第一篇:胡適:《文學(xué)改良芻議》(已校對(duì)好)1
文學(xué)改良芻議
胡適
今之談文學(xué)改良者眾矣,記者末學(xué)不文,何足以言此?然年來(lái)頗于此事再四研思,輔以友朋辯論,其結(jié)果所得,頗不無(wú)討論之價(jià)值。因綜括所懷見(jiàn)解,列為八事,分別言之,以與當(dāng)世之留意文學(xué)改良者一研究之。
吾以為今日而言文學(xué)改良,須從八事入手。八事者何? 一曰,須言之有物。二曰,不摹仿古人。三曰,須講求文法。
四曰,不作無(wú)病之呻吟。
五曰,務(wù)去爛調(diào)套語(yǔ)。
六曰,不用典。
七曰,不講對(duì)仗。
八曰,不避俗字俗語(yǔ)。
一曰須言之有物 .......吾國(guó)近世文學(xué)之大病,在于言之無(wú)物。今人徒知“言之無(wú)文,行之不遠(yuǎn)”;而不知言之無(wú)物,又何用文為乎?吾所謂“物”,非古人所謂“文以載道”之說(shuō)也。吾所謂“物”,約有二事:
(一)情感 《詩(shī)序》曰:“情動(dòng)于中而形諸言。言之不足,故嗟嘆之。..嗟嘆之不足,故詠歌之。詠歌之不足,不知手之舞之,足之蹈之也?!贝宋崴^情感也。情感者,文學(xué)之靈魂。文學(xué)而無(wú)情感,如人之無(wú)魂,木偶而已,行尸走肉而已(今人所謂“美感”者,亦情感之一也)。
(二)思想 吾所謂“思想”,蓋兼見(jiàn)地、識(shí)力、理想三者而言之。思想..不必皆賴文學(xué)而傳,而文學(xué)以有思想而益貴;思想亦以有文學(xué)的價(jià)值而益貴也:此莊周之文,淵明、老杜之詩(shī),稼軒之詞,施耐庵之小說(shuō),所以敻絕千古也。思想之在文學(xué),猶腦筋之在人身。人不能思想,則雖面目姣好,雖能笑啼感覺(jué),亦何足取哉?文學(xué)亦猶是耳。
胡適:《文學(xué)改良芻議》 文學(xué)無(wú)此二物,便如無(wú)靈魂無(wú)腦筋之美人,雖有秾麗富厚之外觀,抑亦末矣。近世文人沾沾于聲調(diào)字句之間,既無(wú)高遠(yuǎn)之思想,又無(wú)真摯之情感,文學(xué)之衰微,此其大因矣。此文勝之害,所謂言之無(wú)物者是也。欲救此弊,宜以質(zhì)救之。質(zhì)者何?情與思二者而已。
二曰不摹仿古人 .......文學(xué)者,隨時(shí)代而變遷者也。一時(shí)代有一時(shí)代之文學(xué):周、秦有周、秦之文學(xué),漢、魏有漢、魏之文學(xué),唐、宋、元、明有唐、宋、元、明之文學(xué)。此非吾一人之私言,乃文明進(jìn)化之公理也。即以文論,有《尚書(shū)》之文,有先秦諸子之文,有司馬遷、班固之文,有韓、柳、歐、蘇之文,有語(yǔ)錄之文,有施耐庵、曹雪芹之文:此文之進(jìn)化也。試更以韻文言之:《擊壤》之歌,《五子》之歌,一時(shí)期也;《三百篇》之詩(shī),一時(shí)期也;屈原、荀卿之騷賦,又一時(shí)期也;蘇、李以下,至于魏、晉,又一時(shí)期也;江左之詩(shī)流為排比,至唐而律詩(shī)大成,此又一時(shí)期也;老杜、香山之“寫(xiě)實(shí)”體諸詩(shī)(如杜之《石壕吏》、《羌村》,白之《新樂(lè)府》),又一時(shí)期也;詩(shī)至唐而極盛,自此以后,詞曲代興,唐、五代及宋初之小令,此詞之一時(shí)代也;蘇、柳(永)、辛、姜之詞,又一時(shí)代也;至于元之雜劇傳奇,則又一時(shí)代矣;凡此諸時(shí)代,各因時(shí)勢(shì)風(fēng)會(huì)而變,各有其特長(zhǎng),吾輩以歷史進(jìn)化之眼光觀之,決不可謂古人之文學(xué)皆勝于今人也。左氏、史公之文奇矣,然施耐庵之《水滸傳》視《左傳》、《史記》何多讓焉?《三都》、《兩京》之賦富矣,然以視唐詩(shī)宋詞,則糟粕耳。此可見(jiàn)文學(xué)因時(shí)進(jìn)化,不能自止。唐人不當(dāng)作商、周之詩(shī),宋人不當(dāng)作相如、子云之賦,——即令作之,亦必不工。逆天背時(shí),違進(jìn)化之跡,故不能工也。
既明文學(xué)進(jìn)化之理,然后可言吾所謂“不摹仿古人”之說(shuō)。今日之中國(guó),當(dāng)造今日之文學(xué),不必摹仿唐、宋,亦不必摹仿周、秦也。前見(jiàn)《國(guó)會(huì)開(kāi)幕詞》,有云:“于鑠國(guó)會(huì),遵晦時(shí)休”。此在今日而欲為三代以上之文之一證也。更觀今之“文學(xué)大家”,文則下規(guī)姚、曾,上師韓、歐;更上則取法秦、漢、魏、晉,以為六朝以下無(wú)文學(xué)可言,此皆百步與五十步之別而已,而皆為文學(xué)下乘。即令神似古人,亦不過(guò)為博物院中添幾許“逼真贗鼎”而已,文學(xué)云乎哉!昨見(jiàn)陳伯嚴(yán)先生一詩(shī)云:
胡適:《文學(xué)改良芻議》 2
濤園抄杜句,半歲禿千毫。所得都成淚,相過(guò)問(wèn)奏刀。萬(wàn)靈噤不下,此老仰彌高。胸腹回滋味,徐看薄命騷。
此大足代表今日“第一流詩(shī)人”摹仿古人之心理也。其病根所在,在于以“半歲禿千毫”之工夫作古人的鈔胥奴婢,故有“此老仰彌高”之嘆。若能灑脫此種奴性,不作古人的詩(shī),而惟作我自己的詩(shī),則決不致如此失敗矣。
吾每謂今日之文學(xué),其足與世界“第一流”文學(xué)比較而無(wú)愧色者,獨(dú)有白話小說(shuō)(我佛山人、南亭亭長(zhǎng)、洪都百煉生三人而已)一項(xiàng)。此無(wú)他故,以此種小說(shuō)皆不事摹仿古人(三人皆得力于《儒林外史》、《水滸》、《石頭記》。然非摹仿之作也),而惟實(shí)寫(xiě)今日社會(huì)之情狀,故能成真正文學(xué)。其他學(xué)這個(gè),學(xué)那個(gè)之詩(shī)古文家,皆無(wú)文學(xué)之價(jià)值也。今之有志文學(xué)者,宜知所從事矣。
三曰須講文法 ......今之作文作詩(shī)者,每不講求文法之結(jié)構(gòu)。其例至繁,不便舉之,尤以作駢文律詩(shī)者為尤甚。夫不講文法,是謂“不通”。此理至明,無(wú)待詳論。
四曰不作無(wú)病之呻吟 .........此殊未易言也。今之少年往往作悲觀,其取別號(hào)則曰“寒灰”、“無(wú)生”、“死灰”;其作為詩(shī)文,則對(duì)落日而思暮年,對(duì)秋風(fēng)而思零落,春來(lái)則惟恐其速去,花發(fā)又惟懼其早謝;此亡國(guó)之哀音也。老年人為之猶不可,況少年乎?其流弊所至,遂養(yǎng)成一種暮氣,不思奮發(fā)有為,服勞報(bào)國(guó),但知發(fā)牢騷之音,感喟之文;作者將以促其壽年,讀者將亦短其志氣:此吾所謂無(wú)病之呻吟也。國(guó)之多患,吾豈不知之?然病國(guó)危時(shí),豈痛哭流涕所能收效乎?吾惟愿今之文學(xué)家作費(fèi)舒特(Fichte),作瑪志尼(Mazzini),而不愿其為賈生、王粲、屈原、謝皋羽也。其不能為賈生、王粲、屈原、謝皋羽,而徒為婦人醇酒喪氣失意之詩(shī)文者,尤卑卑不足道矣!
五曰務(wù)去爛調(diào)套語(yǔ) ........今之學(xué)者,胸中記得幾個(gè)文學(xué)的套語(yǔ),便稱詩(shī)人。其所為詩(shī)文處處是陳言爛調(diào),“蹉跎”、“身世”、“寥落”、“飄零”、“蟲(chóng)沙”、“寒窗”、“斜陽(yáng)”、“芳草”、“春胡適:《文學(xué)改良芻議》 3 閨”、“愁魂”、“歸夢(mèng)”、“鵑啼”、“孤影”、“雁字”、“玉樓”、“錦字”、“殘更”,??之類,累累不絕,最可憎厭。其流弊所至,遂令國(guó)中生出許多似是而非,貌似而實(shí)非之詩(shī)文。今試舉吾友胡先骕先生一詞以證之。
?熒熒夜燈如豆,映幢幢孤影,凌亂無(wú)據(jù)。翡翠衾寒,鴛鴦瓦冷,禁得秋宵幾度?幺弦漫語(yǔ),早丁字簾前,繁霜飛舞。裊裊余音,片時(shí)猶繞柱。?
此詞驟觀之,覺(jué)字字句句皆詞也,其實(shí)僅一大堆陳套語(yǔ)耳?!棒浯漪馈?、“鴛鴦瓦”,用之白香山《長(zhǎng)恨歌》則可,以其所言乃帝王之衾之瓦也?!岸∽趾煛薄ⅰ扮巯摇?,皆套語(yǔ)也。此詞在美國(guó)所作,其夜燈決不“熒熒如豆”,其居室尤無(wú)“柱”可繞也。至于“繁霜飛舞”,則更不成話矣。誰(shuí)曾見(jiàn)繁霜之“飛舞”耶?
吾所謂務(wù)去爛調(diào)套語(yǔ)者,別無(wú)他法,惟在人人以其耳目所親見(jiàn)、親聞、所親身閱歷之事物,—一自己鑄詞以形容描寫(xiě)之;但求其不失真,但求能達(dá)其狀物寫(xiě)意之目的,即是工夫。其用爛調(diào)套語(yǔ)者,皆懶惰不肯自己鑄詞狀物者也。
六曰不用典 .....吾所主張八事之中,惟此一條最受朋友攻擊,蓋以此條最易誤會(huì)也。吾友江亢虎君來(lái)書(shū)曰:
?所謂典者,亦有廣狹二義。饾饤獺祭,古人早懸為厲禁;若并成語(yǔ)故事而屏之,則非惟文字之品格全失,即文字之作用亦亡?!淖肿蠲钪馕叮谟米趾?jiǎn)而涵義多。此斷非用典不為功。不用典不特不可作詩(shī),并不可寫(xiě)信,且不可演說(shuō)。來(lái)函滿紙‘舊雨’、‘虛懷’、‘治頭治腳’、‘舍本逐末’、‘洪水猛獸’、‘發(fā)聾振聵’、‘負(fù)弩先驅(qū)’、‘心悅誠(chéng)服’、‘詞壇’、‘退避三舍’、‘滔天’、‘利器’、‘鐵證’,……皆典也。試盡抉而去之,代以俚語(yǔ)俚字,將成何說(shuō)話?其用字之繁簡(jiǎn),猶其細(xì)焉??忠灰姿~,雖加倍蓰而涵義仍終不能如是恰到好處,奈何?……? 此論甚中肯要。今依江君之言,分典為廣狹二義,分論之如下:
(一)廣義之典非吾所謂典也。廣義之典約有五種:
(甲)古人所設(shè)譬喻,其取譬之事物,含有普通意義,不以時(shí)代而失其效用者,今人亦可用之。如古人言“以子之矛,攻子之盾”,今人雖不讀書(shū)者,亦知胡適:《文學(xué)改良芻議》 4 用“自相矛盾”之喻,然不可謂為用典也。上文所舉例中之“治頭治腳”、“洪水猛獸”、“發(fā)聾振聵”,??皆此類也。蓋設(shè)譬取喻,貴能切當(dāng);若能切當(dāng),固無(wú)古今之別也。若“負(fù)弩先驅(qū)”、“退避三舍”之類,在今日已非通行之事物,在文人相與之間,或可用之,然終以不用為上。如言“退避”,千里亦可,百里亦可,不必定用“三舍”之典也。
(乙)成語(yǔ) 成語(yǔ)者,合字成辭,別為意義。其習(xí)見(jiàn)之句,通行已久,不妨用之。然今日若能另鑄“成語(yǔ)”,亦無(wú)不可也?!袄鳌?、“虛懷”、“舍本逐末”,??皆屬此類。此非 “典”也,乃日用之字耳。
(丙)引史事 引史事與今所論議之事相比較,不可謂為用典也。如老杜詩(shī)云,“未聞殷周衰,中自誅褒妲”,此非用典也。近人詩(shī)云,“所以曹孟德,猶以漢相終”,此亦非用典也。
(?。┮湃俗鞅?此亦非用典也。杜詩(shī)云,“清新庾開(kāi)府,俊逸鮑參軍”,此乃以古人比今人,非用典也。又云,“伯仲之間見(jiàn)伊呂,指揮若定失蕭曹”,此亦非用典也。
(戊)引古人之語(yǔ) 此亦非用典也。吾嘗有句云,“我聞古人言,艱難惟一死”。又云,“嘗試成功自古無(wú),放翁此語(yǔ)未必是”。此乃引語(yǔ),非用典也。
以上五種為廣義之典,其實(shí)非吾所謂典也。若此者可用可不用。
(二)狹義之典,吾所主張不用者也。吾所謂用“典”者,謂文人詞客不能自己鑄詞造句以寫(xiě)眼前之景,胸中之意,故借用或不全切,或全不切之故事陳言以代之,以圖含混過(guò)去:是謂“用典”。上所述廣義之典,除戊條外,皆為取譬比方之辭。但以彼喻此,而非以彼代此也。狹義之用典,則全為以典代言,自己不能直言之,故用典以言之耳,此吾所謂用典與非用典之別也。狹義之典亦有工拙之別,其工者偶一用之,未為不可,其拙者則當(dāng)痛絕之。
(子)用典之工者 此江君所謂用字簡(jiǎn)而涵義多者也??椭袩o(wú)書(shū)不能多舉其例,但雜舉一二,以實(shí)吾言:
(l)東坡所藏“仇池石”,王晉卿以詩(shī)借觀,意在于奪。東坡不敢不借,先以詩(shī)寄之,有句云,“欲留嗟趙弱,寧許負(fù)秦曲。傳觀慎勿許,間道歸應(yīng)速?!贝擞锰A相如返璧之典,何其工切也!
(2)東坡又有“章質(zhì)夫送酒六壺,書(shū)至而酒不達(dá)?!痹?shī)云,“豈意青州六從胡適:《文學(xué)改良芻議》 5 事,化為烏有一先生”。此雖工已近于纖巧矣。
(3)吾十年前嘗有讀《十字軍英雄記》一詩(shī)云:“豈有酖人羊叔子?焉知微服趙主父?十字軍真兒戲耳,獨(dú)此兩人可千古”。以兩典包盡全書(shū),當(dāng)時(shí)頗沾沾自喜,其實(shí)此種詩(shī),盡可不作也。
(4)江亢虎代華僑誄陳英士文有“未懸太白,先壞長(zhǎng)城。世無(wú)鉏麑,乃戕趙卿”四句,余極喜之。所用趙宣子一典,甚工切也。
(5)王國(guó)維詠史詩(shī),有“虎狼在堂室,徒戎復(fù)何補(bǔ)?神州遂陸沉,百年委榛莽。寄語(yǔ)桓元子,莫罪王夷甫?!贝艘嗫芍^使事之工者矣。
上述諸例,皆以典代言,其妙處,終在不失設(shè)譬比方之原意;惟為文體所限,故譬喻變而為稱代耳。用典之弊,在于使人失其所欲譬喻之原意。若反客為主,使讀者迷于使事用典之繁,而轉(zhuǎn)忘其所為設(shè)譬之事物,則為拙矣。古人雖作百韻長(zhǎng)詩(shī),其所用典不出一二事而已(《北征》與白香山《悟真寺詩(shī)》皆不用一典),今人作長(zhǎng)律則非典不能下筆矣。嘗見(jiàn)一詩(shī)八十四韻,而用典至百余事,宜其不能工也。
(丑)用典之拙者 用典之拙者,大抵皆懶惰之人,不知造詞,故以此為躲懶藏拙之計(jì)。惟其不能造詞,故亦不能用典也??傆?jì)拙典亦有數(shù)類:
(1)比例泛而不切,可作幾種解釋,無(wú)確定之根據(jù)。今取王漁洋《秋柳》一章證之:
?娟娟涼露欲為霜,萬(wàn)縷千條拂玉塘。浦里青荷中婦鏡,江干黃竹女兒箱??諔z板渚隋堤水,不見(jiàn)瑯琊大道王。若過(guò)洛陽(yáng)風(fēng)景地,含情重問(wèn)永豐坊。?
此詩(shī)中所用諸典無(wú)不可作幾樣說(shuō)法者。
(2)僻典使人不解。夫文學(xué)所以達(dá)意抒情也。若必求人人能讀五車書(shū),然后能通其文,則此種文可不作矣。
(3)刻削古典成語(yǔ),不合文法。“指兄弟以孔懷,稱在位以曾是”(章太炎語(yǔ)),是其例也。今人言“為人作嫁”亦不通。
(4)用典而失其原意。如某君寫(xiě)山高與天接之狀,而曰“西接杞天傾”是也。
(5)古事之實(shí)有所指,不可移用者,今往亂用作普通事實(shí)。如古人灞橋折胡適:《文學(xué)改良芻議》 6 柳,以送行者,本是一種特別土風(fēng)。陽(yáng)關(guān)、渭城亦皆實(shí)有所指。今之懶人不能狀別離之情,于是雖身在滇越,亦言灞橋;雖不解陽(yáng)關(guān)、渭城為何物,亦皆言“陽(yáng)關(guān)三疊”,“渭城離歌”。又如張翰因秋風(fēng)起而思故鄉(xiāng)之莼羹鱸膾,今則雖非吳人,不知莼鱸為何味者,亦皆自稱有“莼鱸之思”。此則不僅懶不可救,直是自欺欺人耳!
凡此種種,皆文人之下下工夫,一受其毒,便不可救。此吾所以有“不用典”之說(shuō)也。
七曰不講對(duì)仗 ......排偶乃人類言語(yǔ)之一種特性,故雖古代文字,如老子、孔子之文,亦間有駢句。如“道可道,非常道;名可名,非常名。無(wú)名天地之始,有名萬(wàn)物之母。故常無(wú),欲以觀其妙;常有,欲以觀其徼?!贝巳啪湟??!笆碂o(wú)求飽,居無(wú)求安”;“貧而無(wú)諂,富而無(wú)驕”;“爾愛(ài)其羊,我愛(ài)其禮”。此皆排句也。然此皆近于語(yǔ)言之自然,而無(wú)牽強(qiáng)刻削之跡;尤未有定其字之多寡,聲之平仄,詞之虛實(shí)者也。至于后世文學(xué)末流,言之無(wú)物,乃以文勝;文勝之極,而駢文律詩(shī)興焉,而長(zhǎng)律興焉。駢文律詩(shī)之中非無(wú)佳作,然佳作終鮮。所以然者何?豈不以其束縛人之自由過(guò)甚之故耶?(長(zhǎng)律之中,上下古今,無(wú)一首佳作可言也。)今日而言文學(xué)改良,當(dāng)“先立乎其大者”,不當(dāng)枉廢有用之精力于微細(xì)纖巧之末:此吾所以有廢駢廢律之說(shuō)也。即不能廢此兩者,亦但當(dāng)視為文學(xué)末技而已,非講求之急務(wù)也。
今人猶有鄙夷白話小說(shuō)為文學(xué)小道者。不知施耐庵、曹雪芹、吳趼人皆文學(xué)正宗,而駢文律詩(shī)乃真小道耳。吾知必有聞此言而卻走者矣。
八曰不避俗語(yǔ)俗字 ........吾惟以施耐庵、曹雪芹、吳趼人為文學(xué)正宗,故有“不避俗字俗語(yǔ)”之論也(參看上文第二條下)。蓋吾國(guó)言文之背馳久矣。自佛書(shū)之輸入,譯者以文言不足以達(dá)意,故以淺近之文譯之,其體已近白話。其后佛氏講義語(yǔ)錄尤多用白話為之者,是為語(yǔ)錄體之原始。及宋人講學(xué)以白話為語(yǔ)錄,此體遂成講學(xué)正體(明人因之)。當(dāng)是時(shí),白話已久入韻文,觀唐、宋人白話之詩(shī)詞可見(jiàn)也。及至元時(shí),中國(guó)北部已在異族之下,三百余年矣(遼、金、元)。此三百年中,中國(guó)乃發(fā)生胡適:《文學(xué)改良芻議》 7 一種通俗行遠(yuǎn)之文學(xué)。文則有《水滸》、《西游》、《三國(guó)》??之類,戲曲則尤不可勝計(jì)(關(guān)漢卿諸人,人各著劇數(shù)十種之多。吾國(guó)文人著作之富,未有過(guò)于此時(shí)者也。)以今世眼光觀之,則中國(guó)文學(xué)當(dāng)以元代為最盛;可傳世不朽之作,當(dāng)以元代為最多:此可無(wú)疑也。當(dāng)是時(shí),中國(guó)之文學(xué)最近言文合一,白話幾成文學(xué)的語(yǔ)言矣。使此趨勢(shì)不受阻遏,則中國(guó)幾有一“活文學(xué)出現(xiàn)”,而但丁、路得之偉業(yè)(歐洲中古時(shí),各國(guó)皆有俚語(yǔ),而以拉丁文為文言,凡著作書(shū)籍皆用之,如吾國(guó)之以文言著書(shū)也。其后意大利有但?。―ante)諸文豪,始以其國(guó)俚語(yǔ)著作。諸國(guó)踵與,國(guó)語(yǔ)亦代起。路得(Luther)創(chuàng)新教始以德文譯《舊約》、《新約》,遂開(kāi)德文學(xué)之先。英、法諸國(guó)亦復(fù)如是。今世通用之英文《新舊約》乃1611年譯本,距今才三百年耳。故今日歐洲諸國(guó)之文學(xué),在當(dāng)日皆為俚語(yǔ)。迨諸文豪興,始以“活文學(xué)”代拉丁之死文學(xué);有活文學(xué)而后有言文合一之國(guó)語(yǔ)也),幾發(fā)生于神州。不意此趨勢(shì)驟為明代所阻,政府既以八股取土,而當(dāng)時(shí)文人如何、李七子之徒,又爭(zhēng)以復(fù)古為高,于是此千年難遇言文合一之機(jī)會(huì),遂中道夭折矣。然以今世歷史進(jìn)化的眼光觀之,則白話文學(xué)之為中國(guó)文學(xué)之正宗,又為將來(lái)文學(xué)必用之利器,可斷言也(此“斷言”乃自作者言之,贊成此說(shuō)者今日未必甚多也)。以此之故,吾主張今日作文作詩(shī),宜采用俗語(yǔ)俗字。與其用三千年前之死字(如“于鑠國(guó)會(huì),遵晦時(shí)休”之類),不如用二十世紀(jì)之活字;與其作不能行遠(yuǎn)不能普及之秦、漢、六朝文字,不如作家喻戶曉之《水滸》、《西游》文字也。
結(jié).論.
上述八事,乃吾年來(lái)研思此一大問(wèn)題之結(jié)果。遠(yuǎn)在異國(guó),既無(wú)讀書(shū)之暇晷,又不得就國(guó)中先生長(zhǎng)者質(zhì)疑問(wèn)難,其所主張容有矯枉過(guò)正之處。然此八事皆文學(xué)上根本問(wèn)題,—一有研究之價(jià)值。故草成此論,以為海內(nèi)外留心此問(wèn)題者作一草案。謂之芻議,猶云未定草也。伏惟國(guó)人同志有以匡糾是正之。
民國(guó)六年一月(原載1917年1月1日《新青年》第2卷第5號(hào),又載1917年3月《留美學(xué)生季報(bào)》春季第1號(hào))
(朱春敬2006年8月?lián)本┐髮W(xué)出版社1998年版《胡適文集》第二卷6-15頁(yè)打字錄入)
胡適:《文學(xué)改良芻議》 8 ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――
今日思想界的一個(gè)大弊病
胡適
現(xiàn)在有一些寫(xiě)文字的人最愛(ài)用整串的抽象名詞,翻來(lái)覆去,就像變戲法的人搬弄他的“一個(gè)郎當(dāng),一個(gè)郎當(dāng),郎當(dāng)一郎當(dāng)”一樣。他們有時(shí)候用一個(gè)抽象名詞來(lái)替代許多事實(shí);有時(shí)候又用一大串抽象名詞來(lái)替代思想;有時(shí)候同一個(gè)名詞用在一篇文章里可以有無(wú)數(shù)的不同的意義。我們受過(guò)一點(diǎn)嚴(yán)格的思想訓(xùn)練的人,每讀這一類的文字,總覺(jué)得無(wú)法抓住作者說(shuō)的是什么話,走的是什么思路,用的是什么證據(jù)。老實(shí)說(shuō),我們看不懂他們變的是什么掩眼法。
我試從我平日最敬愛(ài)的一個(gè)朋友陶希圣先生的《為試什么否認(rèn)現(xiàn)在的中國(guó)》一篇
里引一些例子。
(1)在先,資本主義的支配還不太歷害的時(shí)候,中國(guó)人便想自己也來(lái)一番資本
主義,去追上歐、美列強(qiáng)。
我們?cè)囅搿耙瞾?lái)一番資本主義”這句話是不是可以代庚子拳禍以前的一切變法維新的企圖?設(shè)船廠,興海軍,興教育,改科舉,立制造局,翻譯格至?xí)?,派遣留學(xué)生等等,這都可以用“也來(lái)一翻資本主義”包括了!這不是用抽象名詞代替
許多事實(shí)嗎?
(2)胡先生在過(guò)去與封建主義斗爭(zhēng)的光榮,是我們最崇拜最愿崇拜的。
這里說(shuō)的是我自己了。然而我搜索我半生的歷史,我就不知道我曾有過(guò)“與封建主義的光榮”。壓根兒我就不知道這四十年的中國(guó)“與封建主義斗爭(zhēng)的光榮”。壓根兒我就不知道這四十年的中國(guó)“封建主義”是個(gè)什么樣子。所以陶先生如果說(shuō)我曾提倡白話文,我沒(méi)法子抵賴。他恭維我曾與“封建主義”斗爭(zhēng),我只好對(duì)他胡適:《文學(xué)改良芻議》 說(shuō)“小人無(wú)罪”。如果我做過(guò)什么“爭(zhēng)斗”,我打的是駢文、律詩(shī)、古文,是死的文字,是某些某些不科學(xué)的信仰,是某個(gè)某個(gè)不人道的制度。這些東西各有很長(zhǎng)的歷史,各有他的歷史演變的事實(shí),都是最具體的東西,都不能用一個(gè)抽象名詞(如封建主義)來(lái)解釋他們,形容他們,或概括他們。即如駢文律詩(shī),在中國(guó)古代封建制度的的確確存在的時(shí)代,何嘗有駢文律詩(shī)的影子?駢文律詩(shī)起于比較很晚的時(shí)代,與封建主義何干?那個(gè)道地的封建制度之下,人們歌唱的(如《國(guó)風(fēng)》)是白話,寫(xiě)的(如《論語(yǔ)》)也是白話。后來(lái)在一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的帝國(guó)之下,前一個(gè)時(shí)代的活文字漸漸僵死了,變成古文,被保留作統(tǒng)一帝國(guó)的交通工具,這與封建主義何干?又如我們所攻擊的許多傳統(tǒng)思想和信仰,絕大部分是兩千年的長(zhǎng)期印度化的產(chǎn)物,都不是中國(guó)廣東封建制度之下原有的東西。把這些東西都?xì)w罪到“封建主義”一個(gè)名詞,其錯(cuò)誤等于說(shuō)癆病由于癆病鬼,天花由于天花娘娘,自縊尋
死由于吊死鬼尋替身!
以上的例子都是用一個(gè)抽象名詞來(lái)替代許多具體的歷史事實(shí)。這毛病是籠統(tǒng),是
混沌,是抹煞事實(shí)。
(3)沒(méi)有殖民地,我們想像不到歐、美的燦爛光華。他們的燦爛光華是向殖民
地推銷商品和投下資本賺下來(lái)的。
(4)沒(méi)有殖民地,資本主義便不能存在。
這樣的推理,只是武斷的把一串名詞排成一個(gè)先后次序,把名詞的先后次序替代了因果的關(guān)系。“沒(méi)有殖民地,就沒(méi)有了資本主義;沒(méi)有了資本主義,就沒(méi)有了歐、美的燦爛光華。”多么簡(jiǎn)單干脆的推論,中國(guó)沒(méi)有殖民地(?),中國(guó)就沒(méi)有資本主義。德國(guó)的殖民地全被《巴黎和約》夷群群剝奪了,德國(guó)也就沒(méi)有資本主義了,也就不會(huì)有燦爛光華了?明兒美國(guó)讓菲律賓獨(dú)立了,或者菲律賓和夏威群島都被日本搶去了,美國(guó)的資本主義也就不存在了?況且在三十六年前,美國(guó)壓根兒就不曾有過(guò)一塊殖民地,美國(guó)大概就沒(méi)有資本主義了吧?大概也就沒(méi)有什么“燦爛光華”了吧?這是事實(shí)嗎?以上的列子是用連串名詞的排列來(lái)替代思想的胡適:《文學(xué)改良芻議》 10 層次,來(lái)冒充推理的程序。這毛病是懶惰,是武斷。
(5)燦爛的個(gè)人自由的經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)營(yíng)時(shí)代,至少是不能在中國(guó)再見(jiàn)的了。自由的旗幟高張起來(lái)也是空的。有組織有計(jì)劃的生產(chǎn),自由的旗幟高張起來(lái)也是空的。有組織有計(jì)劃的生產(chǎn),自然與自由主義的思想不相容。不過(guò),民主或自由的思想在中國(guó)雖然空得很,卻有一些重大的使命。這是因?yàn)榉饨ㄖ髁x還有存在。在對(duì)抗封建主義的陣容一點(diǎn)上,民主與自由主義是能夠叫動(dòng)社會(huì)同情的。如果誤解這種同情的到來(lái),是說(shuō)中國(guó)的文化必走上民主自由的十九世紀(jì)歐、美式上,那便推論得
太遠(yuǎn)了一點(diǎn)了。
這一段文章里用“自由”一個(gè)名詞,凡有六次。第一個(gè)“自由”是經(jīng)濟(jì)的,是自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)營(yíng)。第二個(gè)“自由”好像是指名七八年以來(lái)我們一班朋友主張的自由主義的人生觀和要求思想言論自由的政治主張。第三個(gè)“自由”就不好懂了:明明說(shuō)的是“自由主義的思想”,卻又是和“有組織有計(jì)劃的生產(chǎn)”不相容,又好像是自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)營(yíng)了。我們愚笨得很,只知道“自由主義的思想”和專制政治不相容,和野蠻黑暗的惡勢(shì)力不相容;我們就沒(méi)聽(tīng)見(jiàn)過(guò)它和“有組織有計(jì)劃的生產(chǎn)”不相容。姑且不說(shuō)大規(guī)模集中生產(chǎn)的資本主義也是“有組織有計(jì)劃”的。試看看丹麥和其他北歐各國(guó)的各種生產(chǎn)合作制度,何嘗不是有“組織有計(jì)劃的生產(chǎn)”?又何嘗與自由主義的 思想不相容?所以這第三個(gè)“自由”當(dāng)然還是第一次提到的自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)營(yíng)。第四個(gè)“自由”又是在指我們的思想言論自由的民治主張了。第五個(gè)“自由”也是如此。第六個(gè)“自由”的意義又特別擴(kuò)大了,擴(kuò)大到“十九世紀(jì)歐美式”的文化,這當(dāng)然要包括自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)度和思想言論自
由的政治要求等等了。
這里用“自由”六次,至少有三個(gè)不同的意義:(1)自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)營(yíng);(2)我們一班朋友要求思想言論自由的民治主張;(3)“十九世紀(jì)歐美式”的自由主義 的文化。這三個(gè)廣狹不同的意義,顛來(lái)倒去,忽上忽下,如變戲法的人拋起三個(gè)球,滾上滾下,使人眼睛都迷眩了,究竟看不清是一個(gè)球,還是三個(gè)球,還是五六個(gè)球。這樣費(fèi)大氣力,變大花頭,為的是什么呢?難道真是要叫讀者眼光胡適:《文學(xué)改良芻議》 11 迷眩了,好相信胡適之不贊成“中國(guó)本位的文化建設(shè)”就是要“回轉(zhuǎn)十九世紀(jì)自由主義的路”;而“回轉(zhuǎn)十九世紀(jì)歐美自由主義的路”就等于犯了主張資本主義的大罪惡!
這樣的例子是濫用一個(gè)意義可廣可狹的名詞,忽而用其廣義,忽而用其狹義,忽而又用其最廣義,竟然用“資本主義”、“封建主義”等等名詞,往往犯這種毛病。這病,無(wú)心犯的是粗心疏忽,有心犯的是舞文弄法。
這些例子所表示的,總名為“濫用名詞”的思想作文方法。在思想上,它造成懶惰籠統(tǒng)的思想習(xí)慣,在文字上,它造成鏗鏘空洞的八股文章。這都是中國(guó)幾千年的文字障的遺毒古人的文字,談空說(shuō)有,說(shuō)性談天,主靜主一,大部分都是“囊空橐霧”、“捕風(fēng)捉影”的名詞變戲法?!吧划惪?,空不異色。色即是空,空即是色”。這是人人皆知的模范文體。“用而不有,即有真空,空而不無(wú),玄知妙有。妙有則摩珂般若。真空則清凈涅槃。般若無(wú)照,能造涅槃;涅槃無(wú)生,能生般若。”我們現(xiàn)在讀這樣的文字,當(dāng)然感覺(jué)這是用名詞變戲法了。但是我們現(xiàn)在某位某位大師的名著,高談著“封建主義時(shí)期”、“商業(yè)資本主義時(shí)期”、“落后資本主義時(shí)期”、“亞細(xì)亞生產(chǎn)方式時(shí)期”、“資本主義文化”、“社會(huì)主義文化”、“中國(guó)本位文化建設(shè)”、“創(chuàng)造的綜合”、“奧伏赫變”、“迎頭趕上”,??我們就不認(rèn)得這也是搬弄名詞的把戲了。
這種文字障,名詞障,不是可以忽視的毛病。這是思想上的絕大障礙。名詞是思想的一個(gè)重要工具。要使這個(gè)工具確當(dāng),用得有效,我們必須嚴(yán)格的戒約自己:第一,切不可亂用一個(gè)意義不曾分析清楚的抽象名詞。(例如用“資本主義”,你得先告訴我,你心里想象的是你貴處每月三分的高利貸,還是倫敦、紐約的年息二厘五的銀行放款。)第二,與其用抽象名詞,寧可多舉具體的事實(shí);事實(shí)容易明白,名詞容易使人糊涂。第三,名字連排的排列,不能替代推理:推理是拿出證據(jù)來(lái),不是搬出名詞來(lái)。第四,凡用一個(gè)意義有廣狹的名詞,不能隨時(shí)變換它的涵義。第五,我們記得唐朝龐居士臨死時(shí)的兩句格言:“但愿空諸所有,不可實(shí)諸所無(wú)?!北緵](méi)有貴,因?yàn)橛辛恕按箢^貴”“長(zhǎng)腳鬼”等等鬼名詞,就好像真有鬼了。濫造鬼名詞的人自己必定遭鬼迷。不可不戒!
胡適:《文學(xué)改良芻議》 12 1935年6月2日
(原載1917年1月《新青年》)
胡適:《文學(xué)改良芻議》 13
第二篇:文學(xué)常識(shí)填空【校對(duì)版】
唐宋文學(xué)常識(shí)
填空題 唐代的詩(shī)歌極度繁榮,僅據(jù)編成于清康熙年間的《全唐詩(shī)》所錄,就有詩(shī)人兩千兩百余人,作品四萬(wàn)余首,編為九百卷。唐文學(xué)的繁榮,也表現(xiàn)在作者眾多而大師輩出上?!度莆摹肥兆髡呷?,《全唐詩(shī)》收作者兩千兩百余人,據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì),唐人小說(shuō)今天可以找到的還有四百二三十種。在“四杰”中,盧照鄰、駱賓王擅長(zhǎng)七言歌行,王勃、楊炯擅長(zhǎng)五律。陳子昂的詩(shī)歌革新主張見(jiàn)于他的名篇《與東方左史虬修竹篇序》 中,他的代表作是《感遇》三十八首。陳子昂在《與東方左史虬修竹篇序》一文中,正面提出他的詩(shī)歌革新主張,這篇文章標(biāo)志著唐代詩(shī)風(fēng)的轉(zhuǎn)變。7 “以孤篇壓倒全唐”的詩(shī)是《春江花月夜》。8 唐代王維有“詩(shī)佛”之稱,劉禹錫有“詩(shī)豪”之稱。盛唐山水田園詩(shī)派的代表作家是王維和孟浩然,此外的重要作家還有裴迪、儲(chǔ)光羲、常建、等人?!拔赌υ懼?shī),詩(shī)中有畫(huà);觀摩詰之畫(huà),畫(huà)中有詩(shī)”這是宋人蘇軾對(duì)唐人王維作品所作的贊譽(yù)。唐代崔顥所作《黃鶴樓》被嚴(yán)羽《滄浪詩(shī)話》稱為唐人七律第一。被譽(yù)為“七絕圣手”的唐代詩(shī)人是王昌齡。岑參邊塞詩(shī)中鼎足而三的代表作是《走馬川行奉送封大夫出師西征》、《白雪歌送武判官歸京 》和《輪臺(tái)歌奉送封大夫西征》,它們的共同特色是充滿了浪漫樂(lè)觀(存疑,抑或異域風(fēng)格)的情調(diào)。
唐宋文學(xué)常識(shí) 杜甫的“三吏”是《新安吏》、《石壕吏》、《潼關(guān)吏》。“三別”是《新婚別》、《無(wú)家別》、《垂老別》。杜詩(shī)的多樣風(fēng)格中,最具特征性的是杜甫自道的“語(yǔ)不驚人死不休”。“文章合為時(shí)而著,歌詩(shī)合為事而作”的主張,是白居易在《與元九書(shū)》一文中提出的。號(hào)稱“五言長(zhǎng)城”的詩(shī)人是劉長(zhǎng)卿。大歷詩(shī)風(fēng),指的是大歷至貞元年間年間活躍于詩(shī)壇上的一批詩(shī)人的共同創(chuàng)作風(fēng)貌。在韓孟詩(shī)派中,以瘦硬奇警為詩(shī)風(fēng)特點(diǎn),直接影響宋代江西詩(shī)派的重要詩(shī)人是孟郊。新樂(lè)府概念的形成,始于李紳的《樂(lè)府新題》二十首,后來(lái)白居易的《新樂(lè)府》五十首成為這一詩(shī)潮代表作。22 新樂(lè)府一詞是白居易提出來(lái)的。白居易的生平與思想可分前后兩期,以四十四歲時(shí)被貶江州為分界線。孟郊寫(xiě)詩(shī)與賈島皆以苦吟著名。《寒地百姓吟》是孟郊的作品,“鳥(niǎo)宿池邊樹(shù),僧敲月下門”是賈島的佳句。人們常以奇崛險(xiǎn)怪來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)韓愈及其周圍詩(shī)人的詩(shī)風(fēng)。《長(zhǎng)恨歌》與《琵琶行》代表了白居易詩(shī)歌的最高藝術(shù)成就。27 柳宗元的山水游記突破了過(guò)去散體文偏重實(shí)用,以政治和哲理議論為主的局限,創(chuàng)造了一種更文學(xué)化、抒情化的散文類型。另外他的寓言擺脫了作為文章論說(shuō)例證的依附性質(zhì),成為了一種獨(dú)立的文體。
唐宋文學(xué)常識(shí) 唐傳奇《李娃傳》的作者是白行簡(jiǎn)。話本流傳下來(lái)的作品,一般可分為小說(shuō)和講史兩大類。31 李朝威《柳毅傳》兼有愛(ài)情和俠義的雙重主題。
下面一段話中涉及到唐代一些詩(shī)人的別號(hào)或姓氏等,請(qǐng)?jiān)跈M線上寫(xiě)出他們的正名:
“開(kāi)元、天寶間,則有李翰林(李白)之飄逸,杜工部(杜甫)之沉郁,孟襄陽(yáng)(孟浩然)之清雅,王右丞(王維)儲(chǔ)光羲之真率,王昌齡之聲俊,高常侍(高適)、岑嘉州(岑參)之悲壯,李頎、常建之超凡,此盛唐之盛者也??下及元和之際則有柳愚溪(柳宗元)之超然復(fù)古,韓昌黎(韓愈)之博大其詞,張(張籍)王(王建)樂(lè)府,得其故實(shí),元(元?。┌祝ò拙右祝┬蚴拢瑒?wù)在分明??。” 34 請(qǐng)?jiān)趪?yán)羽折斷論詩(shī)體的文字中提到的宋代有代表性詩(shī)體后指出其著名詩(shī)人的姓名:
以人而論,則有:蘇李體、曹劉體、陶體、謝體、徐庾體、沈宋體、陳拾遺體、王楊盧駱體、張曲江體、少陵體、太白體、髙逹夫體、孟浩然體、岑嘉州體、王右丞體、韋蘇州體、韓昌黎體、柳子厚體、韋柳體、李長(zhǎng)吉體、李商隱體、盧仝體、白樂(lè)天體、元白體、杜牧之體、張藉王建體、賈浪仙體、孟東野體、杜荀鶴體、東坡體__蘇軾___、山谷體_黃庭堅(jiān)_、后山體 _陳師道_、王荊公體_王安石_、邵康節(jié)體_邵雍_、陳簡(jiǎn)齋體_陳與義_、楊誠(chéng)齋體_楊萬(wàn)里_。
五代時(shí),中國(guó)詞史上有著名的兩個(gè)詞壇 西蜀 和 南唐。前者以花間詞 派為中心,后者以 李煜 的成就最高。
五代詞有兩個(gè)創(chuàng)作中心,一為西蜀,一為南唐。南唐詞人以李璟、李煜、馮延巳 三人最為著名。37 姚合和賈島并稱“姚賈”。
唐宋文學(xué)常識(shí)
白行簡(jiǎn)的《李娃傳》和蔣防的《霍小玉傳》是唐代寫(xiě)人世愛(ài)情的傳奇名篇。
南宋“中興四大詩(shī)人”是尤袤、楊萬(wàn)里、范成大、陸游。40 北宋初年,梅堯臣、蘇舜欽 齊名,人稱梅蘇。
南宋初期,呂本中作《江西詩(shī)社宗派圖》,確立了江西詩(shī)派的名稱。
黃庭堅(jiān)開(kāi)創(chuàng)了有巨大影響的 “江西”詩(shī)派。其“一祖三宗”的“一祖”是指杜甫,“三宗”是指 黃庭堅(jiān)、陳與義、陳師道
。43 南宋中興四大詩(shī)人中范成大晚年所作的《四時(shí)田園雜興》在古代田園詩(shī)中有比較重要的影響。
北宋第一個(gè)專力寫(xiě)詞的作家是柳永,他是北宋婉約詞派的早期代表。
北宋末,宋徽宗設(shè)置大晟府,任用一批詞人來(lái)審定音樂(lè),粉飾太平,這就是所謂的“清真”詞人,周邦彥是其中影響最大的一個(gè)。46 宋詞到_柳永_才擺脫了《花間集》的束縛,到 蘇軾 更矯首高歌,時(shí)見(jiàn)奇懷逸氣,在婉約詞家之外別立豪放一宗,開(kāi)南宋以 辛棄疾 為代表的愛(ài)國(guó)詞家的先河。
宋初,由晚唐五代以來(lái)形成的婉麗詞風(fēng)更彌漫一時(shí),晏殊、歐陽(yáng)修是在這方面有代表性的作家。他們向來(lái)合稱晏歐。
北宋第一個(gè)專力寫(xiě)詞的作家是柳永,他是北宋婉約詞派的早期代表。他的《樂(lè)章集》中慢詞占了十之七八。他使慢詞發(fā)展成為與小令雙峰并峙的一種成熟的文學(xué)樣式。他的詞多從世俗生活汲取素材,在當(dāng)時(shí) 階層中傳唱最盛,他尤工于羈旅行役,《八聲甘州》詞是他的代表作。
唐宋文學(xué)常識(shí)
把邊塞詩(shī)的內(nèi)容帶進(jìn)詞的領(lǐng)域,使詞具有較多社會(huì)內(nèi)容和開(kāi)闊的風(fēng)格的作家是范仲淹。
據(jù)說(shuō)蘇軾曾戲呼秦觀為“山抹微云君”,這是因?yàn)樗摹稘M庭芳》曾經(jīng)名動(dòng)一時(shí)。
被傳為“三影郎中”或“桃李(杏)嫁東風(fēng)郎中”的北宋前期詞人是張先。
李清照的詞集叫《漱玉詞》。
現(xiàn)存宋元講史話本有《梁公九諫》、《五代史平話》和《宣和遺事》。
現(xiàn)存宋金時(shí)期唯一完整的諸宮調(diào)作品是董解元的《西廂記諸宮調(diào)》。
金代詩(shī)人最推崇的宋代詩(shī)人是陸游。59 元好問(wèn)是金代詩(shī)歌成就最高的作家。
我國(guó)第一部詩(shī)話是歐陽(yáng)修的《六一詩(shī)話》,它開(kāi)創(chuàng)了我國(guó)古代詩(shī)歌評(píng)論“詩(shī)話“的形式,繼之而起的有司馬光的《續(xù)詩(shī)話》,陳師道的《后山詩(shī)話》,嚴(yán)羽的《滄浪詩(shī)話》和姜夔的《白石道人詩(shī)話》等。61 嚴(yán)羽的《滄浪詩(shī)話》是一部對(duì)后世詩(shī)歌實(shí)踐和詩(shī)歌理論都有很大影響的著作。
整理集校:程斌章、周寧涵 自行整理,如有異議,務(wù)必求證
第三篇:演講稿英文版(已校對(duì))
Speech On the research status and the research conclusions Distinguished experts, teachers: Good morning!I am Zhang Cuicui from Department of Public Administration ,Nanjing College for Population Program Management, currently leads the practice of 2011 college students in Jiangsu province innovation training project of senior home group moderator.I`m honored today to share our group`s harvest with you.Our task is to investigate city community home-based care services model`s present situation, problems and sustainable development investigation and study, for this task we conducted a year-long survey research and social practice.Following I will represent our task group to report our investigation Research background information the degree of aging and the problems In 2011 the State Council issued the“ China aging development” Twelfth Five-Year Plan “ which points out,” Twelfth Five-Year Plan“ period, with the first arrival of the peak growing elderly population, the population aging process will be accelerated further, the problem of aging population is becoming more and more serious, the aging process and the nuclear family, empty nest is accompanied, and economy in the period of social transition contradiction interweaves, social security and pension service demand will increase quickly.In 2011April, IMF(International Monetary Fund)published to countries and regions in the world per capita GDP newest data shows that though our country`s GDP maintains moderately faster growth rate in gross, but the per capita GDP is only $4382, far behind the United States, Australia, Holland, Britain and Japan and other countries., accompanied by the state and pension fund run behind one's expenses, our country population advance rapidly aging problem is serious and people aged more than 65 years taking the proportion of the total population has increased from 7% to14%, most developed countries with more than 45 years time, China only 27years to complete the course, which belongs to the aging speed of the soon, the pension problem and economic development is not harmonious problem severity among countries.In spite of the great achievements China's social security work has labored, b there is still a big problem, facing a lot of difficulties.Social work pressure, the basic old-age insurance fund gap is huge, pension expenditure, medical insurance expenditure expands, which also caused the proportion of retirees and workers, social security” consumers“ and” producer“ ratio change, increase on-the-job worker contribution burden.Large senior groups` nursing, medical, social services and other aspects of the demand for social security will bring enormous pressure.In addition, the medical insurance system faces serious challenges, after 20years of medical insurance system reform in our country, the town has initially established the basic framework of overall medical insurance.However, medical insurance coverage is low, the medical service price confusion, the low proportion of government investment is the fact that hasn`t changed.Social welfare coverage grows, which has layed increasingly heavy pressure on the system, lack of effective interface between, the grim situation can`t be ignore.Family support for the senior has been considered to be the eastern traditional pension mode, with filial culture as the core of the supporting and respecting the old and has been praised as is the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation.Admittedly, in the natural economy of providing for oneself, as well as in our present from the family support to social transition stage, Xiao Yin culture and family endowment has played an important role.However, with the development of economy, especially the industrialized, city is changed, family that provides for the senior is bound by the impact, and the modernization of production are associated with the establishment of a social security system.The aging of society serious, the city`s accelerating changing speed and the increasing of floating population, not only brings the senior social security cost increase in the number, also caused the traditional family size and the change of family structure, family structure was gradually dismantled, family pension mode is lack of power, but the traditional culture and to win support among the people, nursing homes and other nursing institutions, seniors preferred for the familiar person and environment, more inclined to accept social services at home.In this case, whether the pension institutions or family, the traditional mode has to be broken.The above four points, is summed up to show our country`s per capita GDP is insufficient, the social security system is not all-round, strength and insufficient coverage of pension mode transition, case, do not become ”senile“ state preparation, into the” old“ state, the situation and the battlefield found bullet enough, pocket on the examination room found the book didn't read is the same reason.The current old-age home mode, the international community has become a widely respected pension system.Our country`s home-based care services research started in the nineteen eighties.The development of old-age service is the inevitable result of the trend of population aging, aging population old-age service is a social cause, which needs government, community, non-profit organization and other multivariate main body`s participation and construction, has gradually been the extensive consensus of social all circles, in recent years with the pension demand increase, government to improve the people's livelihood and promoting social harmony requirements, home-based care services to get the attention of social all circles and carry out, but the old-age population expansion, to China's old-age security brought hitherto unknown challenge, urgent need for home-based care services to carry out further research practice and innovation, maintaining its sustainable development.Two methods of investigation Research mainly includes two aspects, one is the Jiangsu provincial city, Nanjing, and other cities” home-based care services“ for the senior were obtained through a survey questionnaire, reliable data;two is the in-depth study of street, government and other institutions in home-based care services in primary practice, investigation of various measures of the concrete implementation situation, understanding in the actual operation process initiatives, including the old-age home status, satisfaction, group differences, the difficulties encountered and the sustainability of the investigation.The investigation into the questionnaires and interviews of two parts, Questionnaire survey in Nanjing Xuanwu District, Jiangning District, Qinhuai District, area within the city limits of the object of investigation for the Nanjing household registered 201for the senior, the aging distribution is from 60 to 92 years old.Interviews as long as in Jiangsu province Nanjing City, Suzhou City, Wuxi City, Changzhou City, Zhenjiang city service system for the aged in the workers were surveyed, respondents specifically responsible for home-based care services of community workers, participation in home-based care services by nursing staff, each city is in charge of the administrative staff in nursing work.In the survey, we extracted the Nanjing Xuanwu District” Suo Jincun10000 to help“ as a home-based care services of typical model analysis.A questionnaire was developed by the project team members in a large number of interviews, reading a lot of literature on the basis of prepared by natural information, questionnaire, on home care social understanding of the situation, the elderly mental health situation in three parts.The questionnaire used a single topic and MCQs, structured and unstructured combined form, contains a total of 30 projects.Main outcome measures in the following three aspects of different gender, age, cultural degree, family members of senior people's mental state, the future pension concern degree of correlation coefficient.The senior overall mental status index shows the different natural conditions in case selection difference test result.The current situation of old-age home services, service content, service satisfaction of the elderly.On the questionnaire survey to the data using the SPSS17.0version of the software, using descriptive statistics, mean, correlation analysis, statistical testing of statistical data and processing.Through the interview the interview data were summarized the collation and analysis.Three results 3.2.1basic situation analysis Relevant experts, scholars, the senior group can be divided according to age,60-69 for younger elderly,70-79in the age old man, aged 80 years and above for the elderly.The younger elderly67 people, accounting for29.8% of the total number of surveyed, age of85 elderly people, accounting for42.3% of the total number of surveyed, aged49, accounting for24.4% of the total were investigated;the marriage, married elderly people140 people, accounting for69.7% of the total number of being investigated, the widowed old people 57 people, occupy the by the investigation of the total 28.4%, unmarried1 elderly people, accounting for0.5% of the total separation were investigated,3 elderly people, accounting for1.5% of the total were investigated;the cultural degree, illiterate29 people, accounts for14.4% of the total number of surveyed, primary school culture 34, accounting for16.9% of the total number of surveyed, culture of junior high school50 people, occupy investigation total 24.9%, high school59 people, accounting for29.4% of the total number of survey, undergraduate culture 29, accounting for14.4% of the total number of survey.3.2.2cultural characteristics Present investigation shows the primary school and the education of the elderly accounted for31.3% of the total number of elderly, junior high school education accounted for24.9% of the total number of elderly people, high school education accounted for29.4% of the total number of elderly people, bachelor degree accounted for14.4% of the total number of elderly people.Different gender old cultural degree is also different, in which the primary school and the education of male elderly accounted for all the male elderly18.9%, while the primary school and the following cultural degree of elderly female accounted for all of the women surveyed elderly total 44%, younger elderly, primary school and education in the elderly accounted for28.3% of the total number of young people, in the in advanced age, primary school and education in the elderly accounted for35.5% of the total number of old age, but in the very elderly, primary school and the education accounted for36.7% of total other elderly.Investigation shows, at present in the elderly because of the influence of historical conditions, cultural degree is not high.Elderly female cultural level substantially lower than men's, so in home-based care services content and mode improvement should pay more attention to this.But at the research institute surveyed senior intellectuals in the oldest old is very high, with the passage of time, the proportion of senior intellectuals will be higher, and the older age groups cultural level will be higher, also means that the old man on the nursing service mode quality requirements are higher, which requires the old-age home nursing mode in operation in addition to providing material, medical and physical care, but also pay attention to the mental care and spiritual consolation.3.2.3family structure Survey of the family patterns, a living alone in the elderly accounted for13.4% of the total number of parents surveyed, living alone accounted for37.3% of the total number of people surveyed, and their children, grandchildren living together accounted for46.3% of the total number of people surveyed, other family structure accounts for3% of the total number of survey.In the survey sample of 57elderly widowed, in which 21old people still choose a person living alone accounted for36.8% of the total, widowed elders;one spouse for elderly parents living alone140 people,84 elderly people, occupy53.6% of the total number of spouses of elderly, children, and grandchildren live in the elderly is 56 people, occupy the a total of 40% spouses of elderly.In the older age groups, the elderly living alone accounted for22.4% of the total number of the oldest old in age, low, elderly parents living alone in the family mode respectively, middle aged elderly low total 58.8% and 49.2%.The illiterate culture level in elderly people, a people living and you live alone in family life in the elderly of illiteracy education in the elderly a total of 41.3%, in the primary school education in elderly people, a people living and you live alone in family life in the elderly accounted for the primary school education of the elderly is 44.1% of the total, in the junior middle school education level in elderly people, a people living and you live alone in family life in the elderly accounted for the junior middle school education level in the elderly a total of 48%, in the high school education for the elderly, a people living and you live alone in family life in the elderly accounted for the high school education of the elderly is 54.2% of the total, the bachelor degree in elderly people, a people living and you live alone in family life patterns in the elderly accounted for the bachelor degree in the elderly is 55.2% of the total, according to the correlation analysis, age and pattern of family life has statistically associated(> 0.05), the correlation coefficient is 0.345, marital status and the pattern of family life has statistically associated(> 0.01), the correlation coefficient is 0.433.Investigation shows, at present more and more senior people may fear that the children's life pressure is too large or relationship of processing factors such as the reluctant and children live together.The higher level of education of the elderly is reluctant and children and other family members living together, contrary to the lower level of education, the elderly where the family structure, family life relation is complex.The elderly family structure appeared diverse, is no longer before the traditional family pattern, but appeared alone, empty nest and other forms.At the same time, because of the increasingly intense competition in society, the lives of their children and work pressure, the old man is a joint family living in the trend of weakening, but rather and spouses living alone, and even some old man in a widowed after still alone.The 3.2.4 health status(1)the old man 's physical health Investigation shows, at present, the senior’s physical condition is satisfied, the senior whose physical health status is poor have worries, and should therefore provide more medical services.(2)the mental health of the elderly For the senior`s health status investigation and analysis we used a mood, a perfect score of 60, high scores that emotional states good mood, happy, positive, optimistic mood;encountered life events, emotional without obvious fluctuation, self adjustment, stable;life satisfaction and happiness of higher.Scores indicated low emotional state is poor, unhappy, emotionally negative, pessimistic, prone to anxiety, depression, often to worry about the future;encountered life events, emotional volatility, not good at self adjustment, poor stability;life satisfaction and happiness of the lower.By the investigation of elderly scored an average of 39.30, in a state of health.Gender differences in the elderly mental health status, female elderly mental health status in elderly male, but the difference was not obvious.With different cultural level of the elderly mental health different status, the bachelor degree in the elderly mental health status is not average, because of the high degree of the elderly for the home-based care services requirements are relatively high, but the old man 's overall educational level is not high, there will be lonely and communication.In social participation, active participation in community organization of the mental health of the elderly and other elderly compared with statistically significant difference, difference coefficient of 0.02.” Active aging “ is the first goal in 1996 in the” health and ageing Manifesto“ in put forward ” target“, the report in2002after from 21 countries of 29 delegates discussed revision submitted after the second session of the United Nations World Assembly on aging, accepted by the general assembly and written into as a political declaration on twenty-first Century, the aging of the population policy framework put forward formally.Since 2002, the second session of the United Nations World aging conference will be” active aging“ as a response to the twenty-first Century population aging ”policy framework“ was formally put forward,” independence, participation, care, self realization, dignity“ has gradually become the world recognized the old work basic principle, to” acknowledge that people in the aging process, they are in all aspects of life, enjoy the opportunity equality rights“ as the starting point.Among them, based on” the potential for the elderly is the future development of a strong foundation“ on the elders' social participation, is promoted to the ”older people's basic rights“ and” old people should enjoy the full life “ height, in two aspects of theory and practice is paid close attention to extensively, emphasize” from work in retired elderly and those sick or disabled people, their families, friends and relatives can still be, communities and nations are active contributors".Positive aging stress the aged social participation, with the elderly culture degree unceasing enhancement, the old man 's psychological demand will increase continuously, so home pension pension model should pay attention to the elderly in the community participation, rich people 's spiritual life, is the elderly in nursing process can feel self realization and self involved values.3.2.5social support Investigation shows, in all the surveyed people in difficulties, only rely on their own accounts for42.8% of the total number of elderly people.Rarely ask for help the elderly accounted for15.9% of the total number of elderly, sometimes ask for help the elderly accounted for13.9% of the total number of old people, often ask for help the elderly accounted for27.4% of the total number of elderly.In different cultural degree, the ability of elderly seeking social support had significant difference, in the independent sample variance analysis, cultural level and difficulties are encountered in the practice has a coefficient of 0.02significant differences.In different cultural degree, difficulty feel helpless ratio is with culture and raise the level of falling.In the face of difficulties on our own, where illiteracy, primary school, junior middle school education level in the elderly the ratio is over 50%, in high school and undergraduate education in the elderly in a very low percentage of only40.7% and13.3% respectively.At the same time, social support and age also correlation exists, the older only depend on own proportion is low, because as the old age increasing, the elderly need help is on the increase, in younger elderly, often ask for help the elderly accounted for the proportion of the total number of younger elderly17.9%, middle aged elderly often ask for help the elderly accounted for the proportion of the total number of age old man in32.9%, the elderly often ask for help the elderly accounted for the proportion of the total number of 30.6% elderly patients.Investigation shows, at present the senior`s seeking social support ability is not ideal, the lower level of education of the elderly social support seeking ability is low.Along with the old age increasing, the elderly need help is on the increase, in the old 60-69years old for this help the demand is not great, but the old man in the 70years old on social assistance demand suddenly enlarged, will be extended to80 years.Cultural level and the elderly to seek social support have significant correlation, the findings of previous research, women have an average life expectancy larger than the male, and female cultural level was significantly lower in men, so women in older age groups need more social attention, at the same time in the future nursing work, nursing career will be faced with more responsibility and more challenge.The old man entered the young old and senile stage social assistance demand also increases, which requires the service should have key, capture main contradiction.3.2.6on home care knowledge Investigation discovery, the elderly on home care is not to understand very much, although home retirement pension mode in our country has been running for more than 10 years, the old man on home care does not understand, which know old-age home number is 75 people only, for all 37.3% surveys in the elderly.Younger elderly living conditions and health status so that it does not pay much attention to their pension problem;in age of elderly living state and their own health condition to begin to consider their own problems, also begin to pay close attention to the various nursing mode choice, thus to better understanding of the elderly old-age home;in most cases, loss of widowed can or a disability, their status is complex, and their social contact, receivers of information capacity is relatively low.Thus, the old-age home publicity work should also strengthen further, considering on home care propaganda way should take into account all age in different situations, to select a suitable information propaganda way.3.2.7 on home-based care services needs of the project On old-age home service project survey, elderly on medical service needs in a substantial increase, for guiding service demand decrease instead.For example, Ankang, old age demand less, because Ankang has been unable to meet the demand of elderly people, cannot provide substantial help.In the younger elderly in only 44.8% of the elderly think there should be a nursing home, this shows that more than half of the elderly in the preference for home care, elderly people over the age of 80on home care needs and rising demand, but is not particularly high, worried that home care can not meet the demand and service.Old table accept degree low, especially the elderly acceptance, because as the old age increases, the elderly body status differences, and elderly patients with chronic disease prevalence rate is high, the old man in the diet on the difference will be bigger and bigger, therefore on the old dining table this service should be further analyzed and adjusted, for example, increased nutrient division.Domestic services and home care needs very high, should be present in the provision of services to expand supply.3.2.8home-based care services satisfaction Investigation discovery, at present the younger elderly to home-based care services satisfaction and satisfactory accounts for28.8% of the total number of survey on satisfaction, home-based care services for general accounted for35.8% of the total number of being investigated, to the satisfaction of home-based care services for less satisfied and dissatisfied accounted for35.3% of the total number of survey.In the primary school and the education for the elderly, less satisfied and dissatisfied with the proportion of 31.9%, in the junior middle school education level among the elderly, not very satisfied and dissatisfied with the proportion of 38%, in the high school education for the elderly, less satisfied and dissatisfied with the proportion of 32.2%, undergraduate and above the degree of the elderly, not very satisfied and dissatisfied with the ratio of 44.8%.The old man on home care satisfaction varied with age differences in young, elderly, to home-based care services was not satisfied and dissatisfied with the proportion of 49.2%, in the age of home-based care services for the elderly, not very satisfied and dissatisfied with the proportion of 25.9%, in the very elderly, home-based care services not to very satisfied and dissatisfied with the ratio of 32.6%.The senior`s home-based care services satisfaction is low, the old-age home service quality also need to be further improved.The higher level of education of the elderly to the home-based care services satisfaction is low, younger elderly on home care is not very understanding, the spirit of the high demand, and at present home care psychiatric care lack, therefore satisfaction compared with other age groups are low.The oldest old on home care satisfaction is low, mainly because of the elderly on home care have special needs, while the services can not fully meet the needs of the elderly.The old man of home-based care services satisfaction is low, home for the aged in the operation process, should be aimed at different age stage of the needs of the elderly, while improving the quality of home-based care services, with highly educated elderly population continues to increase, the elderly on old-age home more and more high quality requirements, and constantly improve the home-based care services model is home pension mode the key to continue.3.2.9 on future pension concerns Investigation discovery, the elderly on future pension is not worried, elderly people in retirement expectations or positive.Different age of the future pension concern degree is different, younger elderly age is light, since the reform and opening up social security is not in place, the pension system is not perfect, the elderly pension anticipation is not clear;in age old man not too worried, because they are physically healthy, in need of care level is relatively low, at stable period, 3.2.10old-age home run status Home-based care services station receives in the elderly with relatively wide sources, a home-based care services station street near the average from7-8street in the elderly.Enjoy the home-based care services are mostly low income above 70 years of age living alone, empty nester.Engaged in home-based care services at all from the local streets, workers pay 9.2yuan per hour, each month must do 26 hours, a monthly income of about 240yuan.Nursing assessment procedure is: at the end of nursing work followed by the old man himself in the table of tick, signature, then workers take their examination table to according to maintain seal, at this stage, the neighborhood of the role is to supervise control.In nursing management, at the end of each month, workers to the service station office meeting, summarize the work this month, according to the nursing work and put forward the new requirements for workers, and the elderly communication skills training.At the same time through visits, telephone and carer feedback to understand the old man 's satisfaction and completion of the nursing examination.The provisions of Nanjing until 2015, each community to home-based care services center, but in the face of such a task, the community will face many challenges, community worker's compensation is too low, each worker has to serve 5 to 6 people, and the nurse's business hours are fixed, the living conditions of older persons is not good, the main economic status led.In recent years the society of home-based care services demand is growing, the living conditions of older persons can not be relevant departments truthfully reaction.At present home pension problems mainly displays in: the government is short of money, some things as a community worker is incapable of action of government of;of old-age home policy can be implemented in low, execute rise facing great difficulties;nursing level, workers are moving, low degree, low income, age 40 so, some even are illiterate, and they will only be home-based care services as part-time;government policy adjustment can not keep up with changes;the service staff and volunteers of origin stenosis, cutting business hours too little, old people can easily be lonely.The solution to this problem temporarily coping strategies is door-to-door neighbor, community members, the usual care.Home-based care services station was Aging Committee and the office of the dual leadership, in the policy and decision implementation faces dilemma.We suggest that home care policies to take into account the working-class, improve workers wages, can provide the relevant social welfare, attract more talented people to engage in this important work.3.3conclusion Our country as the aging of the population, in the impact of population aging appears to be taken by surprise, the supporting problem has become the focus and difficulty in solving the people`s livelihood, so the problem of providing for the aged than ever to get more attention and support.This study is mainly directed against the city 's home pension problems, mainly in Nanjing as the cases for investigation and discussion.From the investigation can be found in our country, the city pension faces many problems.In the nursing career development and economic development to match problem also will face enormous challenge, achieve happiness endowment is shouldering the heavy pressure.Investigation shows, at present in the elderly is not very willing to work with children live together, but were more likely to choose to old two lives, even in the widowed after still alone.In service for the old projects like Ankang, home care, generation of shopping services such as the actual supply far did not reach the level of demand, in this case, the desired pattern is the old aged pension.The old man 's cultural level of gender significant gaps exist, female culture is much lower than the male, the female life expectancy was generally higher in men, which means that in the empty nest elderly in the proportion of women will be far more than the male, investigation discovery, culture level is high in the elderly seek social support obviously ability strong in the low cultural level.So in home-based care services should be more active to provide help, pay more attention to the mental care.The old man the old-age home understanding is not very common, even with the desired to have bigger difference, take the initiative to participate in community activities on old-age home know better, and the future of nursing concern degree is relatively low, which requires the community workers to for the elderly to provide more group activities, rich organization life.In home-based care services mode of operation, with the continuous development of the social old-age home, the home care service team specialized requirements higher, the service content extensive sex requirement more, to service the normative form of more stringent requirements.This requires engaging older workers in geriatric nursing service to actively take the initiative to see current situation, capture main contradiction, overcome difficulty, optimizing service model, old-age home mode for sustainable operation and development.Currently engaged in home care services and community workers have good professional skills, whether in services or in the management can provide the basic demand, this also because of community workers and service personnel's salary is too low, cannot reflect the post value caused by, so in the pay and service personnel training and assessment the mechanism should be further improved, continuously towards positive aging direction.
第四篇:價(jià)值辯題收集(已校對(duì))
2016山海杯國(guó)際辯論邀請(qǐng)賽辯題(8)
1、情比金堅(jiān)/金比情堅(jiān)
2、對(duì)于個(gè)人幸福而言,宗教/科學(xué)更重要
3、網(wǎng)購(gòu)狂歡節(jié)是/不是一種好的商業(yè)模式
4、好為人師是/不是美德
5、知道越多越像是世界的寵兒/棄兒
6、人懂得堅(jiān)持/退讓更偉大
7、人類越來(lái)越堅(jiān)強(qiáng)/越來(lái)越脆弱
8、營(yíng)救式刑求是/不是可取的手段 2016年賽季黃金聯(lián)賽辯題(21)
1、蘋果公司應(yīng)該/不應(yīng)該協(xié)助FBI解鎖恐怖分子的手機(jī)
2、大學(xué)生教育應(yīng)該精英化/平民化
3、辯論娛樂(lè)化是辯論之福/禍
4、帝吧翻墻出征是不是網(wǎng)民文明的表現(xiàn)
5、對(duì)弱勢(shì)群體的態(tài)度能/不能反映社會(huì)文明程度
6、大城市積分入戶制度利大于弊/弊大于利
7、大量IP改編是/不是影視作品創(chuàng)作的瓶頸
8、美是客觀存在/主觀感受
9、慎獨(dú)/眾更重要
10、大學(xué)生在上學(xué)期間做兼職利大于弊/弊大于利
11、新聞道德比新聞價(jià)值重要/新聞價(jià)值比新聞道德重要
12、道義比利益/利益比道義對(duì)人際關(guān)系的影響更大
13、網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展對(duì)文學(xué)利大于弊/弊大于利
14、超級(jí)英雄的出現(xiàn)對(duì)世界而言更是幸福/災(zāi)難
15、《電視劇內(nèi)容制作通則》的出臺(tái)是電視行業(yè)的一種進(jìn)步/退步
16、富有比貧窮/貧窮比富有更能暴露人性之惡
17、科技發(fā)展應(yīng)該/不應(yīng)該有倫理界限
18、執(zhí)念使人更清醒/更迷茫
19、改善國(guó)家形象,更應(yīng)該依賴政府/民眾 20、應(yīng)該/不應(yīng)該提倡實(shí)名制捐款
21、畢業(yè)生就業(yè)崗位與專業(yè)方向不一致,是/不是教育資源的浪費(fèi)
2016華語(yǔ)辯論世界杯辯題(14)
1、辯論活動(dòng)應(yīng)不應(yīng)該走向職業(yè)化
2、促進(jìn)電動(dòng)汽車銷售的關(guān)鍵是提升動(dòng)力電池的性能/加快充電設(shè)施建設(shè)
3、拆除封閉式小區(qū)圍墻,利大于弊/弊大于利
4、人生之美在于瞬間/永恒
5、媒介素養(yǎng)/媒介倫理對(duì)中國(guó)網(wǎng)民更重要
6、門當(dāng)戶對(duì)是/不是過(guò)時(shí)的婚姻價(jià)值觀
7、傳播中國(guó)形象,內(nèi)容/渠道更重要
8、倫理是/不是市場(chǎng)的禁區(qū)(2015新國(guó)辯)
9、網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語(yǔ)言利大于弊/弊大于利
10、人生貴在有成/適意
11、人工智能覺(jué)醒后會(huì)/不會(huì)與人類共存
12、中超聯(lián)賽的“金元風(fēng)暴”有利于/不利于中國(guó)足球發(fā)展
13、媒介融合對(duì)傳統(tǒng)電視媒體更是機(jī)遇/挑戰(zhàn)
14、駕考合一/自學(xué)直考更有利于培養(yǎng)出合格的汽車駕駛員 第六屆世界華語(yǔ)辯論錦標(biāo)賽辯題(22)
1、網(wǎng)絡(luò)紅包讓過(guò)年更有年味/沒(méi)有年味
2、生養(yǎng)子女以防老是/不是過(guò)時(shí)的生育觀念
3、惡法非法/惡法亦法
4、成年人更應(yīng)該看重利弊/對(duì)錯(cuò)
5、當(dāng)今中國(guó),醫(yī)患矛盾的核心成因是觀念問(wèn)題/制度問(wèn)題
6、寧為雞口,無(wú)為牛后/寧為牛后,無(wú)為雞口
7、傳統(tǒng)孝道是財(cái)富/傳統(tǒng)孝道是包袱
8、從未得到/得而復(fù)失更可悲
9、心靈雞湯有營(yíng)養(yǎng)/沒(méi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)
10、科學(xué)是/不是世界的最優(yōu)解
11、大學(xué)生成為精致的利己主義者是否有利于個(gè)人發(fā)展
12、奇葩說(shuō)有助于/無(wú)助于推動(dòng)辯論的發(fā)展
13、社交媒體對(duì)社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題的討論利大于弊/弊大于利
14、綠色堡壘是/不是正義的
15、高學(xué)歷女性做全職太太合理/不合理
16、做學(xué)問(wèn)應(yīng)該是為人之學(xué)/為己之學(xué)
17、媒體介入對(duì)中國(guó)司法公正利大于弊/弊大于利
18、自媒體時(shí)代我們離真相越來(lái)越近/越來(lái)越遠(yuǎn)
19、知識(shí)分子應(yīng)該堅(jiān)守學(xué)院/走向大眾 20、暴力/非暴力手段更有助于遏制極端主義
21、擁有宗教信仰使人更堅(jiān)強(qiáng)/更脆弱
22、人類越來(lái)越需要/不需要宗教 2015年捭闔辯論賽辯題(11)
1、現(xiàn)行的中小學(xué)生“減負(fù)”政策利大于弊/弊大于利
2、當(dāng)今中國(guó)一流大學(xué)應(yīng)該著重教學(xué)大于研究/研究大于教學(xué)
3、法律能/不能解決扶不起的老人問(wèn)題
4、當(dāng)今中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí),更應(yīng)以環(huán)境保護(hù)倒逼/經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)帶動(dòng)
5、生養(yǎng)子女防老是/不是過(guò)時(shí)的生育觀
6、全面開(kāi)放二胎會(huì)/不會(huì)加劇女性在職場(chǎng)的弱勢(shì)地位
7、政府官員應(yīng)該/不應(yīng)該因?yàn)樯钭黠L(fēng)問(wèn)題受到行政處分(2014)
8、教育產(chǎn)業(yè)化利大于弊/弊大于利(2014)
9、在多元種族國(guó)家,提倡多元價(jià)值/鼓勵(lì)同化政策更能促進(jìn)國(guó)家團(tuán)結(jié)(2014)
10、城市公共交通服務(wù)的定價(jià)應(yīng)高于/低于運(yùn)營(yíng)成本(2014)
11、語(yǔ)文教材更應(yīng)該傳頌經(jīng)典/與時(shí)俱進(jìn)(2014)2015新國(guó)辯辯題(15)
1、歡愉/創(chuàng)造是活著的最大意義
2、徒有勇氣/智慧更可悲
3、人生在世,重在“我嘗試過(guò)”/“我沒(méi)做錯(cuò)”
4、人生追求應(yīng)以道德成就/建功立業(yè)為重
5、求真比向善更重要/向善比求真更重要
6、利己/利他是更好的生存策略
7、富人為富不仁/窮人好吃懶做更糟糕
8、無(wú)恥/瘋狂更可怕
9、倫理是/不是市場(chǎng)的禁區(qū)
10、推動(dòng)社會(huì)制度演進(jìn)應(yīng)該/不應(yīng)該追求強(qiáng)化社會(huì)福利
11、社會(huì)發(fā)展更應(yīng)以當(dāng)前群眾意愿/國(guó)家長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)福祉為依歸
12、法律應(yīng)該/不應(yīng)該與道德脫鉤
13、網(wǎng)絡(luò)輿論讓我們的思考更多元/更單一
14、信息碎片化提升/降低當(dāng)代人的認(rèn)知水平
15、當(dāng)代社會(huì)更需要冷頭腦/熱心腸 第五屆世界華語(yǔ)辯論錦標(biāo)賽(13)
1、人際交往中,隱忍/坦率更能消解矛盾
2、木秀于林,風(fēng)必摧之/木秀于林,風(fēng)必助之
3、愛(ài)情之美在于瞬間/永恒
4、社會(huì)進(jìn)步主要由精英/大眾推動(dòng)
5、發(fā)展中國(guó)家進(jìn)行版權(quán)保護(hù)利大于弊/弊大于利
6、寧可做過(guò),不可錯(cuò)過(guò)/寧可錯(cuò)過(guò),不可做過(guò)
7、為人處事,審時(shí)度勢(shì)/堅(jiān)守原則更重要
8、韜光養(yǎng)晦/鋒芒畢露更是當(dāng)今中國(guó)外交的生存之道
9、豈能盡如人意但求無(wú)愧于心/豈能無(wú)愧于心,但求盡如人意
10、寒門難出貴子/寒門不難出貴子
11、娛樂(lè)化辯論節(jié)目是辯論之福/禍
12、城市圈發(fā)展更應(yīng)注重經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展/文化認(rèn)同
13、參加親子真人秀對(duì)孩子的成長(zhǎng)利大于弊/弊大于利 2015年黃金聯(lián)賽(10)
1、大學(xué)生炒股值得/不值得鼓勵(lì)
2、現(xiàn)如今,青年創(chuàng)業(yè)更容易/更不易成功
3、專車合法化有利于/不利于出租車行業(yè)的良性發(fā)展
4、外來(lái)文化是/不是本國(guó)文化危機(jī)的根源
5、創(chuàng)新教育關(guān)鍵在大學(xué)/社會(huì)
6、應(yīng)該/不應(yīng)該對(duì)文明間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與淘汰加以干預(yù)
7、改善國(guó)家形象,更應(yīng)依賴官方/民眾
8、命運(yùn)共同體,重在價(jià)值認(rèn)同/利益捆綁
9、社會(huì)應(yīng)當(dāng)/不應(yīng)當(dāng)包容諷刺藝術(shù)家在其作品中的冒犯
10、禮法合治,法在禮先/禮在法先 2015星辯(8)
1、追求無(wú)愧于心/盡如人意更愚蠢
2、情比金堅(jiān)/金比情堅(jiān)
3、知難行易/知易行難(1995國(guó)辯決賽)
4、真理越辯越明/真理不會(huì)越辯越明(1997國(guó)辯決賽)
5、美是客觀存在/美是主觀感受(1999國(guó)辯決賽)
6、錢是萬(wàn)惡之源/錢不是萬(wàn)惡之源(2001國(guó)辯決賽)
7、順境更有利于人的成長(zhǎng)/逆境更有利于人的成長(zhǎng)(2003國(guó)辯決賽)
8、名利/真情是現(xiàn)代人最渴望的追求 第八屆CDA辯題(28)
1、人活著最重要的是希望/責(zé)任
2、強(qiáng)人政治有利于/不利于國(guó)家發(fā)展
3、一夫一妻制不是/是最佳的婚姻方式
4、合群重要/不重要
5、階級(jí)固化會(huì)讓社會(huì)更穩(wěn)定/不穩(wěn)定
6、動(dòng)機(jī)/效果是評(píng)判行為善惡的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
7、愛(ài)讓人更堅(jiān)強(qiáng)/更脆弱
8、對(duì)于弱者的憐憫是社會(huì)法制進(jìn)步的阻礙/推動(dòng)
9、災(zāi)難來(lái)臨,應(yīng)該奉行強(qiáng)者生存/保護(hù)弱者
10、法律與人情相悖/不相悖
11、就業(yè)保障/職業(yè)保障更能給人安全
12、信息高速公路對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家有利/無(wú)利
13、在校大學(xué)生創(chuàng)業(yè)利大于弊/弊大于利
14、個(gè)人主義適合/不適合二十一世紀(jì)
15、現(xiàn)階段對(duì)于醫(yī)鬧現(xiàn)象應(yīng)以懲處/安撫為主
16、知識(shí)扶貧比經(jīng)濟(jì)扶貧更重要/經(jīng)濟(jì)扶貧比知識(shí)扶貧更重要
17、當(dāng)今中國(guó),治吏比治民更重要/治民比治吏更重要
18、大學(xué)生短期支教利大于弊/弊大于利
19、溫飽是/不是談道德的必要條件
20、寧要大城市一張床,不要小城市一套房/寧要小城市一套房,不要大城市一張床
21、大眾輿論關(guān)注司法審判利大于弊/弊大于利
22、青春貴在仰望星空/腳踏實(shí)地
23、求真重于求善/求善重于求真
24、人格比人緣更重要/人緣比人格更重要
25、生命的可悲/可喜之處在于不可重來(lái)
26、沉默/愚昧更可怕
27、應(yīng)患人之不己知/不患人之不己知
28、文化傳承需要原汁原味/融入流行 第七屆CDA(39)
1.辯論應(yīng)是一項(xiàng)大眾/小眾活動(dòng) 2.時(shí)間不可以倒流是人生的幸運(yùn)/不幸 3.婚前財(cái)產(chǎn)公證制度是對(duì)婚姻的保護(hù)/傷害 4.青春,就要/不能揮霍 5.遲來(lái)的正義是/不是正義
6.保護(hù)弱者/制約強(qiáng)者更能體現(xiàn)道德的意義 7.市民的不文明行為應(yīng)當(dāng)/不應(yīng)當(dāng)被媒體曝光 8.現(xiàn)代社會(huì)君子更應(yīng)善守不同/善求相同 9.回憶,讓人更幸福/痛苦
10.當(dāng)今中國(guó),精英知識(shí)分子更應(yīng)在體制內(nèi)/體制外發(fā)揮作用
11、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)/和平更能促進(jìn)科技發(fā)展
12.韜光養(yǎng)晦/鋒芒畢露是現(xiàn)今社會(huì)生存之道 13.人類應(yīng)/不應(yīng)該擁有時(shí)光機(jī)
14.當(dāng)前中國(guó)購(gòu)買國(guó)外電視節(jié)目版權(quán)利大于弊/弊大于利 15.“棄嬰島”的設(shè)置利大于弊/弊大于利 16.媒體呼吁公眾對(duì)特定報(bào)道對(duì)象捐款是否值得提倡 17.信仰是理性/感性的結(jié)果
18.大學(xué)生信用消費(fèi)應(yīng)該/不應(yīng)該被鼓勵(lì) 19.微博實(shí)名制利大于弊/弊大于利
20.維護(hù)公共安全,政府與公眾何者作用更大? 21.企業(yè)家應(yīng)該/不應(yīng)該承擔(dān)社會(huì)改革的責(zé)任 22.大數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)代是最好的/最壞的時(shí)代 23.明星有/沒(méi)有義務(wù)成為大眾道德楷模
24.表露自我情感比收藏自我情感/收藏自我情感比表露自我情感更利于人際交往
25.物資資助比人力資助/人力資助比物資資助更能協(xié)助落后國(guó)家的發(fā)展
26.我們需要/不需要心靈雞湯
27.當(dāng)前中國(guó)需要/不需要普京式領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人 28.人有能力/沒(méi)有能力控制欲望 29.無(wú)知者無(wú)畏/博學(xué)者無(wú)畏
30.自由貿(mào)易/保護(hù)貿(mào)易更有利于發(fā)展中國(guó)家發(fā)展 31.跨文化的了解,語(yǔ)言掌握是/不是關(guān)鍵 32.專利權(quán)催化/阻礙人類創(chuàng)新
33.知道的越多,越像是世界的寵兒/孤兒 34.成本透明化能/不能有效遏制房地產(chǎn)暴利 35.成功學(xué)可以/不可以幫助我們成功
36.儒家思想能/不能成為轉(zhuǎn)型期中國(guó)的價(jià)值依托 37.電影發(fā)展更應(yīng)看重藝術(shù)價(jià)值/商業(yè)價(jià)值
38、轟轟烈烈/平平淡淡才是人生 39.美貌是福/是禍 【共189道辯題】 來(lái)源于貼吧的辯題 辯題來(lái)源貼吧
1、丑小鴨為什么會(huì)變成白天鵝 正:他經(jīng)過(guò)不斷努力 反:他本身就是白天鵝
2、環(huán)境文化重在衛(wèi)生打掃和保持/行為養(yǎng)成和堅(jiān)持
3、個(gè)人命運(yùn)由個(gè)人掌握/社會(huì)掌握
4、成事在人/成事在天
5、內(nèi)涵比顏值重要/顏值比內(nèi)涵重要
6、校企合作弊大于利/利大于弊
7、笑比哭難看/哭比笑難看
8、朋友圈該不該屏蔽父母
9、古裝劇該不該還原服裝
10、中學(xué)生升學(xué)應(yīng)以個(gè)人看法/就業(yè)市場(chǎng)決定升學(xué)方向
11、女人是不是美麗的象征
12、成績(jī)比能力重要/能力比成績(jī)重要
13、合作比競(jìng)爭(zhēng)/競(jìng)爭(zhēng)比合作更有利于個(gè)人發(fā)展
14、做大河的小魚(yú)/做小河的大魚(yú)
15、傳統(tǒng)文化/網(wǎng)絡(luò)文學(xué)更能推進(jìn)文學(xué)發(fā)展
16、與誰(shuí)同行比去向何方更重要/去向何方比與誰(shuí)同行更重要
17、最聰明的人/全知者最危險(xiǎn)
18、娶老婆選林黛玉/薛寶釵
19、大學(xué)生畢業(yè)應(yīng)先考研/就業(yè) 20、現(xiàn)代人應(yīng)該以仁為主/以智為主
21、完美的愛(ài)情需要/不需要爭(zhēng)執(zhí)
22、愛(ài)是鎧甲/愛(ài)是軟肋
23、大學(xué)生談戀愛(ài)利大于弊/弊大于利
24、善有善報(bào)/善未必有善報(bào)
25、愛(ài)情更在乎天長(zhǎng)地久/曾經(jīng)擁有
26、成年人應(yīng)該看重利弊/對(duì)錯(cuò)
27、拿起來(lái)難/放下來(lái)難
28、傳統(tǒng)文化是/不是民族包袱
29、約會(huì)時(shí)應(yīng)該/不應(yīng)該AA制 30、大學(xué)生應(yīng)該注重職業(yè)規(guī)劃/收入
31、發(fā)掘人才需要考試/不需要考試
32、食品安全主要靠政府監(jiān)管/企業(yè)自律
33、通才/專才更適應(yīng)社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
34、中學(xué)生校服應(yīng)不應(yīng)該個(gè)性化
35、神一樣的對(duì)手比豬一樣的隊(duì)友/豬一樣的隊(duì)友比神一樣的對(duì)手更可怕
36、網(wǎng)絡(luò)語(yǔ)言流行利大于弊/弊大于利
37、街亭失守,錯(cuò)在馬謖/錯(cuò)在孔明
38、旁觀者清/旁觀者不清
39、愛(ài)情是柴米油鹽/詩(shī)和遠(yuǎn)方
39、善行/善心是真善
40、寬松式管理對(duì)大學(xué)生利大于弊/弊大于利
41、大學(xué)生應(yīng)不應(yīng)該整容
42、行善應(yīng)該高調(diào)/低調(diào)
43、吆喝該不該存在
44、文憑重要/能力重要
45、人類需不需要時(shí)光機(jī)
46、有錢是否會(huì)幸福
47、真正的愛(ài)情一定/不一定會(huì)天長(zhǎng)地久
48、女漢子/萌妹子更受歡迎
49、保護(hù)弱者是/不是社會(huì)的倒退 50、大學(xué)生就業(yè)是大城床/小城房
51、在人生的道路上,主要靠奮斗/機(jī)遇
52、啃老族的出現(xiàn)主要怪父母/自己
53、高考激勵(lì)是否需要雷人標(biāo)語(yǔ)
54、禮讓?xiě)?yīng)不應(yīng)該分界線
55、孫悟空/唐僧選哪個(gè)做你的朋友
56、女生應(yīng)不應(yīng)該主動(dòng)追男生
57、愛(ài)情需不需要考驗(yàn)
58、中學(xué)生是否可以談戀愛(ài)
59、清明節(jié)祭掃應(yīng)該傳承傳統(tǒng)/創(chuàng)新 60、代溝的主要責(zé)任在父母/孩子
61、事業(yè)比待遇更能留住人/待遇比事業(yè)更能留住人 62、不破不立/不立不破
63、老師課上應(yīng)該/不應(yīng)該少說(shuō)話
64、在校中學(xué)生參加課余勞動(dòng)是否有利于成才 65、學(xué)生上課睡覺(jué)老師是否應(yīng)該叫醒 66、電子書(shū)能否在將來(lái)取代紙質(zhì)書(shū)籍 67、青年改變社會(huì)/社會(huì)改變青年 68、道不同不相為謀/可以為謀 69、青少年的素質(zhì)提高主要靠家庭教育/學(xué)校教育 70、高中生把手機(jī)帶進(jìn)教室利大于弊/弊大于利 71、助學(xué)貸款可以理解/不能原諒 72、生存/尊嚴(yán)更重要
73、相愛(ài)容易相處難/相處容易相愛(ài)難
74、優(yōu)秀的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)是不是成功大學(xué)生的必要條件 75、哆啦A夢(mèng)是損友/益友
76、大學(xué)社團(tuán)應(yīng)該定向發(fā)展還是自由發(fā)展 77、初戀時(shí)懂不懂愛(ài)情
78、虎爸狼媽式教育是否有利于孩子成長(zhǎng) 79、市民的不文明行為應(yīng)不應(yīng)該被曝光
80、網(wǎng)絡(luò)輿論對(duì)司法公正積極作用大于消極作用/消極作用大于積極作用
81、新聞報(bào)道保護(hù)當(dāng)事人隱私比告知公眾真相更重要/告知公眾真相比保護(hù)當(dāng)事人隱私更重要 82、農(nóng)民工適合留守城市還是回鄉(xiāng) 83、人類今天應(yīng)不應(yīng)該限制人工智能的發(fā)展 84、科技越發(fā)展,人越有/沒(méi)有安全感 85、跳槽有利于/不利于人才發(fā)揮作用 86、成大事者不拘小節(jié)/拘小節(jié)
87、家長(zhǎng)應(yīng)不應(yīng)該給高中生一定的執(zhí)事權(quán) 88、人更應(yīng)該放眼未來(lái)/回顧過(guò)去 89、企業(yè)發(fā)展開(kāi)源/節(jié)流更重要 90、你支持窮養(yǎng)兒還是富養(yǎng)兒 正:窮養(yǎng)
反:富養(yǎng)
91、梅花香自苦寒來(lái)/梅花香自本性出 92、以暴制暴是不是正義 93、演員成就劇本/劇本成就演員 94、大學(xué)生廣泛社交利大于弊/弊大于利 95、功夫不負(fù)有心人/功夫也負(fù)有心人 96、舍友應(yīng)該親密有間/親密無(wú)間 97、寧折不曲/能屈能伸方顯英雄本色 98、人生因自信而美麗/人生因美麗而自信 99、“我是為你好”是否為道德綁架 100、大都市發(fā)展應(yīng)該/不應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)私人買車 101、富貴不能淫/貧賤不能移更可貴
102、當(dāng)今大學(xué)生創(chuàng)業(yè)難主要是社會(huì)原因/個(gè)人原因 103、性教育是科學(xué)教育/道德教育 104、垃圾分類在于大手牽小手/小手牽小手 105、企業(yè)用人以才/以德為先 106、沒(méi)有愛(ài)情的大學(xué)是否完美 107、睡不著/起不來(lái)更痛苦 108、沉默/輿論更可怕
109、是否看好房地產(chǎn)未來(lái)的形式
110、選對(duì)好老師/選對(duì)學(xué)校更重要 111、人們是大自然的保護(hù)者/破壞者 【共111道辯題】 【共收集300道辯題】
第五篇:《中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督條例》(已校對(duì))2016.11.4
中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督條例
(2016年10月27日中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第十八屆中央委員會(huì)第六次全體會(huì)議通過(guò))
第一章 總 則
第一條 為堅(jiān)持黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),加強(qiáng)黨的建設(shè),全面從嚴(yán)治黨,強(qiáng)化黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督,保持黨的先進(jìn)性和純潔性,根據(jù)《中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨章程》,制定本條例。
第二條 黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督以馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論、“三個(gè)代表”重要思想、科學(xué)發(fā)展觀為指導(dǎo),深入貫徹總書(shū)記系列重要講話精神,圍繞統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)“五位一體”總體布局和協(xié)調(diào)推進(jìn)“四個(gè)全面”戰(zhàn)略布局,尊崇黨章,依規(guī)治黨,堅(jiān)持黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督和人民群眾監(jiān)督相結(jié)合,增強(qiáng)黨在長(zhǎng)期執(zhí)政條件下自我凈化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高能力,確保黨始終成為中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義事業(yè)的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心。
第三條 黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督?jīng)]有禁區(qū)、沒(méi)有例外。信任不能代替監(jiān)督。各級(jí)黨組織應(yīng)當(dāng)把信任激勵(lì)同嚴(yán)格監(jiān)督結(jié)合起來(lái),促使黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部做到有權(quán)必有責(zé)、有責(zé)要擔(dān)當(dāng),用權(quán)受監(jiān)督、失責(zé)必追究。
第四條 黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督必須貫徹民主集中制,依規(guī)依紀(jì)進(jìn)行,強(qiáng)化自上而下的組織監(jiān)督,改進(jìn)自下而上的民主監(jiān)督,發(fā)揮同級(jí)相互監(jiān)督作用。堅(jiān)持懲前毖后、治病救人,抓早抓小、防微杜漸。
第五條 黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督的任務(wù)是確保黨章黨規(guī)黨紀(jì)在全黨有效執(zhí)行,維護(hù)黨的團(tuán)結(jié)統(tǒng)一,重點(diǎn)解決黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)弱化、黨的建設(shè)缺失、全面從嚴(yán)治黨不力,黨的觀念淡漠、組織渙散、紀(jì)律松弛,管黨治黨寬松軟問(wèn)題,保證黨的組織充分履行職能、發(fā)揮核心作用,保證全體黨員發(fā)揮先鋒模范作用,保證黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部忠誠(chéng)干凈擔(dān)當(dāng)。
黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督的主要內(nèi)容是:
(一)遵守黨章黨規(guī),堅(jiān)定理想信念,踐行黨的宗旨,模范遵守憲法法律情況;
(二)維護(hù)黨中央集中統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo),牢固樹(shù)立政治意識(shí)、大局意識(shí)、核心意識(shí)、看齊意識(shí),貫徹落實(shí)黨的理論和路線方針政策,確保全黨令行禁止情況;
(三)堅(jiān)持民主集中制,嚴(yán)肅黨內(nèi)政治生活,貫徹黨員個(gè)人服從黨的組織,少數(shù)服從多數(shù),下級(jí)組織服從上級(jí)組織,全黨各個(gè)組織和全體黨員服從黨的全國(guó)代表大會(huì)和中央委員會(huì)原則情 況;
(四)落實(shí)全面從嚴(yán)治黨責(zé)任,嚴(yán)明黨的紀(jì)律特別是政治紀(jì)律和政治規(guī)矩,推進(jìn)黨風(fēng)廉政建設(shè)和反腐敗工作情況;
(五)落實(shí)中央八項(xiàng)規(guī)定精神,加強(qiáng)作風(fēng)建設(shè),密切聯(lián)系群眾,鞏固黨的執(zhí)政基礎(chǔ)情況;
(六)堅(jiān)持黨的干部標(biāo)準(zhǔn),樹(shù)立正確選人用人導(dǎo)向,執(zhí)行干部選拔任用工作規(guī)定情況;
(七)廉潔自律、秉公用權(quán)情況;
(八)完成黨中央和上級(jí)黨組織部署的任務(wù)情況。
第六條 黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督的重點(diǎn)對(duì)象是黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部特別是主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部。
第七條 黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督必須把紀(jì)律挺在前面,運(yùn)用監(jiān)督執(zhí)紀(jì)“四種形態(tài)”,經(jīng)常開(kāi)展批評(píng)和自我批評(píng)、約談函詢,讓“紅紅臉、出出汗”成為常態(tài);黨紀(jì)輕處分、組織調(diào)整成為違紀(jì)處理的大多數(shù);黨紀(jì)重處分、重大職務(wù)調(diào)整的成為少數(shù);嚴(yán)重違紀(jì)涉嫌違法立案審查的成為極少數(shù)。
第八條 黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部應(yīng)當(dāng)強(qiáng)化自我約束,經(jīng)常對(duì)照黨章檢查自己的言行,自覺(jué)遵守黨內(nèi)政治生活準(zhǔn)則、廉潔自律準(zhǔn)則,加強(qiáng)黨性修養(yǎng),陶冶道德情操,永葆共產(chǎn)黨人政治本色。
第九條 建立健全黨中央統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo),黨委(黨組)全面監(jiān)督,紀(jì)律檢查機(jī)關(guān)專責(zé)監(jiān)督,黨的工作部門職能監(jiān)督,黨的基層組織日常監(jiān)督,黨員民主監(jiān)督的黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督體系。
第二章 黨的中央組織的監(jiān)督
第十條 黨的中央委員會(huì)、中央政治局、中央政治局常務(wù)委員會(huì)全面領(lǐng)導(dǎo)黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督工作。中央委員會(huì)全體會(huì)議每年聽(tīng)取中央政治局工作報(bào)告,監(jiān)督中央政治局工作,部署加強(qiáng)黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督的重大任務(wù)。
第十一條 中央政治局、中央政治局常務(wù)委員會(huì)定期研究部署在全黨開(kāi)展學(xué)習(xí)教育,以整風(fēng)精神查找問(wèn)題、糾正偏差;聽(tīng)取和審議全黨落實(shí)中央八項(xiàng)規(guī)定精神情況匯報(bào),加強(qiáng)作風(fēng)建設(shè)情況監(jiān)督檢查;聽(tīng)取中央紀(jì)律檢查委員會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)工作匯報(bào);聽(tīng)取中央巡視情況匯報(bào),在一屆任期內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)中央巡視全覆蓋。中央政治局每年召開(kāi)民主生活會(huì),進(jìn)行對(duì)照檢查和黨性分析,研究加強(qiáng)自身建設(shè)措施。
第十二條 中央委員會(huì)成員必須嚴(yán)格遵守黨的政治紀(jì)律和政治規(guī)矩,發(fā)現(xiàn)其他成員有違反黨章、破壞黨的紀(jì)律、危害黨的團(tuán)結(jié)統(tǒng)一的行為應(yīng)當(dāng)堅(jiān)決抵制,并及時(shí)向黨中央報(bào)告。對(duì)中央政治局委員的意見(jiàn),署真實(shí)姓名以書(shū)面形式或者其他形式向中央政治局常務(wù)委員會(huì)或者中央紀(jì)律檢查委員會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)反映。
第十三條 中央政治局委員應(yīng)當(dāng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)直接分管部門、地方、領(lǐng)域黨組織和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子成員的監(jiān)督,定期同有關(guān)地方和部門主要負(fù)責(zé)人就其履行全面從嚴(yán)治黨責(zé)任、廉潔自律等情況進(jìn)行談話。
第十四條 中央政治局委員應(yīng)當(dāng)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行中央八項(xiàng)規(guī)定,自覺(jué)參加雙重組織生活,如實(shí)向黨中央報(bào)告?zhèn)€人重要事項(xiàng)。帶頭樹(shù)立良好家風(fēng),加強(qiáng)對(duì)親屬和身邊工作人員的教育和約束,嚴(yán)格要求配偶、子女及其配偶不得違規(guī)經(jīng)商辦企業(yè),不得違規(guī)任職、兼職取酬。
第三章 黨委(黨組)的監(jiān)督
第十五條 黨委(黨組)在黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督中負(fù)主體責(zé)任,書(shū)記是第一責(zé)任人,黨委常委會(huì)委員(黨組成員)和黨委委員在職責(zé)范圍內(nèi)履行監(jiān)督職責(zé)。黨委(黨組)履行以下監(jiān)督職責(zé):
(一)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)本地區(qū)本部門本單位黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督工作,組織實(shí)施各項(xiàng)監(jiān)督制度,抓好督促檢查;
(二)加強(qiáng)對(duì)同級(jí)紀(jì)委和所轄范圍內(nèi)紀(jì)律檢查工作的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),檢查其監(jiān)督執(zhí)紀(jì)問(wèn)責(zé)工作情況;
(三)對(duì)黨委常委會(huì)委員(黨組成員)、黨委委員,同級(jí)紀(jì)委、黨的工作部門和直接領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的黨組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子及其成員進(jìn)行監(jiān)督;
(四)對(duì)上級(jí)黨委、紀(jì)委工作提出意見(jiàn)和建議,開(kāi)展監(jiān)督。
第十六條 黨的工作部門應(yīng)當(dāng)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行各項(xiàng)監(jiān)督制度,加強(qiáng)職責(zé)范圍內(nèi)黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督工作,既加強(qiáng)對(duì)本部門本單位的內(nèi)部監(jiān)督,又強(qiáng)化對(duì)本系統(tǒng)的日常監(jiān)督。
第十七條 黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督必須加強(qiáng)對(duì)黨組織主要負(fù)責(zé)人和關(guān)鍵崗位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的監(jiān)督,重點(diǎn)監(jiān)督其政治立場(chǎng)、加強(qiáng)黨的建設(shè)、從嚴(yán)治黨,執(zhí)行黨的決議,公道正派選人用人,責(zé)任擔(dān)當(dāng)、廉潔自律,落實(shí)意識(shí)形態(tài)工作責(zé)任制情況。
上級(jí)黨組織特別是其主要負(fù)責(zé)人,對(duì)下級(jí)黨組織主要負(fù)責(zé)人應(yīng)當(dāng)平時(shí)多過(guò)問(wèn)、多提醒,發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題及時(shí)糾正。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子成員發(fā)現(xiàn)班子主要負(fù)責(zé)人存在問(wèn)題,應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)向其提出,必要時(shí)可以直接向上級(jí)黨組織報(bào)告。
黨組織主要負(fù)責(zé)人個(gè)人有關(guān)事項(xiàng)應(yīng)當(dāng)在黨內(nèi)一定范圍公開(kāi),主動(dòng)接受監(jiān)督。
第十八條 黨委(黨組)應(yīng)當(dāng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的日常管理監(jiān)督,掌握其思想、工作、作風(fēng)、生活狀況。黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)常開(kāi)展批評(píng)和自我批評(píng),敢于正視、深刻剖析、主動(dòng)改正自己的缺點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)同志的缺點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤應(yīng)當(dāng)敢于指出,幫助改進(jìn)。
第十九條 巡視是黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督的重要方式。中央和省、自治區(qū)、直轄市黨委一屆任期內(nèi),對(duì)所管理的地方、部門、企事業(yè)單位黨組織全面巡視。巡視黨的組織和黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部尊崇黨章、黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、黨的建設(shè)和黨的路線方針政策落實(shí)情況,履行全面從嚴(yán)治黨責(zé)任、執(zhí)行黨的紀(jì)律、落實(shí)中央八項(xiàng)規(guī)定精神、黨風(fēng)廉政建設(shè)和反腐敗工作以及選人用人情況。發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題、形成震懾,推動(dòng)改 革、促進(jìn)發(fā)展,發(fā)揮從嚴(yán)治黨利劍作用。
中央巡視工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組應(yīng)當(dāng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)省、自治區(qū)、直轄市黨委,中央有關(guān)部委,中央國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)部門黨組(黨委)巡視工作的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。省、自治區(qū)、直轄市黨委應(yīng)當(dāng)推動(dòng)黨的市(地、州、盟)和縣(市、區(qū)、旗)委員會(huì)建立巡察制度,使從嚴(yán)治黨向基層延伸。
第二十條 嚴(yán)格黨的組織生活制度,民主生活會(huì)應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)?;龅街匾蛘咂毡樾詥?wèn)題應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)召開(kāi)。民主生活會(huì)重在解決突出問(wèn)題,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部應(yīng)當(dāng)在會(huì)上把群眾反映、巡視反饋、組織約談函詢的問(wèn)題說(shuō)清楚、談透徹,開(kāi)展批評(píng)和自我批評(píng),提出整改措施,接受組織監(jiān)督。上級(jí)黨組織應(yīng)當(dāng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)下級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子民主生活會(huì)的指導(dǎo)和監(jiān)督,提高民主生活會(huì)質(zhì)量。
第二十一條 堅(jiān)持黨內(nèi)談話制度,認(rèn)真開(kāi)展提醒談話、誡勉談話。發(fā)現(xiàn)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部有思想、作風(fēng)、紀(jì)律等方面苗頭性、傾向性問(wèn)題的,有關(guān)黨組織負(fù)責(zé)人應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)對(duì)其提醒談話;發(fā)現(xiàn)輕微違紀(jì)問(wèn)題的,上級(jí)黨組織負(fù)責(zé)人應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)其誡勉談話,并由本人作出說(shuō)明或者檢討,經(jīng)所在黨組織主要負(fù)責(zé)人簽字后報(bào)上級(jí)紀(jì)委和組織部門。
第二十二條 嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行干部考察考核制度,全面考察德、能、勤、績(jī)、廉表現(xiàn),既重政績(jī)又重政德,重點(diǎn)考察貫徹執(zhí)行黨中央和上級(jí)黨組織決策部署的表現(xiàn),履行管黨治黨責(zé)任,在重大原則問(wèn)題上的立場(chǎng),對(duì)待人民群眾的態(tài)度,完成急難險(xiǎn)重任務(wù)的情況??疾炜己酥悬h組織主要負(fù)責(zé)人應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)班子成員實(shí)事求是作出評(píng)價(jià)??己嗽u(píng)語(yǔ)在同本人見(jiàn)面后載入干部檔案。落實(shí)黨組織主要負(fù)責(zé)人在干部選任、考察、決策等各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的責(zé)任,對(duì)失察失責(zé)的應(yīng)當(dāng)嚴(yán)肅追究責(zé)任。
第二十三條 黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部應(yīng)當(dāng)每年在黨委常委會(huì)(或黨組)擴(kuò)大會(huì)議上述責(zé)述廉,接受評(píng)議。述責(zé)述廉重點(diǎn)是執(zhí)行政治紀(jì)律和政治規(guī)矩、履行管黨治黨責(zé)任、推進(jìn)黨風(fēng)廉政建設(shè)和反腐敗工作以及執(zhí)行廉潔紀(jì)律情況。述責(zé)述廉報(bào)告應(yīng)當(dāng)載入廉潔檔案,并在一定范圍內(nèi)公開(kāi)。
第二十四條 堅(jiān)持和完善領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部個(gè)人有關(guān)事項(xiàng)報(bào)告制度,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部應(yīng)當(dāng)按規(guī)定如實(shí)報(bào)告?zhèn)€人有關(guān)事項(xiàng),及時(shí)報(bào)告?zhèn)€人及家庭重大情況,事先請(qǐng)示報(bào)告離開(kāi)崗位或者工作所在地等。有關(guān)部門應(yīng)當(dāng)加強(qiáng)抽查核實(shí)。對(duì)故意虛報(bào)瞞報(bào)個(gè)人重大事項(xiàng)、篡改偽造個(gè)人檔案資料的,一律嚴(yán)肅查處。
第二十五條 建立健全黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部插手干預(yù)重大事項(xiàng)記錄制度,發(fā)現(xiàn)利用職務(wù)便利違規(guī)干預(yù)干部選拔任用、工程建設(shè)、執(zhí)紀(jì)執(zhí)法、司法活動(dòng)等問(wèn)題,應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)向上級(jí)黨組織報(bào)告。
第四章 黨的紀(jì)律檢查委員會(huì)的監(jiān)督
第二十六條 黨的各級(jí)紀(jì)律檢查委員會(huì)是黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督的專責(zé)機(jī)關(guān),履行監(jiān)督執(zhí)紀(jì)問(wèn)責(zé)職責(zé),加強(qiáng)對(duì)所轄范圍內(nèi)黨組織和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部遵守黨章黨規(guī)黨紀(jì)、貫徹執(zhí)行黨的路線方針政策情況的監(jiān)督檢查,承擔(dān)下列具體任務(wù):
(一)加強(qiáng)對(duì)同級(jí)黨委特別是常委會(huì)委員、黨的工作部門和直接領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的黨組織、黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部履行職責(zé)、行使權(quán)力情況的監(jiān)督;
(二)落實(shí)紀(jì)律檢查工作雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)體制,執(zhí)紀(jì)審查工作以上級(jí)紀(jì)委領(lǐng)導(dǎo)為主,線索處置和執(zhí)紀(jì)審查情況在向同級(jí)黨委報(bào)告的同時(shí)向上級(jí)紀(jì)委報(bào)告,各級(jí)紀(jì)委書(shū)記、副書(shū)記的提名和考察以上級(jí)紀(jì)委會(huì)同組織部門為主;
(三)強(qiáng)化上級(jí)紀(jì)委對(duì)下級(jí)紀(jì)委的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),紀(jì)委發(fā)現(xiàn)同級(jí)黨委主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的問(wèn)題,可以直接向上級(jí)紀(jì)委報(bào)告;下級(jí)紀(jì)委至少每半年向上級(jí)紀(jì)委報(bào)告1次工作,每年向上級(jí)紀(jì)委進(jìn)行述職。
第二十七條 紀(jì)律檢查機(jī)關(guān)必須把維護(hù)黨的政治紀(jì)律和政治規(guī)矩放在首位,堅(jiān)決糾正和查處上有政策、下有對(duì)策,有令不行、有禁不止,口是心非、陽(yáng)奉陰違,搞團(tuán)團(tuán)伙伙、拉幫結(jié)派,欺騙組織、對(duì)抗組織等行為。
第二十八條 紀(jì)委派駐紀(jì)檢組對(duì)派出機(jī)關(guān)負(fù)責(zé),加強(qiáng)對(duì)被監(jiān)督單位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子及其成員、其他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的監(jiān)督,發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)向派出機(jī)關(guān)和被監(jiān)督單位黨組織報(bào)告,認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)調(diào)查處置,對(duì)需要問(wèn)責(zé)的提出建議。
派出機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)當(dāng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)派駐紀(jì)檢組工作的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),定期約談被監(jiān)督單位黨組織主要負(fù)責(zé)人、派駐紀(jì)檢組組長(zhǎng),督促其落實(shí)管黨治黨責(zé)任。
派駐紀(jì)檢組應(yīng)當(dāng)帶著實(shí)際情況和具體問(wèn)題,定期向派出機(jī)關(guān)匯報(bào)工作,至少每半年會(huì)同被監(jiān)督單位黨組織專題研究1次黨風(fēng)廉政建設(shè)和反腐敗工作。對(duì)能發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)是失職,發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題不報(bào)告、不處置是瀆職,都必須嚴(yán)肅問(wèn)責(zé)。
第二十九條 認(rèn)真處理信訪舉報(bào),做好問(wèn)題線索分類處置,早發(fā)現(xiàn)早報(bào)告,對(duì)社會(huì)反映突出、群眾評(píng)價(jià)較差的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部情況及時(shí)報(bào)告,對(duì)重要檢舉事項(xiàng)應(yīng)當(dāng)集體研究。定期分析研判信訪舉報(bào)情況,對(duì)信訪反映的典型性、普遍性問(wèn)題提出有針對(duì)性的處置意見(jiàn),督促信訪舉報(bào)比較集中的地方和部門查找分析原因并認(rèn)真整改。
第三十條 嚴(yán)把干部選拔任用“黨風(fēng)廉潔意見(jiàn)回復(fù)”關(guān),綜合日常工作中掌握的情況,加強(qiáng)分析研判,實(shí)事求是評(píng)價(jià)干部廉潔情況,防止“帶病提拔”、“帶病上崗”。
第三十一條 接到對(duì)干部一般性違紀(jì)問(wèn)題的反映,應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)找本人核實(shí),談話提醒、約談函詢,讓干部把問(wèn)題講清楚。約談被反映人,可以與其所在黨組織主要負(fù)責(zé)人一同進(jìn)行;被反映人對(duì)函詢問(wèn)題的說(shuō)明,應(yīng)當(dāng)由其所在黨組織主要負(fù)責(zé)人簽字后報(bào)上級(jí)紀(jì)委。談話記錄和函詢回復(fù)應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)真核實(shí),存檔備查。沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的應(yīng)當(dāng)了結(jié)澄清,對(duì)不如實(shí)說(shuō)明情況的給予嚴(yán)肅處理。
第三十二條 依規(guī)依紀(jì)進(jìn)行執(zhí)紀(jì)審查,重點(diǎn)審查不收斂不收手,問(wèn)題線索反映集中、群眾反 映強(qiáng)烈,現(xiàn)在重要崗位且可能還要提拔使用的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部,三類情況同時(shí)具備的是重中之重。執(zhí)紀(jì)審查應(yīng)當(dāng)查清違紀(jì)事實(shí),讓審查對(duì)象從學(xué)習(xí)黨章入手,從理想信念宗旨、黨性原則、作風(fēng)紀(jì)律等方面檢查剖析自己,審理報(bào)告應(yīng)當(dāng)事實(shí)清楚、定性準(zhǔn)確,反映審查對(duì)象思想認(rèn)識(shí)情況。
第三十三條 對(duì)違反中央八項(xiàng)規(guī)定精神的,嚴(yán)重違紀(jì)被立案審查開(kāi)除黨籍的,嚴(yán)重失職失責(zé)被問(wèn)責(zé)的,以及發(fā)生在群眾身邊、影響惡劣的不正之風(fēng)和腐敗問(wèn)題,應(yīng)當(dāng)點(diǎn)名道姓通報(bào)曝光。
第三十四條 加強(qiáng)對(duì)紀(jì)律檢查機(jī)關(guān)的監(jiān)督。發(fā)現(xiàn)紀(jì)律檢查機(jī)關(guān)及其工作人員有違反紀(jì)律問(wèn)題的,必須嚴(yán)肅處理。各級(jí)紀(jì)律檢查機(jī)關(guān)必須加強(qiáng)自身建設(shè),健全內(nèi)控機(jī)制,自覺(jué)接受黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督、社會(huì)監(jiān)督、群眾監(jiān)督,確保權(quán)力受到嚴(yán)格約束。
第五章 黨的基層組織和黨員的監(jiān)督
第三十五條 黨的基層組織應(yīng)當(dāng)發(fā)揮戰(zhàn)斗堡壘作用,履行下列監(jiān)督職責(zé):
(一)嚴(yán)格黨的組織生活,開(kāi)展批評(píng)和自我批評(píng),監(jiān)督黨員切實(shí)履行義務(wù),保障黨員權(quán)利不受侵犯;
(二)了解黨員、群眾對(duì)黨的工作和黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的批評(píng)和意見(jiàn),定期向上級(jí)黨組織反映情況,提出意見(jiàn)和建議;
(三)維護(hù)和執(zhí)行黨的紀(jì)律,發(fā)現(xiàn)黨員、干部違反紀(jì)律問(wèn)題及時(shí)教育或者處理,問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重的應(yīng)當(dāng)向上級(jí)黨組織報(bào)告。
第三十六條 黨員應(yīng)當(dāng)本著對(duì)黨和人民事業(yè)高度負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度,積極行使黨員權(quán)利,履行下列監(jiān)督義務(wù):
(一)加強(qiáng)對(duì)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的民主監(jiān)督,及時(shí)向黨組織反映群眾意見(jiàn)和訴求;
(二)在黨的會(huì)議上有根據(jù)地批評(píng)黨的任何組織和任何黨員,揭露和糾正工作中存在的缺點(diǎn)和問(wèn)題;
(三)參加黨組織開(kāi)展的評(píng)議領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部活動(dòng),勇于觸及矛盾問(wèn)題、指出缺點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤,對(duì)錯(cuò)誤言行敢于較真、敢于斗爭(zhēng);
(四)向黨負(fù)責(zé)地揭發(fā)、檢舉黨的任何組織和任何黨員違紀(jì)違法的事實(shí),堅(jiān)決反對(duì)一切派別活動(dòng)和小集團(tuán)活動(dòng),同腐敗現(xiàn)象作堅(jiān)決斗爭(zhēng)。
第六章 黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督和外部監(jiān)督相結(jié)合
第三十七條 各級(jí)黨委應(yīng)當(dāng)支持和保證同級(jí)人大、政府、監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)、司法機(jī)關(guān)等對(duì)國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)及公職人員依法進(jìn)行監(jiān)督,人民政協(xié)依章程進(jìn)行民主監(jiān)督,審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)依法進(jìn)行審計(jì)監(jiān)督。有關(guān)國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)發(fā)現(xiàn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部違反黨規(guī)黨紀(jì)、需要黨組織處理的,應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)向有關(guān)黨組織報(bào)告。審計(jì) 機(jī)關(guān)發(fā)現(xiàn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部涉嫌違紀(jì)的問(wèn)題線索,應(yīng)當(dāng)向同級(jí)黨組織報(bào)告,必要時(shí)向上級(jí)黨組織報(bào)告,并按照規(guī)定將問(wèn)題線索移送相關(guān)紀(jì)律檢查機(jī)關(guān)處理。
在紀(jì)律審查中發(fā)現(xiàn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部嚴(yán)重違紀(jì)涉嫌違法犯罪的,應(yīng)當(dāng)先作出黨紀(jì)處分決定,再移送行政機(jī)關(guān)、司法機(jī)關(guān)處理。執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)和司法機(jī)關(guān)依法立案查處涉及黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部案件,應(yīng)當(dāng)向同級(jí)黨委、紀(jì)委通報(bào);該干部所在黨組織應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)有關(guān)規(guī)定,中止其相關(guān)黨員權(quán)利;依法受到刑事責(zé)任追究,或者雖不構(gòu)成犯罪但涉嫌違紀(jì)的,應(yīng)當(dāng)移送紀(jì)委依紀(jì)處理。
第三十八條 中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨同各民主黨派長(zhǎng)期共存、互相監(jiān)督、肝膽相照、榮辱與共。各級(jí)黨組織應(yīng)當(dāng)支持民主黨派履行監(jiān)督職能,重視民主黨派和無(wú)黨派人士提出的意見(jiàn)、批評(píng)、建議,完善知情、溝通、反饋、落實(shí)等機(jī)制。
第三十九條 各級(jí)黨組織和黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)真對(duì)待、自覺(jué)接受社會(huì)監(jiān)督,利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)和信息化手段,推動(dòng)黨務(wù)公開(kāi)、拓寬監(jiān)督渠道,虛心接受群眾批評(píng)。新聞媒體應(yīng)當(dāng)堅(jiān)持黨性和人民性相統(tǒng)一,堅(jiān)持正確導(dǎo)向,加強(qiáng)輿論監(jiān)督,對(duì)典型案例進(jìn)行剖析,發(fā)揮警示作用。
第七章 整改和保障
第四十條 黨組織應(yīng)當(dāng)如實(shí)記錄、集中管理黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督中發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題和線索,及時(shí)了解核實(shí),作出相應(yīng)處理;不屬于本級(jí)辦理范圍的應(yīng)當(dāng)移送有權(quán)限的黨組織處理。
第四十一條 黨組織對(duì)監(jiān)督中發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題應(yīng)當(dāng)做到條條要整改、件件有著落。整改結(jié)果應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)報(bào)告上級(jí)黨組織,必要時(shí)可以向下級(jí)黨組織和黨員通報(bào),并向社會(huì)公開(kāi)。
對(duì)于上級(jí)黨組織交辦以及巡視等移交的違紀(jì)問(wèn)題線索,應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)處理,并在3個(gè)月內(nèi)反饋辦理情況。
第四十二條 黨委(黨組)、紀(jì)委(紀(jì)檢組)應(yīng)當(dāng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)履行黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督責(zé)任和問(wèn)題整改落實(shí)情況的監(jiān)督檢查,對(duì)不履行或者不正確履行黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督職責(zé),以及糾錯(cuò)、整改不力的,依照《中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨紀(jì)律處分條例》、《中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨問(wèn)責(zé)條例》等規(guī)定處理。
第四十三條 黨組織應(yīng)當(dāng)保障黨員知情權(quán)和監(jiān)督權(quán),鼓勵(lì)和支持黨員在黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督中發(fā)揮積極作用。提倡署真實(shí)姓名反映違紀(jì)事實(shí),黨組織應(yīng)當(dāng)為檢舉控告者嚴(yán)格保密,并以適當(dāng)方式向其反饋辦理情況。對(duì)干擾妨礙監(jiān)督、打擊報(bào)復(fù)監(jiān)督者的,依紀(jì)嚴(yán)肅處理。
第四十四條 黨組織應(yīng)當(dāng)保障監(jiān)督對(duì)象的申辯權(quán)、申訴權(quán)等相關(guān)權(quán)利。經(jīng)調(diào)查,監(jiān)督對(duì)象沒(méi)有不當(dāng)行為的,應(yīng)當(dāng)予以澄清和正名。對(duì)以監(jiān)督為名侮辱、誹謗、誣陷他人的,依紀(jì)嚴(yán)肅處理;涉嫌犯罪的移送司法機(jī)關(guān)處理。監(jiān)督對(duì)象對(duì)處理決定不服的,可以依照黨章規(guī)定提出申訴。有關(guān)黨組織應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)真復(fù)議復(fù)查,并作出結(jié)論。
第八章 附 則
第四十五條 中央軍事委員會(huì)可以根據(jù)本條例,制定相關(guān)規(guī)定。
第四十六條 本條例由中央紀(jì)律檢查委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)解釋。
第四十七條 本條例自發(fā)布之日起施行。
(新華社北京11月2日電)
《 人民日?qǐng)?bào) 》(2016年11月03日 06 版)