we are full of respect for other people will we earn other people’s respect.Then the whole society will be in harmony.3.Matching Pictures

1.Aphrodite

2.Ares

3.Hephaestus 4.Artemis 5.Demeter 6.Dionysus

7.Poseidon 8.Athena 9.Apollo

10.Hermes 11.Hera 12.Zeus

Extra exercise: Bedtime Stories

Directions: Of all the bedtime stories your grandparents or parents told you when you were a little child, which one was the most interesting? Share your favorite story with the other members in your group.Sample

Long long ago there were two brothers.The elder brother was rich, but the younger brother was poor.They made a living by cutting wood in the forest.One day when the younger brother was crossing a bridge, his iron axe fell into the water.He was very sad and began to cry.At that time an old man appeared.After he knew what happened, he dove into the water and brought a silver axe to the younger brother, but the younger brother said, “No, this isn’t mine.Mine is made of iron.” Again the old man dove into the water, and brought a gold axe to him.But again he said this wasn’t his.The old man was very happy with this because the younger brother was honest and not greedy.So he gave the younger brother the gold axe.After the younger brother got home, he told all this to his elder brother.On hearing the story the elder brother went to the same bridge and dropped his iron axe into the water.The old man appeared too and dove into the water after knowing what happened.He brought a silver axe to the elder brother, but the elder brother said this wasn’t his, his was a gold one.The old man was very unhappy and brought him a gold axe unwillingly.The elder brother went back home with the gold axe, but as soon as he was home, he became a statue, as a result of the magic power of the gold axe.Part Two Reading-Centered Activities

In-Class Reading

Post-Reading

Reading Comprehension

1.1)Because they were invited to a feast in the sky.2)He saw the birds were busy preparing.3)He planned to go to the feast/sky with the birds.4)They didn’t agree because Tortoise was mischievous, cunning and ungrateful.5)With a sweet tongue, he convinced the birds that he was a changed man.6)He made two wings with all the feathers he got from each bird.7)All of You.8)Nuts, meat and fish soup, pounded yam, yam soup, palm wine, etc.9)For whom have you prepared this feast?

10)Because he knew the answer would be “For all of you”, which was his new name.So he could enjoy all the food first.11)They were very angry.12)They took back the feathers they had lent him.13)He asked them to take a message to his wife.14)Parrot, because he wanted to take advantage of the chance to get revenge.15)He asked Parrot to tell his wife to bring out all the soft things in his house to cover the ground with them so that he would be able to land safely.But Parrot told his wife to bring out all the hard and sharp, not the soft, things instead.16)His shell was broken into hundreds of pieces.2.Ekwefi is telling a story about Tortoise.Long long ago, all the birds got an invitation from the sky to attend a feast there.Tortoise learned about it and with his sweet tongue he persuaded the birds to take him with them and so each bird lent him a feather.Tortoise cunningly thought of an idea that enabled him to have all the food before anyone else by naming himself “All of You.” When they reached the sky, they received a warm welcome and soon the food was presented to them.Then he asked one of the people in the sky: “For whom have you prepared all this feast?” The man replied: “For all of you.” So he ate almost all the best food.The birds became very angry and took back their feathers before flying home.Without feathers, he had to jump onto the ground and his shell was broken into pieces.3.Acting out the Story Sample Bird A: How exciting!All of us are invited to the feast in the sky.Bird B: I just can’t wait.What do you think I should wear? Tortoise: Hello.Good morning.What are you excited about? Bird A: Didn’t you know that we are going to the sky? Bird B: And we are going to have a big dinner.What fun!

Tortoise: How nice it is.What lucky guys.May I go with you? I’m sure we’ll have a lot of fun.Bird A: Yes, we’ll have great fun, but not you.We know you too well.You are full of cunning and you are ungrateful.Bird B: If we allow you to come with us, you will soon begin your mischief.Bird A: We know you of old.Tortoise: You don’t know me now.I’m a changed man.I am not the mischievous man you once knew.In fact, I am thoughtful and well-meaning.I have learned that a man who makes trouble for others is also making trouble for himself.Rest assured, I promise you I will not cause you any trouble.Bird A:(Talking to Bird B)Maybe he is a changed man now.Let’s talk to our bird friends and see if we will take him with us.(After a brief discussion with all the other birds)Bird B: OK.Tortoise, now we all agreed to take you to the sky.Each of us will lend you a feather so that you can have two wings to fly.(During the flight to the party)Bird A: Tortoise is a great orator!

Bird B: Let’s make him the spokesperson for the party.Tortoise: Did you know that we need a new name when we are invited to a great feast like this? It is an age-old custom and our hosts in the sky will expect us to honor it.Bird A: We haven’t heard of this before.But as you are such a learned man, if you say this, we will choose a new name.I will call myself Good-Looking.Bird B: I am Smart-Ass.Tortoise: And my new name is All of You.(On their arrival at the sky)Sky people: Welcome to the sky, our dear friends.We are so pleased to see you again.Please make yourselves at home.Tortoise: My dear respected friends, thank you so much for inviting us to the sky.Nothing can make us happier than this.It is our greatest honor to be here and have a good time with you.Sky people: Thank you for your nice words.Now please help yourselves to the nuts.Bird A: Tortoise is really eloquent, isn’t he? I’m glad we decided to bring him with us.Bird B: Yes.And these are delicious nuts.Sky people: Now the dinner is ready.Please enjoy the soup, meat, fish and pounded yam.Here is palm wine, too.Tortoise: Just a moment.Let me ask you first.For whom have you prepared this feast? Sky people: For whom? Why? For all of you, of course.Tortoise(To the birds): You remember that my name is All of You.The custom here is to serve the spokesman first and the others later.They will serve you when I finish.Sky people(To themselves): Looks like it is their custom to leave all the food to their king first.Tortoise: Mm.Yummy.Mm.I’m full now.You can start to eat.Bird A: We should never bring him here.I am too angry to eat.I’m going home.Bird B: Wait.I am leaving, too.Take the feather from him with us.Tortoise: What are you doing? Leave me the feather.Oh, how am I going home without a single feather? You can’t do this to me!Birds: Bye.Tortoise: Could someone take a message for my wife? Tell her to bring out everything soft and cover the ground…

4.Taking Sides Samples 1)—I don’t admire Tortoise’s cleverness.Actually he was unwise to cheat the birds.After his mischievous behavior, how could he face them and stay together with them? He would have no friends at all.He was clever in a way, but he was very stupid.For example, when all the birds became so angry, how could he have trusted Parrot? He should have jumped into the sea instead of landing on the ground to avoid being hurt.— I admire Tortoise’s cleverness.He was a guy who knew where to look for a nice dinner during time of famine.He knew very well how to have the birds trust him.He was also quick-minded.His only mistake was that he should not be so greedy as not to leave any nice food for the birds.— I sympathize with the birds.They took Tortoise with them to the sky out of kindness, but after flying such a long distance, they had to fly back home on an empty stomach.They were formally invited, but didn’t enjoy the food prepared for them.On the other hand, Tortoise invited himself, went to the sky with the help of all the birds and selfishly ate almost all the delicious food.I think the birds were very unlucky.—I think the birds are stupid.They knew very well that Tortoise couldn’t be trusted as he was always mischievous.But they persuaded themselves that he was a changed man.At the party they should have let the sky people know Tortoise was not their king and they had the right to enjoy the nice food, as they were the guests the sky people had invited.2)The story teaches us that a)we should be honest, and shouldn’t cheat others at any time.If we cheat others, we will be punished in the end;b)we shouldn’t be carried away by sweet words, like the birds;c)a leopard can’t change its spots.Since Tortoise was cunning, he could never change his personality and behave himself.Vocabulary

1.1)A.invitation

B.invited

C.inviting

2)A.prepare

B.prepared

C.preparation

D.preparatory/preparation

3)A.discoveries

B.discoverers C.discovered

4)A.approval

B.approve C.approved D.approving E.disapprove

5)A.eloquent

B.eloquence C.eloquently

6)A.faithful

B.unfaithful/faithless C.faith D.faithfully

7)A.occasional B.occasionally C.occasion

8)A.delivery B.delivering C.delivered

9)A.troublesome/trouble B.troubled C.troubled D.troubling

10)A.assurance B.assured C.assure

2.1)ran/got into trouble 2)no trouble

3)asking for trouble

4)have…trouble

5)The trouble with

6)in serious/deep/big trouble

7)get/getting…into trouble

8)took the trouble 3.1)with a pattern of roses 2)prepared a wonderful/good meal for us 3)promised faithfully 4)deliver this letter

5)a selection of milk and plain chocolate 6)keep out of mischief/behave themselves 7)the sound of distant thunder

8)received approval from the government 9)in spite of the fact that he drank too much 10)agree whether the drug is safe or not

Part Three Further Development 1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)C

2)C

3)A

4)B

5)A

6)B

7)A

8)B

9)A

10)A 2.Myths and Moral

1)--Virtue will be rewarded.For example, Beauty is a kind-hearted and sweet girl.She loves her father and is willing to sacrifice herself for him.Finally she is rewarded with a happy marriage and a happy life.On the other hand, the evil sisters are punished by the fairy.They become two statues that have to observe Beauty’s happiness painfully.--A good heart is more important than appearance.Although the Beast is very ugly, he loves Beauty and has a kind heart.In the end he wins the heart of Beauty and the spell on him is broken by Beauty’s love.2)--Nothing can be gained without effort or hardship.If you want to succeed or make achievements, you have to face and overcome difficulties, or even great dangers.Tang Seng, Monkey and others had gone through eighty-one great dangers or hardships before they could obtain and bring home the authentic version of the Buddha’s teachings.--A person’s strength, skills and judgments are the guarantee of success.Without Monkey King, Tang Seng couldn’t have fetched the Buddha’s teachings.Unlike Tang Seng’s other followers, Monkey developed his martial arts and skills and became so strong that almost no one could defeat him.3.Finding Their Similarities and Differences 1)Similarities:

A.Both of them look like animals and are endowed with human intelligence.B.Both of them have a happy ending.The Beast marries a kind-hearted and beautiful girl and changes back into a handsome prince;Monkey succeeds in getting the Buddha’s teachings and becomes enlightened.His golden band is gone, and he no longer has to be under other people’s control.C.Both of them have a bond.The Beast is under a spell cast by a witch, while Monkey is wearing a golden band which tightens whenever he is mischievous.2)Differences: A.The Beast is actually a real human being.He becomes a beast only because of the witch’s spell, while Monkey is still a monkey though he is finally enlightened.B.They have different personalities.The Beast is gentle, generous, patient, loyal and thoughtful.He was persistent in his love for Beauty.The Monkey is capable, invulnerable, ambitious, brave, and intelligent.3)A.I like the Beast more, because he is loyal and loving.He is very kind and patient to Beauty.He loves Beauty so much that he will die for her.B.I like Monkey more, because he enjoys many magic skills and weapons.I wish I could have those.He is not only brave, but also loyal and obedient to Tang Seng.He goes through eighty-one dangers and helps Tang Seng get the Buddha’s teachings.4.Completing the Story 1)the true reason why there was no such animal in Guizhou 2)they were of no use at all in this place 3)All of a sudden when he saw the donkey, he thought it was a monster 4)He hid himself in the trees while looking at the donkey 5)What kind of animal is this and why does it look different from other animals that I’ve seen? 6)But one day the donkey stretched its thin neck and cried 7)the tiger discovered that the donkey didn’t have any other skills besides crying/had no other skills than crying 8)But he dared not rush to it or eat it just as he did to other animals 9)This did irritate the donkey/make the donkey angry, who raised its hind leg and kicked the tiger 10)

This time he rushed to it without hesitation and bit/broke its throat

5.To Be a Good Story-teller

The Princess and the Pea

Once there was a prince who wanted to marry a real princess.But he had difficulty telling what a real princess looked like.One night there was a terrible storm.Suddenly there was a knock at the door.A young girl was standing in the rain.She said she was a real princess but she looked ugly because of the rain dripping from her hair and clothes.“We’ll see whether she is a real one or not,” the old empress thought to herself.She put a pea on the bed and then put twenty mattresses and twenty padded quilts on it.The princess then slept in this bed.The next morning, people asked her whether she had a good sleep.She answered: “It was terrible.Who knows what was on the bed? I slept on a very hard thing and I am bruised all over my body.”

Now everybody was sure that she was a real princess, because she could feel the pea under twenty mattresses and twenty padded quilts.Nobody except a princess would have such tender skin.The prince married the girl and they lived happily ever after.The pea is now displayed in the museum.The Ugly Duckling Once upon a time down on an old farm lived a duck family, and Mother Duck had been sitting on a clutch of new eggs.One nice morning, the eggs hatched and out popped six ducklings.But one egg was bigger than the rest, and it didn't hatch.But before Mother Duck had time to think about it, the last egg finally hatched.A strange looking duckling with gray feathers that should have been yellow gazed at a worried mother.The ducklings grew quickly, but Mother Duck had a secret worry.“I can’t understand how this ugly duckling can be one of mine!” she said to herself, shaking her head as she looked at her last born.Well, the gray duckling certainly wasn’t pretty, and since he ate far more than his brothers, he was outgrowing them.As the days went by, the poor ugly duckling became more and more unhappy.His brothers didn't want to play with him, he was so clumsy, and all the farmyard folks simply laughed at him.He felt sad and lonely, while Mother Duck did her best to console him.12 Then one day, at sunrise, he ran away from the farmyard.He stopped at a pond and began to question all the other birds.“Do you know of any ducklings with gray feathers like mine?” But everyone shook their heads in scorn.Then one day, his travels took him near an old countrywoman’s cottage.Thinking he was a stray goose, she caught him.Then one night, finding the hutch door open, he escaped.Once again he was all alone.One day at sunrise, he saw a flight of beautiful birds wing overhead.White, with long slender necks, yellow beaks and large wings, they were migrating south.“If only I could look like them, just for a day!” said the duckling, admiringly.Winter came and the poor duckling went to seek food in the snow.He dropped exhausted to the ground, but a farmer found him and put him in his big jacket pocket.The ugly duckling survived the bitterly cold winter at the farmer’s house.By springtime the duckling saw himself mirrored in the water.“Goodness!How I’ve changed!I hardly recognize myself!” The flight of swans winged north again and glided on to the pond.When the duckling saw them, he realized he was one of their kind, and soon made friends.“We’re swans like you!” they said, warmly.“Where have you been hiding?”

“It's a long story,” replied the young swan, still astounded.Now, he swam majestically with his fellow swans.One day, he heard children on the river bank exclaim: “Look at that young swan!He's the finest of them all!”

And he almost burst with happiness.Hua Mulan

Long ago, in a village in northern China, there lived a girl named Mulan.One day, she sat at her loom weaving cloth.Click-clack!Click-clack!went the loom.Suddenly the sound of weaving changed to sorrowful sighs.Her mother asked her what troubled her.“Nothing, Mother,” she replied softly.Mulan’s mother asked her again and again, until Mulan finally told her that invaders were attacking.The emperor was calling for troops.The night before she saw the draft poster and twelve scrolls of names in the market.Her Father’s name was on every one of them.“But Father is old and frail,” Mulan sighed.“How can he fight? He has no grown son and I have no elder brother.I will go to the markets.I shall buy a saddle and a horse.I must fight in Father’s place.”

From the eastern market Mulan bought a horse.From the western market she bought a bridle, and from the southern market, a whip.At dawn, Mulan was dressed in her armor and bid a sad farewell to her father, mother, sisters and brothers.Mulan went to fight in the war for twelve years during which time none of her fellow fighters knew that she was a girl.She was such a great fighter that when the war ended the emperor wanted to name her a high rank official.But she declined the offer and went back home where she received a warm welcome.Her fellow fighters came to visit her and were surprised to learn that she was a girl.

第二篇：新編大學(xué)英語4課文翻譯及課后答案

新編大學(xué)英語4課文翻譯及課后答案

課內(nèi)閱讀參考譯文及課后習(xí)題答案(Book 4)Unit 1 享受幽默—什么東西令人開懷？

聽了一個(gè)有趣的故事會(huì)發(fā)笑、很開心，古今中外都一樣。這一現(xiàn)象或許同語言本身一樣悠久。那么，到底是什么東西會(huì)使一個(gè)故事或笑話讓人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2

我是第一次辨識(shí)出幽默便喜歡上它的人，因此我曾試圖跟學(xué)生議論和探討幽默。這些學(xué)生文化差異很大，有來自拉丁美洲的，也有來自中國的。我還認(rèn)真地思考過一些滑稽有趣的故事。這么做完全是出于自己的喜好。3

為什么聽我講完一個(gè)笑話后，班上有些學(xué)生會(huì)笑得前仰后合，而其他學(xué)生看上去就像剛聽我讀了天氣預(yù)報(bào)一樣呢？顯然，有些人對(duì)幽默比別人更敏感。而且，我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)有的人很善于講笑話，而有的人要想說一點(diǎn)有趣的事卻要費(fèi)好大的勁。我們都聽人說過這樣的話：“我喜歡笑話，但我講不好，也總是記不住?！庇行┤吮葎e人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音樂、數(shù)學(xué)之類的才能一樣。一個(gè)真正風(fēng)趣的人在任何場合都有笑話可講，而且講了一個(gè)笑話，就會(huì)從他記憶里引出一連串的笑話。一個(gè)缺乏幽默感的人不可能成為一群人中最受歡迎的人。一個(gè)真正有幽默感的人不僅受人喜愛，而且在任何聚會(huì)上也往往是人們注意的焦點(diǎn)。這么說是有道理的。

甚至有些動(dòng)物也具有幽默感。我岳母從前經(jīng)常來我們家，并能住上很長一段時(shí)間。通常她不喜歡狗，但卻很喜歡布利茨恩—我們養(yǎng)過的一條拉布拉多母獵犬。而且，她們的這種喜歡是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的時(shí)候就常常戲弄外祖母，當(dāng)外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜歡的那張舒適的椅子上時(shí)，布利茨恩就故意把她臥室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母剛好夠不到的地方蹦來跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起來去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母從椅子上一起來，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，從它那閃亮的棕色眼睛里掠過一絲拉布拉多式的微笑，無疑是在說：“啊哈，你又上了我的當(dāng)?！?/p>

典型的笑話或幽默故事由明顯的三部分構(gòu)成。第一部分是鋪墊（即背景），接下來是主干部分（即故事情節(jié)），隨后便是妙語（即一個(gè)出人意料或令人驚訝的結(jié)尾）。如果這個(gè)妙語含有一定的幽默成分，這個(gè)笑話便會(huì)很有趣。通常笑話都包含這三部分，而且每部分都必須交代清楚。如果講故事或說笑話的人使用聽眾都熟悉的手勢和語言，則有助于增強(qiáng)效果。6

我們可以對(duì)幽默這種娛樂形式，進(jìn)行分析，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)究竟是什么使一個(gè)有趣的故事或笑話令人發(fā)笑。舉例來說，最常見的幽默有以下幾種，包括了從最顯而易見的幽默到比較微妙含蓄的幽默。

“滑稽劇”是最明顯的幽默。它語言簡單、直截了當(dāng)，常常以取笑他人為樂。說笑打鬧這種形式過去是、現(xiàn)在仍然是滑稽說笑演員和小丑的慣用技巧。它為不同年齡、不同文化背景的人們所喜愛。幾乎本世紀(jì)的每個(gè)講英語的滑稽說笑演員都曾以這樣或那樣的方式說過下面這則笑話。一位男士問另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的貴婦是誰？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么貴婦，那是我老婆?！边@個(gè)笑話的幽默之處在于第二位男士說他的妻子不是一位貴婦，也就是說她不是一個(gè)高雅的女人。這個(gè)笑話并沒有因?yàn)榻?jīng)常講而變得不再那么好笑。由于這是一個(gè)經(jīng)典笑話，觀眾都知道要說什么，而且因?yàn)榇蠹覍?duì)這個(gè)笑話很熟悉而更加珍愛它。

中國的相聲是一種特殊的滑稽劇。相聲中兩名中國喜劇演員幽默地談?wù)撝T如官僚主義者、家庭問題或其他一些有關(guān)個(gè)人的話題。相聲隨處都能聽到，無論是在鄉(xiāng)村的小舞臺(tái)上，還是在北京最大的劇院里，抑或在廣播、電視上。它顯然是中國人家喻戶曉的一種傳統(tǒng)的幽默形式。

“俏皮話”不像滑稽劇那樣淺顯，它是因語言的誤用或誤解而引人發(fā)笑。我特別喜歡的一個(gè)例子是三位年長的紳士在英國乘火車旅行的故事。當(dāng)火車慢慢停下來時(shí)，第一位紳士問道：“這是Wembley(溫布利)嗎？”“不，”第二位紳士說：“是Thursday(星期四)?！薄拔乙彩?，”第三位說道，“讓我們下車喝杯啤酒吧?！蔽覀冎郎狭四昙o(jì)的人往往耳背，因此會(huì)把Wembley（溫布利）聽成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）聽成了thirsty（渴了），這樣一來就為第三位老人的妙語做好了鋪墊。

著名的中國漫畫家和幽默家丁聰便是一位俏皮話大師。在他的一幅幽默漫畫中，一位老師說：“你為什么一字不改地抄別人的作業(yè)？”那位年輕的學(xué)生回答道：“我沒有一字不改地抄。我把作業(yè)上的名字改成自己的了?！痹诙÷?shù)牧硪环?jīng)典漫畫里，一位生氣的父親問道：“告訴我，1加2等于幾？”兒子說：“我不知道?！边@位不耐煩的父親接著說道：“比方說，你、你媽媽和我，我們加起來一共是幾個(gè)，傻瓜？”兒子得意地回答道：“是三個(gè)傻瓜。” 這些故事無論是漫畫還是笑話，是由演滑稽劇的喜劇演員說還是由搭檔的相聲演員講，都為各地人們所喜愛。人們喜愛這些有趣的故事，因?yàn)樗鼈冑N近現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙語十分有趣。

雙關(guān)語是一種更微妙的俏皮話。它使用的技巧是利用發(fā)音相似的詞或同一個(gè)詞的不同意思。有些批評(píng)家認(rèn)為雙關(guān)語是最低級(jí)的幽默，但我不同意這種觀點(diǎn)。雙關(guān)語與其他形式的幽默相比需要更細(xì)微、更巧妙的語言技巧；然而，簡單的雙關(guān)語甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，謎語或腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎問題常使用雙關(guān)語做鋪墊、制造故事情節(jié)，而且更多地是用在妙語部分。雙關(guān)語是我最早懂得的幽默。記得大約在五歲時(shí)我聽到了下面這個(gè)謎語。一個(gè)人問：“什么東西整個(gè)兒是黑的、白的和紅的？”另外一個(gè)人通常猜不出來，于是問道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出謎語的人回答：“是報(bào)紙?！比绻阒涝谟⒄Z中“red（紅色）”和“read（讀）”的讀音一樣但意思完全不同，答案就很明顯了。12

DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法語中的“一語雙關(guān)”）是雙關(guān)語的特殊形式, 其中的詞或短語有雙重意思。兩個(gè)意思往往很不相同，一個(gè)比較恰當(dāng)，另一個(gè)往往比較粗俗—但并不總是這樣。我喜歡那個(gè)關(guān)于一位中學(xué)教師和校長因看見學(xué)生在學(xué)校操場上接吻而感到擔(dān)心的故事。故事并不過火。那位教師對(duì)學(xué)生們說；“我和校長已經(jīng)決定停止在學(xué)校操場上接吻。”聽到笑聲，她意識(shí)到她沒有把意思表達(dá)清楚，于是補(bǔ)充說：“我的意思是不能再在我們的鼻子下面發(fā)生接吻這樣的事了?！碑?dāng)然，這個(gè)解釋并沒有糾正她的第一句話，反而使這個(gè)笑話的雙重含義變得更加好笑。

一些專業(yè)的幽默家認(rèn)為如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不夠巧妙。他們不喜歡在幽默中過多使用有色情意味或粗俗的語言，而且覺得大多數(shù)幽默家缺乏創(chuàng)造性。的確，現(xiàn)在有些幽默令人震驚，但我認(rèn)為這不是幽默的過錯(cuò)。幽默本身是活潑健康的，它還會(huì)繼續(xù)生存下去，只因?yàn)槊刻於加杏腥さ氖虑榘l(fā)生。一些有幽默感的人會(huì)看到聽到這些有趣的事情，并把它們編成妙趣橫生、令人開心的笑話和故事。Vocabulary

1.1)A.entertaining

B.entertainment

C.entertained

D.entertainer

2)A.recognizable

B.recognized

C.recognition

3)A.tempting

B.temptation

C.tempt

4)A.reasoned

B.reasoning

C.reasonable

D.reason

5)A.analyzed

B.analytical

C.analyst

D.analysis 6)A.valuable

B.valuation

C.valued/values

D.values

7)A.humorist

B.humor

C.humorous

D.humorless

8)A.understandable

B.understanding

C.understand

D.misunderstood

2.1)a sense of responsibility

2)a sense of safety/security

3)a sense of inferiority

4)a sense of superiority

5)a sense of rhythm

6)a sense of justice

7)a sense of shame

8)a sense of helplessness

9)a sense of direction

10)a sense of urgency

3.1)Lively behavior is normal 2)Fast cars appeal to

3)diverse arguments

4)I asked my boss for clarification

5)sensitive to light

6)Mutual encouragement

7)made fun of him

8)persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9)to be the focus/center of attention

10)we buy our tickets in advance 4.1）certain/sure

2)involved

3)end

4)behavior

5)disciplining

6)agreed 7)individually

8)first

9)response

10)question

11)attempt

12)voice

13)directly

14)followed

15)trouble Unit 2 便箋的力量

我當(dāng)體育編輯，最早是為蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企業(yè)導(dǎo)報(bào)》工作，當(dāng)時(shí)我很少收到體育迷的來信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封來信把我吸引住了。2

打開來信，我看到了下面的話：“關(guān)于老虎隊(duì)的述評(píng)很不錯(cuò)，再接再厲。”簽名的是體育編輯堂?沃爾夫。當(dāng)時(shí)我只是一個(gè)十幾歲的小伙子（為每一豎欄寫一英寸文字，稿酬總計(jì)達(dá)15美分），因此他的話最鼓舞人心了。我把這封信一直放在書桌的抽屜里，后來它的邊角都卷起來了。每當(dāng)我懷疑自己不是當(dāng)作家的料時(shí)，重溫一下堂的便箋，就又會(huì)樹起信心來。3

后來，我逐漸對(duì)堂有所了解，知道給各行各業(yè)的人寫快捷而鼓舞人心的便箋是他養(yǎng)成的習(xí)慣。他告訴我說：“當(dāng)我使別人充滿信心時(shí)，我也感覺好極了。”

因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75歲。電話與悼函像潮水般涌向報(bào)社，都來自于曾經(jīng)得到過他激勵(lì)（文字）的人們。

多年來，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他們關(guān)心別人，常寫一些鼓舞人心的話語，因?yàn)槲矣X得，他們這樣做是很有意義的。在這樣一個(gè)慣于冷漠、無動(dòng)于衷的世界上，這種便箋給人們帶來了溫暖和安慰。我們都時(shí)不時(shí)地需要鼓勵(lì)，大家知道幾行贊揚(yáng)的話會(huì)改變一個(gè)人的一天，甚至一生。

那么，這些激勵(lì)人心的便箋的作者為什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避寫，是因?yàn)樗麄兲粗厝藗兊目捶?。他們?dān)心會(huì)被誤解，怕別人覺得他們自作多情或者言不由衷。還有，寫也要花時(shí)間，遠(yuǎn)不如打電話方便。7

當(dāng)然打電話的缺點(diǎn)是：說過的話留不住。而一張便箋使我們的良好意愿顯得更加珍貴。便箋是白紙黑字記錄在案的東西，而且我們寫下的字可以反復(fù)閱讀，細(xì)細(xì)品味并珍藏起來。8

盡管寫便箋會(huì)多花一些時(shí)間，但一些非常忙的人也在這么做，其中包括喬治?布什。有人說，他政治上的成功在很大程度上歸功于他那枝隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備寫字的筆。這是怎么回事呢？在他整個(gè)職業(yè)生涯中，每次與人們接觸之后，他幾乎都隨后寫封信，內(nèi)容親切——一句贊美之辭，一行表揚(yáng)的話，或一段感謝語。他不僅寫給朋友和同事，還寫給萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借傘給他的人，后來收到他熱情的贊揚(yáng)信，感到很驚訝。

那些通常做作的公司高層經(jīng)理們，其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作風(fēng)只能被形容為強(qiáng)硬、冷漠、脫離群眾。甚至這些人也開始學(xué)習(xí)寫便箋去鼓舞人心，且從中獲益匪淺。唐納德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天寫便箋鼓勵(lì)同事當(dāng)作一件日常工作。該公司在80年代時(shí)走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功勞?！拔抑徊贿^匆匆地在備忘錄或信的角上寫一些鼓舞人心的話，然后傳遞出去，”他說道?！懊刻熳钪匾囊欢螘r(shí)間，就是鼓舞那些為你工作的人的那10分鐘?！?10

“太多的時(shí)候，”他發(fā)表自己的看法說，“那些我們真正喜歡的人并不知道我們是怎么看待他們的。太多的時(shí)候，我們會(huì)以為，我并沒有說過什么批評(píng)的話，為什么非得去說好話呢？我們忘了，人類需要正面的肯定或鼓勵(lì)——事實(shí)上，我們靠這個(gè)取得進(jìn)步，獲得成功！” 11

怎樣才能寫出振奮精神、溫暖人心的信呢？只要我們懷有要表示感激之情的心愿。寫這種便箋的高手都具有我所謂的 “４S”技巧。12

１）真誠(sincere)。沒人要聽虛假的贊美。

２）簡短(short)。如果不能用三句話表達(dá)出你的意思，你很可能過火了，寫得太長。14

３）具體(specific)。贊揚(yáng)一位業(yè)務(wù)伙伴 “演講精彩”太籠統(tǒng)含糊；告訴他“關(guān)于沃倫?巴菲特的投資策略講得很精彩”才是一語中的。

４）自然(spontaneous)。這使得便箋充滿了生氣，洋溢著熱情，并使讀者的心靈長久地感受這種生氣和熱情。

當(dāng)你非得到處找寫信用品時(shí)，寫出來的東西就難以自然，因此我總是把紙、信封和郵票放在手邊，甚至在旅行時(shí)也是如此。信封信箋不需要很花哨，重要的是要表達(dá)的思想。17

那么，你周圍又有誰值得你寫便箋表示感謝或鼓勵(lì)呢？一位鄰居？為你服務(wù)的那位圖書館管理員？一位親戚？你的市長？你的伙伴？一位教師？你的醫(yī)生？你不必富有詩意。如果你需要一個(gè)寫的理由，就找一個(gè)生活中的重要事件，例如你們共同參加的某個(gè)特殊事件的周年紀(jì)念日、生日或者節(jié)日。例如，過去的25年里，我總是為遠(yuǎn)方的朋友每年準(zhǔn)備一張圣誕卡，而且常常在上面親筆寫上一句感謝或祝賀的話。鑒于圣誕節(jié)的氛圍，就一年來所取得的成功與得到的好運(yùn)特意表示謝忱似乎是最恰到好處的。18

不要吝嗇你的贊美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聰明的”、“最漂亮的”這種最高級(jí)的表達(dá)法——使大家都感到高興。即使你的贊美之詞稍稍超前了一點(diǎn)也沒關(guān)系，記住，夢想的實(shí)現(xiàn)往往孕育于期望之中。

今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神導(dǎo)師諾曼?文森特?皮爾的一封溫暖的贊揚(yáng)信。這張小小的便箋上滿是鼓舞人心的詞句，這促使我坐到了打字機(jī)前來完成幾封我早就該寫的信。我不知道這些信會(huì)不會(huì)使別人的一天別有意義，但是，對(duì)我自己確實(shí)如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃爾夫所說的：使別人充滿信心，也就使我自己感覺很好。Vocabulary 1.Creating Compound Words

STEP ONE:

Column A

Column B

The compound words created through

day

throughout up

man

upbeat, uplift draw

eared

drawback teen

ready

teenage hand

conscious

handout, handwritten birth

back

birthday, birthstone chair

distance

chairman rag

beat

rag-eared ever

lift

ever-ready over

age

overdue, overage

long

due

long-distance, long-eared self

stone

self-conscious mile

out

mileage, milestone type

wishing

typewriter, typewritten well

writer/written

well-wishing, well-written

STEP TWO:

1)long-distance

2)upbeat

3)ever-ready

4)overdue

5)typewriter

6)milestone

7)handwritten

8)uplifted

9)self-conscious

10)rag-eared 11)birthday

12)throughout

13)drawbacks

14)chairman

15)teenage

2.1)A.intrigued

v.interest

B.intrigue

n.the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power

2)A.straining

v.try very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strength

B.strain

n.a force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something

3)A.savor

n.taste;flavor

B.savored

v.enjoy the taste or flavor of;enjoy as much as you can

4)A.treasure

v.treat something as being very special, important, or valuable

B.treasure

n.a store of gold, silver, jewels, etc.5)A.credited

v.consider … as having achieved something or being the reason for it B.credit

n.trust;faith 6)A.boost

n.an encouraging act of cheering somebody up

B.boost

v.make someone feel more confident and less worried 7)A.note

n.a short, usually informal, letter

B.noted

v.notice or pay careful attention to something 8)A.signed

v.write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with it

B.sign

n.gesture used to express one’s meaning, idea, etc.9)A.totaled

v.come to a certain amount

B.total

n.the whole amount

10)A.stuffed

v.fill something with a substance

B.stuff

n.substance or material

11)A.count

n.the number that is reached when something is being counted

B.count

v.be important

12)A.last

v.manage to remain in the same situation

B.last

n.the remaining part of something

13)A.complimented

v.express praise or admiration of somebody

B.compliment

n.an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.14)A.flood

n.a large number or amount

B.flooding

v.arrive in large numbers

15)A.contact

n.communication with a person, organization, country, etc.B.contact

v.reach(someone)by message, telephone, etc.3.1)thrives

2)strategy

3)annual

4)deserve

5)spontaneous

6)sincere

7)investments

8)enterprise

9)follow up

10)characterized 11)lingered

12)acknowledged

4.column: 1)D

2)A

3)B

4)C

tough: 1)D

2)B

3)E

4)F

5)C

6)A 5.1)A.complementary

B.complimentary

C.complimentary complimentary: 1)expressing admiration, praise, etc.2)given free of charge complementary: making something complete or perfect;supplying what is lacking or needed for completion 2)A.stationery

B.stationary

C.stationary stationary: not moving, or not changing stationery: writing materials(e.g.paper, envelopes, etc.)3)A.typist

B.typewriter

C.typist typewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of paper typist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so 4)A.vulgar

B.vague

C.vague vague: 1)not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 2)not clear in shape;not clearly seen vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners;not educated 5)A.pad

B.pat

C.pad pad: 1)several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, etc.2)a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something

6)A.own

B.owed

C.owes

D.owned owe: 1)have to pay, for something already done or given

2)feel grateful own: 1)a.belonging to oneself and to no one else 2)v.possess(something), especially by lawful right 6.1)searched

2)clever

3)solution

4)wasted

5)tolerate

6)hidden

7)dumb

8)subject

9)noise

10)extra

11)purchased

12)replaced 13)appreciation

14)hurried

15)warrant

16)strange

Unit 3 從文化角度看性別角色

在過去的幾十年里，已經(jīng)無數(shù)次地證實(shí)了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：構(gòu)成男子陽剛之氣和女子陰柔之氣的各種不同類型的行為、情感、和興趣都既是遺傳又是文化熏陶的結(jié)果。在成長的過程中，每個(gè)孩子學(xué)會(huì)了細(xì)微的行為舉止，數(shù)量之多數(shù)以百計(jì)，這一切都帶有文化的烙印，成了他們性別特征的一部分。有些行為舉止是直接學(xué)到的。也就是說，別人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的規(guī)矩, 女有女的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。另一些跟性別有關(guān)的具體舉止是無意識(shí)地或間接地學(xué)會(huì)的，因?yàn)槲幕癁榕⒆雍湍泻⒆犹峁┑男蜗蟆⑾蛲哪繕?biāo)以及成人的榜樣各不相同。2

例如，最近對(duì)美國公立學(xué)校的一項(xiàng)研究顯示，在教育中存在一種男孩比女孩更受偏愛的文化偏見。據(jù)研究人員反映，這種偏愛是無意的、不知不覺的，但它確實(shí)存在，并每年都在影響著數(shù)百萬計(jì)學(xué)生的生活。為了研究在教育中存在的性別偏愛，戴維?賽德克博士和邁拉?賽德克博士夫婦錄制了教師在課堂上課的情形。他們的研究顯示，許多自認(rèn)為無性別偏愛的教師驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)，從錄像帶上看他們竟是那么偏心。從幼兒園到研究生課程，都可以看到教師們請(qǐng)男生回答問題的次數(shù)遠(yuǎn)比女生多。這對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)過程有著巨大的影響，因?yàn)榭偟膩碚f，那些積極的課堂活動(dòng)參與者對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)更加樂觀有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事實(shí)上，在20世紀(jì)60年代末期，當(dāng)美國東北部多所最好的女子學(xué)院向男生開放之后，教授們和女學(xué)生們都發(fā)現(xiàn)男孩們正在“接管”課堂討論，而女生積極參與的程度則明顯下降。近年來，在法學(xué)院和醫(yī)學(xué)院的課堂上也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似的情況：與男生相比女生處于次要的地位。

賽德克夫婦所做的研究顯示，教師有時(shí)候會(huì)按照固有的性別模式給女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任務(wù)，這樣便不知不覺地使女孩子不能像男孩子一樣積極地參與。例如，有位教師在給幼兒園的孩子上自然科學(xué)課時(shí)，不斷地讓小男孩去操作科學(xué)“實(shí)驗(yàn)”，而讓女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用課堂材料動(dòng)手操作是早期教育的一個(gè)重要方面，這些女孩子就這樣被剝奪了重要的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷，這會(huì)影響到她們今后的整個(gè)人生。

美國教師中一個(gè)具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅長數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)，這些學(xué)科都是“難懂的”、“適合于男性的”，而女孩會(huì)在語言和閱讀技能上比男孩強(qiáng)。這是教育中性別偏見的另一種表現(xiàn)。結(jié)果美國的男孩們確實(shí)在閱讀上出了問題，而在數(shù)學(xué)方面女孩盡管在九歲以前一直比男孩強(qiáng)，但此后卻落在了他們后面。這成了預(yù)言自我應(yīng)驗(yàn)的一個(gè)例子。然而這些特征是文化造成的，而非遺傳的原因。例如，在德國，讀書學(xué)習(xí)都被看作是“適合于男性的”，于是在閱讀上有問題的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性別，女孩和男孩在閱讀上就旗鼓相當(dāng)。

在教育過程中對(duì)女孩和男孩的不同態(tài)度始于家庭。例如，有一項(xiàng)研究顯示了這樣一種情況：讓學(xué)齡前兒童看一幢房子的圖片，然后要他們說出家里允許他們走開多遠(yuǎn)，這時(shí)男孩所指的范圍要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范圍很有限，而且離家很近。女孩們不像男孩那樣受到鼓勵(lì)去發(fā)展求知欲和動(dòng)手能力，盡管這些正是與外部世界打交道時(shí)有用的；對(duì)女孩灌輸?shù)慕Y(jié)果是：對(duì)自己家外面的世界充滿了恐懼，且期望別人對(duì)自己的優(yōu)良品格和循規(guī)蹈矩的服從精神加以認(rèn)可。這類教誨從家庭一直延續(xù)到課堂。于是，在課堂里我們常?？梢钥吹脚兏蕾嚱處?，更注重作業(yè)的形式和整潔而非內(nèi)容，更在乎她們所給的答案是否“正確”而不在乎智力方面的獨(dú)立自主以及分析能力和創(chuàng)造能力的提高。教育過程占據(jù)了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分時(shí)間，社會(huì)則通過這一過程加強(qiáng)了它固有的價(jià)值觀，并按其傳統(tǒng)的、期望的模式造就了不同性別的人。Vocabulary

1.1)genetic

2)assign

3)noticeably

4)approved

5)Bias

6)deprived

7)constituted

8)participation

9)unintentional

10)postgraduate

2.conscious – unconscious

positive – negative

encourage – discourage

superior – inferior

directly – indirectly

biased – fair

sexist –

nonsexist

limited – unlimited

dependent – independent

appropriately – inappropriately

3.1)C

2)D

3)A

4)E

5)B

6)C

7)F

8)B 4.1)turn out

2)carry over

3)calling on

4)put away

5)fallen behind

6)take over Unit 4 關(guān)于創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)——鼓勵(lì)孩子思考

教育界和商業(yè)界的專家們說, 具有創(chuàng)造性是通向光明前程的關(guān)鍵。本文將介紹一下學(xué)校和家長如何才能鼓勵(lì)孩子發(fā)展這一至關(guān)重要的能力。

如果1925年迪克?德魯聽從了他老板的意見，也許我們就不會(huì)有遮護(hù)膠帶這種用品

了。現(xiàn)在我們幾乎離不開它。德魯當(dāng)時(shí)就職于“明尼蘇達(dá)制造和礦業(yè)公司”，通常稱為3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一種用于膠帶有黏性那面的物質(zhì)，黏性很強(qiáng)，能使物體粘在一起。但是老板卻不讓他做進(jìn)一步的研究。最后德魯只好利用自己的時(shí)間改進(jìn)了這種膠帶。這種膠帶現(xiàn)已被人們廣泛使用。而他原來工作過的3M公司也從自己的失誤中吸取了教訓(xùn)：現(xiàn)在該公司鼓勵(lì)員工抽出15%的工作時(shí)間專門用來開動(dòng)腦筋搞創(chuàng)新。

現(xiàn)在這種策略已被越來越多的公司所采用，而且全國各地的專家認(rèn)為，對(duì)待孩子也應(yīng)仿效這種做法，無論是在家里還是在學(xué)校。他們認(rèn)為，如果我們教育孩子進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性思維，他們就能在明天的社會(huì)中更好地發(fā)揮作用。

受益于創(chuàng)造性的不只限于音樂和藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域。能取得成功的學(xué)生和成人都是那些會(huì)尋求各種辦法解決問題的人。

創(chuàng)造性并非與生俱來，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一個(gè)人智力高并不意味著他必然能創(chuàng)造性地發(fā)揮才智。創(chuàng)造性是指能利用已有的資源想出新點(diǎn)子，而這些點(diǎn)子有助于解決某方面的問題。

遺憾的是，學(xué)校還沒有想到要促使學(xué)生發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。許多教育者十分看重考試分?jǐn)?shù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)閱讀、寫作和數(shù)學(xué)能力，往往因追求正確的答案而犧牲了對(duì)創(chuàng)造性的培養(yǎng)。其結(jié)果是，孩子們能夠反饋所學(xué)的知識(shí)，卻不知道如何靈活地應(yīng)用知識(shí)。比如，他們可能熟記乘法表，卻不會(huì)用它來解決數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用題。

然而，在有些學(xué)校里，教育者們正逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到這一問題，并致力于研究能啟發(fā)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性的新的教學(xué)方法。一些教師把基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和要求學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象力的活動(dòng)結(jié)合起來。比如，教師不再簡單地問學(xué)生哥倫布何時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了新大陸，他們可能讓學(xué)生思考如果哥倫布首先到達(dá)的不是加勒比地區(qū)而是紐約，情況會(huì)是如何。要回答這一問題，學(xué)生必須應(yīng)用自己掌握的關(guān)于哥倫布、紐約和加勒比地區(qū)的知識(shí)。教師們認(rèn)為即便學(xué)生的回答會(huì)很可笑，也毫無關(guān)系，這也許是通向創(chuàng)造性的重要一步。專家認(rèn)為，在課堂以及在家里，必須允許孩子們有些荒唐的念頭。家長和教師們則有責(zé)任和孩子共同努力，使那些念頭成為切實(shí)可行的建議。最好的辦法是通過提問來鼓勵(lì)孩子，同時(shí)對(duì)他們的想法和新點(diǎn)子表示贊賞。專家認(rèn)為必須創(chuàng)造一個(gè)可以自由發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的氛圍，一個(gè)尊重和贊賞而不是鄙視或不理會(huì)荒誕想法的環(huán)境。

在家里，家長可以做一些鼓勵(lì)孩子發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的事情。如果遇到合適的問題，家長可以就該問題征求孩子的意見，讓他們參與決策。家長可以幫助孩子了解不同的決策將會(huì)帶來的各種后果。家長還應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)孩子大聲談?wù)撍麄冋谧龅氖虑?。思維能力和語言能力是緊密相關(guān)的。大聲地談?wù)撚兄谔岣哒Z言能力和思維能力。

具有幽默感對(duì)于開發(fā)孩子的創(chuàng)造力也非常重要。當(dāng)家長表現(xiàn)出幽默時(shí)，孩子們就看到了最地道的創(chuàng)造性。從本質(zhì)上看，幽默跨越了常規(guī)界限，打破了固有模式。要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造往往也得如此。

給孩子一些選擇的余地也很重要。應(yīng)該允許孩子自己做決定并清楚其后果，要讓孩子從盡可能早的年齡開始這樣做。做決定有助于培養(yǎng)思維能力，即便只是在午餐的兩種食物的選擇上做決定也行。隨著孩子慢慢長大，家長應(yīng)讓孩子自己做主支配時(shí)間或金錢；當(dāng)他們作出錯(cuò)誤的決定時(shí)，不要不假思索地給予過多的幫助。這種做法可能會(huì)使孩子迷惑不解，但這沒有關(guān)系。因?yàn)楦挥袆?chuàng)造力的人有很強(qiáng)的動(dòng)力，使他們能夠從混亂中創(chuàng)造秩序。這是他們的一個(gè)最重要的特點(diǎn)。Vocabulary

1.1)confused, confusion

2)intelligence, intelligent

3)humorous, humor

4)strategy, strategic

5)motivated, motivation

6)combination, combined

7)creation, creative

8)pursuit, pursuing

9)multiplication, multiply

10)employ, employment

2.1)perfected

2)approaching

3)value

4)functions

5)approach

6)perfect

7)honor

8)function

9)honor

10)value 3.1)dismiss

2)consequences

3)promoting

4)applies

5)vital

6)scorned

7)conventional

8)original

4.1)consciously

2)innovative

3)unconsciously

4)determines

5)Imagination 6)aware

7)control

8)created

9)extension

10)technique

11)vulnerable

12)unfolding

13)joyful

14)gain

15)Apply Unit 6 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與你

在說不定的某個(gè)時(shí)候，我們大家都曾充當(dāng)過疑病癥患者的角色,只憑一些輕微的癥狀便懷疑自己得了某種可怕的病。有的人只要一聽說一種新的疾病，就會(huì)去檢查，看自己是否可能患了這種病。然而，對(duì)疾病的恐懼并非我們唯一的恐懼。同樣，患病的危險(xiǎn)也并非我們唯一會(huì)遇上的危險(xiǎn)。現(xiàn)代生活中充滿了各種各樣的威脅，諸如對(duì)我們生命的威脅，對(duì)我們平和心境的威脅，對(duì)我們家人的威脅，對(duì)我們未來的威脅。從而產(chǎn)生了好些問題，我們不得不問自己：我買的食品安全嗎？給孩子們的玩具會(huì)傷害他們嗎？我們家的人是不是不該吃熏肉？我度假時(shí)會(huì)不會(huì)遭搶劫？我們的疑慮就無休止地增加。2

對(duì)生活中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的擔(dān)憂與疑病癥有相似之處；二者的恐懼或憂慮皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之間也存在一個(gè)明顯的差別。疑病癥患者通?？梢郧笾卺t(yī)生，以便澄清疑慮——要么你得了你所懷疑的疾病，要么你沒得。但當(dāng)涉及到其它形式的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，事情就要困難得多，因?yàn)閷?duì)許多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來說，情況并不那么簡單。

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)幾乎總是一個(gè)可能性的問題而無確定性可言。你也許會(huì)問：“我該不該系安全帶？”如果你坐的車要與其它車正面相撞，那當(dāng)然該系安全帶。倘若你的車側(cè)面被撞，結(jié)果你被困在車?yán)?，又因安全帶裝置遭破壞而無法掙脫，那怎么辦呢？這是否意味著你該再花些錢在車內(nèi)安一個(gè)保險(xiǎn)氣袋呢？同樣，在正面相撞的情況下，保險(xiǎn)氣袋完全可以救你一命。但是，萬一正當(dāng)你在高速公路上開車時(shí)，保險(xiǎn)氣袋突然意外充氣膨脹，從而導(dǎo)致了本來絕不會(huì)發(fā)生的事故，那又該如何是好？ 4

上面說的這一切，只是從另一角度說明我們所做的事沒有一件是百分之百安全的。有些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——常常是潛在的重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——與我們的每個(gè)業(yè)余愛好、所做的每項(xiàng)工作、所吃的每種食物有關(guān)，換句話說，與所進(jìn)行的任何活動(dòng)有關(guān)。但我們又不能，也不該因危險(xiǎn)存在于我們將要做的每件事，而變成戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢的神經(jīng)癥患者。有些活動(dòng)是比其它活動(dòng)更危險(xiǎn)。關(guān)鍵在于要讓自己了解相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，然后相機(jī)行事。5

例如，兩車相撞時(shí)，大車總的說來要比小車安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是這樣：在一起嚴(yán)重的車禍中坐小車喪生的可能性是坐大車的兩倍左右。然而，大車通常比小車貴（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此給環(huán)境帶來了更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?。?。那么我們該怎樣確定什么時(shí)候值得為降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加花費(fèi)呢？例如，避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最保險(xiǎn)的做法也許是去買一輛坦克或裝甲車，從而把撞車時(shí)死亡或受傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降到最小。然而，即便你買得起，這筆額外的費(fèi)用以及忍受坦克或裝甲車所帶來的不便是否值得呢？

在我們尚不知所涉及的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度之前，我們還無法回答這些問題。那么，我們該如何去衡量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度呢？有些人似乎認(rèn)為答案只不過是一個(gè)簡單的數(shù)字。例如，我們知道每年大約有25,000 人死于車禍。相比之下，每年只有大約300人死于礦山事故和災(zāi)難。這難道就意味著乘坐汽車要比采礦危險(xiǎn)得多嗎？未必。事實(shí)是，在美國每年大約有兩億人經(jīng)常性地以車代步；而大概只有70萬人從事采礦作業(yè)。我們評(píng)估一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，所需要的有關(guān)數(shù)字是一個(gè)比率或分?jǐn)?shù)。該分?jǐn)?shù)的分子告訴我們在某個(gè)特定時(shí)期由于從事某種特定活動(dòng)而喪生或受傷的人數(shù)；其分母告訴我們在這一時(shí)期從事這種活動(dòng)的總?cè)藬?shù)。這樣，所有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度都是由比率或分?jǐn)?shù)表示，其大小介于0（無風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）到1（完全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）之間。7

通過把所有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都簡化為這種比率或分?jǐn)?shù)，我們便可以開始比較不同種類的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，如比較采礦與乘坐汽車。這個(gè)比率越大，也就是說它越接近1，那么有關(guān)活動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就越大。在剛才討論的例子中，我們可以用每一活動(dòng)中死亡的人數(shù)除以參與該活動(dòng)的總?cè)藬?shù)，從而找出汽車旅行與采煤的相對(duì)安全性。此處，我們可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽車旅行的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是每一萬人中大約有一人喪生；而就采礦而言，其危險(xiǎn)程度是每一萬礦工中大約有四人死亡。所以，盡管在車禍中喪生的人遠(yuǎn)比采礦要多，其實(shí)后者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是前者的四倍。這些比率使我們能夠?qū)敛幌喔傻幕顒?dòng)或情形的危險(xiǎn)性加以比較，即便差別如蘋果與橘子那樣大也能比較。如果你反對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)，你就會(huì)選擇風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比率較小的活動(dòng)。如果你無所畏懼，那么你往往會(huì)對(duì)高比率不太在乎，除非它們大得令人難以承受。

我們一旦明白了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是永遠(yuǎn)無法從任何情況中完全去除的，因而就沒有絕對(duì)安全的事，我們也就會(huì)明白問題的關(guān)鍵不是要徹底避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而是要理智地管理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理需要兩大要素：常識(shí)以及與我們可能要承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的性質(zhì)和程度相關(guān)的信息。Vocabulary Practice 1.1)sensible sensible: having or showing good sense;reasonable sensitive: easily hurt, upset, or offended by things that people say 2)relative relevant: directly connected with the subject or problem being discussed or considered relative: considered in relation or proportion to somebody/something else;comparative 3)mechanism machine: 機(jī)器

mechanism: a structure of working parts functioning together to produce an effect 4)requires require: need something request: ask for something politely or formally 5)eliminate reduce: make something smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc.eliminate: completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 6)crash crash: a breaking to pieces especially by or as if by collision collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions 2.1)character

2)end up

3)Rarely

4)casual

5)risky

6)all manner of

7)inform

8)sensible

9)definitively 3.1)On the strength of

2)all manner of

3)feed on

4)reduce…to

5)end up

6)associated with

7)focus on

8)turned to

9)participate in

10)involved in

第三篇：新編大學(xué)英語4課文翻譯和課后習(xí)題答案

Unit 1享受幽默—什么東西令人開懷？

1聽了一個(gè)有趣的故事會(huì)發(fā)笑、很開心，古今中外都一樣。這一現(xiàn)象或許同語言本身一樣悠久。那么，到底是什么東西會(huì)使一個(gè)故事或笑話讓人感到滑稽可笑的呢？

2我是第一次辨識(shí)出幽默便喜歡上它的人，因此我曾試圖跟學(xué)生議論和探討幽默。這些學(xué)生文化差異很大，有來自拉丁美洲的，也有來自中國的。我還認(rèn)真地思考過一些滑稽有趣的故事。這么做完全是出于自己的喜好。

3為什么聽我講完一個(gè)笑話后，班上有些學(xué)生會(huì)笑得前仰后合，而其他學(xué)生看上去就像剛聽我讀了天氣預(yù)報(bào)一樣呢？顯然，有些人對(duì)幽默比別人更敏感。而且，我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)有的人很善于講笑話，而有的人要想說一點(diǎn)有趣的事卻要費(fèi)好大的勁。我們都聽人說過這樣的話：“我喜歡笑話，但我講不好，也總是記不住。”有些人比別人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音樂、數(shù)學(xué)之類的才能一樣。一個(gè)真正風(fēng)趣的人在任何場合都有笑話可講，而且講了一個(gè)笑話，就會(huì)從他記憶里引出一連串的笑話。一個(gè)缺乏幽默感的人不可能成為一群人中最受歡迎的人。一個(gè)真正有幽默感的人不僅受人喜愛，而且在任何聚會(huì)上也往往是人們注意的焦點(diǎn)。這么說是有道理的。

4甚至有些動(dòng)物也具有幽默感。我岳母從前經(jīng)常來我們家，并能住上很長一段時(shí)間。通常她不喜歡狗，但卻很喜歡布利茨恩—我們養(yǎng)過的一條拉布拉多母獵犬。而且，她們的這種喜歡是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的時(shí)候就常常戲弄外祖母，當(dāng)外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜歡的那張舒適的椅子上時(shí)，布利茨恩就故意把她臥室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母剛好夠不到的地方蹦來跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起來去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母從椅子上一起來，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，從它那閃亮的棕色眼睛里掠過一絲拉布拉多式的微笑，無疑是在說：“啊哈，你又上了我的當(dāng)?！?/p>

5典型的笑話或幽默故事由明顯的三部分構(gòu)成。第一部分是鋪墊（即背景），接下來是主干部分（即故事情節(jié)），隨后便是妙語（即一個(gè)出人意料或令人驚訝的結(jié)尾）。如果這個(gè)妙語含有一定的幽默成分，這個(gè)笑話便會(huì)很有趣。通常笑話都包含這三部分，而且每部分都必須交代清楚。如果講故事或說笑話的人使用聽眾都熟悉的手勢和語言，則有助于增強(qiáng)效果。6我們可以對(duì)幽默這種娛樂形式，進(jìn)行分析，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)究竟是什么使一個(gè)有趣的故事或笑話令人發(fā)笑。舉例來說，最常見的幽默有以下幾種，包括了從最顯而易見的幽默到比較微妙含蓄的幽默?！盎鼊　笔亲蠲黠@的幽默。它語言簡單、直截了當(dāng)，常常以取笑他人為樂。說笑打鬧這種形式過去是、現(xiàn)在仍然是滑稽說笑演員和小丑的慣用技巧。它為不同年齡、不同文化背景的人們所喜愛。幾乎本世紀(jì)的每個(gè)講英語的滑稽說笑演員都曾以這樣或那樣的方式說過下面這則笑話。一位男士問另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的貴婦是誰？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么貴婦，那是我老婆?！边@個(gè)笑話的幽默之處在于第二位男士說他的妻子不是一位貴婦，也就是說她不是一個(gè)高雅的女人。這個(gè)笑話并沒有因?yàn)榻?jīng)常講而變得不再那么好笑。由于這是一個(gè)經(jīng)典笑話，觀眾都知道要說什么，而且因?yàn)榇蠹覍?duì)這個(gè)笑話很熟悉而更加珍愛它。

8中國的相聲是一種特殊的滑稽劇。相聲中兩名中國喜劇演員幽默地談?wù)撝T如官僚主義者、家庭問題或其他一些有關(guān)個(gè)人的話題。相聲隨處都能聽到，無論是在鄉(xiāng)村的小舞臺(tái)上，還是在北京最大的劇院里，抑或在廣播、電視上。它顯然是中國人家喻戶曉的一種傳統(tǒng)的幽

默形式。

9“俏皮話”不像滑稽劇那樣淺顯，它是因語言的誤用或誤解而引人發(fā)笑。我特別喜歡的一個(gè)例子是三位年長的紳士在英國乘火車旅行的故事。當(dāng)火車慢慢停下來時(shí)，第一位紳士問道：“這是Wembley(溫布利)嗎？”“不，”第二位紳士說：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位說道，“讓我們下車喝杯啤酒吧?！蔽覀冎郎狭四昙o(jì)的人往往耳背，因此會(huì)把Wembley（溫布利）聽成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）聽成了thirsty（渴了），這樣一來就為第三位老人的妙語做好了鋪墊。

10著名的中國漫畫家和幽默家丁聰便是一位俏皮話大師。在他的一幅幽默漫畫中，一位老師說：“你為什么一字不改地抄別人的作業(yè)？”那位年輕的學(xué)生回答道：“我沒有一字不改地抄。我把作業(yè)上的名字改成自己的了?！痹诙÷?shù)牧硪环?jīng)典漫畫里，一位生氣的父親問道：“告訴我，1加2等于幾？”兒子說：“我不知道?！边@位不耐煩的父親接著說道：“比方說，你、你媽媽和我，我們加起來一共是幾個(gè)，傻瓜？”兒子得意地回答道：“是三個(gè)傻瓜?！?這些故事無論是漫畫還是笑話，是由演滑稽劇的喜劇演員說還是由搭檔的相聲演員講，都為各地人們所喜愛。人們喜愛這些有趣的故事，因?yàn)樗鼈冑N近現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙語十分有趣。

11雙關(guān)語是一種更微妙的俏皮話。它使用的技巧是利用發(fā)音相似的詞或同一個(gè)詞的不同意思。有些批評(píng)家認(rèn)為雙關(guān)語是最低級(jí)的幽默，但我不同意這種觀點(diǎn)。雙關(guān)語與其他形式的幽默相比需要更細(xì)微、更巧妙的語言技巧；然而，簡單的雙關(guān)語甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，謎語或腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎問題常使用雙關(guān)語做鋪墊、制造故事情節(jié)，而且更多地是用在妙語部分。雙關(guān)語是我最早懂得的幽默。記得大約在五歲時(shí)我聽到了下面這個(gè)謎語。一個(gè)人問：“什么東西整個(gè)兒是黑的、白的和紅的？”另外一個(gè)人通常猜不出來，于是問道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出謎語的人回答：“是報(bào)紙?！比绻阒涝谟⒄Z中“red（紅色）”和“read（讀）”的讀音一樣但意思完全不同，答案就很明顯了。

12DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法語中的“一語雙關(guān)”）是雙關(guān)語的特殊形式,其中的詞或短語有雙重意思。兩個(gè)意思往往很不相同，一個(gè)比較恰當(dāng)，另一個(gè)往往比較粗俗—但并不總是這樣。我喜歡那個(gè)關(guān)于一位中學(xué)教師和校長因看見學(xué)生在學(xué)校操場上接吻而感到擔(dān)心的故事。故事并不過火。那位教師對(duì)學(xué)生們說；“我和校長已經(jīng)決定停止在學(xué)校操場上接吻?！甭牭叫β暎庾R(shí)到她沒有把意思表達(dá)清楚，于是補(bǔ)充說：“我的意思是不能再在我們的鼻子下面發(fā)生接吻這樣的事了?！碑?dāng)然，這個(gè)解釋并沒有糾正她的第一句話，反而使這個(gè)笑話的雙重含義變得更加好笑。

13一些專業(yè)的幽默家認(rèn)為如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不夠巧妙。他們不喜歡在幽默中過多使用有色情意味或粗俗的語言，而且覺得大多數(shù)幽默家缺乏創(chuàng)造性。的確，現(xiàn)在有些幽默令人震驚，但我認(rèn)為這不是幽默的過錯(cuò)。幽默本身是活潑健康的，它還會(huì)繼續(xù)生存下去，只因?yàn)槊刻於加杏腥さ氖虑榘l(fā)生。一些有幽默感的人會(huì)看到聽到這些有趣的事情，并把它們編成妙趣橫生、令人開心的笑話和故事。

Unit 4關(guān)于創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)——鼓勵(lì)孩子思考

1教育界和商業(yè)界的專家們說,具有創(chuàng)造性是通向光明前程的關(guān)鍵。本文將介紹一下學(xué)校和家長如何才能鼓勵(lì)孩子發(fā)展這一至關(guān)重要的能力。

2如果1925年迪克?德魯聽從了他老板的意見，也許我們就不會(huì)有遮護(hù)膠帶這種用品 了?，F(xiàn)在我們幾乎離不開它。德魯當(dāng)時(shí)就職于“明尼蘇達(dá)制造和礦業(yè)公司”，通常稱為3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一種用于膠帶有黏性那面的物質(zhì)，黏性很強(qiáng)，能使物體粘在一起。但是老板卻不讓他做進(jìn)一步的研究。最后德魯只好利用自己的時(shí)間改進(jìn)了這種膠帶。這種膠帶現(xiàn)已被人們廣泛使用。而他原來工作過的3M公司也從自己的失誤中吸取了教訓(xùn)：現(xiàn)在該公司鼓勵(lì)員工抽出15%的工作時(shí)間專門用來開動(dòng)腦筋搞創(chuàng)新。

3現(xiàn)在這種策略已被越來越多的公司所采用，而且全國各地的專家認(rèn)為，對(duì)待孩子也應(yīng)仿效這種做法，無論是在家里還是在學(xué)校。他們認(rèn)為，如果我們教育孩子進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性思維，他們就能在明天的社會(huì)中更好地發(fā)揮作用。

4受益于創(chuàng)造性的不只限于音樂和藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域。能取得成功的學(xué)生和成人都是那些會(huì)尋求各種辦法解決問題的人。

5創(chuàng)造性并非與生俱來，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一個(gè)人智力高并不意味著他必然能創(chuàng)造性地發(fā)揮才智。創(chuàng)造性是指能利用已有的資源想出新點(diǎn)子，而這些點(diǎn)子有助于解決某方面的問題。

6遺憾的是，學(xué)校還沒有想到要促使學(xué)生發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。許多教育者十分看重考試分?jǐn)?shù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)閱讀、寫作和數(shù)學(xué)能力，往往因追求正確的答案而犧牲了對(duì)創(chuàng)造性的培養(yǎng)。其結(jié)果是，孩子們能夠反饋所學(xué)的知識(shí)，卻不知道如何靈活地應(yīng)用知識(shí)。比如，他們可能熟記乘法表，卻不會(huì)用它來解決數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用題。

7然而，在有些學(xué)校里，教育者們正逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到這一問題，并致力于研究能啟發(fā)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性的新的教學(xué)方法。一些教師把基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和要求學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象力的活動(dòng)結(jié)合起來。比如，教師不再簡單地問學(xué)生哥倫布何時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了新大陸，他們可能讓學(xué)生思考如果哥倫布首先到達(dá)的不是加勒比地區(qū)而是紐約，情況會(huì)是如何。要回答這一問題，學(xué)生必須應(yīng)用自己掌握的關(guān)于哥倫布、紐約和加勒比地區(qū)的知識(shí)。教師們認(rèn)為即便學(xué)生的回答會(huì)很可笑，也毫無關(guān)系，這也許是通向創(chuàng)造性的重要一步。專家認(rèn)為，在課堂以及在家里，必須允許孩子們有些荒唐的念頭。家長和教師們則有責(zé)任和孩子共同努力，使那些念頭成為切實(shí)可行的建議。最好的辦法是通過提問來鼓勵(lì)孩子，同時(shí)對(duì)他們的想法和新點(diǎn)子表示贊賞。專家認(rèn)為必須創(chuàng)造一個(gè)可以自由發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的氛圍，一個(gè)尊重和贊賞而不是鄙視或不理會(huì)荒誕想法的環(huán)境。

8在家里，家長可以做一些鼓勵(lì)孩子發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的事情。如果遇到合適的問題，家長可以就該問題征求孩子的意見，讓他們參與決策。家長可以幫助孩子了解不同的決策將會(huì)帶來的各種后果。家長還應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)孩子大聲談?wù)撍麄冋谧龅氖虑?。思維能力和語言能力是緊密相關(guān)的。大聲地談?wù)撚兄谔岣哒Z言能力和思維能力。

9具有幽默感對(duì)于開發(fā)孩子的創(chuàng)造力也非常重要。當(dāng)家長表現(xiàn)出幽默時(shí)，孩子們就看到了最地道的創(chuàng)造性。從本質(zhì)上看，幽默跨越了常規(guī)界限，打破了固有模式。要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造往往也得如此。給孩子一些選擇的余地也很重要。應(yīng)該允許孩子自己做決定并清楚其后果，要讓孩子從盡可能早的年齡開始這樣做。做決定有助于培養(yǎng)思維能力，即便只是在午餐的兩種食物的選擇上做決定也行。隨著孩子慢慢長大，家長應(yīng)讓孩子自己做主支配時(shí)間或金錢；當(dāng)他們作出錯(cuò)誤的決定時(shí)，不要不假思索地給予過多的幫助。這種做法可能會(huì)使孩子迷惑不解，但這沒有關(guān)系。因?yàn)楦挥袆?chuàng)造力的人有很強(qiáng)的動(dòng)力，使他們能夠從混亂中創(chuàng)造秩序。這是他們的一個(gè)最重要的特點(diǎn)。

Unit 6風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與你

1在說不定的某個(gè)時(shí)候，我們大家都曾充當(dāng)過疑病癥患者的角色,只憑一些輕微的癥狀便懷疑自己得了某種可怕的病。有的人只要一聽說一種新的疾病，就會(huì)去檢查，看自己是否可能患了這種病。然而，對(duì)疾病的恐懼并非我們唯一的恐懼。同樣，患病的危險(xiǎn)也并非我們唯一會(huì)遇上的危險(xiǎn)。現(xiàn)代生活中充滿了各種各樣的威脅，諸如對(duì)我們生命的威脅，對(duì)我們平和心境的威脅，對(duì)我們家人的威脅，對(duì)我們未來的威脅。從而產(chǎn)生了好些問題，我們不得不問自己：我買的食品安全嗎？給孩子們的玩具會(huì)傷害他們嗎？我們家的人是不是不該吃熏肉？我度假時(shí)會(huì)不會(huì)遭搶劫？我們的疑慮就無休止地增加。對(duì)生活中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的擔(dān)憂與疑病癥有相似之處；二者的恐懼或憂慮皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之間也存在一個(gè)明顯的差別。疑病癥患者通常可以求助于醫(yī)生，以便澄清疑慮——要么你得了你所懷疑的疾病，要么你沒得。但當(dāng)涉及到其它形式的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，事情就要困難得多，因?yàn)閷?duì)許多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來說，情況并不那么簡單。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)幾乎總是一個(gè)可能性的問題而無確定性可言。你也許會(huì)問：“我該不該系安全帶？”如果你坐的車要與其它車正面相撞，那當(dāng)然該系安全帶。倘若你的車側(cè)面被撞，結(jié)果你被困在車?yán)铮忠虬踩珟аb置遭破壞而無法掙脫，那怎么辦呢？這是否意味著你該再花些錢在車內(nèi)安一個(gè)保險(xiǎn)氣袋呢？同樣，在正面相撞的情況下，保險(xiǎn)氣袋完全可以救你一命。但是，萬一正當(dāng)你在高速公路上開車時(shí)，保險(xiǎn)氣袋突然意外充氣膨脹，從而導(dǎo)致了本來絕不會(huì)發(fā)生的事故，那又該如何是好？上面說的這一切，只是從另一角度說明我們所做的事沒有一件是百分之百安全的。有些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——常常是潛在的重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——與我們的每個(gè)業(yè)余愛好、所做的每項(xiàng)工作、所吃的每種食物有關(guān)，換句話說，與所進(jìn)行的任何活動(dòng)有關(guān)。但我們又不能，也不該因危險(xiǎn)存在于我們將要做的每件事，而變成戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢的神經(jīng)癥患者。有些活動(dòng)是比其它活動(dòng)更危險(xiǎn)。關(guān)鍵在于要讓自己了解相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，然后相機(jī)行事。例如，兩車相撞時(shí)，大車總的說來要比小車安全些?？删烤鼓馨踩嗌倌?？答案是這樣：在一起嚴(yán)重的車禍中坐小車喪生的可能性是坐大車的兩倍左右。然而，大車通常比小車貴（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此給環(huán)境帶來了更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?。?。那么我們該怎樣確定什么時(shí)候值得為降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加花費(fèi)呢？例如，避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最保險(xiǎn)的做法也許是去買一輛坦克或裝甲車，從而把撞車時(shí)死亡或受傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降到最小。然而，即便你買得起，這筆額外的費(fèi)用以及忍受坦克或裝甲車所帶來的不便是否值得呢？在我們尚不知所涉及的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度之前，我們還無法回答這些問題。那么，我們該如何去衡量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度呢？有些人似乎認(rèn)為答案只不過是一個(gè)簡單的數(shù)字。例如，我們知道每年大約有25,000人死于車禍。相比之下，每年只有大約300人死于礦山事故和災(zāi)難。這難道就意味著乘坐汽車要比采礦危險(xiǎn)得多嗎？未必。事實(shí)是，在美國每年大約有兩億人經(jīng)常性地以車代步；而大概只有70萬人從事采礦作業(yè)。我們評(píng)估一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，所需要的有關(guān)數(shù)字是一個(gè)比率或分?jǐn)?shù)。該分?jǐn)?shù)的分子告訴我們在某個(gè)特定時(shí)期由于從事某種特定活動(dòng)而喪生或受傷的人數(shù)；其分母告訴我們在這一時(shí)期從事這種活動(dòng)的總?cè)藬?shù)。這樣，所有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度都是由比率或分?jǐn)?shù)表示，其大小介于0（無風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）到1（完全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）之間。通過把所有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都簡化為這種比率或分?jǐn)?shù)，我們便可以開始比較不同種類的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，如比較

采礦與乘坐汽車。這個(gè)比率越大，也就是說它越接近1，那么有關(guān)活動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就越大。在剛才討論的例子中，我們可以用每一活動(dòng)中死亡的人數(shù)除以參與該活動(dòng)的總?cè)藬?shù)，從而找出汽車旅行與采煤的相對(duì)安全性。此處，我們可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽車旅行的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是每一萬人中大約有一人喪生；而就采礦而言，其危險(xiǎn)程度是每一萬礦工中大約有四人死亡。所以，盡管在車禍中喪生的人遠(yuǎn)比采礦要多，其實(shí)后者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是前者的四倍。這些比率使我們能夠?qū)敛幌喔傻幕顒?dòng)或情形的危險(xiǎn)性加以比較，即便差別如蘋果與橘子那樣大也能比較。如果你反對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)，你就會(huì)選擇風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比率較小的活動(dòng)。如果你無所畏懼，那么你往往會(huì)對(duì)高比率不太在乎，除非它們大得令人難以承受。我們一旦明白了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是永遠(yuǎn)無法從任何情況中完全去除的，因而就沒有絕對(duì)安全的事，我們也就會(huì)明白問題的關(guān)鍵不是要徹底避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而是要理智地管理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理需要兩大要素：常識(shí)以及與我們可能要承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的性質(zhì)和程度相關(guān)的信息。

unit7

我們這些教師對(duì)于在你們身上取得的教育成就一點(diǎn)都不感到自豪。

我們培養(yǎng)你們?nèi)ミm應(yīng)的是一個(gè)根本不存在的世界——事實(shí)上也是不可能存在的。在這里度過的四年時(shí)間里，你們一直以為失敗是不會(huì)留下任何記錄的。

要是學(xué)得不好，一個(gè)最省事的辦法就是中途退出（不修這門課），在布朗大學(xué)你們學(xué)會(huì)了這一點(diǎn)。

但是，從現(xiàn)在開始，在你們要涉足的世界里，失敗是要給你留下疤痕的。

知難而退也會(huì)使你變成另一個(gè)人。走出布朗，知難而退的人絕不是英雄。

你們可以跟我們爭辯，說服我們?yōu)槭裁茨銈兊腻e(cuò)誤不是錯(cuò)誤，為什么平庸的作業(yè)是優(yōu)秀的，為什么你們會(huì)對(duì)普普通通并不出色的課堂報(bào)告感到驕傲。

回想一下，畢竟你們中的大多數(shù)人在你們所學(xué)的大部分課程中都得了高分。

因此，在這里分?jǐn)?shù)并不能作為區(qū)分優(yōu)秀學(xué)生與學(xué)業(yè)平平的學(xué)生的依據(jù)。

但是，今后，在你們所要去的世界里，你們最好不要為自己的錯(cuò)誤辯護(hù)，而應(yīng)該從中吸取教訓(xùn)。

假如你們要求得到你們不該得到的表揚(yáng)，詆毀那些不給你們表揚(yáng)的人，這是不明智的做法。多年來，我們創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)完全寬容的世界。這里所要求于你們的僅僅是一點(diǎn)微不足道的努力。當(dāng)你們沒有按約定的時(shí)間赴約時(shí)，我們就再約時(shí)間。當(dāng)你們沒有按期交作業(yè)時(shí)，我們裝作不在乎。

更糟糕的是，當(dāng)你們的言談枯燥無味時(shí)，我們卻裝作你們說的是重要的事情；當(dāng)你們喋喋不休、不知所云時(shí)，我們認(rèn)真傾聽，似乎你們說的東西事關(guān)重大；

當(dāng)你們把根本沒有花心思寫的作業(yè)扔到我們桌上時(shí)，我們不僅拜讀，甚至批改給評(píng)語，好像值得為你們這樣做似的。

當(dāng)你們犯傻時(shí)，我們裝作你們聰明過人；當(dāng)你們老生常談、毫無想象力、平平淡淡時(shí)，我們

卻裝作像在聽什么美妙絕倫的新鮮事情一樣；

當(dāng)你們要不勞而獲時(shí)，我們拱手奉上。所有這一切究竟是為了什么？

對(duì)這一切盡管你們可以想入非非，但我們決不是因?yàn)橄胍懩銈兊臍g心，而是因?yàn)槲覀儾幌胱屇銈儊韱?。一個(gè)簡單的辦法就是作假：微笑，讓你們輕輕松松都得B。

在這一類的演說中人們往往習(xí)慣于引用，在此讓我來引用一個(gè)你們從來沒有聽說過的人的話，這個(gè)人是拉特格斯大學(xué)的卡特·A.丹尼爾教授。

他說：“大學(xué)毀了你們，讓你們閱讀那些不值得一讀的論文，聽那些不值得一聽的評(píng)論，甚至要去尊重那些無所事事、孤陋寡聞、極不文明的人。

為了教育，我們過去不得不這樣做，但是今后不會(huì)有人再這樣做了。

在過去的50年中，大學(xué)使你們喪失了得到充分培養(yǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)。

由于大學(xué)成了一個(gè)輕松、自由、包容、體貼、舒適、充滿樂趣、好玩的地方，它沒有對(duì)你們盡到責(zé)任。但愿你們今后好運(yùn)。”

這就是為什么，在今天進(jìn)行畢業(yè)典禮之際，我們沒有任何可引以自豪的東西。

哦，對(duì)了，還有一點(diǎn)。盡量不要像對(duì)待我們那樣去對(duì)待你們的同事和老板。

我的意思是，當(dāng)他們把你們想要但不是你們應(yīng)得的東西給了你們時(shí)，要善待他們，不要侮辱他們，不要在他們身上重演你們與父母之間的那種糟糕的關(guān)系。

這一切，我們也都忍受了。

正如我剛才所說的，這不是為了討你們的歡心。

有一些年輕人只能在同齡人的眼中找到自我，是一些愚昧無知的人，竟然膚淺到以為教授們關(guān)心的不是教育，而是自己的人緣。實(shí)際上，很少有教授在乎這類年輕人是否喜歡他們。我們?nèi)萑踢@一切，只是為了擺脫你們。摒棄我們在教學(xué)中給你們造成的這些假象，投身到真實(shí)的生活中去吧。

第四篇：B2U5課文翻譯及課后練習(xí)答案

Unit 1

Dreams In-Class Reading

Are You A Dreamer?

你做夢嗎？ 夢，我們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)做夢？夢有意義嗎？真的有夢中所見之事成為現(xiàn)實(shí)這種事嗎？幾千年來人們對(duì)這些問題一直很感興趣。過去幾十年的科學(xué)發(fā)展使我們對(duì)睡眠的自然過程有了更多的認(rèn)識(shí)，然而對(duì)于與夢有關(guān)的諸多問題依然沒有最終答案，這些問題還在繼續(xù)困惑著我們。2 人人都做夢——只不過有些人不記得做過夢罷了。人類腦電波的記錄顯示我們所有人入睡后就進(jìn)入做夢狀態(tài)。夜晚的大部分時(shí)間我們都在做夢，但只有當(dāng)我們處在REM（眼球迅速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)）睡眠階段時(shí)醒來才會(huì)記住所做的夢。眼球迅速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)階段便是我們做夢的時(shí)候。每晚我們有四個(gè)或五個(gè)REM睡眠階段，第一次出現(xiàn)在入睡后的90分鐘左右。此后，夢期每90分鐘復(fù)現(xiàn)一次，每次持續(xù)15到45分鐘，持續(xù)時(shí)間隨著夜晚的深入逐漸延長。3 睡眠的主要目的（除讓我們休息外）也許就是讓我們做夢——讓我們以一種截然不同的方式回顧我們的生活、我們的憂慮和希望，以及在潛意識(shí)中觀察自我，把不再需要的資料從記憶中剔除。有些夢可能是由簡單的生理原因引起的。例如，夢到在灼熱的煤塊上行走很可能是由睡眠時(shí)腳太靠近取暖器引起的。而夢到想跑但兩腿卻動(dòng)彈不了這種令人沮喪的境況，也許是被子裹得太緊的緣故。鬧鈴響了而依然熟睡的人則很可能會(huì)夢到門鈴或電話鈴響。所有這些都是潛意識(shí)和意識(shí)共同引導(dǎo)和啟示我們的簡單例子。不過這些從生理角度進(jìn)行的解釋尚不足以說明為什么我們會(huì)做夢。有些人認(rèn)為夢純粹是無稽之談，僅僅是人腦中電脈沖無的放矢的結(jié)果，然而，有些人則認(rèn)為即便是最簡單的夢也具有重要的含義。有些夢反映的內(nèi)心憂慮是立即可以識(shí)別的。夢見失去工作或者沒了房子，也許是反映了真實(shí)的憂慮，即便這些憂慮只是潛意識(shí)的。我們大多數(shù)人都?jí)粢娺^必須參加一門很難的課程的期末考試，也許是一門從未修過的課，也許是一門學(xué)得很糟糕的課。但是，有一些夢并沒有這樣明顯的含義，對(duì)它們該如何解析呢？多少世紀(jì)以來，男男女女都從所謂的解夢字典中尋找答案，這類字典最早的有可能可以追溯到公元前5000年。根據(jù)這些字典，夢見喝酒意味著短命，而夢見喝水則預(yù)示著長壽。一直到公元200年，解夢字典受歡迎的程度仍絲毫未減。當(dāng)時(shí)，古希臘的阿特米多魯斯寫了一部長達(dá)五卷的書，書中解析了3000多個(gè)夢，列舉了一系列的夢符，諸如右手（表示父親），左手（表示母親），以及海豚（表示好兆頭）。如今，圖書館和書店里有無數(shù)解析夢的書籍。對(duì)于那些解夢愛好者來說，它們依然深受歡迎。然而，多數(shù)專家警告說，讀這些書時(shí)要非常謹(jǐn)慎。心理分析家兼作家肯尼思·桑德斯解釋說：“夢與每個(gè)人的心理密切相關(guān)，因此分析往往容易出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤和偏差。我認(rèn)為，只有當(dāng)你了解做某個(gè)夢的人時(shí)，才能發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)夢的真正含義。”

After-Class Reading

成為現(xiàn)實(shí)的夢 1965 年11月7 日的晚上，瑪麗·都特瑞做了一個(gè)噩夢。她忘不了那個(gè)夢，她的丈夫喬治也忘不了。她是這么講述自己的夢的：“我夢見夜里自己在一座山上，電閃雷鳴，然后我看見天上一道亮光，一聲巨大的撞擊聲后，我聽到四處都是尖叫聲?！?/p>

瑪麗說，她隨后看見地上有一只手。她感到有些害怕，但還是走上前去。然后她看見了一只胳膊，胳膊的那頭是些尸體碎塊。她說在夢里她尖叫起來：“快來人哪！”然后她看見一些人抬著一個(gè)大柳條筐，他們把尸體放進(jìn)筐里后就走了?，旣愺@醒時(shí)還在叫喊著?！艾旣?！”喬治俯下身，推推她。“怎么了？”他問。瑪麗告訴他：“我剛才夢見你飛機(jī)失事死了。噢，喬治，求求你不要坐那趟去辛辛那提的航班?！?瑪麗求他不要去，但是喬治不聽她的勸阻。然而，在開車去機(jī)場的路上，喬治開始感到有點(diǎn)不對(duì)頭。接著他看見一架飛機(jī)從頭頂飛過，心慌得怦怦直跳。于是他明白自己不能坐那趟飛機(jī)了。他給機(jī)場打電話，取消了機(jī)票。然后他給瑪麗打電話，接著乘火車去了辛辛那提。6 那天晚上，383 次航班試圖在辛辛那提降落時(shí)遇上了暴風(fēng)雨，飛機(jī)撞上了一座山?，旣愒陔娨暽峡吹搅擞嘘P(guān)的新聞報(bào)道，那情形就同她夢見的一模一樣。她看見人們拿筐子運(yùn)走了尸體。但是她知道喬治沒事。因?yàn)橛辛怂莻€(gè)夢的預(yù)兆，喬治才得以安然無恙。7 約翰·布拉德利也做過類似的夢。他住在英格蘭，是一位教師。他還是一位博物學(xué)家，喜歡帶班上的學(xué)生進(jìn)行校外考察旅行，了解大自然。一天晚上，他做了一個(gè)夢。這是在他安排好的一次校外考察旅行之前一個(gè)星期發(fā)生的事。他夢見自己領(lǐng)著班上的學(xué)生走在一條鄉(xiāng)間的小路上，路邊就是教堂墓地。在夢里，布拉德利讓兩個(gè)男孩帶隊(duì)穿過教堂墓地。他自己走在隊(duì)伍的末尾，以便讓小一些的孩子保持前進(jìn)。然而，就在他們穿過教堂墓地的時(shí)候，布拉德利感到地面在震動(dòng)，接著他聽見了巨大的斷裂聲。然后，有個(gè)黑乎乎的龐然大物朝他砸了過來。那是一棵巨大的榆樹，正好砸在這隊(duì)孩子們的頭頂上。10 這個(gè)夢使布拉德利非常不安，他覺得應(yīng)該取消這次外出。他把這個(gè)夢告訴了班上的學(xué)生，但是他們都覺得他很可笑，而且都不愿意取消這次旅行。甚至其他老師也笑話他，跟他說不應(yīng)該讓孩子們掃興。于是布拉德利同意出行?！暗悄銈儽仨毚饝?yīng)我，”他跟他們講，“往哪兒走你們只能聽我的?！?于是，他們出發(fā)了。當(dāng)他們走到那條小路時(shí)，布拉德利不讓孩子們繞道穿過教堂墓地。有些孩子覺得這樣做很蠢，不過他們還是按老師說的做了。走到小路的盡頭，他們面前是一座跨河的橋。年紀(jì)大一些的男孩子停下來問道：“老師，我們應(yīng)該走哪條道？過河呢，還是走沿河的小路？” 布拉德利停住腳步。他對(duì)那條小路有一種古怪的感覺?！斑^橋，”他告訴他們。于是孩子們開始過橋。接著，布拉德利聽到了可怕的斷裂聲，同自己在夢中聽到的完全一樣。他回頭一看，只見就在那條小路邊上，一棵巨大的榆樹搖搖晃晃，倒在了地上。他的預(yù)感應(yīng)驗(yàn)了。孩子們面面相覷，然后看著自己的老師。如果剛才他們走那條小路的話，那么此刻他們就正好在那棵榆樹倒下來的位置。

課內(nèi)閱讀練習(xí)答案

Part One Preparation 1.Brainstorming Sample Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism(夢游癥), is a sleep disorder.Sleepwalkers arise from the slow-wave sleep stage in a state of low consciousness and perform activities that are usually performed during a state of full consciousness, such as sitting up in bed, walking to the bathroom, cleaning, etc.which may involve no harm or danger.Those who work with dreams of these sorts take the position that a dream may have a variety of meanings, depending on the levels that are being explored.Nightmare refers to a very frightening dream.It may also refer to unpleasant experiences.Recurring dreams refer to dreams people have from time to time.Dream catcher is a handmade object based on a willow hoop, on which is woven a loose net or web decorated with personal and sacred items such as feathers and beads.Originated in the culture of Ojibwa, one of the largest groups of Native Americans, a dream catcher is believed to be able to change a person’s dreams.Hung above the bed, it is traditionally used as a charm to protect sleeping children from nightmares.When it comes to the interpretation of dreams, the most well-known might be The Interpretation of Dreams, a book written by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud.The book introduces Freud’s theory of the unconscious with respect to dream interpretation.In the book, he first demonstrates a psychological technique which makes it possible to interpret dreams.With the application of this technique, every dream will reveal itself as a psychological structure, full of significance, and one which may be assigned to a specific place in the psychic activities of the waking state.Further, he tries to explain the processes underlying the strangeness and obscurity of dreams, and to deduce from these processes the nature of the psychic forces whose conflict or cooperation is responsible for dreams.Freud’s view was that dreams were all forms of “wish fulfillment”, which means that the unconscious makes attempts to resolve a conflict of some sort.However, because the information in the unconscious is in an unruly and often disturbing form, a “censor” in the preconscious will not allow it to pass unaltered into the conscious.According to Freud, images in dreams are often not what they appear to be, and need deeper interpretation if they are to inform us of the structures of the unconscious.2.A Dream Poll Sample ? I don’t think dreams can predict the future.I never take dreams seriously.To me, dreams are just meaningless nonsense.If someone claims that what they dreamed came true, it was only a coincidence.? Dreams can make me feel good.After a good night’s sleep and some sweet dreams, I feel happy and full of energy when I wake up in the morning.But of course, I don’t like terrible dreams which make me very tired.3.Talking About Your Dreams Sample A: How often do you dream? B: I dream almost every night.A: What sort of dreams do you have? Are they connected to your daily life? B: Yes, I always dream about things that are connected to my daily life.For example, after I play computer games for a long time, I dream of playing computer games.Sometimes, I can’t find a book, but then I dream that I have found it.A: Do you have recurring dreams? B: Yes, I often dream of having to take an exam I haven’t prepared for.A: Have you ever wondered about the meanings of your dreams? Do you have any satisfactory explanations for your dreams? B: I am curious about the meanings of my dreams, but I can’t come up with any explanations.A: Why do you think people dream? B: It’s hard to say.However, as a Chinese saying goes, “We think of something during the day, and we dream of it during the night.” I think when the body is at rest, the mind, probably a part of the brain, continues to work.That may be the reason why we dream.Part Two Reading-Centered Activities

In-Class Reading

Post-Reading Reading Comprehension 1.I Introduction: Questions concerning dreams have puzzled human beings.(Para.1)II Dreaming and sleeping(Paras.2-3)i Dreaming occurs when we are in a REM(Rapid Eye Movement)sleep.ii The main purposes of sleeping may be to allow us to rest and to dream.III Possible causes of dreams(Paras.4-6)i Physiological cause Example: Sleeping with one’s feet too close to a heater may cause one to dream of walking on hot coals.ii Reflection of inner fears Example: Worrying about losing one’s job may cause one to dream of losing one’s job.IV Dream interpretations(Paras.7-9)i The earliest dream dictionaries indicated that drinking wine predicted a short life and drinking water meant a long life.ii Artemidorus’ dictionary includes symbols such as right hand(father), left hand(mother)and dolphin(a good omen).iii Most experts warn that dream interpretations should be read with care.2.T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 F 6 T 7 T 8 T 9 F 10 F 3.Sample ? I agree with Kenneth Saunders’ opinion.First, different people have different personalities, social backgrounds and experiences.Since dreams are kinds of subjective activities in one’s brain, different people may see the world in different ways.Second, I think to some extent, dreams are closely related to real life.So, you are likely to make mistakes if you try to interpret someone’s dreams without knowing what exactly the person has experienced.? I think it is possible to analyze a dream without knowing the dreamer.If we share the same language, culture and physical environment, we would have a lot in common, at least, for example, the nature of human beings.Of course, people have different ways of thinking, but it doesn’t mean we can’t understand each other.I’m very interested in learning about dreams and ways of interpreting dreams.Vocabulary 1 1 explanation 2 enthusiasts 3 frustrating 4 popularity 5 unconscious 6 electric / electrical 7 movements 8 recognizable 9 interpretation 10 countless 2 1 asleep 2 sleepless 3 sleep 4 sleepy 5 asleep 6 slept 7 sleeping, sleep 8 sleeper 9 sleep 10 overslept 3 1 submerged: go below the surface of the sea, river or lake（使）浸沒，淹沒 subculture: the behavior, practices, etc.associated with a group within a society 亞文化 3 submarine: a special type of ship which can travel under water 潛水艇 subway: the passage under ground along which pedestrians can pass 地下通道 5 subzero:(of temperatures)below zero 零度以下的 Subtropical: belonging to or relating to parts of the world that have warm and humid weather 副熱帶的，亞熱帶的 subspecies: a subdivision of a species（物種的）亞種 subnormal: below an average or expected standard, especially of intelligence 低于正常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的 9 subdivided: divide the parts of sth.that has already been divided 再分，重分 subtitles: words shown at the bottom of a film or television picture to explain what is being said 4 mislead nonstop unprepared misunderstanding non-verbal non-existent nonprofit uncommon unfamiliarity uncover 1 uncovered 2 misunderstanding 3 nonprofit 4 unprepared 5 uncommon 6 non-verbal 7 nonstop 8 misled 9 non-existent 10 unfamiliarity 5 1 progressed 2 puzzled 3 process 4 reflected 5 predict 6 advances 7 symbol 8 conscious / aware 9 inner 10 mode Translation 1 You will see that what I am saying now will come true.2 When young people remain single, they are open to pressure from other people.3 The problem of unemployment is tied up with the development of new technology.4 His appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize him.5 The tour guide said that some castles date back to the 13th century.6 She has never done anything for them, whereas they have done everything they can for her.5 Part Three Further Development 1.Grammar Review 1 having ever had a chance / having ever been given a chance 2 to lock her door 3 visiting only once a month 4 to stay in full-time education 5 to phone you 6 trying to escape 7 to put their needs first 8 reading 9 to build / building the house 10 to be so rude to him 2.Vocabulary Review 1

A natural: not involving anything made by people 天然的，自然的

B neutral: a neutral color is not very strong or bright 暗淡的，不鮮艷的 C natural: to be expected;usual 合乎情理的，慣常的

D neutral: not supporting any of the people or groups involved in an argument or disagreement 中立的，不偏不倚的 2 A shattered:(cause to)break suddenly into very small pieces（使）粉碎

B crashing: hit sth.or sb.extremely hard while moving, in a way that causes a lot of damage or makes a lot of noise 撞擊

C crack:(cause to)break without dividing into separate parts（使）開裂 D crash: an accident in which a vehicle violently hits sth.else 碰撞 3

A ancient: of or from a long time ago, having lasted for a very long time, or very old 古代的，遠(yuǎn)古的，古老的

B early: near the beginning of a period of time 早期的，初期的

C previous: happening or existing before the one mentioned 先前的，以前的

D ancient:(informal)when you say “sth.is ancient history”, you mean it happened long time ago and is not important now 從前的（事）4 A sign: an event, fact, etc.which shows that sth.exists or is happening 跡象，征兆 B symbol: a shape or design that is used to represent sth.such as an idea 象征

C signal: a sound or action that you make in order to give information to sb.or tell them to do sth.信號(hào)

D signs / symbols: a standard mark that is used to represent sth.符號(hào)，記號(hào) 5

A view: state of seeing or being seen from a particular place 視野 B vision: ability to see;eyesight 視力

C vision: an imagined mental picture of sth.想象，幻想

D outlook: your general attitude toward life and the world（對(duì)生活、世界的）觀點(diǎn)，見解

E view: personal opinion or attitude 觀點(diǎn)，看法 6

A errors / mistakes: things done incorrectly through ignorance or wrong judgment 錯(cuò)誤，失誤 B fault: if sth.bad that has happened is your fault, you should be blamed for it 過錯(cuò) C error: a moral wrong 道德上的錯(cuò)誤

D fault: sth.that is wrong with a machine, system, design, etc, which prevents it from working properly 故障

E mistake: “by mistake” is a fixed phrase, if you do sth.by mistake, you do it without intending to 錯(cuò)誤地（并非故意）7

A confused: unable to think clearly 被弄糊涂的

B confusing: difficult to understand;puzzling 令人迷惑的

C confusion: a situation in which sb.wrongly thinks that a person or thing is sb.or sth.混淆 D confuse: mistake one person or thing for another 混淆 8

A conscious: noticing the existence or presence of sth.particular 意識(shí)到的，知道的 B unconscious: in the state of having lost consciousness 失去知覺的

C subconscious: present at a hidden level of the mind 潛意識(shí)的，下意識(shí)的

D consciousness: the state of being awake, thinking and aware of what is happening around you 意識(shí)，神志清醒 3.Interpreting Dreams Sample 1 Her dream tells her that she would feel the same about herself as she does about the sow if she did not control her eating.The dream reflects her inner conflicts between two desires: to be on diet and to indulge herself.Subconsciously the former seems to take the upper hand over the latter.2 It seems that Sara is still in love with her ex-boyfriend, although she thinks she has got over him.Now that he has a new girlfriend, she is quite conscious that she has lost him for good.The death of her ex-boyfriend is an indication of her determination of forgetting him and starting a new life.The symbol of the car accident is a good omen, implying good health of her ex.3 The poor condition of the car is an indication of poor health, poor academic or business performance.Falling down a cliff means Peter was riding in a wrong direction and failed to end up well.In this context, the dream is suggesting that Peter was doing something dangerous, and he had troubles either physically or academically.4.Describing a Dream Sample One night, I woke up from a dream to check my watch.It said 1:00 pm and it was very bright outside.I was very scared since that morning was my first day of school for the new semester, and I was supposed to wake up before 7:00 am.Oversleeping to 1:00 pm would have been terrible!I tried to get up and get out of bed.But I was unable to...instead, I went back to sleep again, and continued with my dream.Finally, I woke up and checked my watch.It was only 5:00 am, two hours before the time for me to get up for class.It was still dark outside.Not until then did I realize that the earlier checking of my watch had happened in a dream.Additional activity 1.Remembering Your Dreams STEP ONE In a short paragraph, write down the details of a dream that you once had.If you can’t remember a dream, invent one.STEP TWO Tell your dream to your partner.When you have finished, check whether other classmates can remember all the details.Your partner uses a question tag and you use short answers.Example: Partner: In your dream you were eating a giant ice-cream, weren’t you? You: Yes, I was.Partner: Suddenly it began to melt, didn’t it? You: Yes, it did.2.Four Kinds of Dreams STEP ONE Provide the features of the four categories that dreams usually fall into.1 Daily Processing: Most dreams fall in the realm of “daily processing”, clearing the garbage from our minds—dumping input from the day that’s no longer needed.We don’t remember most of these dreams, and those we do remember can usually be easily related to our lives.2 Problem-solving: “Problem-solving” dreams are just what you might think—your subconscious knows all—it knows your problems and it knows how to solve them.If the subconscious thinks its solution is important enough, up pops a problem-solving dream.We don’t always remember these dreams, but our conscious mind does and acts on them directly and, like our daily processing dreams, we can normally interpret them for ourselves.3 Psychological: For most of us, these dreams are about our relationships, past sufferings, our fears and anxieties, guilt and resentment.In these “psychological dreams”, we’re not solving a problem or making a decision, we’re simply facing something about ourselves or our current situation that’s probably been holding us back.Some of these dreams, especially those that are repetitive, require interpretation.Some repetitive dreams may first be defined as psychological in nature, but are actually indicative of physical problems that require medical attention.4 Precognitive: “Precognitive” dreams deliver psychic information.You dream about a friend and then see them the next day, or you dream your sister is pregnant and she is!For most of us, precognitive dreams aren’t so obvious because our ego shadows our psychic information with symbols.Precognitive dreams can often be identified by their quality: The light is strange, or you clearly feel that you’re in another dimension.Objects are oddly shaped or made of unusual materials.These dreams are almost always worth recording and tracking for they will be rich with information, much of which presented in symbols.STEP TWO Students work in groups to describe their dreams in turn.After each description, the other members in the group work together to determine which of the categories the dream belongs to.STEP THREE Choose the most interesting dream from the group and present it to the class.Part Four

Writing and Translation 2.Translation Practice 夢是心靈的談話

我們?nèi)祟愔两裆形撮_啟通往夢的世界的大門。盡管我們很多人都意識(shí)到了做夢的價(jià)值，希望了解我們在夢境中的活動(dòng)，但大多數(shù)人仍覺得人在睡眠中就像進(jìn)入夢幻世界一樣。有些人認(rèn)為夢中的生活跟醒著的生活一樣真實(shí)，而且在積極尋找方法控制睡眠時(shí)的思維活動(dòng)，然而很少有人會(huì)將清醒時(shí)發(fā)生的事情跟夢中發(fā)生的事情聯(lián)系在一起。心理學(xué)家和心理玄學(xué)家在20世紀(jì)90年代普遍認(rèn)為，我們的夢境包含著日常生活的內(nèi)容。因此，學(xué)習(xí)去記憶并“挖掘”我們的夢是非常有用的。許多重要的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)就來源于夢境中發(fā)生的事件。3.Writing Sample A Nightmare I grew up in the country and life was hard at that time.I used to share a small bed with my younger brother.We would often fight for space.One night, I had a terrible dream.In the dream, our village was occupied by foreign invaders.The invaders were taking away property and children from households.They set houses on fire and killed anyone who did not obey them.I managed to hide in a pile of hay.I could hear my heart thumping when I saw some foreign soldiers coming toward our house.I couldn’t see them clearly because my eyes were covered with hay.I could hear them coming nearer and talking angrily, but I didn’t understand anything they said.Just then, I realized that one of my arms was not fully covered.I wanted to hide it but I dared not move.Then one of the soldiers discovered me.I was almost frightened to death, but still I didn’t move.Then I felt a severe pain on my left arm.I was wounded by a soldier with a sword.I woke up and realized that I had just had a nightmare.But my left arm was hurting.My brother’s leg had been pressing on my arm.

第五篇：大學(xué)英語unit 2課后練習(xí)答案

1.decades

2.historic

3.imposed

4.religious

5.slender

6.web

7.bade

8.site

9.on the side

10.authorized

11.terminal

12.make the best of

1.went through

2.stood up for

3.laid down

4.take on

5.let(us)down

6.draw on

7.fall into

8.pass for

1)The Europeans are fully confident that the Americans will not be able to justify their measures to protect the struggling American steel industry.2)Clinton is, in the eyes of Joe Klein, staff writer of the New Yorker and author of The Natural, the most talented politician of his generation and the most compelling.3)There's not much you can do if people are really intent on destroying themselves with drugs.4)A different experience of the world could forge a completely different approach to life.5)It is our conviction that cloning of human beings is bound to cause many ethical and social problems in the long run.1)As fordo not compelcapture ofhave forged

2)at huge riskthe missionshelter

3)who abolishedIn the eyes ofexploits

1.I'll tell you my research project in a minute, but first let's hear about your French trip.2.Most McDonald's look almost the same on the outside, but actually there are about 16 different basic designs.3.Loaning money from the banks is but one of the methods we can use to

get through a financial crisis.4.This second-hand car has been nothing but trouble;it's always breaking down.5.In your resume you've mentioned everything but one vital point.6.Our technicians have discovered a simple but effective solution to the problem.7.I am sorry, but I think you shouldn't have delayed your homework.8.The bankruptcy of the company was not caused by evil, but by simple ignorance.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.lonely friendly weekly monthly lovely cowardly kindly/saintly lively motherly

1.forged

2.stand up

3.compelled

4.convictions

5.mission

6.abolish

7.intent on

8.risk

9.in the eyes of

10.threats

1.2.3.4.5.6.assistance involved estimated coincidence emerged referred

7.numerous

8.stationed

9.concern

10.capture

Translation:

1.Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial

crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis.2.Under the threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to

leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement.3.According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may

be motivated to consider buying products shown on TV

commercials.4.Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste

alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once.5.Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to

like genetically modified crops someday since they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world.痛苦的奴隸生活堅(jiān)定了亨森為自由而戰(zhàn)的決心。他獲得自由后不久就成了一個(gè)幫助逃跑奴隸的組織中的一員。他幾次偷偷地回到美國幫助其他奴隸通過地下鐵路獲得自由。有一次在逃跑時(shí)，亨森和幾個(gè)逃跑的奴隸被捕捉奴隸的人包圍。他將逃跑的奴隸喬裝打扮一番，成功地躲避了追捕。另外，他后來在加拿大的得累斯頓為逃跑的奴隸建造了一個(gè)居住小區(qū)，并建了教堂和學(xué)校，逃跑的奴隸們在這里能夠?qū)W到有用的謀生之道。他堅(jiān)信奴隸制終將被廢除，所有奴隸終將獲得解放，種族歧視消失的那天一定會(huì)到來。

Shortly after he achieved freedom he became a member of an organization that assisted fugitive slaves.He secretly returned to the United States several a school where they could learn useful ways of making a living.He held to the

Text B

Bcdbba

Translation：

1.這一和平的不服行為在蒙哥馬利引發(fā)了抗議，最終是少數(shù)民族權(quán)利在法律上發(fā)生了變化，開創(chuàng)了美國民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的新時(shí)代。

2.后來她解釋說：這兒似乎是她結(jié)束受人擺布，弄清如果有的話她究竟有何人權(quán)的地方。

3.但是，蒙哥馬利的黑人團(tuán)體認(rèn)為應(yīng)該團(tuán)結(jié)在她周圍組織抗議活動(dòng)，她是適合擔(dān)此重任的公民，因?yàn)樗窃撌凶顑?yōu)秀的公民之一。

4.他說：“只有極少數(shù)人能說自己的行動(dòng)和行為改變了國家的面貌。羅莎.帕克斯就是那些人中的一個(gè)?！?/p>

1.Match： defbgahc

1.trail

2.activist

3.equality

4.arrested

5.transportation

6.representatives

7.legal

8.boycotts

9.fame

10.representation

11.ushered in

12.lain in honor/in state