第一篇：【海文考研英語(yǔ)】：實(shí)例分析：考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句結(jié)構(gòu)分析技巧

【海文考研英語(yǔ)】：實(shí)例分析：考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句結(jié)構(gòu)分析技巧

在考研英語(yǔ)試卷中，長(zhǎng)難句日益成為科技文體中出現(xiàn)頻率很高的考試重點(diǎn)。同時(shí)，它也是

翻譯題中常出現(xiàn)的考查難點(diǎn)。對(duì)于考生來(lái)說(shuō)，長(zhǎng)難句也是考卷中得分較難的一部分。所以，萬(wàn)

學(xué)海文以實(shí)例為據(jù)，向2013 屆正處于考研復(fù)習(xí)中的同學(xué)們，講一講考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句的結(jié)構(gòu)解 析技巧。

英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句也就是復(fù)雜句，里面可能會(huì)有多個(gè)從句，從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可可能為并列，包含與被包含、鑲嵌等形式。因此分析長(zhǎng)難句或者翻譯長(zhǎng)難句，首要解決的應(yīng)該是弄清楚從句

以及清楚從句之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的復(fù)合句包括：名詞性從句，它又包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓

語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句；形容詞性從句，即定語(yǔ)從句；另外還有一種叫做狀語(yǔ)從句。那么，有些同學(xué)可能會(huì)問(wèn)，究竟該怎樣來(lái)分析長(zhǎng)難句呢？有以下幾點(diǎn)最為基礎(chǔ)的步驟需要

考生們記?。?/p>

1、找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，即句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)；

2、找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞；

3、分析從句和短語(yǔ)的功能，例如，是否為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句等；

以及詞，短語(yǔ)和從句之間的關(guān)系；

4、分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配、插入語(yǔ)等其他成分。依照上面四個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)分析步驟，我們對(duì)下面的句子進(jìn)行了分解與解析，希望同學(xué)們能夠在看

完例子后，有進(jìn)一步的理解。

例句：In Africa I met a boy，who was crying as if his heart would break and said，when I spoke to him，that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days.例句分析：

第一，拆分句子。

這個(gè)長(zhǎng)句可以拆分為四段：①“In Africa I met a boy”②“who was crying as if his heart would break”、③“when I spoke to him，that he was hungry because”、④“he had had no food for two days”.第二，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析。

（1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去式+賓語(yǔ)——“I met a boy”；

（2）“crying”后面是壯語(yǔ)從句“as if his heart would break”；（3）“when I spoke to him”是介于“said”和“that he was hungry because”之間的插入語(yǔ)。

第三，難點(diǎn)部分的處理。

“crying as if his heart would break”應(yīng)譯為哭得傷心極了。參考譯文：

在非洲，我遇到一個(gè)小孩，他哭得傷心極了，我問(wèn)他時(shí)，他說(shuō)他餓了，兩天沒(méi)有吃飯了。

以上是對(duì)于一般長(zhǎng)難句的結(jié)構(gòu)較為基礎(chǔ)的解析方法。長(zhǎng)難句的解析方法具體來(lái)講可以分為

分譯法、順序法、綜合法、逆序法等。

1、分譯法

有些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的主句與從句或主句與修飾語(yǔ)間的關(guān)系并不十分密切，為使意思連貫，可把

長(zhǎng)句中的從句或短語(yǔ)化為句子分開(kāi)來(lái)敘述，有時(shí)還可適當(dāng)增加詞語(yǔ)。例如：“He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.”該句有兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)，代表兩層意思。因此，按照分譯法，打破原句的結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成：他五歲的時(shí)候，生了一場(chǎng)傷寒病，變成了聾子。

2、順序法

有些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句按邏輯關(guān)系安排，與漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)方式比較一致，或者敘述的一連串動(dòng)作按發(fā)生的

時(shí)間先后安排，這類句子可按原文順序譯出。這里不予以舉例。

3、逆序法

逆序法即倒置法。有些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣不同，甚至語(yǔ)序完全相反，這就必

須從原文的后面譯起，逆著原文的順序翻譯。例如：“There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”該句可分為三 部分①“There was little hope”；②“continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose”；③

“in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”前兩層表結(jié)果，第三層表原因。這句英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的敘

述層次與漢語(yǔ)邏輯相反，因此要打破原句的結(jié)構(gòu)，按照漢語(yǔ)造句的規(guī)律重新加以安排。譯為，這一帶我不熟悉，天黑以后繼續(xù)進(jìn)行調(diào)查，取得結(jié)果的希望不大。

4、綜合法

另有一些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句用前三種翻譯方法翻譯時(shí)都有困難，需要用綜合法。即或按時(shí)間先后，或按邏輯先后，或按邏輯順序，有順有逆地進(jìn)行綜合處理。例如：“The phenomenon describes the way in which light physically scatters when it passes through particles in the earth’s atmosphere that are1/10 in diameter of the color of the light.”該句可以分解為四個(gè)部分①“The phenomenon describes the way”；②“in which light physically scatters”；③“when it passes through particles in the earth’s atmosphere”；④“that are1/10in diameter of the color of the light.”其中，第一、二和 三、四部分之間是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系。用綜合法來(lái)處理這個(gè)句子，即合譯前三部分，第四部

分用分譯法，這樣譯出來(lái)的句子就非常符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。譯為，這種現(xiàn)象說(shuō)明了光線通過(guò)

地球大氣微粒時(shí)的物理散射方式。大氣微粒的直徑為有色光直徑的十分之一。通過(guò)對(duì)近年來(lái)試題的分析，我們可以看出，長(zhǎng)難句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，邏輯性強(qiáng)，翻譯起來(lái)困難相

當(dāng)大。但是，無(wú)論多長(zhǎng)的句子、多么復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)，它們都是由一些基本的成分組成的。只要弄

清英語(yǔ)原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu)，找出整個(gè)句子的中心內(nèi)容及其各層意思，然后分析各層意思之間的邏 輯關(guān)系，再按漢語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式就可以譯出原文了。在長(zhǎng)句的英譯漢實(shí)踐中，我們始終應(yīng)

記住英漢在句法結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異，不必拘泥于形式。

第二篇：【海文考研英語(yǔ)】：考研英語(yǔ)典型長(zhǎng)難句及解析之二

【海文考研英語(yǔ)】：考研英語(yǔ)典型長(zhǎng)難句及解析之二

The English Original: There were mists over the river and clouds on the mountain and the trucks splashed mud on the roads and the troops were muddy and wet in their capes;their rifles were wet and under their capes the two leather cartridge-boxes on the front of the belts, grey leather boxes heavy with the packs of clips of thin, long 6.5 mm cartridges, buldged forward under the capes so that the men, passing on the road, marched as though they were six months gone with child.譯文一：

河上罩霧，山間盤云，卡車在路上濺泥漿，士兵披肩淋濕，身上盡是爛泥；他們的來(lái)福槍也是 濕的，每人身前的皮帶上掛有兩個(gè)灰皮子彈盒，里面滿裝著一排排又長(zhǎng)又窄的六點(diǎn)五毫米口徑 的子彈，在披肩下高高哦突出，當(dāng)他們?cè)诼飞献哌^(guò)時(shí)，乍一看，好像是些懷孕六月的婦人。譯文二：

河上升起了霧，山上飄著云，載重卡車在大路上泥漿飛濺，士兵們滿身是泥，他們?cè)诙放窭餄?/p>

漉漉的；他們的步槍也是濕的。在他們的斗篷下，兩個(gè)皮制的子彈盒掛在他們腰帶前面，灰色 的皮盒沉甸甸的，里面盡是一排排裝著細(xì)長(zhǎng)的6.5 毫米子彈的子彈夾，在斗篷下面鼓了起來(lái)，士兵們經(jīng)過(guò)大路向前行進(jìn)，就像懷了六個(gè)月身孕似的。The English Original: The mountain that was beyond the valley and the hillside where the chestnut forest grew was captured and there were victories beyond the plain on the plateau to the south and we crossed the river in August and lived in a house in Gorizia that had a fountain and many thick shady trees in a walled garden and a wistaria vine purple on the side of the house.譯文一：

山谷后面那座高山和那個(gè)有栗樹(shù)林的山坡，已經(jīng)給拿了下來(lái)，而南邊平原外的高原上也打了勝

仗，于是我們八月渡河，駐扎在哥里察一幢房子里。這房屋有噴水池，有個(gè)砌有圍墻的花園，園中栽種了好多繁盛多蔭的樹(shù)木，屋子旁邊還有一棵紫藤，一片紫色。譯文二：

占領(lǐng)了峽谷那邊的那座山和栽著栗樹(shù)林子的那個(gè)山坡，在平原那邊在南面的平原上也打了勝仗，鉆石卡高級(jí)輔導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)——全程、全方位、系統(tǒng)化解決考研所有問(wèn)題，成功率趨近100%于是八月里我們過(guò)了河，住在戈里齊亞的一所房子里，在四面圍墻的花園里有一個(gè)噴泉和許多

茂密陰翳的樹(shù)木，房子的一邊爬著紫藤，花開(kāi)得紫英英的。The English Original: I practiced with it(pistol), holding below the target and trying to master the jerk of the ridiculous short barrel until I could hit within a yard of where I aimed at twenty paces and then the ridiculousness of carrying a pistol at all came over me and I soon forgot it and carried it flopping against the small of my back with no feeling at all except a vague sort of shame when I met English-speaking people.譯文一：

我練習(xí)了一個(gè)時(shí)期，盡量往靶子的下邊打，想盡方法克服短槍筒那種滑稽的顫跳，到了后來(lái)，終于能夠在二十步外打中離靶子一碼遠(yuǎn)的地方了，后來(lái)我常常感到佩帶手槍的荒唐滑稽，但不

久也就忘記了它，隨便吊在腰背上，一點(diǎn)感覺(jué)都沒(méi)有，除非是偶爾碰到講英語(yǔ)的人，才多少感

到有點(diǎn)兒不好意思。譯文二：

我用它練習(xí)打槍，把槍舉到靶子以下，竭力控制那可笑的短槍筒的震搖，直到我在二十步的距

離瞄準(zhǔn)而能命中一碼以內(nèi)的目標(biāo)，這才清除了佩帶一支手槍的那份荒唐可笑的心情。我很快忘 記了它，我?guī)е谖业难澈罂呐鲋鴧s沒(méi)有一絲感覺(jué)，除非碰到一個(gè)講英語(yǔ)的人才微微感到 有點(diǎn)害臊。

The English Original: Maybe she would pretend that I was her boy that was killed and we would go in the front door and the porter would take off his cap and I would stop at the concierge’s desk and ask for the key and she would stand by the elevator and then we would get in the elevator and it would go up very slowly clicking at all the floors and then our floor and the boy would open the door and stand there and she would step out and I would step out and we would walk down the hall and I would put the key in the door and open it and go in and then take down the telephone and ask them to send a bottle of Capri bianca in a silver bucket full of ice and you would hear the ice against the pail coming down the corridor and the boy would knock and I would say leave it outside the door please.譯文一：

也許她會(huì)把我當(dāng)做哪個(gè)陣亡的愛(ài)人，我們于是一同走進(jìn)旅館的前門，看門人連忙摘帽，我找掌

鉆石卡高級(jí)輔導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)——全程、全方位、系統(tǒng)化解決考研所有問(wèn)題，成功率趨近100%柜的拿鑰匙，她則站在電梯邊等，隨后我們一同走進(jìn)電梯，電梯開(kāi)得很慢，的的嗒嗒地過(guò)了一

層又一層，到了我們那一層時(shí)，小郎打開(kāi)門，站在一邊，她走出去，我走出去，一同順著走廊

走，我拿鑰匙去開(kāi)門，門開(kāi)了，我們進(jìn)去，拿下電話機(jī)，吩咐他們送一瓶裝在放滿冰塊的銀桶

子里的卡普里白葡萄酒來(lái)，你聽(tīng)得見(jiàn)走廊上有冰塊碰著提桶的響聲，小郎敲敲門，我就說(shuō)請(qǐng)放 在門外。譯文二：

她也許會(huì)裝著我是她那個(gè)陣亡的男朋友。我們從正門進(jìn)去，侍者會(huì)向我們脫帽致禮，我會(huì)在服

務(wù)臺(tái)前停下，向服務(wù)臺(tái)女職員要房間鑰匙，她會(huì)侍立在電梯房，接著我們會(huì)走進(jìn)電梯，電梯升

得很慢經(jīng)過(guò)每一層都咔嗒一聲響，接著便到了我們那一層。侍役打開(kāi)電梯門站在那兒，她會(huì)走

出電梯，我隨著走出電梯，我們就沿著過(guò)道走去。我把鑰匙插進(jìn)房門打開(kāi)房門走進(jìn)去，接著便

拿起電話要他們送一瓶卡普里白葡萄酒來(lái)，要裝在放滿了冰的銀制的冰桶里，你會(huì)聽(tīng)到冰塊碰

著桶子的聲音從走廊里傳來(lái)，侍者會(huì)敲門，我會(huì)說(shuō)請(qǐng)擱在門外就行了。The English Original: I was always embarrassed by the words sacred, glorious, and sacrifice and the expression in vain.We had heard them, sometimes standing in the rain almost out of earshot, so that only the shouted words came through, and had read them, on proclamations that were slapped up by billposters over other proclamations, now for a long time, and I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it.譯文一：

我每逢聽(tīng)到神圣、光榮、犧牲等字眼和徒勞這一說(shuō)法，總覺(jué)得局促不安。這些字眼我們?cè)缫崖?tīng) 過(guò)，有時(shí)還是站在雨中聽(tīng)，站在聽(tīng)覺(jué)達(dá)不到的地方聽(tīng)，只聽(tīng)到一些大聲喊出來(lái)的字眼；況且，我們也讀過(guò)這些字眼，從人們貼在層層舊公告上的新上讀到過(guò)。但是到了現(xiàn)在，我觀察了好

久，可沒(méi)看到什么神圣的事，而那些所謂光榮的事，并沒(méi)有什么光榮，而所謂犧牲，那就像芝

加哥的屠場(chǎng)，只不過(guò)這里屠宰好的肉不是裝進(jìn)罐頭，而是掩埋掉罷了。譯文二：

神圣的、光榮的和犧牲等等這些字眼，以及徒勞無(wú)益的豪言壯語(yǔ)常常使我困惑。我們聽(tīng)到過(guò)這

些字眼，有時(shí)站在雨中，在耳朵幾乎聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)的地方，以致傳來(lái)的只是那些大聲喊叫出來(lái)的字眼，我們也曾在張貼布告的人漫不經(jīng)心地一張疊一張地張貼的公告上讀到過(guò)這些字眼。如今經(jīng)過(guò)一

鉆石卡高級(jí)輔導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)——全程、全方位、系統(tǒng)化解決考研所有問(wèn)題，成功率趨近100%段很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，我沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到過(guò)任何神圣的東西，光榮的東西并不光榮，犧牲像芝加哥屠宰場(chǎng)的

牲畜圍場(chǎng)，要是肉無(wú)法處理只有把它埋掉了事。The English Original: That night at the hotel, in our room with the long empty hall outside and our shoes outside the door, a thick carpet on the floor of the room, outside the windows the rain falling and in the room light and pleasant and cheerful, then the light out and it exciting with smooth sheets and the bed comfortable, feeling that we had come home, feeling no longer alone, waking in the night to find the other one there, and not gone away;all other things were unreal.譯文一：

那天夜晚在旅館里，房間外邊是一條又長(zhǎng)又空的走廊，門外邊放著我們的鞋子，房間里鋪著厚 厚的地毯，窗外下著雨，房間里則燈光明亮，快樂(lè)愉快，后來(lái)燈滅了，床單平滑，床鋪舒服，一片興奮，那時(shí)的心情，好比我們回了家，不再感覺(jué)孤獨(dú)，夜間醒來(lái)，愛(ài)人仍在，并沒(méi)有發(fā)覺(jué)

夢(mèng)醒人去；除了這以外，一切事物都是不真實(shí)的。譯文二：

那天晚上在旅館，我們的房間外面是長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的空寂無(wú)人的過(guò)道，我們把鞋子放在門外，房間的地

板上鋪著一層厚厚的地毯，窗外雨下個(gè)不停，房間里明亮，舒適，歡快，隨著燈光熄滅，光滑 的床罩，舒適的床榻，使人心情激動(dòng)，感到我們已經(jīng)回到了家里，感到我們已不再孤單，半夜 醒來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)另一個(gè)人仍在身邊沒(méi)有離去；其他一切都已變得虛幻。譯文三：

那晚的旅館，那空蕩蕩的走廊，那放在門外的鞋子，那厚厚的地毯，那窗外的落雨，那開(kāi)燈時(shí) 的歡欣和喜悅，那熄燈后體味滑滑的單子和舒適床鋪的那種興奮，那回家的感覺(jué)，那再也沒(méi)有

了的孤單，那夜里醒來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)愛(ài)人仍在而沒(méi)離去的溫馨!其他一切的一切都已不復(fù)存在了。__

第三篇：新東方考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句分析技巧及實(shí)戰(zhàn)70例

考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句分析技巧及實(shí)戰(zhàn)70例

長(zhǎng)難句在考研閱讀、完型填空和翻譯中的出現(xiàn)頻率很高，無(wú)論句子有多長(zhǎng)、結(jié)構(gòu)有多復(fù)雜，它都由一些基本的成分組成的。從結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)句子中，除了謂語(yǔ)之外，其它的成分均可以由從句或者非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)充當(dāng)。從句子本身是一個(gè)完整的句子，因此，從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。從功能來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)有三大復(fù)合句，即:①名詞性從句，包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句;②形容詞性從句，即我們平常所說(shuō)的定語(yǔ)從句;③狀語(yǔ)從句。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有自己的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)（過(guò)去分詞除外），也可以跟自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等成分，構(gòu)成一個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)。由于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句的這些特點(diǎn)，使英語(yǔ)句子從理論上講可以無(wú)限延長(zhǎng)。

英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的分析方法：去枝葉，留主干。1）劃出句子中的定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句;2）劃出所有介詞短語(yǔ)（位于be動(dòng)詞后的除外）；

3）名詞性從句看作一個(gè)整體,找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞;4）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)看作一個(gè)整體；

5）找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，即句子的主干； 6）分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。長(zhǎng)難句分析的步驟舉例：

經(jīng)典例題（2001年考研完型填空第二段）

In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.分析: 第一，劃出定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.第二，劃出介詞短語(yǔ)：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press 第三，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析:（1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主語(yǔ)（Lord Irvine含同位語(yǔ)the Lord Chancellor）+將來(lái)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)（will introduce）+賓語(yǔ)（a draft bill）；

（2）that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾draft bill,其中，will propose 是第一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)，making payments to witnesses illegal是一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)做賓語(yǔ)，在動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)內(nèi)部，payments to witnesses做making的賓語(yǔ)，illegal是賓補(bǔ)；第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的賓語(yǔ)。that can be given to a case before a trial begins是孕含有一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句（before a trial begins）的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾publicity。

請(qǐng)大家按照上述步驟認(rèn)真分解以下70個(gè)句子，并把分解后的句子讀熟甚至背過(guò)，則基本上可以解決考研長(zhǎng)難句問(wèn)題。

1.This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true?。since引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。此從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the high-energy American fashion。在定語(yǔ)從句中，that做主語(yǔ)，makes做謂語(yǔ)，it做形式賓語(yǔ)，不定式短語(yǔ)to combine few farmers with high yields則是真正的賓語(yǔ)（不定式短語(yǔ)內(nèi)部to combine是主干，few farmers是賓語(yǔ)，with high yields是狀語(yǔ)），possible

做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。this指代前句中提到的這種困境。energy pinch譯為“能源的匱乏”;in?fashion譯為“用?方法、方式”。

譯文：這種困境將是確定無(wú)疑的，因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏，高能量消耗這種美國(guó)耕種方式將很難在農(nóng)業(yè)中繼續(xù)下去，而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。

2.Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter，we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是we must be sure?。since引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此賓語(yǔ)從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由介詞with+which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句with which we are comparing our subjects修飾先行詞the scale。scale在此處意為“尺度、衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。

譯文：既然對(duì)智力的評(píng)估相比較而言的，那么我們必須確保，在對(duì)我們的對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，我們所用的尺度能夠提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。

3.In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively when?and least effectively when?。and連接兩個(gè)并列分句，每個(gè)并列分句中皆有一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句分別說(shuō)明work most effectively和and（work）least effectively。第二個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中還有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句what?predicted。the tests是主句的主語(yǔ)，work為動(dòng)詞做謂語(yǔ)。qualities在此處是可數(shù)名詞，不譯為“質(zhì)量”，而譯為“特征”。defined不能直譯為“被定義為”，而應(yīng)譯為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)“界定”。

譯文：一般來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)所需要測(cè)定的特征能被精確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效;而當(dāng)所測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能被明確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試效果最差。

4.For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是they do not compensate?，and thus do not tell how?。and連接兩個(gè)并列分句，第二個(gè)并列分句中由how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)帶有虛擬條件句的主從復(fù)合句，其中had he grown up?（=If he had grown up?）是省略了連詞if的非真實(shí)條件句。主句主語(yǔ)的they，在此代指上文提到的tests;able在句中作might have been的表語(yǔ)。underprivileged在此不能譯為“沒(méi)有特權(quán)的”，而譯為“沒(méi)有地位的”或“物質(zhì)條件差的”。

譯文：例如，測(cè)試并不能彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公;因此，它們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境中成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。

5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that?。冒號(hào)后的復(fù)合句是對(duì)冒號(hào)前部分作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。復(fù)合句中that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，從句中有either?or?引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)并列的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞be treated，其中第一個(gè)with介詞結(jié)構(gòu)中還有一個(gè)省略了關(guān)系代詞that或which的定語(yǔ)從句humans extend to other humans，修飾the consideration。it代指上文的觀點(diǎn)，即如果對(duì)人權(quán)沒(méi)有達(dá)成一致看法，而談?wù)搫?dòng)物的權(quán)利是徒勞的。介詞短語(yǔ)at the outset譯為“從一開(kāi)始”。動(dòng)詞invites應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為“使”、“讓”或“促使”。動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)extend consideration to意為“給予關(guān)懷或關(guān)心”，consideration不應(yīng)譯為“考慮”。

譯文：這種說(shuō)法從一開(kāi)始就將討論引向極端，它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該這樣對(duì)待動(dòng)物:要么像對(duì)人類自身一樣關(guān)懷體諒，要么完全冷漠無(wú)情。

6.But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that?。但I(xiàn)t was?that?在本句中不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。it是指上句中所提到的150億年前形成的巨大云團(tuán)（a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth）;that引導(dǎo)的應(yīng)是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the farthest。for引導(dǎo)的是表示原因的分句，分句中還有that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the patterns and structure。

譯文：但更重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測(cè)到的有關(guān)過(guò)去的最為遙遠(yuǎn)的景象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?50億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。

7.Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，under any condition，that would keep them alive.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it happened that?。it做形式主語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的從句做真正的主語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)從句中，又有一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句為tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers?were forced?，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中從句主語(yǔ)the new factories又帶有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that were springing up;that would keep them alive做work的定語(yǔ)從句。spring up意為“發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)，建立”。譯文: 于是就出現(xiàn)了這樣的情況:正當(dāng)新辦的工廠紛紛建立，需要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力的時(shí)候，成千上萬(wàn)無(wú)家可歸、饑腸轆轆、以農(nóng)業(yè)為生的勞動(dòng)者攜家?guī)Э?，被迫進(jìn)入城市;他們要找活干，不管什么活兒，不論什么條件，只要不被餓死就行。

8.As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments，she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是?we have come to believe that?。that引導(dǎo)的從句做believe的賓語(yǔ)從句;此從句中有一個(gè)that從句作the sense的同位語(yǔ)從句;同位語(yǔ)從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句;此時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句又套嵌一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that endure，修飾其先行詞discoveries。by way of意為“經(jīng)由，通過(guò)?方法”;reward sb.with意為“以?報(bào)答，酬勞”;endure此處應(yīng)譯為“持久，持續(xù)”,不要譯為“忍受，容忍”。

譯文:由于兩三個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)的科學(xué)研究成果，我們逐漸相信，如果運(yùn)用合適的觀察和實(shí)驗(yàn)方法向大自然探究問(wèn)題，她會(huì)真心實(shí)意地給我們答復(fù)，并且以永垂不朽的發(fā)現(xiàn)來(lái)報(bào)答我們。從這個(gè)意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，大自然是可以認(rèn)識(shí)的。

9.These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details?。后面緊跟省略了if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句were it not for the fact that?，即if it were not for the fact that?;that從句作the fact的同位語(yǔ)從句。此從句中又套嵌一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾其先行詞the stage;required for reliable weather forecasting為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)修飾the kind of measurements。simply譯為“只不過(guò)，僅僅”，不應(yīng)譯為“簡(jiǎn)單地”。

譯文：理論上的認(rèn)識(shí)已達(dá)到了這樣一個(gè)階段,即現(xiàn)在已能指出需要哪種測(cè)量方式才能可靠地預(yù)報(bào)天氣。如果做不到這一點(diǎn)，那么上述這些新的觀察能力只不過(guò)提供了一大堆細(xì)節(jié)而已。

10.The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes，namely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces，has many different versions，of which the following is one.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The story?has many different versions?。what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes為名詞性從句做介詞of的賓語(yǔ)。namely that a solid body?作the principle of Archimedes的同位語(yǔ);when immersed in a liquid是省略了主語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，句子補(bǔ)充完整為when the solid body is immersed in a liquid，修飾其主句a solid body loses a portion of its weight of the liquid?;it displaces是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語(yǔ)從句修飾the liquid，it代指前面提到的the solid body;同時(shí)，of which the following is one又構(gòu)成先行詞versions的定語(yǔ)從句。displace意為“排（水）”;version不譯為“版本”，此處指“根據(jù)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的（對(duì)事件等的）說(shuō)法，看法”;句尾的one代指a version。

譯文:當(dāng)固體浸沒(méi)到液體中時(shí)，固體會(huì)失去它所排出的液體的那部分重量，這就是現(xiàn)在通常所謂的阿基米德原理。有關(guān)這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的故事說(shuō)法眾多，下面的故事就是其中之一。

11.We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more closely.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是We assumed that there were forces of attraction?。that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。此賓語(yǔ)從句中套嵌一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞forces of attraction;so that the attraction between molecules?是so that結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句;在此狀語(yǔ)從句中，除主干結(jié)構(gòu)the attraction?was very small but became considerable?，又有that were more than a few ten-millionths of a millimeter apart做定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞molecules和when the molecules approached more closely做狀語(yǔ)從句，修飾?but became considerable。considerable譯為“相當(dāng)大（或多的）”。

譯文：我們?cè)?jīng)假定，分子之間存在著引力，這種引力隨著分子之間距離的不同而有顯著的變化，因而，在間距為千萬(wàn)分之幾毫米的分子之間的引力是很小的，但是分子靠得很近時(shí)，這種引力會(huì)變得相當(dāng)大。12.This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development，which means that we must，for the benefit of coming generations，leave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development?。其后緊跟著一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞sustainable development。此定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞means又套嵌一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，即we must?leave enough environmental space。此賓語(yǔ)從句中又有so that結(jié)構(gòu)做此從句的目的狀語(yǔ)。be enshrined in意為“被深深地珍藏（或銘記）在?”，此處轉(zhuǎn)譯為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)“納入到”。sustainable development譯為“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”。

譯文：這一需要被正式載入可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念之中。所謂可持續(xù)發(fā)展是指:為了子孫后代的利益，我們必須保留足夠的生存環(huán)境空間，以滿足他們的需要，施展抱負(fù)。

13.Painting lacks only the means to represent movement in time and space，which is the special property of sculpture and architecture，since a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one time，whereas sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of view，thus supplying movements in space and time.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是Painting lacks only the means?,since?。since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句修飾主句;關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾the means to represent movement in time and space;property在此處應(yīng)譯為“性質(zhì),特性”,不譯為“財(cái)產(chǎn),資產(chǎn)”。

譯文：繪畫(huà)缺少的僅僅是表現(xiàn)空間與時(shí)間變化的手法，而這正是雕塑與建筑的特性。繪畫(huà)時(shí)只要求在某一時(shí)刻，從空間的一點(diǎn)來(lái)欣賞，而雕塑和建筑的創(chuàng)造則要求從各個(gè)角度來(lái)欣賞，這樣就表現(xiàn)出了空間，時(shí)間的變化。

14.Once intimidated by arguments that their children would feel more at home in bilingual classes，and that they might lose their heritage in regular classes，these women have since given voice，loudly and persuasively，to what they know from experience that unless they are fluent in the language of their adopted country，their children will never attend college or land any but the most menial of jobs.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是these women have?given voice?to what they know from experience that?。that從句做experience的同位語(yǔ)從句;此從句中又套嵌一個(gè)unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句;Once intimidated by arguments是過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)修飾these women，其施動(dòng)者arguments又有兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句修飾限定它。intimidated by arguments意為“被論點(diǎn)搞得驚慌害怕”;feel at home不能直譯為“感到在家”，而譯為“感到自在”;give voice to意為“表達(dá)，表露”;land jobs譯為“找到工作”。譯文：有人說(shuō)，孩子們?cè)陔p語(yǔ)課堂里會(huì)感到更加自由自在，而在正規(guī)班級(jí)會(huì)喪失其傳統(tǒng)文化。這幾位母親曾被這一論點(diǎn)搞得惶恐不安，現(xiàn)在發(fā)表了最響亮，最有說(shuō)服力的意見(jiàn)。從她們自身的經(jīng)驗(yàn)中，他們深知:如果孩子們不熟練掌握他們所移居國(guó)家的語(yǔ)言，除了那些最簡(jiǎn)單的體力活兒外，根本談不上上大學(xué)，也談不上找到理想的工作。

15.The presumption on which human cloning rests is that all these cells，though now specialized，still contain exact copies of the original set of genetic instructions needed to make an entire individual and can do so if a way is found to switch them back on.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The presumption is that all these cells?contain genetic instructions?and can do so?。其中介詞on加which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾主語(yǔ)the presumption;that從句為表語(yǔ)從句;此表語(yǔ)從句中contain和can do并列做all these cells的謂語(yǔ);表語(yǔ)從句中又插入一個(gè)though引導(dǎo)的省略了主語(yǔ)all these cells的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，補(bǔ)充完整為though these cells are now specialized;needed to make an entire individual為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做genetic instructions的后置定語(yǔ);并列謂語(yǔ)can do so又有if條件句修飾。rest on意為“依賴”。為避免重復(fù)do so代替前文提到的make an entire individual。譯文：人類克隆賴以存在的假定是:雖然所有的細(xì)胞現(xiàn)已全部特化，但卻仍然包含有發(fā)育為完整個(gè)體所需的與母體完全一致的全部遺傳指令;如果能找到一個(gè)方法使失去作用的部分恢復(fù)作用，這些細(xì)胞就能發(fā)育成為完整的個(gè)體。

16.Thus，a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是a regularity?will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity?。介詞for加關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾a regularity。an empirical regularity后又有定語(yǔ)從句that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories修飾。grounds意為“根據(jù)，理由”;subsume意為“把?歸入，納入”。

譯文：因此，與一條不能被歸入更普遍的法則或理論而是基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)的規(guī)律相比，一條具有普遍理論依據(jù)支持的規(guī)律很可能被認(rèn)可為一條自然法則。

17.It is because of the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool，but it is important to realize that this ability，on its own，does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是It is because of?that?，but it is important to realize that?。but連接兩個(gè)并列句，but前的并列分句為It is?that?強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，強(qiáng)調(diào)because of引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)。but后的并列分句又有that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句做realize的賓語(yǔ)。the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man中注意in most people’s minds把the close association of tools with man（工具與人類的密切聯(lián)系）分隔開(kāi)來(lái)。兩個(gè)并列句中分別有able to use an object as a tool和concerned分別做其前面名詞animal和the creature的后置定語(yǔ)。man根據(jù)上下文在此處指“人類”，而不是“男人”;not necessarily譯為“不一定、未必”;on its own意為“獨(dú)立地，憑自己力量”，在此轉(zhuǎn)譯為“就其自身而言”。

譯文： 正是由于在大多數(shù)人頭腦中工具與人類聯(lián)系密切，人類才特別關(guān)注有能力把物體當(dāng)工具使用的任何一種動(dòng)物。但值得注意的是，這種能力就其自身而言，并不表明這種動(dòng)物有什么特別的智慧。

18.The point at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes，and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The point?is?when?and when?。兩個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的從句為并列的表語(yǔ)從句。at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance為定語(yǔ)從句修飾主語(yǔ)the point;第二個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句中也有that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾a brand-new problem。ability to manipulate objects譯為“操縱物體的能力”;?a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble中without和insoluble為雙重否定可譯成肯定句。

譯文：當(dāng)一種動(dòng)物能夠使自己操縱物體的能力適用于更廣泛的目標(biāo)范圍，并且能夠自發(fā)地使用物體解決只有通過(guò)工具才能解決的嶄新問(wèn)題時(shí)，工具的使用和制造就肯定達(dá)到了具有進(jìn)化意義的階段。

19.It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wave of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century when the humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是It was the desire?that brought about a wave?。it is?that?是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)the desire to be scholarly。關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾Latin terms;關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾century。句中scholarly做“博學(xué)多才”講;humanist movement譯為“人文主義運(yùn)動(dòng)”;impetus意為“動(dòng)力,促進(jìn)”。

譯文：在16世紀(jì)的時(shí)候，人文主義運(yùn)動(dòng)促進(jìn)了歐洲各國(guó)的學(xué)術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，人們都想顯示自己的博學(xué)多才，從而出現(xiàn)了一股使用拉丁字詞的潮流。

20.So don’t be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbooks;and next time you hear somebody using a strange word you haven’t heard before，you can comfort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn’t know it either.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是?don’t be surprised if you?;and next time?，you can comfort yourself that?。分號(hào)連接兩個(gè)并列分句。在前面句子中，if引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句;關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾expressions。在后面句子中，you hear?是省略了關(guān)系副詞when的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾next time;you haven’t heard before又是省略了關(guān)系代詞which的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾strange word;主句是you can comfort yourself that?，這里的that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，而關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾native speaker。may和well連用表示有充分的理由，譯為“（完全）能，（很）可能”。

譯文：因此，如果在某些教科書(shū)里你碰到某些詞組是你從未見(jiàn)過(guò)的，你不必驚訝。如果下次你聽(tīng)到有人用一個(gè)你以前從未聽(tīng)到過(guò)的新詞，你可以這樣安慰自己說(shuō)，很可能在什么地方有一個(gè)講英語(yǔ)的本地人也不認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)字呢!21.Despite the saying that one never knows if lightning strikes him，a person can sometimes feel the bolt coming and if quick enough，take protective action in time.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是a person can?feel the bolt and?take protective action?。and連接兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句首despite是介詞引導(dǎo)介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，此短語(yǔ)中that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句做saying的同位語(yǔ)，此同位語(yǔ)從句中，if lightning?是一個(gè)名詞性從句，作know的賓語(yǔ)，if在句中相當(dāng)于whether。主句中if quick enough補(bǔ)充完整為if he is quick enough，是條件狀語(yǔ)從句，為take action的前提條件。句中bolt譯為“閃電”。

譯文:盡管人們常說(shuō)一個(gè)人從來(lái)不知道是否遭到閃電的襲擊，但是一個(gè)人有時(shí)能感覺(jué)到閃電的到來(lái)，如果動(dòng)作快，就能及時(shí)采取保護(hù)措施。

22.The“shareholder”as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The“shareholder”as such had no knowledge?, and his influence?was not good.。and連接兩個(gè)并列的分句。as such做The“shareholder”的定語(yǔ)，employed by the company in which he held shares是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，修飾workmen，分詞短語(yǔ)中含有in which he held shares定語(yǔ)從句，修飾company。

譯文：這樣的股東，對(duì)他擁有股份的公司里所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需求一無(wú)所知，而且他們對(duì)勞資雙方的關(guān)系，也不會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。

23.The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The paid manager was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen?。acting for the company做the paid manager的定語(yǔ)，which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away做that familiar personal knowledge的定語(yǔ)，now passing away做the old family business的定語(yǔ)。

譯文:受聘于公司并代表公司的經(jīng)理與工人及其需求的關(guān)系更加直接，但是,就連他對(duì)工人們也沒(méi)有那種熟識(shí)的私人之間的了解。而在現(xiàn)在，正在消失的古老家族公司的那種更加家長(zhǎng)式制度下的雇主們，卻常常對(duì)他們的工人有這樣的私人關(guān)系。

24.When a journalist recently accused the company of lacking integrity in its testing of beauty products，the company overtly appealed to the public by citing its corporate brand，which was firmly associated in people’s minds with strong ethical standards concerning animal rights.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是When?，the company overtly appealed to the public?。when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。主句中關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾corporate brand，此定語(yǔ)從句中in people’s minds把a(bǔ)ssociated with分隔開(kāi)來(lái)。beauty products譯為“美容產(chǎn)品”。

譯文：有一名記者近日指責(zé)該公司在美容產(chǎn)品的測(cè)試上缺乏整體性，該公司公開(kāi)利用其公司品牌求助于公眾。在公眾的心目中，該品牌同關(guān)系到動(dòng)物權(quán)利的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)息息相關(guān)。

25.However，the criminals quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which is remarkably portable and unidentifiable，so even when caught the police have trouble proving the theft.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是the fraternity?came to realize that?so?the police have trouble?。這是一個(gè)并列復(fù)合句，兩個(gè)句子由so連接。在前面句子里that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，做realize的賓語(yǔ);此從句中又有which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾the chip;so后面句子里when caught是過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)，when caught即when the thief was caught;proving是現(xiàn)在分詞，修飾trouble。

譯文: 但偷盜者認(rèn)識(shí)到，電腦中真正值錢的東西是芯片（或叫集成電路片），這是可以隨身攜帶和無(wú)法識(shí)別的。即使當(dāng)場(chǎng)被抓住，警察也難以證明那是偷來(lái)的。

26.Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns，so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是Although?，so vast is the number of planets that?。主句為so?that?結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，因強(qiáng)調(diào)vast,so vast放在句首進(jìn)行倒裝,正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)閠he number of planets is so vast that?。although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。此從句中套嵌一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾life。be bound to意為“一定,必定”。

譯文: 雖然在某處已經(jīng)開(kāi)始的生命中，可能僅有百分之一會(huì)發(fā)展成高度復(fù)雜、有智慧的形式，但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多,以致于有智慧的生命,一定是宇宙的一個(gè)天然組成部分。

27.Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners;and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Such large, impersonal manipulation greatly increased ?shareholders as a class, an element?主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)都有較長(zhǎng)的短語(yǔ)和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定，并且分句是由兩個(gè)and相連的3個(gè)部分組成的。分句an element?landowners 又帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)，一個(gè)是representing?，另一個(gè)是detached?。譯文： 對(duì)資本和企業(yè)進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱，大大增加了股東作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的數(shù)量和重要性。這個(gè)階層作為國(guó)計(jì)民生的一部分，代表了非個(gè)人責(zé)任的財(cái)富與土地及土地所有者應(yīng)盡義務(wù)的分離，而且也幾乎與責(zé)任管理相分離。

28．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large “Comfortable“ classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：Towns?sprang up?classes who?, and who?。分析句子主干很容易看到這也是一個(gè)典型的定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)，分句由who?,and who?兩個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)組成。注意like并不是謂語(yǔ)而是介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，真正的主句謂語(yǔ)是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名詞）”。that of drawing dividends

結(jié)構(gòu)中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指紅利，that of sth結(jié)構(gòu)是名詞性的，that指代relation。注意后面還有attending和drawing并列。

譯文：像Bournemouth和Eastboune這樣的城市，興起了大批隱退的享樂(lè)階層人士，他們靠自己的收入，在這里過(guò)著悠閑的生活。他們與群體之外的人沒(méi)有聯(lián)系，只是分取紅利，偶爾參加股東會(huì)議，對(duì)管理人員發(fā)號(hào)施令。

29．Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down?, like a?, considering them as?, in which a?”，considering?分句是現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)，可以拿到句首，也可以在句尾，in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。

譯文：羅博特?富爾頓曾經(jīng)寫道，機(jī)械工將坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔、輪子等周圍，像詩(shī)人對(duì)待字母表中的每個(gè)字母一樣，把它們作為自己的思路展示，每一個(gè)新組合都傳遞一個(gè)新概念。

30．Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干Some of these causes are reasonable results?, Others are consequences of advances?。主語(yǔ)是some of these causes，實(shí)際的主語(yǔ)就是some，不過(guò)謂語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)則取決于of后面的成分是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。being to some extent self-accelerating是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)，意為“屬于”。

譯文：在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來(lái)自社會(huì)需求，另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生的，某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。

31．This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是This trend began during…, when…引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句, 第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，表明conclusion的內(nèi)容。第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾demands的定語(yǔ)從句。

譯文：這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)論：政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求，通常是無(wú)法詳盡預(yù)見(jiàn)的。

32．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是This seems…done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…，not…but句型，意為“不是……而是……”

譯文：給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無(wú)關(guān)，但將來(lái)可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研提供支持，看來(lái)通常能有效地解決這一問(wèn)題。

33．However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是However, the world is so made that…systems are…unable to deal with some of the…aspects。so made指“如此構(gòu)成”，so和后面的that構(gòu)成so…that結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“如此…以至于…”。譯文：然而,世界就是這樣。一般而言,完美的體系無(wú)法解決世界上某些更加引人入勝的課題。

34．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是New forms…must arise…as they have in the past。主語(yǔ)是new forms和new subjects，后跟介詞短語(yǔ)as well as new subjects for thought，謂語(yǔ)是must arise。as在這里引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句as they have in the past，have后省略了arisen，其內(nèi)容與本句主語(yǔ)一致。giving rise to…是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)。

譯文：同過(guò)去一樣，將來(lái)必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

35．For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 years old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…。For Lloyd Nickson, 是狀語(yǔ)，“a 54 years old…cancer”為L(zhǎng)olyd Nicks的同位語(yǔ)。此句的核心結(jié)構(gòu)為Rights means…，he can get on with living without…是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。

譯文：對(duì)于現(xiàn)年54歲居住在達(dá)爾文的肺癌患者尼克遜來(lái)說(shuō)，這個(gè)法案意味著他可以平靜地生活下去，而無(wú)須終日擔(dān)心將要到來(lái)的折磨：因呼吸困難而在煎熬中死去。

36．Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干Someone had nowhere to turn to。traveling是現(xiàn)在分詞，是修飾someone的定語(yǔ)。if引導(dǎo)的從句中均省略了“主語(yǔ)＋be動(dòng)詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣顯得句子簡(jiǎn)潔。

譯文：獨(dú)自旅行時(shí)，如果沒(méi)有了食物，受了傷或者生了病，通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。

37．We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是We live in a society。此句句子雖長(zhǎng)，但是結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜，可以從冒號(hào)開(kāi)始分為兩個(gè)部分。in which引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。該從句的分句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是is而不是are，是因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)從句中主語(yǔ)是use，而不是substances。在冒號(hào)后的部分中，quiet是及物動(dòng)詞，是“鎮(zhèn)靜”的意思。

譯文：在我們生活的社會(huì)里，物質(zhì)（藥品）被廣泛地運(yùn)用于社交和醫(yī)療，比如說(shuō)服用阿司匹林來(lái)緩解頭疼，喝酒來(lái)應(yīng)酬，早晨喝咖啡來(lái)提神，吸煙來(lái)鎮(zhèn)定情緒等。

38．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce

the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by…。with引導(dǎo)的是伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)，修飾的是整個(gè)第一分句描述的狀態(tài)。and引導(dǎo)的分句省略了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞marked，所以該分句并不隸屬于第一分句，而是與之并列的結(jié)構(gòu)，when引導(dǎo)的是第二個(gè)分句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

譯文：依賴最初表現(xiàn)為忍耐力增強(qiáng)，用量越來(lái)越大才能達(dá)到預(yù)期效果，一旦停用就會(huì)產(chǎn)生不舒服的癥狀。

39．But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…由and連接的兩個(gè)并列成分構(gòu)成。第二個(gè)分句中有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。

譯文：但他也談到了創(chuàng)作自由與社會(huì)責(zé)任之間要“努力保持均衡”這一問(wèn)題。他宣布公司將發(fā)起一次活動(dòng)，以制定有關(guān)發(fā)行和標(biāo)識(shí)可能招致大眾反對(duì)的音樂(lè)的各種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

40．Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是Average inflation fell。close to相當(dāng)于省略了which was的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。Before后面的成分是對(duì)全句的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，是狀語(yǔ)成分。狀語(yǔ)成分可以置句首，也可以置句末，并無(wú)規(guī)定。之所以用rising，是因?yàn)閎efore在這里是介詞。

譯文：去年,七大工業(yè)國(guó)家的通貨膨脹率下降到了2.3%，接近30年來(lái)最低水平，今年7月才小幅上漲到2.5%，比許多國(guó)家70年代和80年代兩位數(shù)低了很多。

41．Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是Economists have been…surprised。主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have been…。Since引導(dǎo)的是表原因的狀語(yǔ)從句。

譯文：特別讓經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家感到詫異的是，英美兩國(guó)的通貨膨脹帶來(lái)的是良性的結(jié)果。因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的分析方法表明，兩國(guó)尤其是美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn),幾乎沒(méi)有閑置的生產(chǎn)資源。

42．Actually it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是Actually it isn’t…。主句很簡(jiǎn)單，而because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句中，又有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)從句中，主語(yǔ)an agreed account of human rights由一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾，而這個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中又有一個(gè)限制性定語(yǔ)從句the world does not have來(lái)修飾something。

譯文：事實(shí)并非如此，因?yàn)檫@種問(wèn)法是以人們對(duì)人的權(quán)利有共同認(rèn)識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的，而這種共同認(rèn)識(shí)并不存在。

43．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是Some philosophers argue that…。that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充當(dāng)了補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的角色。

譯文：有些哲學(xué)家主張說(shuō)，權(quán)利只存在于社會(huì)契約中，是責(zé)任與利益相交換的一部分。

44．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…逗號(hào)前面是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，做狀語(yǔ)，里面又有一個(gè)that從句做the view的同位語(yǔ)，逗號(hào)后面的that從句是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。

譯文：這類人持極端看法，認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對(duì)待動(dòng)物無(wú)須考慮道德問(wèn)題。

45．When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is …instinct…, an instinct that should be…。以冒號(hào)為界，將全句分成兩個(gè)復(fù)合句。前面的復(fù)合句里，when that happens是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。冒號(hào)后面的復(fù)合句里有一個(gè)that從句，做instinct的定語(yǔ)。

譯文：這種反應(yīng)本身沒(méi)有錯(cuò)，這是人類道德觀念在進(jìn)行推理時(shí)，本能在起作用，這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵(lì)而不應(yīng)遭到嘲弄。46．The Aswan Dam, for example，stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods leftare only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and

machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是New ways of…workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and…

兩個(gè)破折號(hào)中間的成分為插入結(jié)構(gòu)，可以視為括號(hào)里面的內(nèi)容。Such as后面的內(nèi)容是對(duì)many other factors的列舉。在閱讀的時(shí)候基本可以跳過(guò)不看，除非后面有細(xì)節(jié)題考查這里的內(nèi)容。

譯文：組織工作場(chǎng)所的新方法包括機(jī)構(gòu)重組和縮小規(guī)模,這些只是促進(jìn)某個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體的綜合生產(chǎn)率提高的一項(xiàng)措施，還有其他許多因素可以促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)率的提高，比如對(duì)機(jī)械設(shè)備的聯(lián)合投資、采用新技術(shù)、對(duì)教育培訓(xùn)投資等。

49．His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是His colleague,…, says，that… 引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句, chopping out costs without giving sufficient…是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語(yǔ)。without后面要跟動(dòng)名詞giving。

譯文：他的同事邁克爾?比爾說(shuō)，為數(shù)眾多的公司以簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械的方式進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)重組，降低了成本，但卻未能充分考慮長(zhǎng)期贏利。

50.Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：that之后是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句；by之后的動(dòng)名詞來(lái)做賓語(yǔ)從句的狀語(yǔ)；賓語(yǔ)從句中which又引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

譯文：利維.斯特勞斯公司使法庭相信特易購(gòu)把利維牛仔服與皂粉，香蕉等放在一起廉價(jià)銷售這一做法使其形象受損，品牌價(jià)值也因此受到了影響，這勢(shì)必會(huì)使產(chǎn)品缺乏新意，最終減少消費(fèi)者的選擇。

51．Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults, according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute, a research center in San Francisco.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：這是一個(gè)比較長(zhǎng)的簡(jiǎn)單句?！癿ore than twice as likely as their white counterparts”是一種表示倍數(shù)的表達(dá)方式；“to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults”不定式短語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾white counterparts;“according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute”做狀語(yǔ)；“a research center in San Francisco”是“the Justice Policy Institute”的同位語(yǔ)。

譯文：舊金山的一個(gè)研究中心--刑法政策研究所,上周發(fā)表的研究結(jié)果表明，在加利福尼亞，因?yàn)榉钢刈锉簧倌攴ㄍマD(zhuǎn)出,而以成人的身份被審判逮捕的非白人少年，比白人少年的兩倍還要多。

52．Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race, color, religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：在for引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)中，that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)修飾bill;related to sexual orientation as well來(lái)修飾crimes.譯文：Gaither的死成為了一種推動(dòng)力，促使那些維護(hù)同性戀權(quán)利的組織以及州立法委員去推行一項(xiàng)議案，使阿拉巴馬已通過(guò)三年的仇視罪條文，除了涉及有關(guān)種族、膚色、宗教信仰、出身之外，也應(yīng)該包括有關(guān)性傾向方面的罪行。

53.Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang lingering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges: California.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：“along with the League of Cities and 31 states”在句子中做伴隨狀語(yǔ)，其中that又引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行修飾；主句中where又引導(dǎo)從句來(lái)修飾state。

譯文：在加利福尼亞州，有關(guān)反幫派閑蕩的起訴已經(jīng)接受了來(lái)自憲法的挑戰(zhàn)。芝加哥官員以及在法庭上支持他們的城市聯(lián)盟和31個(gè)州政府，最好還是考慮這個(gè)州的做法為好。

54.Even before the tragedy, Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：Even before the tragedy是本句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；主句是Pfingst had stood behind…;that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句修飾law;在從句中，as…as是一詞組，意思是“和…一樣”；出現(xiàn)的第三個(gè)as是介詞，和treat搭配，意思是“作為”。

譯文：在這場(chǎng)悲劇發(fā)生之前，Pfingst就已經(jīng)開(kāi)始支持加利福尼亞州的一項(xiàng)有爭(zhēng)議的法規(guī)。該法規(guī)規(guī)定，以成人身份受審的謀殺嫌疑犯的年齡，最小可以為十四歲。

55.The doctors said the rules could actually erode privacy, pointing to a provision allowing managed-care plans to use personal information without consent if the purpose was ”health-care operations.“

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句中pointing to 這個(gè)做伴隨狀語(yǔ)的分詞短語(yǔ)又包含了一個(gè)介詞without引出的方式狀語(yǔ)和由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，使得句子的結(jié)構(gòu)變得較為復(fù)雜。

譯文：醫(yī)生認(rèn)為這些法規(guī)實(shí)際上是在破壞隱私權(quán)，因?yàn)槠渲幸粭l法規(guī)規(guī)定，管理式醫(yī)療保健計(jì)劃（managed-care plan）在“開(kāi)展醫(yī)療保健工作”時(shí),可以不經(jīng)許可使用個(gè)人信息。

56.The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help families like Garro’s, offering a safety net to employees who want to take time off to nurture newborns, tend to their own major illnesses or care for sick relatives.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句的主干是The Act was supposed to help…。be supposed to do something 表示“應(yīng)該做某事”，通常強(qiáng)調(diào)“義務(wù)，責(zé)任”等。Offering 至句子結(jié)尾是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)，其中含有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句中含有三個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)做謂語(yǔ)，即want to…tend to…or care for…。safety net 原義是防止墜落受傷的“安全網(wǎng)”，在此引申為“安全保障”。

譯文：1993年頒布的《家庭醫(yī)療休假法》本來(lái)應(yīng)該幫助像加羅這樣的家庭，為那些請(qǐng)假照顧新生兒、治療重病或者照顧患病親人的員工，提供一個(gè)安全保障。

57.A vague entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money, the committee and its chief fund-raiser, Texas oilman(and now Commerce secretary)Don Evans, swiftly collected $8.3 million--more than twice the $3.9 million Al Gore's recount committee raised to pay its lawyers.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句是個(gè)包含同位語(yǔ)和附近說(shuō)明的長(zhǎng)句。a nebulous entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money 是委員會(huì)的同位語(yǔ)，起到補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用，而破折號(hào)之后的成分也是對(duì)句子的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。

譯文：法律不要求這個(gè)性質(zhì)模糊的機(jī)構(gòu)透露其使用資金的情況。該委員會(huì)和它的主要籌資人，得克薩斯州石油商人（現(xiàn)商務(wù)部長(zhǎng)）唐.伊萬(wàn)斯很快就籌集了830萬(wàn)美元來(lái)支付律師費(fèi)用，這筆錢是艾爾.戈?duì)栔匦掠?jì)票委員會(huì)所籌集的390萬(wàn)美元資金的兩倍還多。

58.And there the story might have ended but for the tireless efforts of Johan Reinhard, an independent archaeologist funded by the National Geographic Society.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干the story might have ended there but for …本句中包含有虛擬語(yǔ)氣，由but for 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)虛擬條件，表示“要不是…”；“might have done”表示本來(lái)可能會(huì)發(fā)生某事，對(duì)于這一類由介詞或者介詞詞組引起的虛擬條件，學(xué)習(xí)者應(yīng)該特別留心，否則就容易產(chǎn)生理解錯(cuò)誤?？梢砸龑?dǎo)虛擬條件的詞還有without，otherwise等。

譯文：要不是約翰萊茵.哈德的不懈努力，故事本來(lái)也許到此就結(jié)束了。萊茵哈德是一位由國(guó)家地理協(xié)會(huì)資助的獨(dú)立考古學(xué)家。

59.What is frightening is that these discoveries make it clear how little astronomers know about planets, and they add to the dawning realization that our solar system--and by implication Planet Earth--may be a cosmic oddball.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干本句what is frightening is that …是個(gè)復(fù)雜句，包含主語(yǔ)從句（what frightening），表語(yǔ)從句（is 后面的部分），賓語(yǔ)從句（how little引導(dǎo)的部分），同位語(yǔ)從句（realization后面that引導(dǎo)的部分），插入語(yǔ)等，另外一些成語(yǔ)詞組的出現(xiàn)也增加了句子的難度，比如dawning realization（漸漸認(rèn)識(shí)到），by implication（含蓄地, 用寓意）等。

譯文：真正令人震驚的是，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)說(shuō)明天文學(xué)家對(duì)于行星的了解十分有限，并且讓人們清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到我們的太陽(yáng)——不言而喻，還有地球這顆行星——也許是宇宙中的異數(shù)。

60.Well, it appears that increased air pollution during those 30 years--over Asia, in particular--with the help, perhaps, of some increased cloudiness, may have exerted a cooling influence on the surface of the planet even as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases were encouraging the atmosphere to warm.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是it appears that…本句是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，其中“well”是一個(gè)語(yǔ)氣詞；賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是“increased air pollution”，其中“increased”是形容詞；“over Asia, in particular”的作用是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明；“with the help, perhaps, of some increased cloudiness”是介詞短語(yǔ)，用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)；may have exerted a cooling influence 是賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)，even as的意思是“正當(dāng)…的時(shí)候；恰在…的時(shí)候”，引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，用在本句中有一種對(duì)比的作用。

譯文：在過(guò)去30年中，全球特別是亞洲不斷加劇的大氣污染，借助數(shù)量有所增加的云度可能對(duì)整個(gè)地球表面起了一種冷卻作用，同時(shí)二氧化碳和其它溫室氣體卻在促使大氣變暖。

61.But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004(Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干it is not far off that…and it is much the same as..這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜句，句子主體結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)并列句，在第一個(gè)并列分句里有一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾new members，在第二個(gè)并列分句里有一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾Bulgaria and Romania，還有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾accession talks。

譯文：但是和2004年5月1日加入歐盟的十個(gè)新成員國(guó)之一（拉脫維亞）相比，土耳其差得并不算太遠(yuǎn)，但同保加利亞和羅馬尼亞相比則相差無(wú)幾。這兩個(gè)國(guó)家本周剛剛完成加入歐盟的談判，并將在2007年1月獲得完全成員地位。

62.Mr Cantalupo was a McDonald's veteran brought out of retirement in January 2003 to help remodel the firm after sales began falling because of dirty restaurants, indifferent service and growing concern about junk food.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干Mr.Canalupo was a McDonald veteran.表語(yǔ)veteran后面有一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)brought out of retirement做后置定語(yǔ)，這個(gè)定語(yǔ)還帶有自己的兩個(gè)狀語(yǔ)，一個(gè)是不定式短語(yǔ)做目的狀語(yǔ)，另外一個(gè)是after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，這個(gè)從句中還有一個(gè)because of引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)。bring sb.out of retirement的意思是“將某人從退休狀態(tài)召回”。

譯文：坎塔盧波在麥當(dāng)勞工作過(guò)多年，在公司因?yàn)椴蛷d環(huán)境不衛(wèi)生，服務(wù)態(tài)度差，以及人們對(duì)“垃圾食品”的不斷質(zhì)疑導(dǎo)致業(yè)績(jī)下降之后，2003年他被從退休中召回，幫助公司進(jìn)行改革。

63.Even so, everyone at McDonald's must be hoping that it will be a long time before the firm faces yet another such emergency.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干everyone must be hoping that…這個(gè)句子中包含一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句和由before引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)句子的難點(diǎn)在before這個(gè)詞的理解上。通常before可以譯為“才”。例如：It had been two days before I realized the problem.（過(guò)了兩天我才意識(shí)到這個(gè)問(wèn)題。）

譯文：即便如此，相信麥當(dāng)勞上下一定還是希望不要在近期內(nèi)又面臨這類緊急情況。

64.Merck, a pharmaceutical company in trouble over the possible side-effects of its arthritis drug Vioxx, is allowing its directors to run their full term before introducing a system in which they are all re-elected(or otherwise)annually.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干Merck is allowing its directors to run their full term。句子的主語(yǔ)之后又一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的同位語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)，句子中還有一個(gè)before引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)，在這個(gè)狀語(yǔ)中含有一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。before在這種情況下通常譯為“才”。

譯文：默克制藥公司因?yàn)樗a(chǎn)的關(guān)節(jié)炎藥物Vioxx,存在潛在副作用而陷入困境?，F(xiàn)在，公司允許其董事任期直到屆滿，然后才會(huì)引入一個(gè)每年將所有人重新選任一遍（或者別的方法）的制度。

65.At the margin, extra demand has come from those who think dollars--indeed any money backed by nothing more than promises to keep inflation low--a decidedly risky investment, mainly because America, with the world's reserve currency, has been able to create and borrow so many of them.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干extra demand has come。from這個(gè)介詞所引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)中包含一個(gè)who 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾those，一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，主句之后是一個(gè)because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。nothing more than的意思是“只不過(guò)，僅僅”。

譯文：在此下跌情況下，導(dǎo)致金價(jià)上揚(yáng)的額外需求來(lái)自于那些認(rèn)為美元——或者任何一種依靠抑制通脹的許諾來(lái)支撐的貨幣—無(wú)疑是一種高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資的人,主要因?yàn)槊绹?guó)擁有美元這一世界儲(chǔ)備貨幣，而且一直能夠制造和借來(lái)很多美元。

66.Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction, in commodity markets such as the NYMEX, pressure from ”locals"--self-employed traders--is helping to prop up open-outcry, although some reckon that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干pressure …is helping to prop up open-outcry,這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜句，包含兩個(gè)由although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems做reckon的賓語(yǔ).prop up的意思是“支持”。

譯文：雖然其它絕大多數(shù)交易所正在取消這種公開(kāi)叫價(jià)的交易方式，在紐約商品交易所這類商品市場(chǎng)里，來(lái)自“本地人”---那些自營(yíng)商---的壓力卻起到了支持公開(kāi)叫價(jià)的作用，盡管一些人估計(jì)客戶為此要支付五倍于使

用電子系統(tǒng)的費(fèi)用。

67.In his models, auctions that let buyers and sellers bid at any time like most of today's financial exchanges were less efficient than ones that required relatively more bids from either buyers or sellers.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是auctions… were less efficient than ones…，句子的主語(yǔ)auctions后面有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)它進(jìn)行修飾，句子主體結(jié)構(gòu)中包含了一個(gè)比較級(jí)，在比較的對(duì)象ones后面也有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)它進(jìn)行修飾。

譯文：在他的模型中，現(xiàn)今大多數(shù)金融交易中采用的讓買賣雙方隨時(shí)競(jìng)價(jià)的拍賣方式，比起那些需要買賣雙方提出更多競(jìng)價(jià)的模型，效率要低下。

68.The size of this cushion has triggered some calls for further liberalization of the complicated foreign-exchange controls that India still maintains, despite the move in 1993 towards rupee convertibility for trade purposes.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是The size of this cushion has triggered some calls…這一句雖然也包含一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，但結(jié)構(gòu)并不算太復(fù)雜，容易造成理解困難的是cushion這個(gè)詞。Cushion原意是“墊子”，這里引申為“緩沖不利后果的東西；保障”。

譯文：盡管在1993年印度已允許進(jìn)行以貿(mào)易為目的的盧比兌換，但印度目前的外匯控制非常復(fù)雜?，F(xiàn)在有了這樣的巨額儲(chǔ)備作保障，一些人開(kāi)始呼吁印度政府進(jìn)一步放開(kāi)現(xiàn)有外匯控制。

69.The experience of 1991, when India ran out of money, has left the central bank prone to caution--an approach it felt was vindicated by the East Asian crisis of 1997-1998.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是The experience…h(huán)as left the central bank prone to caution.句中有一個(gè)以when引導(dǎo)的，修飾1991的定語(yǔ)從句和一個(gè)省略了that的，修飾approach的定語(yǔ)從句。

譯文：1991年印度用完外匯儲(chǔ)備的經(jīng)歷使中央銀行傾向于謹(jǐn)慎方式 11997-1998年的東亞危機(jī)證實(shí)了這種方式的正確性。

70.Fiat's belated willingness to take tough steps to align capacity with demand is down to the group's new boss, Gabriele Galateri, chosen in June to rescue the firm, which is 30% owned by Agnelli family interests.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是Fiat belated willingness…is down to the group new boss.主語(yǔ)后面帶有一個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，過(guò)去分詞chosen所帶的短語(yǔ)作了boss的定語(yǔ)，后面還有一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

句子譯文：菲亞特遲遲不愿采取強(qiáng)硬措施使產(chǎn)需一致，直到六月份加布里埃萊?加拉泰雷臨危受命，成為集團(tuán)新任總裁，這種狀況才有所改變。該公司30%的股份由艾格尼爾利家族所擁有。

第四篇：2015考研英語(yǔ) 長(zhǎng)難句攻克之比較結(jié)構(gòu)

http://004km.cn/zhuanti/shuang11/

比較結(jié)構(gòu)作為長(zhǎng)難句中的“?？汀?，是構(gòu)成長(zhǎng)難句的重要部分，因此想要順利攻克長(zhǎng)難句，就要將比較結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)懂學(xué)透。在距離考試不到兩個(gè)月的時(shí)間里，考生還是要踏實(shí)備考，學(xué)好每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。下面我們來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)一下比較結(jié)構(gòu)的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。

一、以句學(xué)句

●For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80's , down-shifting in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life——growing your own organic vegetables , and risking turning into a simpler , less materialistic lifestyle——as a personal recognition of your limitations.【主干識(shí)別】句子的主干部分為down-shifting in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life.【其他成分】For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80's 為介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ);growing your own organic vegetables , and risking turning into a simpler為同位語(yǔ);as a personal recognition of your limitations為狀語(yǔ)。

【微觀解析】for為介詞，the women of my generation為名詞，the women of my generation被定語(yǔ)從句who were urged to keep juggling through the 80's修飾。

【難點(diǎn)探究】not so(as)much?as 這個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)的理解通常為“與其說(shuō)，不如說(shuō)”，例如：He was not so much angry as disappointed.(與其說(shuō)他憤怒，不如說(shuō)他失望。)

【譯文賞析】對(duì)于我這一代曾在整個(gè)80年代為生活奔波的女人們來(lái)說(shuō)，90年代中期出現(xiàn)的歸隱恬退與其說(shuō)使我們尋求一種神話般的美好生活(用有機(jī)肥種植蔬菜，并且冒險(xiǎn)去過(guò)一種更加簡(jiǎn)單和更少物質(zhì)的生活方式)，不如說(shuō)我們清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到自身能力是有限的。

●Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly:summer homes , European travel , BMWs —— the locations , place names and name brands may change , but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.【詞匯突破】sign 標(biāo)志

summer home 避暑山莊

【主干識(shí)別】People do not seem less interested in success and its signs.【其他成分】now than formerly 為狀語(yǔ);冒號(hào)后的句子summer homes，European travel , BMWs —— the locations , place names and name brands may change , but such items 中公考研 http://004km.cn/zhuanti/shuang11/

http://004km.cn/zhuanti/shuang11/ do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago 是對(duì)前面主句進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明。

【微觀解析】summer homes , European travel, BMWs名詞詞組表示列舉，是松散的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。“—”之后的the locations , place names and name brands may change , but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago是對(duì)summer homes , European travel , BMWs進(jìn)行的解釋。主句中比較對(duì)象為now和formerly;比較內(nèi)容為“人們對(duì)這些事物的興趣”;比較結(jié)果為“人們的興趣沒(méi)有減弱”;從句中比較對(duì)象為 today 和a decade or two years ago.比較內(nèi)容為“人們對(duì)其需求程度”;比較結(jié)果為“現(xiàn)在的需求與以前的需求是一樣的”。

【難點(diǎn)探究】出現(xiàn)包含否定的比較結(jié)構(gòu)，且出現(xiàn)由標(biāo)點(diǎn)引起的松散句子結(jié)構(gòu)，但是在局部分析中句子結(jié)構(gòu)還是很嚴(yán)密的。

【譯文賞析】當(dāng)然，人們現(xiàn)在對(duì)成功及各種標(biāo)志的興趣似乎并不亞于先前。消夏別墅、歐陸旅游、寶馬車——地點(diǎn)、地名以及品牌或許會(huì)有變化，但這類事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不會(huì)亞于一二十年前。

二、考前練手

通過(guò)前兩個(gè)句子的詳細(xì)學(xué)習(xí)，相信各位考生都對(duì)比較結(jié)構(gòu)有了更深一步的學(xué)習(xí)和認(rèn)識(shí)，請(qǐng)大家通過(guò)下面的句子練手，檢驗(yàn)一下自己的學(xué)習(xí)成果吧。

Surely there is no more commanding moral imperative for people in the west than to urge each other , and their governments , to bring relief to the world's poorest.【點(diǎn)撥】確定出比較的三要素是這個(gè)句子理解的難點(diǎn)，加上no以后就可以確定than之后的內(nèi)容是最高級(jí)。

堅(jiān)持做一件事情挺難，一個(gè)人越想成功，他所遭受的委屈也就會(huì)越多。要使自己的生命獲得更大價(jià)值綻放更絢爛的光彩，就不能在乎委屈，不能讓它們揪緊我們的心、擾亂我們的生活。要學(xué)會(huì)一笑置之，要學(xué)會(huì)超然待之，要學(xué)會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)化勢(shì)能?？佳懈侨绱?，不到兩個(gè)月的時(shí)間，希望各位考生能堅(jiān)持下來(lái)，創(chuàng)造奇跡!

中公考研 http://004km.cn/zhuanti/shuang11/

第五篇：考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句分析之_特殊句式(DOC)

第五講 特殊句式及長(zhǎng)難句解析

1．簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句

從句: 名詞性：主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句

形容詞性：定語(yǔ)從句

副詞性：狀語(yǔ)從句---時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、讓步、比較、方式

2．省略句、比較結(jié)構(gòu)、倒裝句、分割結(jié)構(gòu)

英語(yǔ)中還有一些特殊句式，出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解中，勢(shì)必會(huì)成為我們理解文章的障礙。但是，特殊句式還是有語(yǔ)法規(guī)律的，因此，如果我們能熟練應(yīng)用特殊句式的語(yǔ)法規(guī)律，在閱讀中一眼就能識(shí)別并領(lǐng)會(huì)這些特殊語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象，障礙就基本克服了。

1.省略句

資料47 To err is human;to forgive, divine.Brevity is the soul of wit.文體暢曉，其智乃見(jiàn)。（省略是將句子中的贅述部分刪去，避免重復(fù)，使句子更簡(jiǎn)潔，加強(qiáng)表達(dá)內(nèi)容的連貫性和邏輯性。被省略的部分大多是主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)中的助動(dòng)詞等。文章中的省略現(xiàn)象會(huì)使句子成分短缺，造成句子不完整，如果看不出句子中省略了什么成分，就容易造成對(duì)文章的理解困難。

省略句一般只有當(dāng)各組成部分有共同的成分才可能出現(xiàn)省略。對(duì)于這類句式，其難點(diǎn)在于發(fā)現(xiàn)省略成分，一旦找出并補(bǔ)充完整，句意理解就會(huì)大大簡(jiǎn)化。

省略句如果出現(xiàn)在翻譯中，在翻譯的時(shí)候，一定要把省略的部分翻譯出來(lái)，否則會(huì)扣分。A：and 連接的并列句的省略

材料48頁(yè)：Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（2002）

分析：很明顯，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem，是一個(gè)省略句，with做狀語(yǔ)一般表示伴隨，這一個(gè)分句只有一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)加一個(gè)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，構(gòu)不成一個(gè)完整的句子。實(shí)際上，與前句相同的成分才會(huì)被省略，前一句的謂語(yǔ)部分是：will continue to be rejected.所以，后一分句補(bǔ)充完整就是：with the rejection of the technology of behavior, possibly the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected.練習(xí)：1.The reasons for poverty are many, but for the most part center on illiteracy, the lack of opportunities and in some cases pure laziness.(主語(yǔ) the reasons)2.He majors in English, and I, in French.(謂語(yǔ) major)3.Self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismay.(省略主謂)B：狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略

規(guī)則：當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)與從句主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)候，且從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是Be動(dòng)詞時(shí)候，從句可省略 主 謂。See 材料48頁(yè) 1.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 2 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

3．If handled properly and not misused, the clone technology will only bring more benefit than disaster to mankind.(條件狀語(yǔ)從句)4．Some people look as if afraid of nothing.(方式狀語(yǔ)從句)5．The computer is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.（比較）

真題例句1 Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun.這是復(fù)合句。in which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾astronomical body.介詞except引起的短語(yǔ)作

the more people online, the more potential customers there are。

The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be.【分析】本句主干使用了the more…the more…（越……越……）的結(jié)構(gòu)。you have 是省略了引導(dǎo)詞的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞foreign capital;現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure作foreign capital的后置定語(yǔ)。逗號(hào)之前是由which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句which today is an electronic infrastructure，修飾前面的Third Wave infrastructure。

【翻譯】你擁有的用于建造第三次浪潮基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施（今天主要指電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）的外國(guó)資金越多，你將越富有。

3．倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

倒裝是一種語(yǔ)法手段，用以強(qiáng)調(diào)某一句子結(jié)構(gòu)或某一句子成分。

倒裝分為兩種：將主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)完全顛倒過(guò)來(lái)，叫做完全倒裝；只將助動(dòng)詞（包括情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）移至主語(yǔ)之前，叫做部分倒裝。

Then began a hot debate between the two parties.(完全倒裝)Never have we found him in such a good mood.（部分倒裝）

理解倒裝句的有效對(duì)策是找到句中的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)，進(jìn)而將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還原到主語(yǔ)之后按照正常語(yǔ)序再來(lái)完整的理解該句話。See 材料 51頁(yè)

☆ 例句分析：see 材料 59頁(yè)

Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition.【解析】本句是全部倒裝句，正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)門he picture…is emerging from the 1980 census…, 倒裝的原因是這個(gè)句子主語(yǔ)the picture 后面的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)developing more and more regional competition作nation的后置定語(yǔ)。句末是由as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示一種伴隨狀態(tài)。【翻譯】1980年美國(guó)人口普查表明：國(guó)家內(nèi)部地區(qū)間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)越來(lái)越激烈了。

4.分隔結(jié)構(gòu) 所謂分隔結(jié)構(gòu)，就是兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法或語(yǔ)義關(guān)系密切的成分之間插入了其他成分，造成原本應(yīng)該緊靠一起的兩個(gè)成分相分離的現(xiàn)象。常見(jiàn)的分隔形式有：1.主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的分隔

This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.【分析】本句主干是This success…led Ericsson to conclude…,逗號(hào)之間的過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)coupled with later research…將主語(yǔ)This success和謂語(yǔ)led分隔開(kāi)，構(gòu)成了分隔結(jié)構(gòu)。此分隔結(jié)構(gòu)中現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)showing…作定語(yǔ)，修飾later research；由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句that memory itself is not genetically determined,作showing的賓語(yǔ)。主句的賓語(yǔ)Ericsson之后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to conclude…作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，此不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中又包含一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句that the act…is more…than…,作conclude的賓語(yǔ)，其中包含一個(gè)more…than…的比較結(jié)構(gòu)?！痉g】這項(xiàng)成功以及后來(lái)表明記憶本身并不是由基因決定的研究使埃里克遜得出這樣的結(jié)論：記憶是一種認(rèn)知行為，而不是天生的。

2.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)的分隔、See 材料 54頁(yè)

3.定語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的分隔等

一言九鼎，但安特吉（Entergy）公司顯然不是這樣。這家公司是新英格蘭地區(qū)的主要能源供應(yīng)商。當(dāng)它在上周宣布摒棄一個(gè)長(zhǎng)久的允諾的時(shí)候 —— 即不再遵守該州嚴(yán)格的核能規(guī)定，其這一舉動(dòng)理所當(dāng)然引起了佛蒙特州（Vermont）人們的強(qiáng)烈憤慨。

相反，公司的所作所為恰恰背離它當(dāng)初曾許下的承諾：在聯(lián)邦法院上挑戰(zhàn)佛蒙特州法規(guī)的合憲性。為了竭力維持佛蒙特楊基（Yankee）核電站的運(yùn)行，背信棄義是它采取的部分手段。這可謂驚世之舉。

這種沖突自2002年以來(lái)就出現(xiàn)了苗頭。在2002年，公司購(gòu)買佛蒙特州僅有的一所核電站 —— 位于佛蒙鎮(zhèn)上的一個(gè)日益老化的反應(yīng)堆。作為讓州政府批準(zhǔn)這項(xiàng)購(gòu)買協(xié)議的條件，公司同意在2012年以后向該州的管理部門申請(qǐng)經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)。在2006年，佛蒙特州更進(jìn)一步，要求核電站的任何執(zhí)照延期必須經(jīng)過(guò)佛蒙特州立法部門的審批。當(dāng)時(shí)，公司也照著做了。

或許是Entergy公司從未真正想履行這些承諾，或者是根本沒(méi)有預(yù)見(jiàn)未來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生的狀況。事故接連不斷發(fā)生，包括2007年冷卻塔部分垮塌以及地下管道系統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了泄露，讓人們對(duì)佛蒙特Yankee核電站的安全性及Entergy公司的管理產(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重懷疑 —— 尤其在公司在對(duì)管道泄露問(wèn)題上做出了誤導(dǎo)性表述之后，人們更加懷疑。佛蒙特州的參議院被Entergy公司的行為激怒了，在去年以26票對(duì)4票否決了Entergy公司的一個(gè)延期申請(qǐng)。

現(xiàn)在，公司突然聲稱，因?yàn)?006年制定的法案，2002年的那個(gè)協(xié)定便失效了，并且只有聯(lián)邦政府才具有對(duì)核電站問(wèn)題的監(jiān)管權(quán)。這個(gè)案件涉及的法律問(wèn)題還很模糊：盡管最高法院已經(jīng)規(guī)定各州在核電站的監(jiān)管上有一定的權(quán)力，但是法律學(xué)者認(rèn)為佛蒙特州的情況將會(huì)提供一個(gè)先例，來(lái)驗(yàn)證這些權(quán)力可能延伸到何種程度。當(dāng)然，人們真正擔(dān)心的是，如果各州都制定自己的法規(guī)，隨之便產(chǎn)生修補(bǔ)性法規(guī)。但是，如果Entergy公司能夠遵守諾言的的話，這種爭(zhēng)論也就沒(méi)有意義了。

該公司似乎已經(jīng)得出結(jié)論，它在佛蒙特州已名譽(yù)掃地，那么和州政府打一場(chǎng)官司也不擔(dān)心會(huì)遭受更大的損失。但是，這樣做還是會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的影響。公眾出于信任，才允許經(jīng)營(yíng)核電站。Entergy公司在美國(guó)還經(jīng)營(yíng)其他11個(gè)反應(yīng)堆，其中包括普利茅斯（Plymouth）的“朝圣者”（Pilgrim）核電站。公司保證讓Pilgrim核電站安全運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，并向聯(lián)邦政府申請(qǐng)，批準(zhǔn)其延長(zhǎng)20年的經(jīng)營(yíng)許可。但是，當(dāng)核研究委員會(huì)（NRC）在審查公司申請(qǐng)的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該切記Entergy公司的哪些諾言還靠得住。

考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法精講講義(4)：特殊句型之倒裝

作者：新東方屠皓民 閱讀：1256 評(píng)論：0 收藏

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基本句型

主謂賓定狀表

I like watching the romantic movies in my spare time.He is a famous teacher in this university.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的助動(dòng)詞 watch---do watched---did watches---does has/have watched---has/have had watched---had can watch---can 全部倒裝

—— 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放置在主語(yǔ)之前

An old man lives in the city center.= In the city center lives an old man.A temple stands on the mountain.= On the mountain stands a temple.全部倒裝？

強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的地點(diǎn)副詞或狀語(yǔ) There goes the bus.In the city center lives an old man.Under the tress sat a wounded soldier.With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation house-holds.考研閱讀全部倒裝難點(diǎn)： 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝

(a)All kinds of sea animal bodies are buried in the deep sea.(b)Our teacher was walking at the head of the line.Buried in the deep sea are all kinds of sea animal bodies.Walking at the head of the line was our teacher.(a)Added to the stress is their opportunity for stress.(2008)(b)Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.部分倒裝

—— 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞位置不變，將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的助動(dòng)詞放置到主語(yǔ)的前面。Only with you can I feel happy.Little does he care about what I said.什么時(shí)候需要部分倒裝？

（1）句首出現(xiàn)否定詞 never, nor, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, rarely, few等 I never trust you.= Never do I trust you.He seldom believes the information from the Internet.= Seldom does he believe the information from the Internet.(2)否定詞組在句首

He no longer works for the money, but for the personal development.= No longer does he work for the money, but for the personal development.(3)only+狀語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ)從句在句首

We can achieve the goal only in this way.= Only in this way can we achieve the goal.(a)Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.(b)Only when the meeting was over was he able to meet his friend.(4)so 或so引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)放在句首要部分倒裝 He saw the film.So did she.【 ? So he did.】

-She is a student.8-